What was the famous work of an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from a city in modern-day Uzbekistan and is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia ?
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Ali Qushji Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 16 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (Ottoman Turkish/Persian language: علی قوشچی, "kuşçu" – falconer in Turkish; Latin: "Ali Kushgii") was an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand, who settled in the Ottoman Empire some time before 1472. As a disciple of Ulugh Beg, he is best known for the development of astronomical physics independent from natural philosophy, and for providing empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation in his treatise, "Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy". In addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work Zij-i-Sultani and to the founding of Sahn-ı Seman Medrese, one of the first centers for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences in the Ottoman caliphate, Ali Kuşçu was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy.
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Samarkand Samarkand (Uzbek: "Samarqand" ; Persian: سمرقند‎ ‎ ; Cyrillic/Russian: "Самарканд" ), alternatively Samarqand or Samarcand, is a city in modern-day Uzbekistan and is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia. There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city from the late Paleolithic era, though there is no direct evidence of when exactly Samarkand was founded; some theories indicate that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Prospering from its location on the Silk Road between China and the Mediterranean, at times Samarkand was one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.
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National University of Uzbekistan National University of Uzbekistan is the oldest and largest university of Uzbekistan; it has 13 schools. The university was founded in 1918 as Turkestan People's University, with 1,200 students; in 1920 it was reorganized as Turkestan State University (Russian: Туркестанский государственный университет ), and in July 1923 it was renamed the First Central Asian State University (Russian: Первый Среднеазиатский Государственный Университет ), a name it retained through the end of the 1950s. In 1960 the name was changed to the V.I. Lenin Tashkent State University (Russian: Ташкентский государственный университет им. В. И. Ленина ). With the independence of Uzbekistan it became the National University of Uzbekistan.
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İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (18 May 1703 - 22 June 1780), a popular sufi saint of Turkey from Erzurum in eastern Anatolia - mystic, poet, author, astronomer, physicist, psychologist, sociologist and Islamic scholar. He was a Turkish Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist.
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Namangan Region Namangan Region (Uzbek: Namangan viloyati /Наманган вилояти, نەمەنگەن ۋىلايەتى; Russian: Наманганская область , "Namanganskaya oblast’") is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in far eastern part of the country. It is on the right bank of Syr Darya River and borders with Kyrgyzstan, Fergana Region, and Andijan Region. It covers an area of 7,900 km. The population is estimated to be around 2,530,000, with over 62% of the population living in rural areas. The great river Syrdarya, the main waterway in Central Asia, starts in the territory of Namangan. Syrdarya is formed inflows of the rivers Norin and Kora Darya. The Namangan region is very rich in various natural resources. In particular, the region extracts oil in Mingbulak District and big gold and diamond deposits have been discovered in Kasansay and Pap Districts. There are also large deposits of uranium, silver, aluminum, tungsten, iron, copper, granite, and marble, among others.There are two big mountain tunnels connecting the Fergana valley with the inner city area and other regions of the country, located in the territory of Namangan.
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (also Hunain or Hunein) (Syriac: ܚܢܝܢ ܒܪ ܐܝܣܚܩ‎ , Arabic: أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي‎ ‎ ; ’Abū Zayd Ḥunayn ibn ’Isḥāq al-‘Ibādī ; Latin: "Iohannitius" ) (809 – 873) was a famous and influential Nestorian Christian scholar, physician, and a scientist from Mesopotamia, what is now Iraq. He and his students transmitted their Syriac and Arabic translations of many classical Greek texts throughout the Islāmic world, during the apex of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate.
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Khiva Khiva (Uzbek: "Xiva" /"Хива" , خىۋا; Persian: خیوه‎ ‎ , "Xīveh "; alternative or historical names include "Khorasam", "Khoresm", "Khwarezm", "Khwarizm", "Khwarazm", "Chorezm", and Persian: خوارزم‎ ‎ ) is a city of approximately 50,000 people located in Xorazm Region, Uzbekistan. According to archaeological data, the city was established in the beginning of the Christian era. It is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva. Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List (1991).
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Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides Ponticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικός "Herakleides"; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey, and migrated to Athens. He is best remembered for proposing that the Earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours. He is also frequently hailed as the originator of the heliocentric theory, although this is doubted.
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Hassan al-Jabarti Hassan al-Jabarti (Arabic: حسن الجبرتي‎ ‎ ) (d. 1774) was a Somali mathematician, theologian, astronomer and philosopher who lived in Cairo, Egypt during the 18th century.
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Bactria Bactria or Bactriana was the name of a historical region in Central Asia. Bactria proper was north of the Hindu Kush mountain range and south of the Amu Darya river, covering the flat region that straddles modern-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. More broadly Bactria was the area north of the Hindu Kush, west of the Pamirs and south of the Tian Shan with the Amu Darya flowing west through the center.
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Nikolay Przhevalsky Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (Russian: Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский ; April 12 [O.S. March 31] 1839 – November 1 [O.S. October 20] 1888 ) was a Russian geographer of Polish origin and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia. Although he never reached his ultimate goal, the holy city of Lhasa in Tibet, he traveled through regions then unknown to the West, such as northern Tibet (modern Tibet Autonomous Region), Amdo (now Qinghai) and Dzungaria (now northern Xinjiang). He contributed significantly to European knowledge of Central Asia and was the first known European to describe the only extant species of wild horse, which is named after him: Przewalski's horse.
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Mohammad Hassan Ganji Mohammad Hassan Ganji Ph.D (Persian: محمدحسن گنجی‎ ‎ ), (June 11, 1912 – July 19, 2012) was an Iranian meteorologist and academic. He was born in Birjand. He is credited as being the father of modern geography in Iran.
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Abraham Zelmanov Abraham Zelmanov (May 15, 1913 – February 2, 1987), was a prominent scientist working in the General Theory of Relativity and cosmology. He first constructed, in 1944, the complete mathematical method to calculate physical observable quantities in the General Theory of Relativity (the theory of chronometric invariants). Applying the mathematical apparatus, in the 1940s, he established the basics of the theory of inhomogeneous anisotropic universe, where he determined specific kinds of all cosmological models — scenarios of evolution — which could be theoretically conceivable for a truly inhomogeneous and anisotropic Universe in the framework of Einstein's theory.
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Shymkent Shymkent (, "Şımkent", شىمكەنت), known until 1993 as "Chimkent" (Uzbek: "Чимкент" , چىمكېنت; Russian: Чимкент , "Čimkent"), is the capital city of South Kazakhstan Region, the most densely populated region in Kazakhstan. It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan behind Almaty and Astana with an estimated population more than 900,000 in 2017. A major railroad junction on the Turkestan-Siberia Railway, the city is also a notable cultural centre, with an international airport. Shymkent is situated 690 km west of Almaty and 120 km to the north of Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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Persian literature Persian literature (Persian: ادبیات فارسی‎ ‎ "adabiyāt-e fārsi"), comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central and South Asia where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For instance, Mowlana Rumi, one of best-loved Persian poets, born in Balkh or Vakhsh (in what is now Afghanistan), wrote in Persian, and lived in Konya, then the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, western parts of Pakistan, India, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as some consider works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and Arabic, to be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate cultures.
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Istakhri Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al Istakhri (also known as Estakhri, Persian: استخری‎ ‎ , i.e. from the Iranian city of Estakhr, b. - d. 957 AD [346AH]) was a Persian medieval geographer in medieval Islam and traveler of the 10th century.
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Callippus Callippus ( ; Ancient Greek: Κάλλιππος ; c. 370 BC – c. 300 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician.
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Mount Imeon Mount Imeon is an ancient name for the Central Asian complex of mountain ranges comprising the present Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tian Shan, extending from the Zagros Mountains in the southwest to the Altay Mountains in the northeast, and linked to the Kunlun, Karakoram and Himalayas to the southeast. The term was used by Hellenistic-era scholars as "Imaus Mount", even though non-Greek in etymology, and predating Alexander the Great.
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Zij-i Sultani Zīj-i Sultānī (Persian: زیجِ سلطانی‎ ‎ ) is a Zij astronomical table and star catalogue that was published by Ulugh Beg in 1438-1439. It was the joint product of the work of a group of Muslim astronomers working under the patronage of Ulugh Beg at Samarkand's Ulugh Beg Observatory. These astronomers included Jamshīd al-Kāshī and Ali Qushji, among others.
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Türkmenabat Türkmenabat (Cyrillic Turkmen: Түркменабат ), formerly and since medieval times, Chardzhou (Russian: Чарджоу , "Čardžou"; Turkmen: Çärjew , Чәрҗев), also spelled "Chardjui, Charjou, Chardzhev, Charjev, Chärjew," or "Charjew" (Persian: چهارجوی for 'four canals'), ancient Amul, is the second-largest city in Turkmenistan and the capital of Lebap Province. s of 2009 , it had a population of approximately 254,000 people (up from 161,000 in the 1989 census) .
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Christianity in Uzbekistan Christianity in Uzbekistan is a minority religion, accounting for 5% of the population. Prior to the advent of Islam, present-day Uzbekistan had sizable communities of Eastern Christians, including Assyrians (historically associated with Nestorianism) and Jacobites (historically associated with miaphysitism ). Initially tolerated by the Muslim rulers, they came under increasing persecution and pressure to convert. Around 1400, Tamerlane engaged in a fierce campaign to exterminate Christianity within his empire. The last Christian churches in Samarkand and Central Asia were destroyed by his grandson, Ulugh Beg.
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Ibn Yunus Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri (Arabic: ابن يونس) (c. 950-1009) was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.