Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and what American credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket, made  theoretical and practical breakthroughs for spaceflight?
738f12d774ac5b1871342764a83bb95a
History of spaceflight Spaceflight became part of human achievement in the 20th century following theoretical and practical breakthroughs by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Robert H. Goddard. The Soviet Union took the lead in the post-war Space Race, launching the first satellite, the first man and the first woman into orbit. The United States caught up with, and then passed, their Soviet rivals during the mid-1960s, landing the first man on the Moon in 1969. In the same period, France, the United Kingdom, Japan and China were concurrently developing more limited launch capabilities.
8ca70ad88a220b1a53a3f6290ff17eb0
Robert H. Goddard Robert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) was an American engineer, professor, physicist, and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket. Goddard successfully launched his model on March 16, 1926, ushering in an era of space flight and innovation. He and his team launched 34 rockets between 1926 and 1941, achieving altitudes as high as 2.6 km and speeds as fast as 885 km/h (550 mph).
9ef4339fe23281ff0ab61fb5d8042bd3
NOTS-EV-1 Pilot The NOTS-EV-1 Pilot, also known as NOTSNIK was an expendable launch system and anti-satellite weapon developed by the United States Navy's United States Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS). Ten were launched during July and August 1958, all of which failed. It was the first air-launched rocket to be used for an orbital launch attempt; however, none was recorded as having reached orbit. Following the first and third orbital launch attempts, a tracking station in New Zealand reported receiving weak signals from the spacecraft; however, this was never confirmed, and the launches were not catalogued as having reached orbit. The Pilot rocket was part of Project Pilot.
43830671f1d8162dc278ccccd6e19d72
Solid rocket booster Solid-fuel rocket boosters (SRBs) are large solid propellant motors used to provide thrust in spacecraft launches from initial launch through the first ascent stage. Many launch vehicles, including the Ariane 5, GSLV MK3, Atlas V, and the NASA Space Shuttle, have used SRBs to give launch vehicles much of the thrust required to place the vehicle into orbit. The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters were the largest solid propellant motors ever built and designed for recovery and reuse.
d5b4bc5a6fae65427ccca4ec5e229896
Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module "Eagle" on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 lb of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module "Columbia" alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining "Columbia" in lunar orbit.
788b927542b8cad81085d131e6388d08
Nike (rocket stage) The Nike stage or Nike booster, a solid fuel rocket motor, was created by the predecessor of Thiokol.
113612d51f86c3406884d2cab1d1c490
John Thorp John Willard Thorp (June 20, 1912 – April 18, 1992) was an American aeronautical engineer who made significant contributions to aircraft design throughout his life.
ff2e28fcfe05bb2150be229fb7f58781
Soyuz TM-4 Soyuz TM-4 was the fourth manned spacecraft to dock with the space station Mir. It was launched in December 1987, and carried the first two crew members of the third long duration expedition, Mir EO-3. These crew members, Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov, would stay in space for just under 366 days, setting a new spaceflight record. The third astronaut launched by Soyuz TM-4 was Anatoli Levchenko, who returned to Earth about a week later with the remaining crew of Mir EO-2. Levchenko was a prospective pilot for the Soviet Space shuttle "Buran". The purpose of his mission, named Mir LII-1, was to familiarize him with spaceflight.
08d48dbf8bedafb6718be3aff31312b8
Max Valier Max Valier (February 9, 1895 – May 17, 1930) was an Austrian rocketry pioneer. He helped found the German "Verein für Raumschiffahrt" (VfR - "Spaceflight Society") that would bring together many of the minds that would later make spaceflight a reality in the 20th century.
0c1d7f88e899939321cc238d6b38421e
Cryogenic fuel Cryogenic fuels are fuels that require storage at extremely low temperatures in order to maintain them in a liquid state. These fuels are used in machinery that operates in space (e.g. rocket ships and satellites) because ordinary fuel cannot be used there, due to absence of an environment that supports combustion (on earth, oxygen is abundant in the atmosphere, whereas in human-explorable space, oxygen is virtually non-existent). Cryogenic fuels most often constitute liquefied gases such as liquid hydrogen.
b40316ebc8f12f812f857c7e6da5493f
Pavel Cherenkov Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russian: Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в ] , July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.
c4b96b1576ae22b0745955830396a55a
Soviet crewed lunar programs The Soviet crewed lunar programs were a series of unsuccessful programs pursued by the Soviet Union to land a man on the Moon, in competition with the United States Apollo program to achieve the same goal set publicly by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961. The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competition, but secretly pursued two programs in the 1960s: crewed lunar flyby missions using Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond) spacecraft launched with the Proton-K rocket, and a crewed lunar landing using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK Lander spacecraft launched with the N1 rocket. Following the dual American successes of the first crewed lunar orbit on December 24–25, 1968 (Apollo 8) and the first Moon landing on July 20, 1969 (Apollo 11), and a series of catastrophic N1 failures, both Soviet programs were eventually brought to an end. The Proton-based Zond program was canceled in 1970, and the N1 / L3 program was terminated de facto in 1974 and officially canceled in 1976. Details of both Soviet programs were kept secret until 1990 when the government allowed them to be published under the policy of "glasnost".
a23c77446db149eb9b17145b3bac0318
Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky Prof Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky (Russian: Никола́й Его́рович Жуко́вский ; January 17 [O.S. January 5] 1847  – March 17, 1921) was a Russian scientist, mathematician and engineer, and a founding father of modern aero- and hydrodynamics. Whereas contemporary scientists scoffed at the idea of human flight, Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow. He is often called the Father of Russian Aviation.
04fd7011afa5e47c0cd0f2a83518470a
Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Christopher Columbus "Chris" Kraft Jr. (born February 28, 1924) is an American aerospace engineer and retired NASA engineer and manager who was instrumental in establishing the agency's Mission Control operation. Following his graduation from Virginia Tech in 1944, Kraft was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He worked for over a decade in aeronautical research before being asked in 1958 to join the Space Task Group, a small team entrusted with the responsibility of putting America's first man in space. Assigned to the flight operations division, Kraft became NASA's first flight director. He was on duty during such historic missions as America's first manned spaceflight, first manned orbital flight, and first spacewalk.
f35a15424183684ab87542157d06c9dd
Nikolai Rynin Nikolai Alekseevich Rynin (23 December 1887 – 28 July 1942) was a Russian civil engineer, teacher, aerospace researcher, author, historian, and promoter of space travel.
0c83a63fadf1be74987a3d53d7b73e27
Tripropellant rocket A tripropellant rocket is a rocket that uses three propellants, as opposed to the more common bipropellant rocket or monopropellant rocket designs, which use two or one fuels, respectively. Tripropellant rockets appear to offer fairly impressive gains for single stage to orbit designs, although to date no tripropellant rocket design has been developed to the point of testing that would prove the concept.
7c36fecc33da9b79f392ad4fa7660e7b
First Orbit First Orbit is a feature-length, experimental documentary film about Vostok 1, the first manned space flight around the Earth. By matching the orbit of the International Space Station to that of Vostok 1 as closely as possible, in terms of ground track and time of day, documentary filmmaker Christopher Riley and European Space Agency astronaut Paolo Nespoli were able to film the view that Yuri Gagarin saw on his pioneering orbital space flight. This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive of Scientific and
1362a884bf424e4b2d4e7b837020b34b
Qian Xuesen Qian Xuesen or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009) was a Chinese engineer who contributed to aerodynamics and rocket science. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Karman's group at Caltech, including the founding of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Later he returned to China as Qian Xuesen and made important contributions to China's missile and space program.
52f8ca76a3a6220ce314d9799c26aec1
László Tisza László Tisza (July 7, 1907 – April 15, 2009) was Professor of Physics Emeritus at MIT. He was a colleague of famed physicists Edward Teller, Lev Landau and Fritz London, and initiated the two-fluid theory of liquid helium.
26a09560375a1309c39f4b0d566e58fa
Boris Chertok Boris Evseyevich Chertok (Russian: Бори́с Евсе́евич Черто́к ; 1 March 1912 – 14 December 2011) was a prominent Soviet and Russian rocket designer, responsible for control systems of a number of ballistic missiles and spacecraft. He was the author of a four-volume book "Rockets and People", the definitive source of information about the history of the Soviet space program.
984a2df3a7da9ebf140edf447ad9accc
Eberhard Rees Eberhard Friedrich Michael Rees (April 28, 1908 – April 2, 1998) was a German-American (by becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States) rocketry pioneer and the second director of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
c37bfd40f683df6afdf7098512c04812
Soyuz-5 (rocket) The Soyuz-5 (Russian: Союз-5 ) is a launch family Russian rocket proposed by JSC SRC Progress, the manufacturer and custodian of the Soyuz family design, within the Project Feniks (Russian: Феникс , 'Fenix' ). While all previous iterations of the Soyuz family had its roots firmly set on the R-7 ICBM legacy, the Soyuz-5 is a complete new design from the ground up. It is based on a new propellant: LOX and liquid methane, uses a new tank structure, new propulsion, does away with the famous R-7 tulip and has thrust vector control in the main engine rather than using vernier engines. It is also a scalable family with three versions covering the medium to heavy payload ranges.