Lapis lazuli was mined where during the 7th milennium BC?
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Lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli ( , ), or lapis for short, is a deep blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. As early as the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, in Shortugai, and in other mines in Badakhshan province in northeast Afghanistan. Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1900 BC). Lapis beads have been found at Neolithic burials in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus, and even as far from Afghanistan as Mauritania. It was used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC).
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Sar-i Sang Sar-i Sang (or Sar-e Sang) is a settlement in the Kuran Wa Munjan District of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan, famous for its ancient lapis lazuli mines producing the world's finest lapis.
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Merisi Mining District The Merisi Mining District is situated in Adjara region in close vicinity to the Georgian-Turkish border. It is the part of Lesser Caucasus which occurs in the hinterland of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone, in the broad Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. Area of the mining district is about 180 km.
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Terramare culture Terramare, Terramara, or Terremare is a technology complex mainly of the central Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Age ca. 1700–1150 BC. It takes its name from the "black earth" residue of settlement mounds. "Terramare" is from "terra marna", "marl-earth", where marl is a lacustrine deposit. It may be any color but in agricultural lands it is most typically black, giving rise to the "black earth" identification of it. The population of the terramare sites is called the terramaricoli. The sites were excavated exhaustively in 1860–1910.
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Limonlu River The Limonlu River (Ancient Greek: Λάμος "Lamos"; Latin: "Lamus") is a river of ancient Cilicia, now in Mersin Province, Turkey.
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Oppidum An oppidum (plural oppida) is a large fortified Iron Age settlement. Oppida are associated with the Celtic late La Tène culture, emerging during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, spread across Europe, stretching from Britain and Iberia in the west to the edge of the Hungarian plain in the east. They continued in use until the Romans began conquering Europe. North of the River Danube, where the population remained independent from Rome, oppida continued to be used into the 1st century AD.
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Nuzi Nuzi (or Nuzu; Akkadian Gasur; modern Yorghan Tepe, Iraq) was an ancient Assyrian Mesopotamian city southwest of the major Assyrian city of Arrapha (Karka modern Kirkuk in modern Al Ta'amim Governorate of Iraq), located near the Tigris river. The site consists of one medium-sized multiperiod tell and two small single period mounds.
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Lapis Niger The Lapis Niger (Latin, "Black Stone") is an ancient shrine in the Roman Forum. Together with the associated Vulcanal (a sanctuary to Vulcan) it constitutes the only surviving remnants of the old Comitium, an early assembly area that preceded the Forum and is thought to derive from an archaic cult site of the 7th or 8th century BC.
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Pictones The Pictones were a tribe inhabiting a region along the Bay of Biscay in what is now western France, along the south bank of the Loire. During the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), the Pictones were included in the larger province of Gallia Aquitania, along with most of western Gaul. They gave their name to the Roman appellation of Poitiers - "Limonum Pictonum / Pictavi", as well as to the modern region of Poitou.
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Prehistoric Albania Prehistoric Albania, compared to the other regions of the Mediterranean Europe, was relatively lately inhabited by "Homo sapiens". The earliest known human settlement dates back to the Upper Paleolithic, 40,000 BC in the Kryegjata Valley, near the antique site of Apollonia. Several further Paleolithic sites have been excavated, out of which the most prominent ones are the cave of Konispol (24,700 BC), the flint tools found near Xarrë, the shelters of the Blaz Cave near Urakë and the habitation of Mount Dajt, then during the period of the Mesolithic the aforementioned Kryegjata, Konispol and Gajtan sites represent more developed stone, flint and horn tools. Another important site of the Mesolithic industrial activity is the flint mine of Goranxi that was in operation around 7,000 BC.
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Lapis manalis A lapis manalis (Latin: "stone of the Manes" ) was either of two sacred stones used in the Roman religion. One covered a gate to Hades, abode of the dead; Festus called it "ostium Orci", "the gate of Orcus". The other was used to make rain; this one may have no direct relationship with the "Manes", but is instead derived from the verb "manare", "to flow".
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La Pita La Pita is an emerald mine located in the western belt of the Colombian emerald mining area. It is owned and operated by the Colombian company, Zuliana De Esmeraldas Ltda.
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Azurite Azurite is a soft, deep blue copper mineral produced by weathering of copper ore deposits. It is also known as Chessylite after the type locality at Chessy-les-Mines near Lyon, France. The mineral, a carbonate, has been known since ancient times, and was mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Natural History under the Greek name "kuanos" (κυανός: "deep blue," root of English "cyan") and the Latin name "caeruleum". The blue of azurite is exceptionally deep and clear, and for that reason the mineral has tended to be associated since antiquity with the deep blue color of low-humidity desert and winter skies. The modern English name of the mineral reflects this association, since both "azurite" and "azure" are derived via Arabic from the Persian "lazhward" (لاژورد), an area known for its deposits of another deep blue stone, lapis lazuli ("stone of azure").
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Iraq al-Amir Iraq al-Amir or Araq el-Amir (Arabic:عراق الأمير - literally, "Caves of The Prince"), is the name shared by a town and nearby caves, within the municipality of Amman in the Jordan Valley. Located about 15 km southwest of the town of Wadi as-Seer, it has a population of about 6000 people, mostly members of the tribe of Abbadi. During the Greek Macedonian occupation, Iraq al -Amir was known under the Greek name Tyros. Ptolemy Philadelpus built the city, transferring population from Tyre in Phoenicia. It is located on the hills with high and medium altitude, the area has many springs, and is famous for its olive trees, in addition to other forest trees. About 0.5 km south of the town is located the so-called Al-Iraq historical site, marked by the partially restored palace (known colloquially as Qasr Al-Abd, (literally, "Palace of the Servant") perhaps an ironic reference to the name etched in the caves nearby, believed to be the name of the owner of said estate. See link below for more information) which was built during the Hellenistic period, around the 3rd century BC, and reused under Byzantine rule before being destroyed by an earthquake. There are many caves in the hills which were inhabited during the Copper Age.
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Assesos Assesos or Assesus (Ancient Greek: Ἀσσησός ) was a small ancient Greek town in the region of Caria in Asia Minor, near Miletus, and the site of a sanctuary of Athena. It is mentioned by Herodotus in his "Histories" (I.18–23) in the context of an episode during the war between the Lydians under Sadyattes and the Milesians in the late 7th century BC, when Lydian troops destroyed the sanctuary.
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Siderokausia Siderokausia (Greek: Σιδηροκαύσια ), in Turkish rendered Sidrekap[i]si, was a silver and gold mine active in the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, located in the northeastern Chalkidiki peninsula in northern Greece. The settlements of the region are known to this day as Mademochoria (Μαντεμοχώρια, "mine villages"). In the Ottoman period, a coin mint was attached to the mine.
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Lapidarium A lapidarium is a place where stone (Latin: "lapis") monuments and fragments of archaeological interest are exhibited.
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Luli Luli or Elulaios was king of the Phoenician city of Tyre (729–694 BC). During his reign, Tyre lost what remained of its power to Assyria.
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Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica The emergence of metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica occurred relatively late in the region's history, with distinctive works of metal apparent in West Mexico by roughly AD 800, and perhaps as early as AD 600. Metallurgical techniques likely diffused northward from regions in Central or South America via maritime trade routes; recipients of these metallurgical technologies apparently exploited a wide range of material, including alloys of copper-silver, copper-arsenic, copper-tin and copper-arsenic-tin.
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Ionia Ionia (Ancient Greek: Ἰωνία or Ἰωνίη) is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements. Never a unified state, it was named after the Ionian tribe who, in the Archaic Period (600–480 BC), settled mainly the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. Ionian states were identified by tradition and by their use of Eastern Greek.
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Tirebolu mine The Tirebolu mine is a large mine in the north of Turkey in Giresun Province 517 km north of the capital, Ankara. Tirebolu represents one of the largest copper reserve in Turkey having estimated reserves of 8.6 million tonnes of ore grading 3% copper and 2% zinc. The 8.6 million tonnes of ore contains 260,000 tonnes of copper metal and 172,000 tonnes of zinc metal.
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Pella, Jordan Pella (Ancient Greek: Πέλλα, also known in Arabic as "Tabaqat Fahl", طبقة فحل) is found in northwestern Jordan, 27.4 km (17 miles) south of the Sea of Galilee. Pella represents one of ten Decapolis cities that were founded during the Hellenistic period and became powerful under Roman jurisdiction. With a history extending back into the Bronze Age, Pella expanded to its largest state during the reign of the Roman Empire. Pella is located in the Jordan Valley, 130 km (80 miles) north of Amman, and is half an hour by car from Irbid, in the north of the country. Today, the city's sizable collection of ruins are excavated by archeologists, and attract thousands of tourists annually.