What is a 19th-century building in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, that has a shrine to an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation?
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Government Palace of Chihuahua The Government Palace of Chihuahua (Palacio de Gobierno de Chihuahua) is a 19th-century building in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico. Located in the heart of the city, it is of special interest since it houses the executive offices of the governor of the state of Chihuahua and, until 2004, the state legislature met here. The building is a landmark in the city as it contains a shrine commemorating the execution of Miguel Hidalgo, considered the Father of the Country, who died at the hands of a Spanish firing squad on July 30, 1811. The "Altar de la Patria", or "Altar of the Fatherland" is located at the exact spot where Fr Hidalgo died.
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Father of the Nation Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as "Parens Patriae", was a Roman honorific meaning "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and demonstrated loyalty is enforced with severe criminal statutes.
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Francisco Bulnes Francisco Bulnes (Mexico City, 4 October 1847 – Mexico City 22 September 1924) was a scientist, journalist, and politician. He educated as an engineer, but is better known an influential liberal intellectual during the regime of Mexican President Porfirio Diaz. He served Díaz as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. As a trained scientist, "it is not surprising that Francisco Bulnes became one of the leading figures in Mexico's liberal-positivist school, collectively known as the "Científicos". Positivism was the prevailing intellectual movement of the period and took a scientific approach to economic development and to history.
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Eulalio Gutiérrez Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz (February 4, 1881 – August 12, 1939) was a general in the Mexican Revolution from state of Coahuila. He is most notable for his election as provisional president of Mexico during the Aguascalientes Convention and led the country for a few months between November 6, 1914, and January 16, 1915. The Convention was convened by revolutionaries who had successfully ousted the regime of Victoriano Huerta after more than a year of conflict. Gutiérrez rather than "First Chief" ("Primer Jefe") Venustiano Carranza was chosen president of Mexico and a new round of violence broke out as revolutionary factions previously united turned against each other. "The high point of Gutiérrez's career occurred when he moved with the Conventionist army to shoulder the responsibilities of his new office [of president]." Gutiérrez's government was weak and he could not control the two main generals of the Army of the Convention, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Gutiérrez moved the capital of his government from Mexico City to San Luis Potosí. He resigned as president and made peace with Carranza. He went into exile in the United States, but later returned to Mexico. He died in 1939, outliving many other major figures of the Mexican Revolution.
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History of Mexico The history of Mexico, a country in the southern portion of North America, covers a period of more than three millennia. First populated more than 13,000 years ago, the territory had complex indigenous civilizations before being conquered and colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century. One of the important aspects of Mesoamerican civilizations was their development of a form of writing, so that Mexico's written history stretches back hundreds of years before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519. This era before the arrival of Europeans is called variously the prehispanic era or the precolumbian era.
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Ciudad Nicolás Romero Ciudad Nicolás Romero is the largest city and municipal seat of the municipality of Nicolás Romero in State of Mexico, Mexico. It is located 58 km from the city of Toluca, the state capital and lies in the north-central part of the state, just northwest of the Federal District (Mexico City). The seat/municipality's current name is to honor Nicolás Romero, who fought for Benito Juárez during the Reform War and the French intervention in Mexico. He was executed there by the French. The town adopted this name in 1898. The area was settled by the Otomi and named Azcapotzaltongo ("among the ant hills" in Náhuatl) by the Aztecs after conquering it. During colonial times, it was known as San Pedro Azcapotzaltongo. It was then called Monte Bajo from 1821 to 1898, when the current name was adopted. Both the municipality and city are commonly referred to as Nicolás Romero.
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Valle de Allende Valle de Allende is the municipal seat and largest city of the municipality of Allende in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Originally named Valle de San Bartolomé, it was founded in 1569 by Franciscan monks. The city is one of the oldest in Chihuahua.
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Banderas monumentales The banderas monumentales (Spanish for "monumental flags") are a collection of tall flagpoles containing large flags of Mexico located throughout Mexico. They are part of a program started in 1999 under President Ernesto Zedillo that is currently administered by the Secretariat of National Defense ("Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional"). The main feature of these monuments (though not the biggest, see below) is a giant Mexican flag flying off a 50-meter-high flagpole. The size of the flag was 14.3 by 25 meters and it was flown on a pole that measured 50 meters high. In the time after the decree was issued, many more banderas monumentales have been installed throughout the country in various sizes. Many of the locations were chosen due to significant events in Mexican history that occurred there.
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Congress of Chilpancingo The Congress of Chilpancingo (a.k.a. Congress of Anáhuac) (Spanish: "Congreso de Chilpancingo" ) was a meeting held in Chilpancingo, in what is the modern-day Mexican state of Guerrero, from September to November 1813. The result of this meeting was that Mexico formally declared itself to be independent of Spain and what was later to become the first national constitution was ratified. José María Morelos, who assumed the leadership of the independence movement after the execution of founder, Miguel Hidalgo, convened the National Constituent Congress of Chilpancingo. It was composed of representatives of the provinces under his control and charged with considering a political and social program which he outlined in a document entitled "Sentimientos de la Nación" ("Feelings of the Nation").
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Juan Seguín Juan Nepomuceno Seguín (October 27, 1806 – August 27, 1890) was a political and military figure of the Texas Revolution helping to establish the independence of Texas. Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor, including the county seat of Seguin in Guadalupe County, the Juan N. Seguin Memorial Interchange in Houston, Juan Seguin Monument in Seguin, World War II Liberty Ship SS Juan N. Seguin, Seguin High School in Arlington.
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Guadalupe Victoria Guadalupe Victoria (] ; 29 September 1786 – 21 March 1843), born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican general and political leader who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power following the downfall of the First Mexican Empire. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1824, Victoria was elected as the first President of the United Mexican States.
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Atantano Shrine The Atantano Shrine is a historic commemorative marker near Piti, Guam. It is a pyramidal structure of coral limestone and concrete, about 2.5 m in height, with base dimensions of 1.6 m . It is topped by a wooden cross and protected by an open concrete shelter. The monument was built in at least three stages, the early stages acting as bases for the mounting of the later ones. Panels on three sides carry inscriptions. The oldest inscription marks the initial construction of the road between Piti and Agat under the governorship of Don Felipe Cerain in 1784-85. The second inscription commemorates the creation of rice fields in the area under by Governor Don Francisco Villabos in 1832-34, and the third marks the reconstruction of the coast road during the governorship of Edward John Dorn in 1908-09. Commemorative markers of this type were a fixture of Spanish colonial administration that were adopted by Guamanians. The shrine has been the site of annual festivities since before World War II.
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José Vasconcelos José Vasconcelos Calderón (28 February 1882 – 30 June 1959) has been called the "cultural caudillo" of the Mexican Revolution He was an important Mexican writer, philosopher and politician. He is one of the most influential and controversial personalities in the development of modern Mexico. His philosophy of the "cosmic race" affected all aspects of Mexican sociocultural, political, and economic policies.
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Colonia San Rafael Colonia San Rafael is a colonia of the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, just west of the historic city center. It was established in the late 19th century as one of the first formal neighborhoods outside of the city center and initially catered to the wealthy of the Porfirio Díaz era. These early residents built large mansions, many with French influence, and many still remain. Middle class residents moved in soon afterwards, and building and rebuilding over the 20th century has introduced a number of architectural styles. These buildings include some of the first works by Luis Barragán and today 383 are classified as having historic value.
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Tlacateccatl In the Aztec military, tlacateccatl (] ) was a title roughly equivalent to general. The tlacateccatl was in charge of the "tlacatecco", a military quarter in the center of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. In wartime he was second-in-command to the "tlatoani" ("ruler", "king") and the "tlacochcalcatl" ("high general"). The tlacateccatl was always a member of the military order of the "Cuachicqueh", "the shorn ones".
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List of Presidents of Uruguay Uruguay is a presidential republic in which the President (Spanish: "Presidente" ) is both the head of state and head of government. The following is a list of all the people who have held the office of President of Uruguay since 6 November 1830 (when the first constitution was adopted), with the exception of those who held the office of "President" under the National Council of Government, which served as the country's executive directory from 1955 to 1967. The first president of this list is Fructuoso Rivera, who held the office twice and once as part of the Triumvirate that ruled Uruguay from 1853 to 1854.
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Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire The Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire were created in 1804 by the Constitution of the Year XII, which established Napoleon Bonaparte, previously First Consul for Life, as Emperor of the French. The seven Grand Dignitaries broadly paralleled the Great Officers of the Crown which had existed under the Ancien Regime and were essentially honorific, although several limited functions were ascribed to them in the new constitution of the Empire. In the Imperial nobility the Grand Dignitaries ranked in status directly behind the Princes of France, although in practice, most Grand Dignitaries also held the title of Prince.
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Order of José Matías Delgado The National Order of Doctor José Matías Delgado is an honour awarded in El Salvador. The order is named after José Matías Delgado who was a priest and doctor known as "The Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland". He was a leader in the independence movement of El Salvador from Spain.
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Alonso Rael de Aguilar Alonso Rael de Aguilar was a high-ranking soldier under Diego de Vargas, serving as Secretary of State and War. Born in February 1661 in Lorca, Murcia, Spain, he arrived in what is now El Paso, Texas by about 1683. He accompanied Diego de Vargas on the 1692 reconquest of the New Mexico Territory for Spain, the anniversary of which is celebrated to this day as the Fiestas de Santa Fe. Rael de Aguilar later served as mayor of Santa Fe. He is the progenitor of the Rael surname throughout the southwest United States of America, notably New Mexico and Colorado.
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Huitzilopochtli In the Aztec religion, Huitzilopochtli (,    ), is a Mesoamerican deity of war, sun, human sacrifice and the patron of the city of Tenochtitlan. He was also the national god of the Mexicas, also known as Aztecs, of Tenochtitlan. Many in the pantheon of deities of the Aztecs were inclined to have a fondness for a particular aspect of warfare. However, Huitzilopochtli was known as the primary god of war in ancient Mexico. Since he was the patron god of the Mexica, he was credited with both the victories and defeats that the Mexica people had on the battlefield. The people had to make sacrifices to him to protect the Aztec from infinite night. It is important to remember that the defeat of their patron deity meant the defeat of his people. This is one of the many reasons why they were concerned with providing exquisite tribute and food for him. Not only was it important for him to survive his battles, but the fate of the Mexican people would have rested in the victory of Huitzilopochtli. He wielded Xiuhcoatl as a weapon, associating him with fire.
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Historic downtown Chihuahua Chihuahua's historic downtown is one of the most important business districts of the city. The downtown is home to a shopping hub called Libertad Street, and contains most of the historical landmarks of the capital city, including the Cathedral of Chihuahua, Museo Casa Chihuahua (Former Federal Palace), Museo Casa Juarez (House to the president Benito Juarez during a short period in the 1860s) and the celebrated Quinta Gameros, one of the finest examples of early 20th century architecture in the whole state of Chihuahua.
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Duce Duce (] , "leader") is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word "dux", and cognate with "duke". National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as "Il Duce" ("The Leader") of the movement. In 1925 it became a reference to the dictatorial position of "Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero" (""His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire""). Mussolini held this title together with that of President of the Council of Ministers: this was the constitutional position which entitled him to rule Italy on behalf of the King of Italy. "Founder of the Empire" was added for the exclusive use by Mussolini in recognition of his founding of an official legal entity of the Italian Empire on behalf of the King in 1936 following Italy's victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The position was held by Mussolini until 1943, when he was removed from office by the King and the position of "Duce" was dismantled, while Marshal Pietro Badoglio was appointed Presidente del Consiglio.