Anarcho-Syndicalism helped to spark what event which took place during the Spanish Civil War?
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Anarcho-Syndicalism (book) Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. An Introduction to a Subject Which the Spanish War Has Brought into Overwhelming Prominence is a book written by the German anarchist Rudolf Rocker. Its first edition (158 pages) was published by Secker and Warburg, London in 1938 and was translated from Ray E. Chase. Rocker penned this political and philosophical work in 1937, at the behest of Emma Goldman, as an introduction to the ideals fueling the Spanish social revolution and resistance to capitalism and fascism the world over. Within, Rocker offers an introduction to anarchist ideas, a history of the international workers' movement, and an outline of the syndicalist strategies and tactics embraced at the time (direct action, sabotage and the general strike). The Pluto Press and the newest AK Press editions including a lengthy introduction by Nicolas Walter and a preface by Noam Chomsky.
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Spanish Revolution of 1936 The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Valencian Community. Much of the economy of Spain was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy influence by the Communist Party of Spain. Factories were run through worker committees, agrarian areas became collectivized and run as libertarian socialist communes. Even places like hotels, barber shops, and restaurants were collectivized and managed by their workers.
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Spain during World War I Spain remained neutral throughout World War I between 28 July 1914 and 11 November 1918, and despite domestic economic difficulties, it was considered "one of the most important neutral countries in Europe by 1915". Spain had enjoyed neutrality during the political difficulties of pre-war Europe, and continued its neutrality after the war until the Spanish Civil War began in 1936. While there was no direct military involvement in the war, German forces were interned in Spanish Guinea in late 1915.
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May Days The May Days of 1937, sometimes also called May Events, referring to a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937, were a period of civil violence in Catalonia, when factions of the Republican side engaged each other in street battles in various parts of Catalonia, in particular in the city of Barcelona, during the Spanish Civil War.
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ETA (separatist group) ETA (] , ] ), an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (] ; "Basque Homeland and Liberty"), is a formerly armed leftist Basque nationalist and separatist organization in the Basque Country (in northern Spain and southwestern France). The group was founded in 1959 and later evolved from a group promoting traditional Basque culture to a paramilitary group engaged in a violent campaign of bombing, assassinations and kidnappings in the Southern Basque Country and throughout Spanish territory. Its goal was gaining independence for the Basque Country. ETA is the main group within the Basque National Liberation Movement and is the most important Basque participant in the Basque conflict.
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Battle of Seseña The Battle of Seseña was an ill-fated Republican assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña, near Toledo, 30 km south of Madrid in October 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. After the fall of Talavera de la Reina and Toledo in September 1936, the Nationalist troops pushed towards Madrid and in October they were 30 km from Madrid. Then the Republican government which had received new Russian weapons decided to launch a counteroffensive in order to stop the Nationalist offensive at Seseña. The attack failed and the Nationalists resumed their advance towards Madrid. The battle is notable for being the first time that tank warfare was seen in the Spanish war and for the use by Nationalist troops of Molotov cocktails against Soviet T-26 tanks.
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Liberal Union (Spain) The Liberal Union (Spanish: "Unión Liberal" ) was a political party in Spain in the third quarter of the 19th century. It was founded by Leopoldo O'Donnell in 1858 with the intent of forging a compromise and taking a centrist position between the two forces that had hitherto dominated Spanish politics during the reign of Isabella II. On one side were the forces of conservative liberalism known as the "doceañistas", arrayed around the Moderate Party. Among their leading figures were the queen mother Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies and General Ramón María Narváez. On the other were radical liberal "exaltados" or "veinteañistas" arrayed around the Progressive Party and the National Militia. Among their leading figures was General Baldomero Espartero. Both parties had fought on the same side in the Carlist Wars, but they had also at times fought against one another, and elements of the Moderate Party leaned toward absolute monarchy themselves. O'Donnell's intent was to bring together the non-absolutist Moderates and the less "exalted" (radical) Progressives and to occupy the political center. He first came forward with this program in September 1854 a few months after the end of the 10-year reign of the Moderates, but did not succeed in forming a party at that time.
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Revolution of 1934 The Revolution of 1934, also known as the Revolution of October 1934, or the Revolutionary General Strike of 1934 was a revolutionary strike movement that took place between October 5 and October 19, 1934, during the black biennium of the Second Spanish Republic. The movement was supported by many PSOE and UGT members, notably Largo Caballero and Indalecio Prieto. Most of the events occurred in Catalonia and Asturias.
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Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War had large numbers of non-Spanish citizens participating in combat and advisory positions. The governments of Germany, Italy—and to a lesser extent Portugal—contributed money, munitions, manpower and support to Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco. The government of the Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent France and Mexico, likewise aided the Republicans (Loyalists) of the Second Spanish Republic. The aid came even after all the European powers had signed a Non-Intervention Agreement in 1936. While individual sympathy for the plight of the Spanish Republic was widespread in the liberal democracies, pacifism and the fear of another world war prevented them from selling or giving arms. The Nationalist pleas meanwhile were answered within days by Hitler and Mussolini.
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Juan López Sánchez Juan López Sanchez (16 January 1900 – 1972) was a Spanish construction worker, anarchist and member of the "Confederación Nacional del Trabajo" (CNT, National Confederation of Labor), and one of the founders of the "Federación Sindicalista Libertaria". During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) he was Minister of Commerce under Francisco Largo Caballero.
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Antonio Goicoechea Antonio Goicoechea (21 January 1876 in Barcelona – 11 February 1953 in Madrid) was an Alfonsine monarchist in Spain during the period of the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War. He briefly served as Minister of the Interior from 15 April 1919 to 20 July 1919 in a Maura cabinet. He led the "Renovación Española" political party. Prior to the Civil War, Goicoechea in 1934 had negotiated alongside with Carlist monarchists Antonio Lizarza Iribarren and Rafael de Olazábal y Eulate with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini on a military agreement that would guarantee Italian support of their movements should a civil war erupt in Spain. However, when the Civil War did erupt in 1936, it had not been initiated by Goicoechea or other members of the agreement, but rather a group of army officers, thus Goicoechea's agreement with Mussolini did not go forward. After Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista emerged in 1937, Goicoechea dissolved "Renovación Española" and worked as Governor of the Bank of Spain (from 1938 to 1950) and Procurador en Cortes (representative of the Francoist legislature).
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1938–39 in the Spanish Civil War "This article covers the Spanish Civil War in the period from the start of 1938 to the end of 1939. For a historical context, see Timeline of Spanish history#20th century."
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Solidaridad Obrera (union) Solidaridad Obrera (Labour Solidarity) is a small anarcho-syndicalist labour union federation that appeared in Madrid, Spain in 1990 as a split from the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT), itself a split from the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), the Spanish member of the International Workers Association (IWA) (In Spanish: Asociación International de los Trabajadores or AIT). Its founders did not accept resolutions made by the CGT congress in 1989. The union regularly publishes "Contramarcha" and "El Solidario"
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Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) The Nationalist faction (Spanish: "Bando nacional" ) or Rebel faction (Spanish: "Bando sublevado" ) was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists and the Carlists. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the Falange. One of the main leaders (Spanish: "Caudillo" ) of the 1936 coup, General Francisco Franco, would lead this faction throughout the war and later would become the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975.
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Syndicalist Party The Syndicalist Party (Spanish: "Partido Sindicalista" ; Catalan: "Partit Sindicalista" ) was a left-wing political party in Spain, formed by Ángel Pestaña in 1932. Pestaña, a leading member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) trade union, formed the party in response to the growing influence of the Iberian Anarchist Federation over the CNT. He and other notable members of the CNT had previously signed a "Manifest dels Trenta" ("Manifesto of the Thirty"), which had got them expelled.
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Asociación Obrera Asambleista Asociación Obrera Asambleista (Assemblyist Workers Association, abbreviated AOA) was a trade union movement in Spain. AOA was linked to the Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) and the Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front. AOA had its roots in the "Oposición Sindical Obrera" (Workers' Trade Union Opposition). AOA appeared in late 1977. According to a 1977 government statement, AOA was further to the left than all other trade union groups at the time.
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Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War The final offensive of the Spanish Civil War took place between 26 March and 1 April 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro rose against the Socialist prime minister Juan Negrín and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council ("Consejo Nacional de Defensa" or "CND") in order to negotiate a peace deal. Negrín fled to France but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a civil war within the civil war. Casado defeated them and started peace negotiations with the Nationalists. Francisco Franco, however, was prepared to accept only an unconditional surrender. On 26 March the Nationalists started a general offensive and by 31 March they controlled all Spanish territory. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans were arrested and interned in concentration camps.
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Free Workers' Union of Germany The Free Workers' Union of Germany (German: "" ; FAUD) was an anarcho-syndicalist trade union in Germany. It stemmed from the Free Association of German Trade Unions (FDVG) which combined with the Ruhr region's Freie Arbeiter Union on September 15, 1919. The FAUD was involved in the revolution in Germany from 1918–1923, and continued to be involved in the German labor movement after the FAUD began to decline in 1923. After 1921, the FAUD added an "AS" to their name, signifying a full transition from simple syndicalism to anarcho-syndicalism. This also led to further difficulties between the intellectual elites of the FAUD (AS), such as Rudolf Rocker, and the rank and file workers, mostly in the Ruhr, who were more worried about "bread and butter" issues than anarchist political activities. These workers, the majority of the FAUD-(AS) members, formed the :Gelsenkircherichtung (Gelsenkirche tendency) within the movement, and given the movements federalist structure, began to drift away from the FAUD-(AS) intellectually and organizationally. Eventually, those workers who had joined during the revolution left the movement and the remaining FAUD-(AS) members came from the FDVG's original constituencies of the building trades and specialized textile workers. The Nazis suppressed the FAUD in January 1933 after coming to power. However, many of its members continued to do political work illegally and organized resistance against the Nazi regime, both in Germany and elsewhere (see: Gruppe DAS and the revolution in Spain, 1936–1939). The International Workers Association, of which the FAUD was a member, was founded upon the initiative of the German organization in 1922. The Free Workers' Union (FAU), which was founded in 1977, sees itself in the tradition of the FAUD. At its peak, the FAUD had 150,000 members. The primary organ of the FAUD was the newspaper "Der Syndikalist", which was first published in December 1918, and continued until the groups suppression by the Nazis.
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Iron Column The Iron Column (Spanish: "Columna de Hierro") was a Spanish anarchist militia column formed during the Spanish Civil War to fight against the military forces of the Nationalist Faction that had rebelled against the Second Spanish Republic.
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Bombardment of Almería The Bombardment of Almería was a naval action which took place on 31 May 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. The "Kriegsmarine" bombed the city of Almeria in retaliation for a Republican air attack on the German cruiser "Deutschland".
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Insubordinate movement in Spain The Insubordinate movement (Spanish: "Movimiento insumiso" or "Insumisión", Catalan: "Moviment d'insubmissió", Galician: "Movemento insubmiso", Basque: "Matxinada") was a mass antimilitarist movement of civil disobedience to compulsory military service in Spain, the movement lasting from the early 1980s until the abolition of conscription on 31 December 2001.
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World Committee Against War and Fascism The World Committee Against War and Fascism was an international organization that was active in the struggle against Fascism in the 1930s. During this period Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Italy invaded Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War broke out. Although some of the women involved were Communists whose priority was preventing attacks on the Soviet Union, many prominent pacifists with different ideologies were members or supporters of the committee. The World Committee sponsored subcommittees for Women and Students, and national committees in countries that included Spain, Britain, Mexico and Argentina. The Women's branches were particularly active and included feminist leaders such as Gabrielle Duchêne of France, Sylvia Pankhurst of Britain and Dolores Ibárruri of Spain.