Zabdas was the name of which rank, who led the forces of Septimia Zenobia, a third-century queen, of the Syria-based Palmyrene Empire?
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Zabdas Zabdas was the name of the general who led the forces of Queen Zenobia during her rule of the Palmyrene Empire. He chose not to face the emperor Aurelian in Asia Minor, due to the mountainous nature of that province and its consequent negative effects on cavalry tactics, and awaited Aurelian in Syria. He proved unable to defend Antioch, resulting in his defeat at the Battle of Immae. Retreating, he made a stand at Emesa, but was again defeated.
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Zenobia Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; AD 240–c.274) was a third-century queen of the Syria-based Palmyrene Empire. Many legends surround her ancestry; she was certainly born to a noble Palmyrene family and married the ruler of the city, Odaenathus. Her husband became king in 260, elevating Palmyra to supreme power in the Near East by defeating the Sassanians and stabilizing the Roman East. After Odaenathus' assassination, Zenobia became the regent of her son Vaballathus and held "de facto" power throughout his reign.
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Ziyad ibn Abih Ziyad ibn Abih (Arabic: زياد بن أبيه‎ ‎ ) (622 AD – 673 AD) was a Muslim general and administrator from the clan of Umayyah. He was a great orator, a formidable warrior and one of the four 'Shrewds of the Arabs' (Duhat al-Arab) with Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, 'Amr ibn al-'As and al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.
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Battle of Raban The Battle of Raban was an engagement fought in autumn 958 near the fortress of Raban (in the north of modern Syria) between the Byzantine army, led by John Tzimiskes (later emperor in 969–976), and the forces of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo under the famed emir Sayf al-Dawla (r. 945–967). The battle was a major victory for the Byzantines, and contributed to the demise of Hamdanid military power, which in the early 950s had proven a great challenge to Byzantium.
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Battle of Hyrba The Battle of Hyrba was the first battle between the Persians and Medians, taking place around 552 BC. It was also the first battle after the Persians had revolted. These actions were led (for the most part) by Cyrus the Great, as he shifted the powers of the ancient Middle East. The Persian success in the battle led to the creation of Persia's first empire and began Cyrus's decade long conquest of almost all of the known world. Though the only authority with a detailed account of the battle was Nicolaus of Damascus, other well-known historians such as Herodotus, Ctesias, and Strabo also mention the battle in their own accounts.
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Zenobius Zenobius (Greek: Ζηνόβιος ) was a Greek sophist, who taught rhetoric at Rome during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (AD 117–138).
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Stratonice of Cappadocia Stratonice (Greek: Στρατονίκη ; fl. 3rd century BC) was a Syrian Greek Princess of the Seleucid Empire. Stratonice was of Greek Macedonian and Persian descent. She was one of the daughters born to the Seleucid Monarchs Antiochus II Theos and Laodice I. Among her brothers was the Seleucid King Seleucus II Callinicus and prince Antiochus Hierax.
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Battle of Resaena The Battle of Resaena or Resaina, near present-day Ceylanpınar, Turkey, was fought in 243 AD between the forces of the Roman Empire, led by the Emperor Gordian III and the Praetorian Prefect Timesitheus against a Sassanid Empire army, led by King Shapur I. The Romans were victorious.
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Alexander II Zabinas Alexander II Zabinas (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρoς Zαβίνας ), ruler of the Greek Seleucid kingdom, was a counter-king who emerged in the chaos following the Seleucidian loss of Mesopotamia to the Parthians.
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Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati (?-?) was a Zenata Berber chieftain and military commander during the Berber Revolt of the 740s against the Umayyads in the Maghreb.
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Artasyrus Artasyrus or Ardashir was recorded as being the Satrap of Armenia during the reign of king Artaxerxes II. Referred to as the "King's Eye", Artasyrus was of Bactrian origin. His more "well known" son, Orontes, who was therefore sometimes referred to as "Orontes the Bactrian", served as the Satrap of Sophene and Matiene (Mitanni) during the reign of Artaxerxes II. There appears to be confusion in the historical records as to whether Artasyrus and Artaxerxes II were the same person. The daughter of Artaxerxes II, Rhodogune, was the wife of the satrap Orontes I. It is to be noted that there are few English language sources to fully explain who he was, when he was born or died.
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Bar Kokhba revolt The Bar Kokhba revolt (Hebrew: מרד בר כוכבא‎ ; "Mered Bar Kokhba") was a rebellion of the Jews of the Roman province of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire. Fought circa 132–136 CE, it was the last of three major Jewish–Roman wars, so it is also known as The Third Jewish–Roman War or The Third Jewish Revolt. Some historians also refer to it as the Second Revolt of Judea, not counting the Kitos War (115–117 CE), which had only marginally been fought in Judea.
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Antiochus III the Great Antiochus III the Great (Greek: Ἀντίoχoς Μέγας ; c. 241187 BC, ruled 222–187 BC) was a Hellenistic Greek king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire. He ruled over the region of Syria and large parts of the rest of western Asia towards the end of the 3rd century BC. Rising to the throne at the age of eighteen in 222 BC, his early campaigns against the Ptolemaic Kingdom were unsuccessful, but in the following years Antiochus gained several military victories and substantially expanded the empire's territory. His traditional designation, "the Great", reflects an epithet he assumed. He also assumed the title "Basileus Megas" (Greek for "Great King"), the traditional title of the Persian kings. A militarily active ruler, Antiochus restored much of the territory of the Seleucid Empire, before suffering a serious setback, towards the end of his reign, in his war against Rome.
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Battle of Issus The Battle of Issus occurred in southern Anatolia, on November 5, 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III, in the second great battle of Alexander's conquest of Asia. The invading Macedonian troops defeated Persia. After the Hellenic League soundly defeated the Persian satraps of Asia Minor (led by Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes) at the Battle of the Granicus, Darius took personal command of his army. He gathered reinforcements and led his men in a surprise march behind the Hellenic advance to cut their line of supply. This forced Alexander to countermarch, setting the stage for the battle near the mouth of the Pinarus River and the town of Issus.
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Ridda wars The Ridda wars (Arabic: حروب الردة), also known as the Wars of Apostasy, were a series of military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes during 632 and 633 AD, just after Muhammad died. The rebels' position was that they had submitted to Muhammad as the prophet of God, but owed nothing to Abu Bakr. Some rebels followed either Tulayha or Musaylima or Sajjah, all of whom claimed prophethood. Most of the tribes were defeated and reintegrated into the Caliphate. The peoples surrounding Mecca did not revolt.
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Zayd ibn al-Khattab Zayd ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (died 632) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad and a brother of Umar the second Caliph.
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Galla (wife of Theodosius I) Flavia Galla (died 394 CE) was an Empress of the Roman Empire and a Princess of the Western Roman Empire. She was the second Empress consort of Theodosius I. She was daughter of Valentinian I and his second wife Justina.
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Battle of Antioch (613) The Battle of Antioch took place in 613 outside Antioch, Syria between a Byzantine army led by Heraclius and a Persian Sassanid army as part of the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628. The victorious Persians were able to maintain a hold on the recently taken Byzantine territory.
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Kerateion Kerateion (Greek: Κερατεῖον ) was the Jewish quarter in the Seleucid capital (and later Roman-Syrian capital) of Antioch on the Orontes. The suburb was located in the southern portion of the ancient city, situated between the Forum Colonnades of Herod and Mt. Tauris, a rocky crag at the foot of Mount Silpios. The city of Antioch was erected around 300 BC by Seleucus I Nicator. After defeating the General Antigones and taking the city also called Antigones, Seleucus built a new city and named it after his Father Antiochos, a General who served under Alexander. Seleucus then populated the city with Macedonians, Inhabitants of the recently conquered city, Antigones, and Jews. The Jewish population had a special, independent relationship with Seleucid dynasty and even had bronze plaques erected to codify their autonomous standing.
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Ardo Ardo (or "Ardonus", possibly short for "Ardabastus"; died 720/721) is attested as the last of all Visigothic kings of Hispania, reigning from 713 or likely 714 until his death. The Visigothic Kingdom was already severely reduced in power and area at the time he succeeded Achila II, and his dominions probably didn't extend beyond Septimania and present-day Catalonia, due to the Arab conquests of the previous three years.
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Umayyad family tree This is a family tree of the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams. Umayya's great-grandson Muawiyah I founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, and transferred its capital to Damascus, Syria. The Sufyanid branch to which Muawiyah belonged ceased to exercise power following the abdication of Muawiya II in 684. Power shifted to the Marwanid branch, which continued to rule the caliphate until the Umayyads were displaced and massacred by the Abbasids in 750 (see Battle of the Zab). An Umayyad prince named Abd ar-Rahman managed to escape the massacre, and fled to the Iberian peninsula ("Al-Andalus") where he established an independent emirate ruled from the city of Córdoba. His descendants continued to rule the Emirate of Córdoba, which Abd-ar-Rahman III elevated to the status of caliphate in 929. The Caliphate of Córdoba disintegrated into several independent "taifa" kingdoms in 1031, thus bringing to a definitive end the rule of the Umayyads.
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Successianus Successianus was a Roman soldier, general and praetorian prefect in the third century AD of whom very little is known for certain. He is said to have distinguished himself as commander of the garrison of an allied city besieged by barbarian pirates, and then made praetorian prefect by the emperor Valerian on the strength of this. As praetorian prefect appears to have done useful work in restoring "Antioch", the capital of the Roman East, after the devastation which had been inflicted by Shapur, the King of the Persians, in his invasion of 252. However, he was overwhelmed by the circumstances with which he had to contend when Shapur invaded on a second occasion in 260 and seems to have shared in the defeat of Valerian at the Battle of Edessa and his subsequent captivity in Persia.