Ibn al-Sal'us was the chief financial adviser for the sultanate that spanned which realm?
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Ibn al-Sal'us Al-Sahib Shams ad-Din Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-Raja' al-Tanukhi, better known as Ibn al-Sal'us (died 10 December 1294), was an Arab merchant and the "wazir" (chief financial adviser) of the Mamluk sultan, al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293). Ibn al-Sal'us began his career as a merchant based in Damascus, where he was eventually employed as a deputy "muhtasib" (market inspector). He gained a good reputation for his efforts at ensuring accountability in Damascene commerce. He was later appointed chief "muhtasib" in Cairo by Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun in 1290, but was soon after exiled to the Hejaz. When al-Ashraf Khalil succeeded Qalawun in November 1290, he recalled Ibn al-Sal'us to Cairo and appointed him "wazir". Ibn al-Sal'us restored the political influence of the office of "wazir" and accompanied al-Ashraf Khalil during military expeditions against the Crusaders and the Armenians. His arrogance toward senior Mamluk emirs drew their resentment. In the months following al-Ashraf Khalil's murder, Ibn al-Sal'us was arrested and tortured to death on the orders of his rival, Emir Sanjar al-Shuja'i.
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Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك‎ ‎ "Salṭanat al-Mamālīk") was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the "Baḥrī" period and the latter the "Burjī" due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the "Turkish" and "Circassian" periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks.
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Haushabi Haushabi or Hawshabi (Arabic: الحوشبي‎ ‎ "al-Ḥawshabī" or Arabic: الحواشب‎ ‎ "al-Ḥawāshab"), or the Haushabi Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة الحواشب‎ ‎ "Salṭanat al-Ḥawāshab"), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate. Its capital was Musaymir. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
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Muslim conquest of Sistan The Persian Empire's province of Sistan in the 7th century extended from the modern Iranian province of Sistan to central Afghanistan and Baluchistan province of Pakistan. Sistan was captured during the reign of Caliph Umar, and like other provinces of the Persian Empire it also broke into revolt during Uthmans reign in 649. Uthman directed the governor of Busra, Abdullah ibn Aamir to re-conquer the province. A column was sent to Sistan under the command of Rabeah ibn Ziyad. He re-conquered it up to what is now Zaranj in Afghanistan. Rabeah ibn Ziyad was made governor of Sistan. He remained there for years, then he left for Busra, and the province again broke into revolt in a larger area.
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Al-Afdal al-Abbas Al-Afdal al-Abbas (r. 1363–1377) was a ruler of Yemen and a member of the Turkic (Oghuz) Rasulid dynasty. He was the son and successor of sultan al-Mujahid Ali. He produced a multilingual "dictionary" defining terms in Arabic, Persian language, Turkic, Greek, Armenian, and Mongolian language. He also took measures against extortion by local bureaucrats in the ports of the kingdom, thereby striving to maintain the attraction of Yemen in the eyes of foreign merchants. When he stayed in Aden one winter he was "dealing out measures of justice such are not usual. He gave robes of honour to the ship captains, and abolished many things recently introduced by the collectors of taxes. So the merchants departed recounting his praises and his abundant gifts in all quarters by land and by sea." At his death in 1377 he was succeeded by his son al-Ashraf Isma'il.
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Saloum The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer language: "Saluum" or "Saalum") was a Serer/Wolof kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka/Kaabu origin. The capital of Saloum was the city of Kahone. It was a sister kingdom of Sine. Their history, geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the Sine-Saloum.
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Salahuddin of Aceh Sultan Salahuddin (died 25 November 1548) was the second sultan of Aceh, reigning from 1530 to c. 1537 or 1539. He was the eldest son of Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah, the founder of Aceh's power. He led a short and weak rule before being supplanted by his ambitious younger brother Alauddin al-Kahar.
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Sur Empire The Sur Empire was an empire established by a Muslim dynasty of Afghan origin who ruled a large territory in northern part of South Asia for nearly 16 years, between 1540 and 1556, with Delhi serving as its capital.
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Dhofar Governorate The Dhofar Governorate (Arabic: محافظة ظفار‎ ‎ , "Muḥāfaẓat Ẓufār") is the largest of the eleven Governorates in the Sultanate of Oman in terms of area. It lies in Southern Oman, on the eastern border with Yemen. It is a rather mountainous area that covers 99300 km2 and has a population of 249,729 as of the 2010 census. The largest city, as well as capital of the Governorate, is Salalah. Historically the region was the chief source of frankincense in the world. The local variety of Arabic is Dhofari Arabic, which is quite distinct from that of the rest of Oman and from Yemen.
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Ibn Abi Zar Abū al-Hassan ‘Alī ibn Abī Zar‘ al-Fāsī (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن أبي زرع الفاسي‎ ‎ ) (d. between 1310 and 1320) is the commonly presumed original author of the popular and influential medieval history of Morocco known as "Rawd al-Qirtas", said to have been written at the instigation of Marinid Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman II. His full nasab is sometimes given as "ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi Zar" and sometimes as "ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Abi Zar". The uncertainty about his name and authorship of the Rawd is caused by the many variant manuscripts in circulation since the Middle Ages. Very little is known about his life except that he was evidently a scholar at Fes.
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Sanjar al-Jawli Sanjar ibn Abdullah Alam al-Din Abu Sa'id al-Jawli (also spelled Sangar al-Gawli, Sanjar al-Jawali or Sinjar al-Jawili, 1255–14 January 1345) was a powerful Mamluk "emir" and the Governor of Gaza and much of Palestine between 1311–20 during the sultanate of an-Nasir Muhammad and then again for a brief time in 1342 during the reign of the latter's son as-Salih Ismail. Prior to his first term as governor, al-Jawli briefly served as the Emir of Shawbak in Transjordan and before his second term as Gaza's governor, he was appointed Governor of Hama for three months.
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Spahbed Spāhbed (Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲</a> ; also spelled spahbod and spahbad, early form spāhpat) is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the <a href="Sasanian%20Empire">Sasanian Empire Originally there was a single "spāhbed", called the "Ērān-spāhbed", who functioned as the generalissimo of the Sasanian army. From the time of Khosrow I (r. 531–579) on, the office was split in four, with a "spāhbed" for each of the cardinal directions. After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the "spāhbed" of the East managed to retain his authority over the inaccessible mountainous region of Tabaristan on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, where the title, often in its Islamic form ispahbadh (Persian: اسپهبذ‎ ‎ ; in Arabic: اصبهبذ‎ ‎ "işbahbadh"), survived as a regnal title until the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. An equivalent title of Persian origin, "ispahsālār", gained great currency across the Muslim world in the 10th–15th centuries.
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Köprülü era The Köprülü era (Turkish: "Köprülüler Devri" ) (c. 1656–1703) was a period in which the Ottoman Empire's politics were frequently dominated by a series of grand viziers from the Köprülü family. The Köprülü era is sometimes more narrowly defined as the period from 1656-1683, as it was during those years that members of the family held the office of grand vizier uninterruptedly, while for the remainder of the period they occupied it only sporadically. The Köprülüs were generally skilled administrators, and are credited with reviving the empire's fortunes after a period of military defeat and economic instability. Numerous reforms were instituted under their rule, which enabled the empire to resolve its budget crisis and stamp out factional conflict in the empire.
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Futuh In classical Islamic literature the futūḥ were the early Arab-Muslim conquests which facilitated the spread of Islam and Islamic civilization.
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Hasan ibn Ajlan Badr al-Dīn Abū al-Ma‘ālī Ḥasan ibn ‘Ajlān ibn Rumaythah ibn Abī Numayy al-Ḥasanī (Arabic: بدر الدين حسن بن عجلان بن رميثة بن أبي نمي الحسني‎ ‎ ) was Emir of Mecca from 1396 to 1426 with interruptions, and the first Vice Sultan in the Hejaz from 1408 to 1416.
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Banu Kathir Kathiri (Arabic: الكثيري‎ ‎ "al-Kathīrī," officially the Kathiri State of Seiyun in Hadhramaut (Arabic: السلطنة الكثيرية - سيؤن - حضرموت al-Salṭanah al-Kathīrīyah - Sayʾūn - Ḥaḍramawt) was a sultanate in the Hadhramaut region of the southern Arabian Peninsula, in what is now part of Yemen and the Dhofar region of Oman.
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Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate The Deccan sultanates were five dynasties that ruled late medieval kingdoms, namely, Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar in south-western India. The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau. The rulers of five Deccan sultanates had a number of cultural contributions to their credit in the fields of art, music, literature and architecture. Deccan sultanates have constructed many grand and impregnable forts. Bidar and Golconda forts are classic example of military planning of Deccan sultanates. Apart from forts, they have constructed many tombs, mosques and madrasas. Gol Gumbaz (tomb of Mohammed Adil Shah), was the second largest dome in the world.
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List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent The imperial campaigns (Ottoman Turkish: سفر همايون‎ , "sefer-i humāyūn") of Suleiman the Magnificent were a series of campaigns led by Suleiman, who was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He is known in the Western world as "Suleiman the Magnificent", and in the East as "the Lawgiver" (Turkish: "Kânûnî" ), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. During his reign from 1520 to his death in 1566, the Ottoman Empire became the most powerful state in the world. At its height, the Empire stretched from Hungary to Yemen.
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Yusuf II, Almohad caliph Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Mustanṣir (also known as Yusuf II, c.1203–1224) (Arabic: يوسف بن الناصر‎ ‎ "Yūsuf bin an-Nāṣir") was Caliph of Morocco from 1213 until his death. Son of the previous caliph, Muhammad al-Nasir, the ten-year-old Yusuf was unexpectedly appointed heir by his father on his deathbed. He was confirmed as Almohad Caliph in election by the Almohad sheikhs after his father’s death, and took up the caliphal title ""al-Mustansir"" ("he who seeks the aid of God"). Yusuf’s mother was a Christian slave Qamar.
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Mamluk architecture Mamluk architecture was a flowering of Islamic art during the reign of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517), which is most visible in medieval Cairo. Religious zeal made them generous patrons of architecture and art, it was highly influenced by the Ancient Egyptian architecture and Coptic architecture within Egypt. Trade and agriculture flourished under Mamluk rule, and Cairo, their capital, became one of the wealthiest cities in the Near East and the center of artistic and intellectual activity. This made Cairo, in the words of Ibn Khaldun, "the center of the universe and the garden of the world", with majestic domes, courtyards, and soaring minarets spread across the city.
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Beylerbeylik A beylerbeylik was a large administrative entity within the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia during the 15th-18th centuries. They were governed by beylerbeys ("bey of beys" i.e., commander-in-chiefs).
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Nizam al-Mulk Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Persian: نظام‌الملک‎ ‎ , "Order of the Realm" ) was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire. He held near absolute power for 20 years after the assassination of Alp Arslan in 1072. One of his most important legacies was founding madrasas in cities throughout the Seljuk Empire. These were called "nezamiyehs" after him. He wrote "Siyasatnama" (""Book of Government""), a political treatise that uses historical examples to discuss justice, effective rule, and the role of government in Islamic society.