The Guelphic Legion was a paramilitary unit maintained at the expense of a king whose reign was ended by what?
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Guelphic Legion The Guelphic Legion (German: "Welfenlegion" ) was a Hanoverian paramilitary unit maintained at the expense of George V, deposed King of Hanover, from 1866 to 1870.
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George V of Hanover George V (George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus; German: "Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August" ; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last king of Hanover, the only child and successor of King Ernest Augustus. George V's reign was ended by the Unification of Germany.
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Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine Rudolph (1320 – 26 August 1346), called the Valiant ("le Vaillant"), was the Duke of Lorraine from 1329 to his death. He was the son and successor of Frederick IV and Elisabeth, daughter of Albert I of Germany. Though he was but nine years of age when his father died and he succeeded to the duchy under the regency of his mother (until 1334), he was a warrior prince, taking part in four separate wars in Lorraine, France, Brittany, and Iberia. He was killed at the Battle of Crécy.
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Seleucid Dynastic Wars The Seleucid Dynastic Wars were a series of wars of succession that were fought between competing branches of the Seleucid Royal household for control of the Seleucid Empire. Beginning as a by-product of several succession crises that arose from the reigns of Seleucus IV Philopator and his brother Antiochus IV Epiphanes in the 170s and 160s, the wars typified the final years of the empire and were an important cause of its decline as a major power in the Near East and Hellenistic world. The last war ended with the collapse of the kingdom and its annexation by the Romans in 63 BC.
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Fall of the Serbian Empire The fall of the Serbian Empire was a decades-long period in the late 14th century that marked the end of the once-powerful Serbian Empire. Following the death of childless Emperor Uroš the Weak in 1371, the Empire was left without an heir and the magnates, "velikaši", obtained the rule of its provinces and districts (in so called feudal fragmentation), continuing their offices as independent with titles such as "gospodin", and "despot", given to them during the Empire. This period is known as the dissolution or the beginning of the fall of the Serbian Empire.
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Boethius Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, commonly called Boethius (English: ; also Boetius ; 480–524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, "magister officiorum", and philosopher of the early 6th century. He was born four years after Odoacer deposed the last Roman Emperor and declared himself King of Italy, and entered public service under Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great, who later imprisoned and executed him in 524 on charges of conspiracy to overthrow him. While jailed, Boethius composed his "Consolation of Philosophy", a philosophical treatise on fortune, death, and other issues, which became one of the most popular and influential works of the Middle Ages.
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Louis X of France Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), called the Quarreler, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (French: "le Hutin" ), was a monarch of the House of Capet who ruled as King of Navarre (as Louis I Basque: "Luis I.a Nafarroakoa" ) and Count of Champagne from 1305 and as King of France from 1314 until his death.
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Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV (1175 – May 19, 1218) was one of two rival kings of Germany from 1198 on, sole king from 1208 on, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until he was forced to abdicate in 1215. The only German king of the Welf dynasty, he incurred the wrath of Pope Innocent III and was excommunicated in 1210.
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Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ ; 69 – August 12, 30 BC), known to history simply as Cleopatra, was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion. After her reign, Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire.
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Hellenistic armies The Hellenistic armies is the term applied to the armies of the successor kingdoms of the Hellenistic period, which emerged after the death of Alexander the Great. After his death, Alexander's huge empire was torn between his successors, the Diadochi (Greek: Διάδοχοι ). During the Wars of the Diadochi, the Macedonian army, as developed by Alexander and Philip II, gradually adopted new units and tactics, further developing Macedonian warfare and improving on the tactics used in the Classical era. The armies of the Diadochi bear few differences from that of Alexander, but during the era of the Epigonoi (Ἐπίγονοι, "Successors"), the differences were obvious, favoring numbers over quality and weight over maneuverability. The limited availability of Greek conscripts in the east led to an increasing dependence on mercenary forces, whereas in the west, Hellenistic armies were continuously involved in wars, which soon exhausted local manpower, paving the way for Roman supremacy. The major Hellenistic states were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt and the Antigonid kingdom (Macedonia). Smaller states included: Attalid Pergamum, Pontus, Epirus, the Achaean League, the Aetolian League, Syracuse, and other states (like Athens, Sparta etc.).
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Robert, King of Naples Robert of Anjou (Italian: "Roberto d'Angiò" ), known as Robert the Wise (Italian: "Roberto il Saggio" ; 1275 – 20 January 1343), was King of Naples, titular King of Jerusalem and Count of Provence and Forcalquier from 1309 to 1343, the central figure of Italian politics of his time. He was the third son of King Charles II of Naples and Maria of Hungary, and during his father's lifetime he was styled Duke of Calabria (1296–1309).
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Crisis of the Third Century The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235–284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops in 235, initiating a 50-year period in which there were at least 26 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire. The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors.
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Richard II of England Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born in Bordeaux during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. His father was Prince of Aquitaine. Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême, upon whose death Richard, at three years of age, became second in line to the throne after his father. Upon the death of Richard's father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by primogeniture, became the heir apparent to the throne. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten.
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Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI (Heinrich VI) (November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1190 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. From 1194 he was also King of Sicily.
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Gunther Gunther (Gundahar, Gundahari, Latin "Gundaharius", "Gundicharius", or "Guntharius", Old English "Gūðhere", Old Norse "Gunnarr", anglicised as "Gunnar", d. 437) was a historical King of Burgundy in the early 5th century. Legendary tales about him appear in Latin, medieval Middle High German, Old Norse, and Old English texts, especially concerning his relations with Siegfried (Sigurd in Old Norse) and his death by treachery in the hall of Attila the Hun.
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Skanderbeg George Castriot (Albanian: "Gjergj Kastrioti" , 6 May 1405 – 17 January 1468), known as Skanderbeg (Albanian: "Skënderbej or Skënderbeu" from Ottoman Turkish: اسکندر بگ‎ "İskender Bey"), was an Albanian nobleman and military commander, who served the Ottoman Empire in 1423–43, the Republic of Venice in 1443–47, and lastly the Kingdom of Naples until his death. After leaving Ottoman service, he led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania and Macedonia. Skanderbeg always signed himself as "Lord of Albania" (Latin: "Dominus Albaniae" ), and claimed no other titles but that in official documents.
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Frederick William I of Prussia Frederick William I (German: "Friedrich Wilhelm I" ) (14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the 'Soldier King,' was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death, as well as the father of Frederick the Great. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the principality of Neuchâtel.
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Stephen V Báthory Stephen Báthory of Ecsed (Hungarian: "Báthory István" , ] ; Romanian: "Ștefan Báthory" ; 1430–1493) was a Hungarian commander, 'dapiferorum regalium magister' (1458–?), judge royal (1471–1493) and voivode of Transylvania (1479–1493). He rose to power under King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and after the king's death sided with Vladislav Jagiellon of Bohemia and later together with Pál Kinizsi defeated Prince John Corvin in the Battle of Csonthegy (1493). As a result of his cruelty in Transylvania, especially against the Székelys, he was deposed by the King in 1493 and died shortly afterwards.
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Theodosius I Theodosius I (Latin: "Flavius Theodosius Augustus" ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from AD 379 to AD 395. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the empire. He failed to kill, expel, or entirely subjugate them, and after the Gothic War, they established a homeland south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the empire's borders. He fought two destructive civil wars, in which he defeated the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius at great cost to the power of the empire.
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Ardo Ardo (or "Ardonus", possibly short for "Ardabastus"; died 720/721) is attested as the last of all Visigothic kings of Hispania, reigning from 713 or likely 714 until his death. The Visigothic Kingdom was already severely reduced in power and area at the time he succeeded Achila II, and his dominions probably didn't extend beyond Septimania and present-day Catalonia, due to the Arab conquests of the previous three years.
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Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and a canonized saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis's childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian crusade which had started 20 years earlier.
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Sisebut Sisebut (Latin: "Sisebutus" , Spanish: "Sisebuto" ; also "Sisebuth", "Sisebur", "Sisebod" or "Sigebut") ( 565 – February 621) was King of the Visigoths and ruler of Hispania and Septimania. from 612 until his death.