Since what year has the anthem which gradually supplanted the Sturmlied as the de facto anthem of the SA been banned in Germany?
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Sturmlied The Sturmlied ("Storm Song" or "Assault Song") was the de facto anthem of the SA until it was gradually supplanted by the Horst-Wessel-Lied.
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Horst-Wessel-Lied "Horst-Wessel-Lied " (English: "The Horst Wessel Song" ; ] ), also known by its opening words, "Die Fahne hoch " ("The Flag on High"), was used as the anthem of the Nazi Party from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 the Nazis made it the national anthem of Germany, along with the first stanza of the "Deutschlandlied". Since 1991, the anthem has been banned in Germany.
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Lied für NRW Lied für NRW or Hier an Rhein und Ruhr und in Westfalen is, since the 60th anniversary celebrations of North Rhine-Westphalia, a non-official regional anthem of this German Bundesland. There are many local anthems of certain regions of North Rhine-Westphalia, but there had not yet been an anthem for the entire state.
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Du gamla, du fria "Du gamla, du fria " (] , "Thou ancient, Thou free") is the de facto national anthem of Sweden. It was originally named "Sång till Norden " (] , "Song to the North"), and the first words of its lyrics have become adopted as the title in the interim.
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German election, November 1933 Parliamentary elections in Germany took place on 12 November 1933. They were the first since the Nazi Party seized complete power with the passage of the Enabling Act in March. All opposition parties had been banned by this time, and voters were presented with a single list containing Nazis and 22 non-party "guests" of the Nazi Party. These "guests," who included the likes of Alfred Hugenberg, still fully supported the regime of Adolf Hitler in any event.
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Dem Vaterland Dem Vaterland is a patriotic anthem written by Robert Reinick and set to music by Hugo Wolf.
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National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia The National anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1918–1929) was created in December 1918 from the national anthems of the Kingdom's main three constituent historical provinces: Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia. In those times the official authorities considered the three nations, Croats, Serbs and Slovenes as one nation with three names. The official language was thus called the Serbo-Croato-Slovene language.
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German reunification The German reunification (German: "Deutsche Wiedervereinigung" ) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR/DDR/East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity (German: "Deutsche Einheit" ), celebrated on 3 October (German Unity Day) (German: "Tag der deutschen Einheit" ). Following German reunification, Berlin was once again designated as the capital of united Germany.
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Sturm-Zigaretten Sturm-Zigaretten (Storm Cigarettes or Assault Cigarettes) was a brand of cigarettes sold to generate funds for the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA). SA member Otto Wagener had persuaded manufacturers Trommler, based in Dresden to produce Sturm cigarettes, with a share of the profits being given to the SA. The Sturm cigarette factory produced four brands in total: Trommler, Alarm, Sturm and Neue Front. Through this scheme, a typical SA unit earned hundreds of Reichsmarks each month. There is evidence that coercion was used to promote the sale of these cigarettes. SA members were expected to smoke Sturm cigarettes exclusively. The brand was also used to make the prospect of serving in the German army more appealing, with sets of cards being produced which depicted attractive army uniforms from history. The SA stopped manufacturing cigarettes in 1934.
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Truppführer Truppführer (] , "troop leader") was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in 1930 as a rank of the "Sturmabteilung" (SA). Translated as "Troop Leader", the rank of "Truppführer" evolved from early "Freikorps" titles which traced their origins to World War I.
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Adolf Hitler's rise to power Adolf Hitler's rise to power began in Germany in September 1919 when Hitler joined the political party known as the "Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" – DAP (German Workers' Party). The name was changed in 1920 to the "Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" – NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party). This political party was formed and developed during the post-World War I era. It was anti-Marxist and opposed to the democratic post-war government of the Weimar Republic and the Treaty of Versailles; and it advocated extreme nationalism and Pan-Germanism as well as virulent anti-Semitism. Hitler's "rise" can be considered to have ended in March 1933, after the Reichstag adopted the Enabling Act of 1933 in that month. President Paul von Hindenburg had already appointed Hitler as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues. The Enabling Act—when used ruthlessly and with authority—virtually assured that Hitler could thereafter constitutionally exercise dictatorial power without legal objection.
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German Army (German Empire) The Imperial German Army (German: "Deutsches Heer" ) was the name given to the combined land and air forces of the German Empire (excluding the "Marine-Fliegerabteilung " maritime aviation formations of the "Kaiserliche Marine "). The term "Deutsches Heer " is also used for the modern German Army, the land component of the "Bundeswehr ". The German Army was formed after the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871 and dissolved in 1919, after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I.
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Socialist Youth League of Germany The Socialist Youth League of Germany (German: "Sozialistischer Jugend-Verband Deutschlands" , abbreviated SJV OR SJVD) was a youth organization in Germany. SJV was the youth wing of the Socialist Workers Party of Germany (SAPD). SJV was founded in 1931. The organization was banned after the National Socialist take-over 1933.
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Il Canto degli Italiani "Il Canto degli Italiani" (] , "The Song / Chant of the Italians") is the national anthem of Italy. It is best known among Italians as "Inno di Mameli" (] , "Mameli's Hymn"), after the author of the lyrics, or "Fratelli d'Italia" (] , "Brothers of Italy"), from its opening line. The words were written in the autumn of 1847 in Genoa, by the then 20-year-old student and patriot Goffredo Mameli. Two months later, they were set to music in Turin by another Genoese, Michele Novaro. The hymn enjoyed widespread popularity throughout the period of the Risorgimento and in the following decades. Nevertheless, after the Italian Unification in 1861, the adopted national anthem was the "Marcia Reale" (Royal March), the official hymn of the House of Savoy composed in 1831 by order of King Charles Albert of Sardinia. After the Second World War, Italy became a republic, and on 12 October 1946, "Il Canto degli Italiani" was provisionally chosen as the country's new national anthem. This choice was made official in law only on 23 November 2012.
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Bundeswehr The Bundeswehr (] , "Federal Defence") is the unified armed forces of Germany and their civil administration and procurement authorities. The States of Germany are not allowed to maintain armed forces of their own, since the German Constitution states that matters of defense fall into the sole responsibility of the federal government.
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Spirit of 1914 The Spirit of 1914 (German: Augusterlebnis) was the alleged jubilation in Germany at the outbreak of World War I. Many individuals remembered that euphoria erupted on 4 August 1914 after all the political parties in the Reichstag, including the previously antimilitarist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), supported the war credits in a unanimous vote, later referred to as the "Burgfrieden" (literally "castle peace", but more accurately party truce). Many, particularly those in the middle class, believed Germany had ended its decades of bitter domestic political conflict. The string of military victories in the following weeks, which demonstrated what Germany could accomplish when unified and suggested that the war would be short, reinforced the ebullience. Many on the political right accordingly believed, and continued to believe into the Nazi era, that these first weeks of the war were Germany's finest hour, the German equivalent to 1789 in France. Until the 1990s, most historians took the memory of the Spirit of 1914 at face value and claimed that the enthusiasm in August 1914 was universal.
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Hymne National Voltaïque The Hymne National Voltaïque was the national anthem of Upper Volta from 1960 until 1984, when the country's name was changed to Burkina Faso, and the existing anthem "Une Seule Nuit" was adopted.
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Rwanda Rwacu "Rwanda Rwacu" (] ) or "Our Rwanda" was the national anthem of Rwanda from 1962 to January 1, 2002, when it was replaced with "Rwanda Nziza".
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Debout Congolais "Debout Congolais" (Arise Congolese) is the national anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first adopted in 1960 upon independence from Belgium, but was replaced by La Zaïroise when Congo changed its name to Zaire in 1971. It was finally reinstated when Congo was reorganized in 1997. The words are by Joseph Lutumba and the music is by Simon-Pierre Boka di Mpasi Londi.
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Reichstag (Nazi Germany) The Reichstag ("diet of the realm"), officially the Großdeutscher Reichstag ("Greater German "Reichstag"") after 1938, was the pseudo-Parliament of the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945. Following the Nazi seizure of power and the passing of the Enabling Act of 1933, it met only as a rubber stamp for the actions of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship—always by unanimous consent—and to listen to Hitler's speeches. In this purely ceremonial role, the Reichstag convened only 20 times, the last on 26 April 1942. The President of the Reichstag (German: "Reichstagspräsident" ) throughout this period was Hermann Göring.
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Wir hatten gebauet ein stattliches Haus Wir hatten gebauet ein stattliches Haus is a German-language student song from 1819. It was sung when the parliament of West Germany adopted the West German constitution of 1949.
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Imperial ban The imperial ban (German: "Reichsacht" ) was a form of outlawry in the Holy Roman Empire. At different times, it could be declared by the Holy Roman Emperor, by the Imperial Diet, or by courts like the League of the Holy Court ("Vehmgericht") or the "Reichskammergericht".