Coenraad Johannes van Houten 's treatment of cocoa mass with alkaline satls is used in what?
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Coenraad Johannes van Houten Coenraad Johannes van Houten (March 15, 1801, Amsterdam – 27 May 1887, Weesp) was a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker known for the treatment of cocoa mass with alkaline salts to remove the bitter taste and make cocoa solids more water-soluble; the resulting product is still called "Dutch process chocolate". He is also credited with introducing a method for pressing the fat (cocoa butter) from roasted cocoa beans, though this was in fact his father's invention.
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Dutch process chocolate Dutch process chocolate or Dutched chocolate is chocolate that has been treated with an alkalizing agent to modify its color and give it a milder taste compared to "natural cocoa" extracted with the Broma process. It forms the basis for much of modern chocolate, and is used in ice cream, hot cocoa, and baking.
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Bromine water Bromine water is a highly oxidizing intense yellow mixture containing diatomic bromine Br at 2.8% dissolved in HO. It is often used as a reactive in chemical assays of recognition for substances which react with bromine in an aqueous environment with the halogenation mechanism. The most common compounds that react well with bromine water are phenols, alkenes, enols, the acetyl group, aniline and glucose. In addition, bromine water is commonly used to test for the presence of an alkene which contains a double covalent bond which reacts with the bromine water which changes its colour from an intense yellow to a colourless solution. Also bromine water is commonly used to cheak the presence of aldehyde group in compounds. Same in this reaction the color of bromine water is changed to colorless from yellow (oxidation process).
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Vanadium tetrachloride Vanadium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VCl. This bright red liquid serves as a useful reagent for the preparation of other vanadium compounds.
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Glycol ethers Glycol ethers are a group of solvents based on alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol commonly used in paints and cleaners. These solvents typically have a higher boiling point, together with the favorable solvent properties of lower-molecular weight ethers and alcohols. The word "Cellosolve" was registered in 1924 as a United States trademark by Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp. (later named Union Carbide Corp.) for "Solvents for Gums, Resins, Cellulose Esters, and the Like",; the first one was ethyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), with the name now generic for glycol ethers.
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Hollandaise sauce Hollandaise sauce ( or ; ] ), also referred to as Dutch sauce, is an emulsion of egg yolk, liquid butter, water and lemon juice (or a white wine or vinegar reduction), whisked together over the low heat of a double boiler. Additional salt, white pepper and/or cayenne pepper is used for seasoning.
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K-Mix 2 K-Mix 2 is a high energy food, used for the treatment of severe malnutrition. It was developed by UNICEF in response to the Biafran crisis, and was widely used in later famines in India and Africa.
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Risedronic acid Risedronic acid (INN) often used as its sodium salt risedronate sodium (USAN) is a bisphosphonate used to strengthen bone, treat or prevent osteoporosis, and treat Paget's disease of bone. It is produced and marketed by Warner Chilcott, Sanofi-Aventis, and in Japan by Takeda under the trade names Actonel, Atelvia, and Benet. It is also available in a preparation that includes a calcium carbonate supplement, as Actonel with Calcium.
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Ammonium sulfide Ammonium sulfide, also known as diammonium sulfide, is an unstable salt with the formula (NH)S. Aqueous solutions purporting to contain this salt are commercially available. With a p"K" exceeding 15, the hydrosulfide ion cannot be deprotonated to an appreciable amount by ammonia. Thus, such solutions mainly consist of a mixture of ammonia and (NH)SH. Ammonium sulfide solutions are used occasionally in photographic developing, to apply patina to bronze, and in textile manufacturing. Also, due to its offensive smell, it is the active ingredient in a variety of foul pranks including the common stink bomb.
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Triflidic acid Triflidic acid ("IUPAC name": tris[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methane, "abbreviated formula": TfCH) is an organic superacid. It is one of the strongest known carbon acids and is among the strongest Brønsted acids in general, with an acidity exceeded only by the carborane acids. Notably, triflidic acid is estimated to have an acidity 10 times that of triflic acid (p"K" ~ –14), as measured by its acid dissociation constant. It was first prepared in 1987 by Seppelt and Lutz by the following route:(1) TfCH + 2CHMgBr → TfC(MgBr) + 2CH (2) TfC(MgBr) + TfF → TfC(MgBr) + MgBrF (3) TfC(MgBr) + HSO → TfCH + MgBrHSOIn its anionic form, the lanthanide salts of triflidic acid ("triflides") have been shown to be more efficient Lewis acids than the corresponding triflates. The triflide anion has also been employed as the anionic component of ionic liquids.
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Titanocene dicarbonyl Dicarbonylbis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium is the chemical compound with the formula ("η"-CH)Ti(CO), abbreviated CpTi(CO). This maroon-coloured, air-sensitive species is soluble in aliphatic and aromatic solvents. It has been used for the deoxygenation of sulfoxides, reductive coupling of aromatic aldehydes and reduction of aldehydes.
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Charlot equation The Charlot equation, named after Gaston Charlot, is used in analytical chemistry to relate the hydrogen ion concentration, and therefore the pH, with the formal analytical concentration of an acid and its conjugate base. It can be used for computing the pH of buffer solutions when the approximations of the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation break down. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation assumes that the autoionization of water is negligible and that the dissociation or hydrolysis of the acid and the base in solution are negligible (in other words, that the formal concentration is the same as the equilibrium concentration).
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Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate, also known as sulfate of soda, is the inorganic compound with formula NaSO as well as several related hydrates. All forms are white solids that are highly soluble in water. With an annual production of 6 million tonnes, the decahydrate is a major commodity chemical product. It is mainly used for the manufacture of detergents and in the kraft process of paper pulping.
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White chocolate White chocolate does not contain non-fat cocoa solids, the primary nutritional constituent of chocolate liquor—chocolate in its raw, unsweetened form. During the manufacturing process, the dark-colored solids of the cocoa bean are separated from its fatty content, as with milk, semi-sweet, and dark chocolate. But, unlike those other chocolate types, the cocoa solids are not recombined. As a result, this fat, cocoa butter, is the only cacao ingredient in white chocolate. Because it contains no cocoa solids, white chocolate contains only trace amounts of the stimulants theobromine and caffeine, while lacking the antioxidant properties or many characterizing ingredients of chocolate, such as thiamine, riboflavin, and phenylethylamine. Often, the cocoa butter is deodorized to remove its strong flavor. If prime pressed cocoa butter is used, it has natural anti-oxidant (vitamin E), but if deodorized it has none, as the deodorizing is a steam stripping step, often at 180 C .
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Alsever's solution Alsever's solution is a saline liquid used to prevent coagulation of blood. It is composed of 2.05% dextrose, 0.8% sodium citrate, 0.055% citric acid, and 0.42% sodium chloride. For usage, an equal volume of blood is gently, but thoroughly, mixed with the solution. This solution is used to study "in vitro" anti-inflammatory activity of crude drugs by the human red blood cell stabilization method. It is also used to preserve blood cells from other sources.
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Van der Waals surface The van der Waals surface of a molecule is an abstract representation or model of that molecule, illustrating where, in very rough terms, a surface might reside for the molecule based on the hard cutoffs of van der Waals radii for individual atoms, and it represents a surface through which the molecule might be conceived as interacting with other molecules. Also referred to as a "van der Waals envelope," the van der Waals surface is named for Johannes Diderik van der Waals, a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist who developed theory to provide a liquid-gas equation of state that accounted for the non-zero volume of atoms and molecules, and on their exhibiting an attractive force when they interacted (theoretical constructions that also bear his name). van der Waals surfaces are therefore a tool used in the abstract representations of molecules, whether accessed, as they were originally, via hand calculation, or via physical wood/plastic models, or now digitally, via computational chemistry software. Practically speaking, CPK models, developed by and named for Robert Corey, Linus Pauling, and Walter Koltun, were the first widely used physical molecular models based on van der Waals radii, and allowed broad pedagogical and research use of a model showing the van der Waals surfaces of molecules.
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Hydroxyl value In analytical chemistry, the hydroxyl value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid taken up on acetylation of one gram of a chemical substance that contains free hydroxyl groups. Hydroxyl value is a measure of the content of free hydroxyl groups in a chemical substance, usually expressed in units of the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams equivalent to the hydroxyl content of one gram of the chemical substance. The analytical method used to determine hydroxyl value traditionally involves acetylation of the free hydroxyl groups of the substance with acetic anhydride in pyridine solvent. After completion of the reaction, water is added, and the remaining unreacted acetic anhydride is converted to acetic acid and measured by titration with potassium hydroxide.
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Kermes mineral Kermes mineral or Alkermes mineral was a compound of antimony oxides and sulfides, more specifically, antimony trioxide and trisulfide. It can be made or obtained in the laboratory by the actions of potassium carbonate (KCO) on antimony sulfide. The compound is reddish brown in color and described as a velvety powder which is insoluble in water. It was used extensively in the medical field until the general use of antimony compounds declined due to toxic effects.
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Ate complex An ate complex in chemistry is a salt formed by reaction of a Lewis acid with a base whereby the central atom increases its valence. (Note that in this definition the meaning of valence is equivalent to coordination number). Often in chemical nomenclature the phrase "ate" is suffixed to the element in question. For example, the ate complex of a boron compound is called a borate. Thus trimethylborane and methyllithium react to form the ate compound MeBLi, lithium tetramethylborate(1-). This concept was introduced by Georg Wittig in 1958 The term is usually reserved for the complexes of metals in groups 2, 11 and 12.
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Jeho-tang Jeho-tang (제호탕 ; 醍醐湯 ) is a traditional Korean cold drink made with honey and several ingredients used in traditional Korean medicine. The ingredients include "omae" (오매 ; 烏梅 , "smoked unripe plums"), "sain" (사인 ; 沙仁 , "medicinal cardamom"), "baekdanhyang" (백단향 ; 白檀香 , "white sandalwood"), and "chogwa" (초과 ; 草果 , "black cardamom"). The powdered ingredients are mixed together with honey and water and then boiled. After the liquid is chilled, it is diluted in cold water. It was considered the best summer drink in Korean royal court cuisine.
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S. P. L. Sørensen Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen (9 January 1868 – 12 February 1939) was a Danish chemist, famous for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. He was born in Havrebjerg, Denmark.
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Undecane Undecane (also known as hendecane) is a liquid alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH(CH)CH. It is used as a mild sex attractant for various types of moths and cockroaches, and an alert signal for a variety of ants. It has 159 isomers.