Fritz Julius Kuhn, was the leader of the German American Bund, prior to World War II, and was an American supporter of the German Nazi government led by Adolf Hitler that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945, and leader of which organization?
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Fritz Julius Kuhn Fritz Julius Kuhn (May 15, 1896 – December 14, 1951) was the leader of the German American Bund, prior to World War II. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1934, but his citizenship was cancelled in 1943 and he was deported in 1945. He was an American supporter of the German Nazi government led by Adolf Hitler that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.
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Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (] ; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party ("Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
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Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (] , "My Struggle") is a 1925 autobiographical book by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of "Mein Kampf" was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess.
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Neu Beginnen Neu Beginnen (English: "[to] begin anew") was an anti-fascist opposition group formed in 1929 by left-wing members of the Social Democratic Party. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, the members of the small group discussed what the future of Germany should be after the Nazis. The conclusion was a left-wing coalition government consisting of Social Democrats, Socialists and Communists. The leaders of the group saw disunity among the left as one of the key reasons the NSDAP had been able to seize power. They produced illegal pamphlets to advocate their ideas but failed to unite enough anti-fascists to take a significant hold. As a consequence, its loosely organised followers had all either been killed, left the party or been arrested by 1936.
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Hollywood Anti-Nazi League The Hollywood Anti-Nazi League (later known as the American Peace Mobilization) was founded in Los Angeles in 1936 by Otto Katz and others to organize members of the American film industry to oppose fascism and Nazism. Although it was a communist front organization, run by the American popular front, it attracted broad support in Hollywood from both members and nonmembers of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). Like many such communist front groups, it ceased all anti-Nazi activities immediately upon the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939.
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NSDAP/AO (1972) The NSDAP/AO is an American neo-Nazi organization. It was founded in 1972 by United States citizen Gary Rex Lauck (born in 1953) in Lincoln, Nebraska. The organization stands for ""NSDAP Aufbau- und Auslandsorganisation"" (English: NSDAP Development and Foreign Organization ). Lauck's organization claims to be a continuation of the original NSDAP and supplies neo-Nazis worldwide with propaganda material. Since 1973 this new NSDAP/AO publishes Nazi magazines (""NS-Kampfruf"", for example) - by his own account in ten languages. As one of its political aims it declares the readmission of NSDAP as an eligible party in Germany and Austria. The group has also been active in a number of countries across Europe, both co-ordinating with local movements and distributing propaganda individually.
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Richard Walther Darré Richard Walther Darré (born Ricardo Walther Oscar Darré; 14 July 1895 – 5 September 1953) was one of the leading Nazi "blood and soil" (German: "Blut und Boden") ideologists and served as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture from 1933 to 1942. He was a high-ranking functionary in the SS and the seventh most senior commander in the organisation.
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Michael Kühnen Michael Kühnen (21 June 1955 – 25 April 1991) was a leader in the German neo-Nazi movement. He was one of the first post-World War II Germans to openly embrace Nazism and call for the formation of a Fourth Reich. He enacted a policy of setting up several differently named groups in an effort to confuse German authorities, who were attempting to shut down neo-Nazi groups. Kühnen's homosexuality was made public in 1986, and he died of HIV-related complications in 1991.
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Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry The Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry (""Adolf-Hitler-Spende der deutschen Wirtschaft"") was a donation from the German employers' association and the ""Reichsverband"" of German industry, which was established on June 1, 1933, to support the NSDAP. It was named after the "Führer" of the NSDAP Adolf Hitler and was meant for the "national reconstruction" (""nationaler Wiederaufbau"").
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Military Administration (Nazi Germany) During World War II, Nazi Germany created military-led regimes in occupied territories which were known as a Military administration or Military administration authority (de: "Militärverwaltung"). These differed from "Reichskommissariate" which were led by Nazi Party officials. A "Military administration" was normally led by a "military commander" ("Militärbefehlshaber", official acronym "MilBfh.").
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Bund Deutscher Osten Bund Deutscher Osten (BDO) was a German Nazi organisation founded on 26 May 1933. The organisation was supported by the Nazi Party. The BDO was a national socialist version of "German Eastern Marches Society", which was closed down by the Nazis in 1934. Reichsleiter of Bund Deutscher Osten between 1933–1937 was Theodor Oberländer.
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Reichstag Fire Decree The Reichstag Fire Decree (German: "Reichstagsbrandverordnung" ) is the common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State (German: "Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat" ) issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in immediate response to the Reichstag fire. The decree nullified many of the key civil liberties of German citizens. With Nazis in powerful positions in the German government, the decree was used as the legal basis for the imprisonment of anyone considered to be opponents of the Nazis, and to suppress publications not considered "friendly" to the Nazi cause. The decree is considered by historians as one of the key steps in the establishment of a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
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Government of Nazi Germany The Government of Nazi Germany was a dictatorship run according to the "Führerprinzip". As the successor to the government of the Weimar Republic, it inherited the government structure and institutions of the previous state. Although the Weimar Constitution technically remained in effect until Germany's surrender in 1945, there were no actual restraints on the exercise of state power. In addition to the already extant government of the Weimar Republic, the Nazi leadership created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them govern and remain in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, which in 1940 became known as the Waffen-SS.
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Johann Rattenhuber Johann Rattenhuber (30 April 1897 – 30 June 1957), also known as Hans Rattenhuber, was a German police and SS general ("Gruppenführer", i. e. Generalleutnant). Rattenhuber was the head of German dictator Adolf Hitler's personal "Reichssicherheitsdienst" (Reich Security Service; RSD) bodyguard from 1933 to 1945.
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Weimar Republic Weimar Republic (German: "Weimarer Republik" ] ) was an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich"; it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was usually known simply as Germany.
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Helmuth James Graf von Moltke Helmuth James Graf von Moltke (11 March 1907 – 23 January 1945) was a German jurist who, as a draftee in the German Abwehr, acted to subvert German human-rights abuses of people in territories occupied by Germany during World War II and subsequently became a founding member of the Kreisau Circle resistance group, whose members opposed the government of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany. He participated in their discussions about the prospects for a Germany based on moral and democratic principles after Hitler. The Nazi government executed von Moltke for treason for his participation in these discussions.
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Nazi Party Chancellery The Party Chancellery ("Parteikanzlei"), was the name of the head office for the German Nazi Party (NSDAP), designated as such on 12 May 1941. The office existed previously as the Staff of the Deputy Führer ("Stab des Stellvertreters des Führers") but was renamed after Rudolf Hess flew to England in an attempt to negotiate a peace agreement without Hitler's authorization. Hess was denounced by Hitler, his former office was dissolved, and the new Party Chancellery was formed in its place under Martin Bormann.
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Schwarze Kapelle The Schwarze Kapelle (German for "Black Orchestra") was a term used by the Gestapo to refer to a group of conspirators within the German military who plotted to overthrow Adolf Hitler. It included many senior officers within the Wehrmacht. Unlike the "Rote Kapelle" (Red Orchestra), the name given by the Gestapo to the Soviet spy network within the Third Reich, the members of the "Black Orchestra" were of aristocratic background, felt contempt for the ideological fervor of the Nazi Party and were politically closer to the Western Allies.
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Ortsgruppenleiter Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) was a Nazi Party political rank and title which existed between 1930 and 1945. The term first came into being during the German elections of 1930, and was held by the head Nazi of a town or city, or in larger cities, of a neighbourhood, for the purposes of election district organization. After 1933, through the process of "Gleichschaltung", the position of "Ortsgruppenleiter" evolved into the Nazi leader of a large town or city or of a city district.
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Reichstag (Nazi Germany) The Reichstag ("diet of the realm"), officially the Großdeutscher Reichstag ("Greater German "Reichstag"") after 1938, was the pseudo-Parliament of the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945. Following the Nazi seizure of power and the passing of the Enabling Act of 1933, it met only as a rubber stamp for the actions of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship—always by unanimous consent—and to listen to Hitler's speeches. In this purely ceremonial role, the Reichstag convened only 20 times, the last on 26 April 1942. The President of the Reichstag (German: "Reichstagspräsident" ) throughout this period was Hermann Göring.
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Reinhard Gehlen Reinhard Gehlen (3 April 1902 – 8 June 1979) was a German general who was chief of the Wehrmacht Foreign Armies East (FHO) military-intelligence unit, during World War II (1942–45); spymaster of the anti–Communist Gehlen Organization for the United States (1946–56); and the first president (1956–68) of the Federal Intelligence Service ("Bundesnachrichtendienst", BND) of West Germany, during the Cold War.
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Otto Meissner Otto Lebrecht Eduard Daniel Meissner (13 March 1880, Bischwiller, Alsace – 27 May 1953, Munich) was head of the Office of the President of Germany during the entire period of the Weimar Republic under Friedrich Ebert and Paul von Hindenburg and, finally, at the beginning of the Nazi government under Adolf Hitler.