Maria Mandl, was an Austrian "SS-Helferin" infamous for her key role in the Holocaust as a top-ranking official at the Auschwitz-Birkenau, it was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during which historic event?
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Maria Mandl Maria Mandl (also spelled Mandel; 10 January 1912 – 24 January 1948) was an Austrian "SS-Helferin" infamous for her key role in the Holocaust as a top-ranking official at the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp where she is believed to have been directly complicit in the deaths of over 500,000 female prisoners.
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Auschwitz concentration camp Auschwitz concentration camp (German: "Konzentrationslager Auschwitz" , ] , also "KZ Auschwitz " or "KL Auschwitz ") was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It consisted of (the original camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (a combination concentration/extermination camp), (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps.
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Untermensch Untermensch (] , "underman", "sub-man", "subhuman"; plural: "Untermenschen") is a term that became infamous when the Nazis used it to describe non-Aryan "inferior people" often referred to as "the masses from the East", that is Jews, Roma, and Slavs - mainly ethnic Poles, Serbs, and later also Russians. The term was also applied to most Blacks, and persons of color, with some particular exceptions. Jewish people were to be exterminated in the Holocaust, along with Romani people, and the physically and mentally disabled According to the "Generalplan Ost", the Slavic population of East-Central Europe was to be reduced in part through mass murder in the Holocaust, with a majority expelled to Asia and used as slave labor in the Reich. These concepts were an important part of the Nazi racial policy.
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Celle massacre The Celle massacre (euphemistically called ""Celler Hasenjagd"", "hare chase of Celle") was a massacre of concentration camp inmates that took place in Celle, Prussian Hanover, in the last weeks of the Second World War. On 8 April, 1945 over 3,000 concentration camp internees were killed in an Allied air raid and subsequent attacks by SS guards, Gestapo, and Nazi party officials, as well as members of the public. Some of the perpetrators of the massacre were later tried but all of those convicted for the crime were set free in the early 1950s.
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Stutthof trials Stutthof trials were a series of war crime tribunals held in postwar Poland for the prosecution of Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials, responsible for the murder of up to 85,000 prisoners during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II. None of the Stutthof commandants were ever tried in Poland. "SS-Sturmbannführer" Max Pauly was sentenced to death in Germany but not for the crimes committed at Stutthof; only as the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg.
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Lobor concentration camp The Lobor concentration camp or Loborgrad camp (Croatian: "Koncentracioni logor Lobor" ) was a concentration camp established in Lobor, Independent State of Croatia (modern-day Croatia) in the deserted palace of Keglevich family. It was established on 9 August 1941, mostly for Serb and Jewish children and women. The camp was established and operated by Ustaše, with 16 of its guards being members of the local Volksdeutsche community. Its inmates were subjected to systematic torture, robbery and murder of "undisciplined" individuals. All younger female inmates of the Lobor camp were subjected to rapes. More than 2,000 people were inmates of this camp, at least 200 died in it. All survived children and women were transported to Auschwitz concentration camp in August 1942 where they all were killed.
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Timeline of the Holocaust A timeline of the Holocaust is detailed in the events listed below. Also referred to as the Shoah (in Hebrew), the Holocaust was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Nazi Germany and its World War II collaborators. About 1.5 million of the victims were children. Two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe were murdered. The following timeline has been compiled from a variety of sources including the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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Welthauptstadt Germania Welthauptstadt Germania (] , "World Capital Germania") was the projected renewal of the German capital Berlin during the Nazi period, part of Adolf Hitler's vision for the future of Nazi Germany after the planned victory in World War II. Albert Speer, the "first architect of the Third Reich", produced many of the plans for the rebuilt city in his capacity as overseer of the project, only a small portion of which was realized between the years 1937 and 1943 when construction took place.
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Warsaw concentration camp The Warsaw concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Warschau , short KL or KZ Warschau) was an associated group of the German Nazi concentration camps, including an extermination camp, located in German-occupied Warsaw, capital city of Poland. Its main target was the Polish population of the city.
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List of subcamps of Majdanek The following is a list of subcamps of the Majdanek concentration camp run by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. The list, supplied by the Majdanek State Museum, identifies two German categories of the KL Lublin/Majdanek subcamps; the "Arbeitzlagers", and the so-called "Kommandos". The satellite camps were named "Aussenlager" (external camp), "Nebenlager" (extension or subcamp), and "Arbeitslager" (labor camp). Some of them were less than ten kilometers away from the main camp, with prisoner populations ranging from several dozens to several thousand.
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Reichsgau Wien The Reichsgau Wien (English: "Gau Vienna") was an administrative division of Nazi Germany based in Vienna, Austria. It existed between 1938 and 1945. Parts of Lower Austria were annexed to establish Greater Vienna, which then became the biggest city of Nazi Germany by area.
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Livia Rothkirchen Livia Rothkirchen (1922-2013), historian, author and archivist, made distinct contribution to documenting the Holocaust, specifically issues flowing from Nazi Germany’s peacetime take-over of the democratic Republic of Czechoslovakia. Nearly two years before the outbreak of World War II, Germany seized the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia with the assent of major European states. Germany then dismembered Czechoslovakia, replacing it with German-controlled Bohemia and Moravia, and a nominally independent Slovak state, which collaborated with Nazi policy. In all three areas, harsh regulations were imposed on Jewish citizens, most of whom were ultimately deported and killed. Rothkirchen examines the impact of decisions of Europe's political leaders on general society, on Jewish communal leaders attempting to save their communities, and on Jewish individuals attempting to save themselves and their families from annihilation.
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Nuremberg trials The Nuremberg trials (German: "die Nürnberger Prozesse") were a series of military tribunals held by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war after World War II. The trials were most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, and their decisions marked a turning point between classical and contemporary international law.
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Łuck Ghetto The Łuck Ghetto (a.k.a. the Lutsk Ghetto, Polish: "getto w Łucku" , German: "Ghetto Luzk" ) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the "Schutzstaffel" ("SS") in the prewar Polish city of Łuck (now Lutsk, Ukraine) occupied by Germany after Operation Barbarossa, in the south-eastern region of Kresy. Łuck was the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39) in the Second Polish Republic before the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939. The invading Soviets annexed the city to the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 along with the entire region, an renamed it as Луцьк (Lutsk).
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Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz Judge Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz was a member of the Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland (Polish: "Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce" ) upon the conclusion of World War II. The Commission has been replaced, upon the collapse of the Soviet-imposed communism in Poland, with the government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) serving similar purpose at present. Łukaszkiewicz was the author of the first historical research into the Nazi German extermination camps including Majdanek and Treblinka, on the territory of occupied Poland during the genocidal Operation Reinhard of the Holocaust.
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Vilna Ghetto The Vilna Ghetto was a World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Vilnius in the territory of Nazi-administered Reichskommissariat Ostland. During the some two years of its existence, starvation, disease, street executions, maltreatment, and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps reduced the Ghetto's population from an estimated 40,000 to zero. Only several hundred people managed to survive, mostly by hiding in the forests surrounding the city, joining Soviet partisans, or sheltering with sympathetic locals.
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Ghetto uprising The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn"> </ref> In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.
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Stara Gradiška concentration camp Stara Gradiška was one of the most notorious concentration and extermination camps in Croatia during World War II, mainly due to the crimes committed there against women and children. The camp was specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jew, and Romani ethnicity. It was established by the Ustaše (Ustasha) regime of the Independent State of Croatia ("NDH") in 1941 at the Stara Gradiška prison near the village of Stara Gradiška. as the fifth subcamp of the Jasenovac concentration camp.
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Auschwitz Protocols The Auschwitz Protocols, also known as the Auschwitz Reports, is a collection of three eyewitness reports from 1943–44 about the mass murder that was taking place inside the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland during the Second World War.
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Palmiry massacre The Palmiry massacre was a series of mass executions carried out by Nazi German forces, during the Second World War, near the village of Palmiry in the Kampinos Forest, located northwest of Warsaw.
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Operation Reinhard Operation Reinhard or Operation Reinhardt (German: "Aktion Reinhard "or" Aktion Reinhardt "also" Einsatz Reinhard "or" Einsatz Reinhardt" ) was the codename given to the secretive German Nazi plan to massacre the majority of Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland, during World War II. The operation marked the deadliest phase of the Holocaust and the introduction of extermination camps.
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Vrba–Wetzler report The Vrba–Wetzler report, also known as the Auschwitz Protocols, the Auschwitz Report and the Auschwitz notebook, is a 40-page document about the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust.