Osiel Cárdenas Guillén was the leader of the syndicate that was part of what country?
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Osiel Cárdenas Guillén Osiel Cárdenas Guillén (born May 18, 1967) is a former Mexican drug lord and the former leader of the Gulf Cartel (Spanish: "Cártel del Golfo" ) and Los Zetas. Originally a mechanic in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, where he was born, he entered the Gulf Cartel by helping Juan García Abrego, the capo at the time; when García Ábrego was arrested in 1996, some infighting erupted within the cartel. Osiel Cárdenas eventually took control by killing his friend and contender Salvador Gómez, earning Cárdenas the nickname ""El Mata Amigos"" (The Friend-Killer).
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Gulf Cartel The Gulf Cartel (Spanish: "Cártel del Golfo" , "Golfos", or "CDG") is a criminal syndicate and drug trafficking organization in Mexico, and perhaps one of the oldest organized crime groups in the country. It is currently based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, directly across the border from Brownsville, Texas.
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Treaty of Pilar The Treaty of Pilar (in Spanish, "Tratado del Pilar") was a pact signed among the rulers of the Argentine provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, which is recognized as the foundation of the federal organization of the country. It was signed in the city of Pilar, Buenos Aires on 23 February 1820 by governor Estanislao López for Santa Fe, "caudillo" Francisco Ramírez for Entre Ríos, and provisional governor Manuel de Sarratea for Buenos Aires, after the dissolution of the national government caused by the Battle of Cepeda. A reference to it was included in the Preamble of the Argentine Constitution of 1853 as one of the "pre-existing pacts" fulfilled by it.
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Battle of Ciudad Juárez (1919) The Third Battle of Ciudad Juarez, or simply the Battle of Juarez, was the final major battle involving the rebels of Francisco "Pancho" Villa. It began on June 15, 1919, when Villa attempted to capture the border city of Ciudad Juarez from the Mexican Army. During the engagement the Villistas provoked an intervention by the United States Army protecting the neighboring city of El Paso, Texas. The Americans routed the Villistas in what became the second largest battle of the Mexican Revolution involving the US, and the last battle of the Border War. With the American army closing in, the Villistas had no choice but to retreat. Pancho Villa then attacked Durango but lost again, so he retired to his home at Parral, Chihuahua in 1920, with a full pardon from the Carrancista government.
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Secretariat of Public Security The Mexican Secretariat of Public Security or Secretariat of Public Safety also known as Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Public Safety (Spanish: "Secretaría de Seguridad Pública" , "SSP"), was the federal ministry of the Mexican Executive Cabinet which aimed to preserve freedom, order and public peace, and safeguard the integrity and rights of the people, the Assistant Attorney General and Powers of the Union, to prevent the commission of crimes, develop public security policy of the Federal Executive and propose policy on crime, administer the federal prison system, and for the treatment of juvenile offenders, in terms of the powers him by the Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration and other federal laws and regulations, decrees, agreements and orders of the President of the Republic. It had its headquarters in Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City.
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Organization of Ibero-American States The Organization of Ibero-American States (Portuguese: "Organização dos Estados Ibero-americanos" , Spanish: "Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos" , usually abbreviated OEI), formally the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture, is an international organization whose members are the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking nations of the Americas and Europe and Equatorial Guinea in Africa. Its purpose is to promote intergovernmental cooperation among its member nations which will aid the planning and development of regional projects in education, science, technology and the arts. OEI members include Andorra, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Equatorial Guinea, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. Its General Secretariat is located in Madrid, with regional offices in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Spain, Mexico and Peru and field offices in Chile, Honduras, Nicaragua and Paraguay. Financing of OEI operations and programs is derived from obligatory quotas and voluntary contributions from the governments of member nations and private cultural and educational institutions and foundations. The honorary president of the organization is King Felipe VI of Spain.
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Ismael Zambada García Ismael Zambada García (born 1 January 1948), also known as El Mayo Zambada, is a Mexican drug lord who serves as the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel. Before assuming leadership of the entire cartel, he served as the logistical coordinator for the Zambada-García faction of the Sinaloa Cartel which has assisted in the exporting of cocaine and heroin into Chicago and other U.S. cities by train, ship, jet and submarine.
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Raymundo Almanza Morales Raymundo Almanza Morales (alias "El Gori III") is a Mexican drug lord of Los Zetas. He was captured on 22 May 2009 in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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Triad (organized crime) A triad is one of many branches of Chinese transnational organized crime syndicates based in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and also in countries with significant Chinese populations, such as the United States, Canada, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Spain, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
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Government Junta of Chile (1891) Revolutionary Junta of Iquique (Spanish: "Junta Revolucionaria de Iquique" ) (April 13, 1891 - December 26, 1891), was the political structure established to challenge the power of Chilean President José Manuel Balmaceda following the insurrection of the navy that started the 1891 Chilean Civil War. It ruled the country until Admiral Jorge Montt assumed power as the new President after the defeat of President Balmaceda.
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Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Héctor Luis Palma Salazar (a.k.a.: "El Güero Palma") is a former Mexican drug trafficker and former leader of the Sinaloa Cartel alongside Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán. Palma was arrested on June 23, 1995 and deported to the United States, where he served a jail sentence until June 2016. He was then extradited back to Mexico in June 2016, where he was charged with a double murder in 1995, in Nayarit.
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Colombia–Ecuador relations Colombia–Ecuador relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the neighboring Republic of Colombia and Republic of Ecuador. The present territory of both countries was part of the Spanish Empire from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. After the wars for independence against the Spain led by Simón Bolívar, Ecuador, Colombia (then called New Granada), and Venezuela became part of the Republic of Gran Colombia in 1819. Gran Colombia struggled to hold itself together as a country, and after intense civil conflicts between political factions, the union fell apart in 1830.
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Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (b. ca. 1977), commonly referred to by the alias El Ingeniero ("The Engineer"), is a Mexican suspected drug lord and former leader of the Tijuana Cartel, a drug trafficking organization based in Tijuana, Baja California. He competed with three other major cartels, the Juárez Cartel, the Gulf Cartel, and the Sinaloa Cartel, for the illegal drug corridors into the United States.
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Rizzuto crime family The Rizzuto family is a crime syndicate based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The family territory covers most of southern Quebec and Ontario. The FBI considers the family to be connected to the Bonanno crime family, but Canadian law enforcement considers it to be a separate crime family. The Rizzuto family was part of the powerful Montreal Cotroni crime family until an internal war broke out and the Rizzutos formed their own organization.
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Rafael Trujillo Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina (] ; 24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed "El Jefe" (] , "The Chief" or "The Boss"), was a Dominican politician and soldier, who ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. He served as president from 1930 to 1938 and again from 1942 to 1952, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military strongman under figurehead presidents. His 31 years in power, to Dominicans known as the Trujillo Era (Spanish: "El Trujillato" ), are considered one of the bloodiest eras ever in the Americas, as well as a time of a personality cult, when monuments to Trujillo were in abundance. Rafael Trujillo was responsible for many deaths including between 547 and 12,166 in the Parsley massacre.
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Central America Central America (Spanish: "América Central" or "Centroamérica" ) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).
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Sicilian Mafia The Sicilian Mafia, also known as simply the Mafia or Cosa Nostra ("Our Thing"), is a criminal syndicate in Sicily, Italy. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organisational structure and code of conduct. The basic group is known as a "family", "clan", or ""cosca"". Each family claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village or a neighbourhood ("borgata") of a larger city, in which it operates its rackets. Its members call themselves "men of honour", although the public often refers to them as "mafiosi". The mafia's core activities are protection racketeering, the arbitration of disputes between criminals, and the organizing and oversight of illegal agreements and transactions.
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La Cutufa La Cutufa was an illegal Chilean clandestine finance syndicate (dubbed after an official's dog) that offered investors, mostly officers of the Chilean army, tax-free interest rates of 20% a month. After a dissatisfied investor was murdered, 4 generals and 16 officers were cashiered and 200 sanctioned. According to the claimers, during its five years of operation, the army gang handled $50 million.
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Los Pelones Los Pelones ("The Bald Ones") is an enforcer gang originally part of the Mexican drug trafficking organization known as the Sinaloa Cartel, headed by the drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, Mexico's most-wanted man.
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New Kingdom of León The New Kingdom of León (Spanish: "Nuevo Reino de León" ), was an administrative territory of the Spanish Empire, politically ruled by the Viceroyalty of New Spain. It was located in an area corresponding generally to the present-day northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León.
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Mafia–Camorra War The Mafia–Camorra War was a gang war in New York City that lasted from 1915-1917. On one side was the originally Sicilian Morello crime family of Manhattan, on the other side were gangs originally from Naples and the surrounding Campania region, based in Navy Street in Brooklyn and Coney Island referred to as the Camorra. The fight over the control of the New York rackets started after the killing of Giosue Gallucci, the undisputed "King of Little Italy", and his son on May 17, 1915. The trials that followed in 1918 completely smashed the Camorra gangs, the protection that they enjoyed was demolished from the testimonies of their own men. It was the end of the Camorra in New York and the rise in power of American-based Sicilian Mafia groups.
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Caribbean Bloc of the FARC-EP The Caribbean Bloc of the FARC-EP is a medium-sized FARC-EP bloc which operates in the Northern areas of Colombia and along the Caribbean coast, with routes and access to the coast being strategically important, and is thus sometimes referred to as the Northern Bloc. At the end of the 1990s the group had much control over the rural areas connecting the urban centers of the Caribbean Region, but has since been forced to retreat into the more inhospitable Andes. The group's leaders have been held responsible for numerous kidnappings and killings along the entire Caribbean coast, including the urban centers Cartagena, Barranquilla, Valledupar and Santa Marta. This bloc was also the center of the high-profile kidnapping of Fernando Araújo, who recovered his freedom during an Colombian National Army offensive in early 2007.