In what year was the pogrom during which Schiffschul was destroyed?
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Schiffschul Khal Adas Yisroel, usually referred to as the Schiff Shul, was the main Orthodox synagogue in Vienna prior to the Holocaust. The synagogue no longer exists since it was destroyed by the Nazis on Kristallnacht. A building that was adjacent to the Schiffshul and was part of its complex remains.
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Kristallnacht Kristallnacht (] ; lit. "Crystal Night") or Reichskristallnacht (] ), also referred to as the Night of Broken Glass, Reichspogromnacht ] or simply Pogromnacht ] , and Novemberpogrome ] , was a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians. The German authorities looked on without intervening. The name "Kristallnacht" comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues were smashed.
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The Holocaust in Ukraine The Holocaust in Ukraine took place during the occupation of Ukraine by Nazi Germany. Between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies, along with approximately 1,600,000 Jews. An additional 3,000,000 inhabitants of Ukraine died as soldiers of the Soviet army or indirectly as a consequence of World War II.
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Hansaviertel The Hansaviertel is a small district (the smallest among Berlin's 95 "Ortsteile") between Großer Tiergarten park and the Spree River, within the central Mitte borough of Berlin. It was almost completely destroyed during World War II, but was rebuilt from 1957 to 1961 as a housing estate project by international master architects like Alvar Aalto, Egon Eiermann, Walter Gropius, Oscar Niemeyer, Sep Ruf etc., called "Interbau". The whole ensemble, including two churches (St. Ansgar and Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedächtniskirche), is now protected as a historic monument.
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Rural People's Movement The Rural People's Movement ("Landvolkbewegung") was a farmers' protest movement in northern Germany from 1928 to 1933. Due to an agricultural crisis, demonstrations took place in numerous towns and cities in early 1928, and deputations were sent to Berlin to voice grievances against trade and tax policies. Farmers' continuing financial difficulties and dissatisfaction with their own lobby organizations led to more radical protests, especially in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, from late 1928. Passive resistance included tax strikes and the obstruction of foreclosures, but some farmers, with the assistance of nationalist radicals, resorted to terrorist methods. Throughout 1929 bombs were placed in public buildings, including the Reichstag. The Rural People's Movement ran its own newspaper "Das Landvolk" which was edited by Bruno von Salomon, the brother of Ernst von Salomon. With the arrest of the bombers and many of its leaders, as well as the rise of the Nazi Party, the Landvolk declined from 1930.
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Istanbul pogrom The Istanbul pogrom, also known as the Istanbul riots or September events (Greek: Σεπτεμβριανά "Septemvriana", "Events of September"; Turkish: "6–7 Eylül Olayları" , "Events of September 6–7"), were organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955. The riots were orchestrated by the Tactical Mobilisation Group, the seat of Operation Gladio's Turkish branch; the Counter-Guerrilla, and National Security Service, the precursor of today's National Intelligence Organisation. The events were triggered by the false news that the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki, in northern Greece—the house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had been born in 1881—had been bombed the day before. A bomb planted by a Turkish usher at the consulate, who was later arrested and confessed, incited the events. The Turkish press, conveying the news in Turkey, was silent about the arrest and instead insinuated that Greeks had set off the bomb.
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Döbling Synagogue The Döbling Synagogue (Synagoge Döbling) stood in the Dollinergasse in the suburb of Oberdöbling in the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling. It was opened in 1907 but was ruined and partially destroyed in the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938. Later, the synagogue was deconsecrated and in 1995, it was replaced with a modern apartment tower.
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Israelitisches Familienblatt Israelitisches Familienblatt (literally: "Israelite Family Paper"; originally: "Israelitisches Familienblatt für Hamburg, Altona und Wandsbek") was a rather impartial Jewish weekly newspaper, which directed at Jewish readers of all alignments. Max Lessmann and Leo Lessmann founded the "Familienblatt", which was published by the printing- and publishing house "Buchdruckerei und Verlagsanstalt Max Lessmann" first in Hamburg (1898–1935), and then in Berlin (1935–1938). The editorial and printing offices were located in "ABC-Straße" 57 in Hamburg. The Hamburg agglomeration, consisting of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, the Danish-Holsteinian cities of Altona and Wandsbek as well as the Hanoverian city of Harburg upon Elbe, had been an important Jewish centre in Europe and in number - ca. 9,000 persons - the biggest in Germany. Only by the first third of the 19th century Berlin, Prussia's capital, overtook with Jews migrating from the former Polish provinces, which Prussia annexed in the Polish Partitions. Originally directed to readers in Hamburg's metropolitan area the "Familienblatt" gained more and more readers and spread nationwide in Germany. "Israelitisches Familienblatt" was prohibited to appear any further after the November Pogroms on November 9–10, 1938.
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Šiauliai Ghetto The Šiauliai or Shavli Ghetto was a Jewish ghetto established in July 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Šiauliai (Yiddish: שאַװל‎ , "Shavl") in Nazi-occupied Lithuania during the Holocaust. The ghetto comprised two areas – one in the Kaukazas suburb and one on Trakai Street. Both were liquidated by July 1944, and their inhabitants were killed or transferred to Nazi concentration camps. In 1939, one quarter of the population of Šiauliai was Jewish, about 8,000 persons. By the end of World War II, only about 500 Jews of the city had survived.
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Bielsko Synagogue Bielsko Synagogue was a synagogue in Bielsko, Poland. It was built in 1879-1881, designed by Karol Korn. The synagogue was completely destroyed by Nazis on 13 September 1939.
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Inowrocław Synagogue Inowrocław Synagogue was one of two synagogues in Inowrocław, Poland. The structure was built in 1908, with funds provided almost entirely by Leopold Levy. After Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazis attempted to turn it into a bathhouse or swimming pool, but were unable to so they destroyed it. Today, the site of the building is occupied by a statue of Polish literary figure Jan Kasprowicz, who was born on the outskirts of the city in the village of Szymborze. The site of the synagogue has recently been renamed Skwer Jan-Paweł II (John-Paul II Square). The other synagogue was in Ulica Rzeźnicka, it is not known when it was demolished but it is believed some time in the 1980s, and a private house now stands there.
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Michoel Pressburger Michoel Pressburger (Michael Pressburger) is a leading Austrian haredi rabbi who heads the historic Schiffschul synagogue in Vienna's second district where a sizable (Ultra-)Orthodox Jewish community once thrived in the years leading to the Holocaust. Today, the Schiffschul is a much smaller synagogue serving the local Orthodox Jewish community while also serving as a sanctuary to Jewish refugees from Iran who transit through Vienna.
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Planned destruction of Warsaw The planned destruction of Warsaw refers to the largely-realized plans by Nazi Germany to raze the city. The plan was put into full motion after the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. The uprising had infuriated German leaders who now wanted to make an example of the city, which they had long before selected for a major reconstruction as part of their plans to Germanize Central Europe.
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Szeged witch trials The Szeged witch trials, which took place in the city of Szeged in Hungary in 1728–1729, was perhaps the largest witch-hunt in Hungary. It led to the death of 14 people by burning, although witch trials had been banned by the decree of King Coloman in 1100.
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Copenhagen Fire of 1728 The Copenhagen Fire of 1728 was the largest fire in the history of Copenhagen, Denmark. It began on the evening of 20 October 1728 and continued to burn until the morning of 23 October. It destroyed approximately 28% of the city (measured by counting the number of destroyed lots from the cadastre), left 20% of the population homeless, and the reconstruction lasted until 1737. No less than 47% of the section of the city, which dates back to the Middle Ages, was completely lost, and along with the Copenhagen Fire of 1795, it is the main reason that few traces of medieval Copenhagen can be found in the modern city.
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Schwabenhass Schwabenhass (German for "hatred against Swabians") is a political slogan about the aversions against the about 300.000 strong Swabian minority in Berlin. In 2013, the so-called "spätzlestreit" gained nationwide attention.
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Schifferstadt Schifferstadt is a town in the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. If not including Ludwigshafen (the district free city that is the capital of Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis), Schifferstadt is the only urban municipality in the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis.
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Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom The Legionnaires' rebellion and the Bucharest pogrom occurred in Bucharest, Romania, between 21–23 January 1941. As the privileges of the Iron Guard paramilitary organization were being cut off gradually by the "Conducător" Ion Antonescu, its members, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted. During the rebellion and pogrom the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews, and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels. Following this, the Iron Guard movement was banned and 9,000 of its members were imprisoned.
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Łuck Ghetto The Łuck Ghetto (a.k.a. the Lutsk Ghetto, Polish: "getto w Łucku" , German: "Ghetto Luzk" ) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the "Schutzstaffel" ("SS") in the prewar Polish city of Łuck (now Lutsk, Ukraine) occupied by Germany after Operation Barbarossa, in the south-eastern region of Kresy. Łuck was the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39) in the Second Polish Republic before the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939. The invading Soviets annexed the city to the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 along with the entire region, an renamed it as Луцьк (Lutsk).
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Great fire of Hamburg The Great fire of Hamburg began early on May 5, 1842 in Deichstraße and burned until the morning of May 8, destroying about one third of the buildings in the Altstadt. 51 people were killed and 1,700 residences and several important public buildings were destroyed. The fire required major rebuilding of the city and led to improvements in its infrastructure. The heavy demand on insurance companies also led to the establishment of reinsurance.
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Greek Operation of the NKVD The Greek Operation (Russian: Греческая Операция , translit. Grecheskaya Operatsiya; Ukrainian: Грецька операція ) was an organised mass persecution of the 450,000 Greeks of the Soviet Union that was ordered by Joseph Stalin. Greeks often use the term "pogrom" (πογκρόμ) for this persecution, though this term usually refers to mob violence rather than persecution by police acting under direct orders, as this one was. It began on December 15, 1937 and marked the beginning of the repressions against Greeks went on for 13 years.
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Białystok pogrom The Belostok (Białystok) pogrom occurred between 14–16 June 1906 (1–3 June Old Style) in Białystok, then part of the Russian Empire, now in Poland. During the pogrom between 81 and 88 people were killed, and about 80 people were wounded.