the son of Husayn Bayqarah, who was a great-great-grandson  of the man historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane, was the ruler of where?
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Badi' al-Zaman Mirza Badi' al-Zaman Mirza (Persian: بدیع الزمان‎ ‎ ; died 1514) was a Timurid ruler of Herat from 1506 to 1507. He was the son of Husayn Bayqarah, who was a great-great-grandson of Timur Beg.
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Timur Timur (Persian: تیمور‎ ‎ "Temūr", Chagatai: "Temür "; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (Persian: تيمور لنگ‎ ‎ "Temūr(-i) Lang", "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror. As the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia he became the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty. According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur's background was Iranized and not steppe nomadic.
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Dayan Khan Dayan Khan (Mongolian: Даян Хаан ) (given name: "Batumöngke"; 1464–1517/1543) was a Mongol khan who reunited the Mongols under Chinggisid supremacy in the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. His reigning title, "Dayan", means the "Great Yuan", as he enthroned himself as Great Khan of the Great Yuan, though the Yuan dynasty, the principal khanate of the Mongol Empire, had already been overthrown by the Chinese Ming dynasty a century earlier (1368).
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Seljuk Empire The Seljuk Empire or Great Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (Persian: آل سلجوق‎ ‎ ) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
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Lama Dorji Lama Dorji, or Lama Darja (; Mongolian: Лхамдаржаа ; 1726 or 1728–1753) was a mid-eighteenth century khan or ruler of the Dzungar Khanate, a confederation of Mongol tribes that ruled over most of present-day Xinjiang and part of eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and southern Siberia. He was the eldest son of Galdan Tseren, Khong Tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate from 1727 until his death in 1745. Before his death, Galdan Tseren had willed his second son Tsewang Dorji Namjal to succeed him. However, a succession dispute soon erupted among Galdan Tseren's three sons.
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Al-Mansur Ali II, Imam of Yemen Al-Mansur Ali II (1812–1871) was an Imam of Yemen who reigned in the capital San'a during four brief terms (1835–1837, 1844–1845, 1849–1850, 1851). He belonged to the Qasimid family, descended from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, which dominated the Zaidi imamate of Yemen from 1597 to 1962.
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Qara Hülegü Qara Hülegü (died 1252) was head of the "ulus" of the Chagatai Khanate (1242 - 1246, 1252). He was the son of Mö'etüken (killed during the 1221 siege of Bamiyan), and a grandson of Chagatai Khan.
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Al-Afdal Muhammad Al-Afdal Muhammad (Arabic: الأفضل محمد‎ ‎ ) was the last Ayyubid governor of Hama, in central Syria, reigning from 1332 to 1341. He was the son and successor of Abu'l-Fida, and a descendant of Saladin's brother Nur ad-Din Shahanshah. After the Mamluk defeat of the Mongols in 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut, Hama was restored as a tributary emirate and a succession of Ayyubid rulers of Kurdish origin governed the city. However, al-Afdal incurred the displeasure of his Mamluk overlords and was deposed by them in 1341.
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Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك‎ ‎ "Salṭanat al-Mamālīk") was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the "Baḥrī" period and the latter the "Burjī" due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the "Turkish" and "Circassian" periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks.
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Ghaznavids The Ghaznavid dynasty (Persian: غزنویان‎ ‎ "ġaznaviyān") was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic "mamluk" origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, much of Transoxiana, and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977–1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin, upon his succession to rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was a breakaway ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan.
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Baydu Baydu (also spelled Baidu (Байду)) (died 1295) was the sixth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate division in Iran. He was the son of Taraqai, who was in turn the fifth son of Hulagu Khan. He succeeded his cousin Gaykhatu as "khan" of the Ilkhanate state in 1295.
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Altan Khan Altan Khan of the Tümed (1507–1582; Mongolian: Алтан хан ; Chinese: 阿爾坦汗), whose given name was Anda (ᠠᠨᠳᠠ in Mongolian; 俺答 in Chinese), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols, Shunyi Wang (Prince of Shunyi, Chinese: 顺义王) of Ming dynasty China, and de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols. He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464–1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), who had managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the south. His name means "Golden Khan" in the Mongolian language.
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Principality of Khuttal The Principality of Khuttal, (also spelled "Khatlan" and "Khotlan"), was a local Iranian dynasty, which ruled the Khuttal region from the early 7th century to 750. The rulers of the region were known by their titles of “Khuttalan Shah” (king of Khuttal), “Khuttalan Khudah” (lord of Khuttal), and “Shir-i Khutallan” (lion of Khuttal). The capital and residence of the rulers was in Hulbuk, close to the city of Kulob.
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Banu Qatada The Banu Qatadah (بنو قتادة , "Banū Qatādah", "Sons of Qatadah"), or the Qatadids (Arabic: القتاديون‎ ‎ , "al-Qatādayūn"), were a dynasty of Hasanid sharifs that held the Sharifate of Mecca continuously from 1201 until its abolition in 1925. The Qatadids were the last of four dynasties of Hasanid sharifs (preceded by the Musawids, Sulaymanids, and the Hawashim) that altogether ruled Mecca since about the mid-10th century. The progenitor of the dynasty was Qatada ibn Idris, who took possession of the holy city from the Hawashim in 1201. The Emirate remained in the possession of his descendants until 1925 when the last Sharif of Mecca, Ali ibn al-Husayn, surrendered the Kingdom of Hejaz to Ibn Saud, Sultan of Nejd.
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Afsharid dynasty The Afsharid dynasty (Persian: افشاریان‎ ‎ ) were members of an Iranian dynasty which originated from the Turkic Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Persia in the mid-eighteenth century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the brilliant military commander Nader Shah, who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran. During Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, and at its height it controlled modern day Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, parts of the North Caucasus (Dagestan), Afghanistan, Bahrain, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, and Oman. After his death, most of his empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, Georgians, and the Caucasian khanates, while Afsharid rule was confined to a small local state in Khorasan. Finally, the Afsharid dynasty was overthrown by Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1796, who would establish a new native Iranian empire and restore Iranian suzerainty over several of the aforementioned regions.
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Mahmud Shah Durrani Mahmud Shah Durrani (1769 – April 18, 1829; Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: ) was born Prince and the ruler of the Durrani Empire (Afghanistan) between 1801 and 1803, and again between 1809 and 1818. An ethnic Sadozai tribe section of the Popalzai sub clan of Durrani Abdali Pashtun, he was the son of Timur Shah Durrani and grandson of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
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Abdallah ibn Amir Abdallah ibn Amir (Arabic: عبدالله بن عامر‎ ‎ ) was a governor of Busra (647–656) and an extremely successful military general during the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibn Affan. His father was a maternal uncle of Caliph Uthman. Abdallah was thus a cousin of Uthman. He is well known for his administrative and military prowess. his campaign of Reconquest and pacifying the large soils of Persian Empire former territories has left great legacy of Islamization in both Iran and Afghan land
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Greater Iran Greater Iran (Persian: ایران بزرگ‎ ‎ , "Irān-e Bozorg"), also referred to as Greater Persia (سرزمین پارس , "Sarzamin-e Pārs"), is a term used to refer to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that has significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various Iranian (Persian) empires (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajar Empire), having considerable aspects of Persian culture due to extensive contact with the various Empires based in Persia (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranic peoples who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and China). It roughly corresponds to the territory on the Iranian plateau and its bordering plains. The Encyclopædia Iranica uses the term "Iranian Cultural Continent" for this region.
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Malik-Shah II Malik-Shah II (Persian: ملک شاه دوم‎ ‎ ) or Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II was Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad during 1105. He was the grandson of Malik Shah I, and was theoretically the head of the dynasty, although his relative Ahmed Sanjar in Khorasan probably held more effective power.
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Öljei Temür Khan Öljei Temür Khan, Bunyashir Khan (full name: Bunyashiri, died 1412) was the Mongol khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. He was a son of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and younger brother of Gün Temür Khan. He was one of the Borjigin princes, such as Tokhtamysh and Temur Qutlugh, backed by Tamerlane to seize the throne.
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Babur Babur (Persian: بابر‎ , "Bābur ", 'Tiger' ‎ ; 14 February 148326 December 1530), born Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn Muhammad (Persian: ظهیرالدین محمد‎ , "Zahīr ad-Dīn Muhammad " ‎ ), was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the base for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (Tamurlane) from the Barlas clan, through his father, and also a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother. He was also influenced by the Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.
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Temür Khan Temür Öljeytü Khan (Mongolian: Өлзийт Төмөр , "Ölziit Tömör " ; Middle Mongol: ᠥᠯᠵᠡᠶᠢᠲᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ , "Öljeyitü Temür "), born Temür (also spelled "Timur", Mongolian: Төмөр , October 15, 1265 – February 10, 1307), also known by the temple name Chengzong (Emperor Chengzong of Yuan; ) was the second emperor of the Yuan dynasty, ruling from May 10, 1294 to February 10, 1307. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the sixth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was an able ruler of the Yuan, and his reign established the patterns of power for the next few decades. His name means "blessed iron Khan" in the Mongolian language.