Greek fire provided a technilogical advantage and victory during the salvation of what city which is also the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine from two Arab sieges?
f1453cd26ab648733036360dfad1de43
Greek fire Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire that was first developed . The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect, as it could continue burning while floating on water. It provided a technological advantage and was responsible for many key Byzantine military victories, most notably the salvation of Constantinople from two Arab sieges, thus securing the Empire's survival.
e695d3a56e435340a1daa8f51c434d98
Constantinople Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις "Konstantinoúpolis" or Κωνσταντινούπολη "Konstantinoúpoli" ; Latin: "Constantinopolis" ; Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطینية, "Ḳosṭanṭīnīye"‎ ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.
b04e03f2f0b43967526d71af2a7b6419
List of Abbasid governors of Tarsus Tarsus is a city in Cilicia, a region in southeastern Asia Minor (modern Turkey). The city came under Roman control since 67 BC, and then passed on to the Byzantine Empire until the mid-7th century, when following the Muslim conquest of the Levant control was disputed with the nascent Caliphate. During the conflicts between the Byzantines and the Umayyads the city lay in the disputed no-man's-land between the two empires and changed hands frequently, becoming deserted and ruined in the process. In 778/9 the Abbasids undertook the first attempt to restore the city as a base of operations against Byzantium, but the work was apparently not completed. It was not until 787/8 that the city was rebuilt and resettled by Faraj ibn Sulaym on the orders of Caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809). 3,000 Khurasanis and 2,000 Syrians (a thousand each from Antioch and al-Massisa) were given houses and land in the new fortress city.
231fb1bcd1120cd4581061588288f9b4
Battle of Pelekanon The Battle of Pelekanon, also known by its Latinised form Battle of Pelecanum, occurred on June 10–11, 1329 between an expeditionary force by the Byzantines led by Andronicus III and an Ottoman army led by Orhan I. The Byzantine army was defeated, with no further attempt made at relieving the cities in Anatolia under Ottoman siege.
9c8ec6d7940f4c60114e55b3d371ca41
Antipatris Antipatris (Hebrew: אנטיפטריס‎ ‎ , Ancient Greek: Αντιπατρίς) was a city built during the first century BC by Herod the Great, who named it in honour of his father, Antipater. The site, now a national park in central Israel, was inhabited from the Chalcolithic Period to the late Roman Period. The remains of Antipatris are known today as Tel Afek (Hebrew: תל אפק‎ ‎ ). It has been identified as biblical Aphek, best known from the story of the Battle of Aphek. During the Crusader Period the site was known as Surdi fontes, "Silent springs". The Ottoman fortress known as Binar Bashi was built there in the 16th century.
618b78372f38e81fbef70bc050086779
Battle of Larissa The Battle of Larissa (Greek: Μάχη της Λάρισας was a military engagement between the armies of Byzantium and the Norman Counts of Apulia and Calabria. On 3 November 1082, the Normans besieged the city of Larissa. In the July of the following year, Byzantine reinforcements attacked the blockading force, harassing it with mounted archers and spreading discord among its rank through diplomatic techniques. The demoralized Normans were forced to break off the siege.
20ad3041ba4aaa340ca5eec985a94a96
Perrhaebi The Perrhaebi (Ancient Greek: Περραιβοί ) were an ancient Greek people who lived in northern Thessaly. They took part in the Trojan War under Guneus and also fought in the Battle of Thermopylae. Their capital was Phalanna, and their most significant town, or "polis", was Oloosson. Through most of their history they were overshadowed and controlled by Thessaly, although they had two votes at the Delphic Amphictyony. Philip II of Macedon freed the Perrhaebi from Thessaly and took their kingdom for Macedonian control, under which it remained until Roman conquest in 196 BC. They were listed in Xerxes' vast army by Herodotus. A coin of the Perrhaebi depicted a man restraining a bull on one side and a horse on the other.The inscription was "Περραιβών".
55d3653a916c11fe7677b7df5e40b70c
Revolt of Tyre (996–998) The Revolt of Tyre was an anti-Fatimid rebellion by the populace of the city of Tyre, in modern Lebanon. It began in 996, when the people, led by an ordinary sailor named 'Allaqa, rose up against the Fatimid government. The Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sent his army and navy to retake the city under Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasr al-Dawla and the freedman Yaqut. Based in the nearby cities of Tripoli and Sidon, the Fatimid forces blockaded Tyre by land and sea for two years, during which a Byzantine squadron's attempt to reinforce the defenders was repulsed by the Fatimid navy with heavy losses. In the end, Tyre fell in May 998 and was plundered and its defenders either massacred or taken captive to Egypt, where 'Allaqa was flayed alive and crucified, while many of his followers, as well as 200 Byzantine captives, were executed.
0918de4eb3b3b4e4a2af6a443c318fb3
Battle of Thessalonica (1014) The battle of Thessalonica (Bulgarian: Битка при Солун ) was fought between the Bulgarian and the Byzantine Empires in the summer of 1014 near the city of Thessalonica in contemporary northern Greece. The Bulgarian army under the command of Nestoritsa was defeated by the Byzantines led by the governor of Thessalonica Theophylactus Botaniates and it was unable to divert the main Byzantine forces who were attacking the Bulgarian ramparts between the Belasitsa and Ograzhden mountains.
6c6a8cb2299224408c0014c907b6f8cb
Shirin Shirin (? – 628 AD) (Persian: شيرين‎ ‎ ) was a wife of the Sassanid Persian Shahanshah (king of kings), Khosrow Parviz. In the revolution after the death of Khosrow's father Hormizd IV, the General Bahram Chobin took power over the Persian empire. Shirin fled with Khosrow to Syria, where they lived under the protection of Byzantine emperor Maurice. In 591, Khosrow returned to Persia to take control of the empire and Shirin was made queen. She used her new influence to support the Christian minority in Iran, but the political situation demanded that she do so discreetly. Initially she belonged to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorians, but later she joined the miaphysite church of Antioch, now known as the Syriac Orthodox Church. After conquering Jerusalem in 614, amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the Persians captured the True Cross of Jesus and brought it to their capital Ctesiphon, where Shirin took the cross in her palace.
c42f3c30d7eca08422f84aae904ea6b9
Walls of Constantinople The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built.
b192e0217b40c1f001e3ffc4d68347db
Pella, Jordan Pella (Ancient Greek: Πέλλα, also known in Arabic as "Tabaqat Fahl", طبقة فحل) is found in northwestern Jordan, 27.4 km (17 miles) south of the Sea of Galilee. Pella represents one of ten Decapolis cities that were founded during the Hellenistic period and became powerful under Roman jurisdiction. With a history extending back into the Bronze Age, Pella expanded to its largest state during the reign of the Roman Empire. Pella is located in the Jordan Valley, 130 km (80 miles) north of Amman, and is half an hour by car from Irbid, in the north of the country. Today, the city's sizable collection of ruins are excavated by archeologists, and attract thousands of tourists annually.
c2d8e06be071a1e2564959b198a6feb9
Byzantium Byzantium or Byzantion ( ; Greek: Βυζάντιον , "Byzántion") was an ancient Greek colony in early antiquity that later became Constantinople, and later Istanbul. Byzantium was colonized by the Greeks from Megara in  657 BC .
780effa9fd02047693a6b8d25cb62903
Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj Battle of Marj-ud-Deebaj (Arabic: معركة مرج الديباج‎ ‎ ) was fought between the Byzantine army, survivors from the conquest of Damascus, and the Rashidun Caliphate army in September 634. It was a successful raid after three days of armistice, on the Byzantine survivors of the conquest of Damascus.
f3cf61b0d9decaaaefb31497d21aa1d4
Siege of Bactra The Siege of Bactra lasted from 208 to 206 BC. It was a siege of the city of Bactra by the Seleucid Empire after they defeated the Greco-Bactrians at the Battle of the Arius. The Seleucids besieged the capital of Bactria until concerning news from the west of his dominions and lack of progress against the city led the Seleucid ruler Antiochus III to negotiate a peace treaty with the Bactrian king Euthydemus and lift the siege. It was agreed that Antiochus would recognize Euthydemus as an ally, and he gave one of his daughters as a wife to the Demetrius, Euthydemus' eldest son.
e5e6cddf8caeebe0d8933802c75f251d
Ephesus Ephesus ( ; Greek: Ἔφεσος "Ephesos"; Turkish: "Efes" ; may ultimately derive from Hittite "Apasa") was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, three kilometres southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built in the 10th century BC on the site of the former Arzawan capital by Attic and Ionian Greek colonists. During the Classical Greek era it was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League. The city flourished after it came under the control of the Roman Republic in 129 BC.
dcb39062f64138654c470c17b30e73b3
Kerateion Kerateion (Greek: Κερατεῖον ) was the Jewish quarter in the Seleucid capital (and later Roman-Syrian capital) of Antioch on the Orontes. The suburb was located in the southern portion of the ancient city, situated between the Forum Colonnades of Herod and Mt. Tauris, a rocky crag at the foot of Mount Silpios. The city of Antioch was erected around 300 BC by Seleucus I Nicator. After defeating the General Antigones and taking the city also called Antigones, Seleucus built a new city and named it after his Father Antiochos, a General who served under Alexander. Seleucus then populated the city with Macedonians, Inhabitants of the recently conquered city, Antigones, and Jews. The Jewish population had a special, independent relationship with Seleucid dynasty and even had bronze plaques erected to codify their autonomous standing.
d669bb9084d1eb0122953b42d4add269
Fire of Manisa The Fire of Manisa (Turkish: "Manisa yangını" ) refers to the burning of the town of Manisa, Turkey which started on the night of Tuesday 5 September 1922 and continued until 8 September. It was started and organized by the retreating Greek troops during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), and as a result 90 percent of the buildings in the town were destroyed. The number of victims in the town and adjacent region was estimated to be several thousand by US Consul James Loder Park. Turkish sources claim that 4355 people died in the town of Manisa.
7fd619301be51304d66fc9d307460887
Battle of Agrigentum The Battle of Agrigentum (Sicily, 262 BC) was the first pitched battle of the First Punic War and the first large-scale military confrontation between Carthage and the Roman Republic. The battle was fought after a long siege which started in 262 BC and resulted both in a Roman victory and the beginning of the Roman control of Sicily.
1e08fa2a8087e44c6052921e0867bc38
Battle of Raban The Battle of Raban was an engagement fought in autumn 958 near the fortress of Raban (in the north of modern Syria) between the Byzantine army, led by John Tzimiskes (later emperor in 969–976), and the forces of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo under the famed emir Sayf al-Dawla (r. 945–967). The battle was a major victory for the Byzantines, and contributed to the demise of Hamdanid military power, which in the early 950s had proven a great challenge to Byzantium.
9597b7444fed74d0a50c4a16a8eb4e07
Siege of Homs The Siege of Homs was a military confrontation between the Syrian military and the Syrian opposition in the city of Homs as a part of the Syrian Civil War. The siege lasted three years from May 2011 to May 2014, and resulted in an opposition withdrawal from the city.
1a880e408852d07afa658ef84d510973
Syracuse, Sicily Syracuse ( ; Italian: "Siracusa" , ] ; Sicilian: "Sarausa/Seragusa" ; ; Ancient Greek: Συράκουσαι , "Syrakousai"; Medieval Greek: Συρακοῦσαι ) is a historic city in Sicily, the capital of the province of Syracuse. The city is notable for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, and as the birthplace of the preeminent mathematician and engineer Archimedes. This 2,700-year-old city played a key role in ancient times, when it was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world. Syracuse is located in the southeast corner of the island of Sicily, next to the Gulf of Syracuse beside the Ionian Sea.