East Karelian concentration camps were organized by a Finnish military leader who served as commander-in-chief of Finland's defence forces during what war?
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East Karelian concentration camps East Karelian concentration camps were special internment camps in the areas of the Soviet Union occupied by the Finnish military administration during the Continuation War. These camps were organized by the armed forces supreme commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. The camps were intended to hold camp detainees for future exchange with the Finnic population from the rest of Russia. The mortality rate of civilians in the camps was high due famine and diseases.
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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (] ; 4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a Finnish military leader and statesman. Mannerheim served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War, Regent of Finland (1918–1919), commander-in-chief of Finland's defence forces during World War II, Marshal of Finland, and the sixth president of Finland (1944–1946).
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Battle of Helsinki The Battle of Helsinki was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in 12–13 April between the German troops and Finnish Whites against the Finnish Reds in Helsinki, Finland. Together with the battles of Tampere and Vyborg, it was one of the three major urban battles of the Finnish Civil War. The Germans invaded Helsinki despite the opposition of Finnish White Army leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim who wanted to attack the capital city with his own troops after Tampere had fallen on 6 April. However, the Germans had their own interests of taking Helsinki as quick as possible and then moving further east towards the Russian border. The city had been under Red control for 11 weeks since the beginning of the war.
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Erik Heinrichs Axel Erik Heinrichs (21 July 1890 – 16 November 1965) was a Finnish military general. He was Finland's Chief of the General Staff during the Interim Peace and Continuation War (1940–1941 and 1942–1944) and commander-in-chief for a short time after the war (1944–1945).
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Aunus expedition The Aunus expedition was an attempt by Finnish volunteers to occupy parts of East Karelia in 1919, during the Russian Civil War. "Aunus" is the Finnish name for Olonets Karelia. This expedition was one of many Finnic "kinship wars" ("heimosodat") fought against forces of Soviet Russia after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and during the Russian Civil War.
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Wilhelm Canaris Wilhelm Franz Canaris (1 January 1887 – 9 April 1945) was a German admiral and chief of the "Abwehr", the German military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944. Initially a supporter of Adolf Hitler, by 1939 he had turned against the Nazis as he felt Germany would lose another major war. During the Second World War he was among the military officers involved in the clandestine opposition to the Nazi regime. He was executed in Flossenbürg concentration camp for high treason as the Nazi regime was collapsing.
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Hannu Hannuksela Hannu Esa Hannuksela (12 December 1893 – 12 May 1942) was a Finnish Major General during World War II.
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Whites (Finland) The Whites (Finnish: "Valkoiset" , Swedish: "De vita" , Russian: Белофинны ), or White Finland, was the name used to refer the refugee government and forces under Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate who opposed the "Reds", or the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic, during the Finnish civil war (1918). The forces were initially formed and supported by the paramilitary White Guard, "Jäger" troops, and other recruitees and draftees, as well as the political right. Separatist-minded from Russia, the Jägers had left to Germany between 1914 and 1917 for military training and returned at eve of the civil war, many already as First World War veterans. They also received military support from the German Empire.
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Army of Karelia The Karelian Army (Finnish: "Karjalan armeija" ) was a Finnish army during the Continuation War.
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Vladimir Kurasov Vladimir Vasilyevich Kurasov (Russian: Владимир Васильевич Курасов ; July 7(19), 1897 – November 30, 1973) was a Soviet military leader, Chief of Staff of Kalinin Front (renamed as 1st Baltic Front) during World War II, reaching service rank of Army General, Hero of the Soviet Union.
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Paavo Susitaival Lieutenant Colonel Paavo Susitaival (9 February 1896 in Helsinki – 27 December 1993), born Paavo Sivén, was a Finnish author, soldier and politician. Paavo Sivén and his brother, Bobi Sivén were prominent figures in the Finnish interwar Nationalist movement. Paavo had acquired his reputation smuggling volunteers to Germany to enlist in the 27. Imperial Jaeger Battalion; Bobi gained his by being the last alderman of Porajärvi municipality before the ratification of the Treaty of Tartu who shot himself rather than acknowledge the cessation of Porajärvi and Repola to the Soviet Union.
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Mons Haukeland Mons Olai Haukeland (29 February 1892 – 26 July 1983) was a Norwegian gymnastics teacher and military officer, and district leader of Milorg during World War II until his arrest in 1943. He was imprisoned at Grini concentration camp from 8 to 9 December 1943, then at Sachsenhausen until the camp was liberated. He has been called father of the Norwegian Home Guard, being its general inspector (Norwegian: "generalinspektør" ) from its formation in 1946 to 1958. He was promoted to the rank of major general in 1954.
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Arturs Sproģis Arturs Sproģis (6 March 1904 – 2 October 1980; Russian: "Артур Карлович Спрогис" ) was a Latvian colonel and commander of the Soviet partisans during the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany in World War II.
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Johannes Soodla Johannes Soodla (14 January 1897 in Kudina Parish, (now in Palamuse Parish) – 16 May 1965) was an Estonian military officer during World War I, Estonian War of Independence and World War II, serving in Kuperjanov's Partisan Battalion and the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian). In 1944 he was promoted to Brigadeführer, which was the highest rank ascribed to any Estonian officer in the German army during World War II.
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Einar Vihma Einar August Vihma (until 1936 Wichmann; 19 September 1893, Kuopio – 5 August 1944, Ihantala) was a Finnish major general. During the Battle of Tali-Ihantala he commanded the 6th Division. He was killed in action during the battle.
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Finn Lambrechts Finn Lambrechts DFC (16 June 1900 – 8 December 1956) was a Norwegian military officer, a Lieutenant General of the Royal Norwegian Air Force. He served as Chief of Defence of Norway (Norwegian: "sjef for Forsvarsstaben" ) from 1955 to 1956.
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Finnish III Corps (Winter War) The III Corps ("III Armeijakunta") was a unit of the Finnish Army during the Winter War. The III Corps with the II Corps formed the Army of the Isthmus (Kannaksen armeija). For most of the war it defended the Mannerheim Line on the northern side of the River Vuoksi against Soviet attacks.
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Mikhail Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский ; February 16 [O.S. February 4] 1893  – June 12, 1937) was a leading Soviet military leader and theoretician from 1918 to 1937. He commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Soviet-Polish War of 1920–1921 and served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He contributed to the modernization of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s and became instrumental in the development of aviation, mechanized, and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind Soviet development of the theory of deep operations. The Soviet authorities accused him of treason and had him shot during the military purges of 1937–1938, but rehabilitated his reputation in the 1960s.
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List of Finnish Army units The Finnish Army is organised into four Military Provinces: southern, western, eastern and northern. The military provinces are responsible for defence and planning in their areas. The four military provinces are further divided into 22 regional offices or regional military provinces which are responsible for conscription, organizing the local defence and aiding the voluntary defence organizations. The Army is commanded by Raimo Jyväsjärvi, who succeeded Ilkka Aspara on July 1 2011. Logistics is centrally planned by the Army Materiel Command, which has one Logistics Regiment in each Military Province.
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Vjekoslav Luburić Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić (6 March 1914 – 20 April 1969) was an Ustaše Militia and Armed Forces general in the Independent State of Croatia, a World War II puppet state of Nazi Germany. He was also the commander of the Jasenovac extermination camp. After the war, he first led the Crusaders fascist paramilitary, and then a radical terrorist and nationalist organization Croatian National Resistance.
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Carl C:son Bonde Count Carl Carlsson Bonde af Björnö, more known as Carl C:son Bonde (28 February 1897 – 8 May 1990) was a Swedish Army officer. Bonde was serving in the Swedish Army until 1939 when he joined the Swedish Volunteer Corps during the Winter War in Finland. Back in Sweden he became head of the department for interior affairs at the Defence Staff and finally retired from the military in 1957.
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Martin Ekström Martin Eugen Ekström (6 December 1887 – 28 December 1954) was a Swedish military adventurer who became the leader of the National Socialist Bloc, an umbrella organization for various fascist and National Socialist groups. Ekström was born in By, Avesta Municipality. During the 1918 Finnish Civil War, he led the Vasa Regiment which was responsible of the Vyborg massacre. Lieutenant colonel Ekström led the 3rd Battlegroup of the Swedish Volunteer Corps in the Finnish Winter War. He died in Helsinki, aged 67.