Coalition in the Netherlands was led in 1901 and 1905 by a founder of what Dutch religious group?
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Coalition (Netherlands) The Coalition is a historic coalition between three confessional parties of Netherlands - the Christian Historical Union, Anti-Revolutionary Party and Roman Catholic State Party. They were united in their common plight for equal financing for religious schools. They were opposed to the Concentration. The Coalition governed between 1888 and 1891, led by Æneas Mackay, 1901 and 1905 led by Abraham Kuyper, 1908 and 1913 led by Theo Heemskerk and between 1918 and 1940 led by several politicians, Hendrikus Colijn, Dirk Jan de Geer and Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck.
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Abraham Kuyper Abraham Kuijper ( ; ] ; 29 October 1837 – 8 November 1920), generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch journalist, statesman and neo-Calvinist theologian. He founded the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (the second largest Reformed denomination in the country behind the Dutch Reformed Church), a newspaper, the Free University of Amsterdam, and the Anti-Revolutionary Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905. In religious affairs, he sought to adapt the Dutch Reformed Church to the challenges posed by the loss of state financial aid and by religious pluralism, rising nationalism, and the Arminian religious revivals of his day which denied predestination. He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as a fad that would pass away. In politics, he dominated the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) from its founding in 1879 to his death in 1920. He promoted pillarisation, the social expression of the anti-thesis in public life, whereby Protestant, Catholic and secular elements each had their own independent schools, universities and social organisations.
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Henk Hofland Hendrik Johannes Adrianus "Henk" Hofland (] ; 20 July 1927 – 21 June 2016) was a Dutch journalist, commentator, essayist, and columnist. H.J.A. Hofland, as he is also commonly known, is often referred to as the éminence grise of Dutch journalism. In 1999 he was named Dutch "Journalist of the century" in a nationwide poll among his peers. He once described himself as belonging to the "anarcho-liberal community", though his political orientation is that of the secular center of society.
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Het Volk (political party) Het Volk was a Transvaal political party, established in May 1904 under the leadership of Louis Botha and his deputy Jan Smuts. Upon the creation of the Union of South Africa in May 1910, it merged with Afrikaner Bond, the South African Party, and the Orangia Unie, the dominant political parties of the Cape Colony and Orange River Colony (formerly the Orange Free State), creating the pan-Union South African Party.
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Peter Sleebos Peter Sleebos (born 5 August, 1949, Malang, Indonesia) is a Dutch pastor and leader of the Pentecostal movement.
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Willem Aantjes Willem "Wim" Aantjes (] ; 16 January 1923 – 22 October 2015) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
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Bart Verbrugh Albertus Johannes (Bart) Verbrugh (July 19, 1916 in The Hague – February 5, 2003 in Dordrecht) was a Dutch politician. He was an MP for the Reformed Political League (GPV) from 1971 to 1981.
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Aad Wagenaar Arie Huibrecht Dignus "Aad" Wagenaar (born December 4, 1940, Gouda) is a former Dutch politician for the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) and the Groep Wagenaar which he founded on April 20, 1985, and Anti-Revolutionairen 1985 (AR-85).
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Albert Benjamin Simpson Albert Benjamin Simpson (December 15, 1843 – October 29, 1919), also known as A. B. Simpson, was a Canadian preacher, theologian, author, and founder of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA), an evangelical denomination with an emphasis on global evangelism.
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Julie von Massow Julie von Massow (24 November 1825 – 1901) was a Prussian woman who started a movement, "Ut Omnes Unum", "that all may be one", which promoted reconciliation between the Christian churches, a policy known as reunionism.
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Anabaptism Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin "anabaptista", from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός : ἀνά- "re-" and βαπτισμός "baptism") is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation in Europe. The movement is generally seen as an offshoot of Protestantism, although this view has been challenged by some Anabaptists.
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Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands The Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands or VGKN (Dutch: "Voortgezette Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland" ) is a federation of churches founded on May 8, 2008, in the Netherlands.
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Regenten In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the regenten (the Dutch plural for "regent") were the rulers of the Dutch Republic, the leaders of the Dutch cities or the heads of organisations (e.g. "regent of an orphanage"). Though not formally a hereditary "class", they were "de facto" "patricians", comparable to that ancient Roman class. Since the late Middle Ages Dutch cities had been run by the richer merchant families, who gradually formed a closed group. At first the lower-class citizens in the guilds and schutterijen could unite to form a certain counterbalance to the "regenten", but in the course of the 15th century the administration of the cities and towns became oligarchical in character. From the latter part of the 17th century the regent families were able to reserve government offices to themselves via quasi-formal contractual arrangements. In practice they could only be dislodged by political upheavals, like the Orangist revolution of 1747 and the Patriot revolt of 1785.
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Wilhelmi Malmivaara Wilhelm "Wilhelmi" Malmivaara (until 1900 Malmberg, 13 February 1854, Lapua – 12 January 1922, Lapua) was one of the leaders of Finnish Awakening in the beginning of the 20th century. He was a member of the synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland in 1898, 1908, 1913 and 1918 and was also a representative of the clergy in the pre-independence Diet of Finland in 1897, 1899, 1900 and 1904–05 and a member of the Parliament of Finland in 1907–1914 (Finnish Party) and 1917–1919 (National Coalition Party).
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Holy Alliance The Holy Alliance (German: "Heilige Allianz" ; Russian: Священный союз , "Svyashchennyy soyuz"; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The intention of the alliance was to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars, and the alliance nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War (1853–1856). Otto von Bismarck managed to reunite the Holy Alliance after the unification of Germany but the alliance again faltered by the 1880s over Austrian and Russian conflicts of interest with regard to the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
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Raad van Vlaanderen The Council of Flanders (Dutch: "Raad van Vlaanderen" or RVV) was a quasi-independent government created on 4 February 1917 by members of the "activist" (or "maximalist") faction of the Flemish Movement in German-occupied Belgium.
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Fatherland League (Netherlands) The Fatherland League (Dutch: "Vaderlandsch Verbond" ) was a Dutch liberal / reactionary political party founded in 1924.
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House of Orange-Nassau The House of Orange-Nassau (Dutch: "Huis van Oranje-Nassau", ] ), a branch of the European House of Nassau, has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherlands — and at times in Europe — especially since William the Silent organized the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, which after the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) led to an independent Dutch state.
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Jacob Albright Jacob Albright (Jakob Albrecht) (May 1, 1759 – May 17, 1808) was an American Christian leader, founder of Albright's People (Die Albrechtsleute) which was officially named the Evangelical Association (Evangelische Gemeinschaft) in 1816. This church underwent various mergers and schisms and today is a part of the United Methodist Church.
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Cabinet of Deuntzer After the 1901 Danish Folketing election, the Council President Johan Henrik Deuntzer of the Venstre Reform Party became the leader of Denmark's first liberal government. The resulting cabinet, which replaced the Cabinet of Sehested consisting of member of the conservative party Højre, was formed on 24 July 1901 and was called the Cabinet of Deuntzer. The formation of the new cabinet is referred to in Danish as "systemskiftet", the shift of government.
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Gijsbert Haan Gijsbert Haan or alternate spelling Gysbert Haan (January 3, 1801 – July 27, 1874) was the leader in the 1857 Secession of Dutch-Americans from the Reformed Church in America, and the creator of the Christian Reformed Church in the United States and Canada.
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Mennonite The Mennonites are Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496–1561) of Friesland (which today is a province of the Netherlands). Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The early teachings of the Mennonites were founded on the belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus, which the original Anabaptist followers held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believer's baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism.