Claus Helberg (31 January 1919 – 6 March 2003) was a Norwegian resistance fighter and mountain guide,  was a member of Company Linge, a resistance commando unit that was best known for carrying out, during World War II, which titled series of operations undertaken by Norwegian saboteurs during World War II to prevent the German nuclear weapon project from acquiring heavy water (deuterium oxide), which could have been used by the Germans to produce nuclear weapons?
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Claus Helberg Claus Helberg (31 January 1919 – 6 March 2003) was a Norwegian resistance fighter and mountain guide. He was a member of Company Linge, a resistance commando unit that was best known for carrying out Norwegian heavy water sabotage during World War II. After the war, he worked for the Norwegian Mountain Touring Association until his retirement in 1982. While volunteering with the Association after his retirement, he helped guide several members of the Scandinavian royalty. According to the "New York Times", "[he was] the favorite mountain guide of Scandinavian royalty..." These clients included Queen Sonja and Queen Margrethe.
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Norwegian heavy water sabotage The Norwegian heavy water sabotage (Bokmål: "Tungtvannsaksjonen" , Nynorsk: "Tungtvassaksjonen" ) was a series of operations undertaken by Norwegian saboteurs during World War II to prevent the German nuclear weapon project from acquiring heavy water (deuterium oxide), which could have been used by the Germans to produce nuclear weapons. In 1934, at Vemork, Norway, Norsk Hydro built the first commercial plant capable of producing heavy water as a byproduct of fertilizer production. It had a capacity of 12 tonnes per year. During World War II, the Allies decided to remove the heavy water supply and destroy the heavy water plant in order to inhibit the German development of nuclear weapons. Raids were aimed at the 60 MW Vemork power station at the Rjukan waterfall in Telemark, Norway.
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National Royalist Movement The National Royalist Movement (French: "Mouvement national royaliste" or MNR, Dutch: "Nationale Koningsgezinde Beweging" , NKB) was a group within the Belgian Resistance in German-occupied Belgium during World War II. It was active chiefly in Brussels and Flanders and was the most politically right-wing of the major Belgian resistance groups.
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Werwolf Werwolf (] , German for "werewolf") was a Nazi plan, which began development in 1944, to create a resistance force which would operate behind enemy lines as the Allies advanced through Germany. However "Werwolf's" propaganda value far outweighed its actual achievements.
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Raxwerke Raxwerke or Rax-Werke was a facility of the Wiener Neustädter Lokomotivfabrik at Wiener Neustadt in Lower Austria. During World War II, the company also produced lamps for Panzer tanks and anti-aircraft guns. Two Raxwerke plants employed several thousand forced laborers from the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp (on June 20, 1943, Mauthausen delivered ~500 prisoners to the Rax-Werke).
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Alv Johnsen Alv Marius Johnsen (26 January 1919 – 14 January 1986) was a Norwegian resistance member, physician and military leader.
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Mistel Mistel (German for "mistletoe"), was the larger, unmanned component of a composite aircraft configuration developed in Germany during the later stages of World War II. The composite comprised a small piloted control aircraft mounted above a large explosives-carrying drone, the Mistel, and as a whole was referred to as the Huckepack ("Piggyback"), also known as the Beethoven-Gerät ("Beethoven Device") and Vati und Sohn ("Daddy and Son").
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Operation Carthage Operation Carthage, on 21 March 1945, was a British World War II air raid on Copenhagen, Denmark, which incurred significant collateral damage. The target of the raid was the "Shellhus", used as Gestapo headquarters in the city centre. It was used for the storage of dossiers and the torture of Danish citizens during interrogations. The Danish Resistance had long asked the British to conduct a raid against this site. As a result, the building was destroyed, 18 prisoners were freed, and anti-resistance Nazi activities were disrupted. But, part of the raid was mistakenly directed against a nearby Catholic school; it resulted in a total of 125 civilian deaths (including 86 schoolchildren and 18 adults at the school). A similar raid against the Gestapo headquarters in Aarhus, on 31 October 1944, had been successful.
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MTB 345 MTB 345 was an experimental motor torpedo boat constructed in 1941, which saw limited service with the Royal Navy before being transferred to the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy on 16 March 1943. She sailed with the Royal Norwegian Navy for three months in 1943, until captured by German forces on 28 July 1943, during her second mission to the coast of occupied Norway. Two days after their capture, the crew of "MTB 345" were executed by the Germans based on Hitler's Commando Order. Following their capture of "MTB 345", the Germans pressed the motor torpedo boat into Kriegsmarine service, renaming her "SA 7". "SA 7" was lost in a fire in the North Sea in August 1943.
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Max Manus Maximo Guillermo "Max" Manus DSO, MC & Bar (9 December 1914 – 20 September 1996) was a Norwegian resistance fighter during World War II, specializing in sabotage in occupied Norway. After the war he wrote several books about his adventures and started the successful office supply company "Max Manus AS".
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Knut Strøm Knut Strøm (25 January 1923 – 10 September 2007) was a Norwegian resistance fighter and Lieutenant colonel in the Norwegian army. He participated in the resistance work during World War II as an agent in the clandestine intelligence organisation XU. Knut Strøm was a platoon leader in the tysklandbrigaden (Germany brigade) in 1948
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No. 3 Commando No. 3 Commando was a battalion-sized Commando unit raised by the British Army during the Second World War. Formed in July 1940 from volunteers for special service, it was the first such unit to carry the title of "Commando". Shortly afterwards the unit was involved in a largely unsuccessful raid upon the German-occupied Channel Island of Guernsey.
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Jens Henrik Nordlie Jens Henrik Nordlie (18 January 1910 – 2 April 1996) was a Norwegian military officer, resistance fighter from World War II and businessperson. He participated in the Norwegian Campaign in 1940, and was a member of Milorg's leadership in 1941. He worked for the Norwegian High Command in London from 1943, leading one of the two sections of department 4 (FO IV). He contributed to the post-war investigation committee, "Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945", where he wrote the appendix on the fighting in Norway in spring 1940. He was operative leader of the clandestine Stay behind in Norway. He was CEO of the company Narvesen from 1957 to 1975, and a co-founder of the organization Fritt Ord.
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Holger Danske (resistance group) Holger Danske (] ) was a Danish resistance group during World War II. It was created by veteran volunteers from the Winter War who had fought on the Finnish side against the Soviet Union. It was among the largest Danish resistance groups and consisted of around 350 volunteers towards the end of the war. The group carried out about 100 sabotage operations and was responsible for around 200 executions of informers who had revealed the identity and/or the whereabouts of members of the resistance. The group was named after the legendary Danish hero Holger Danske.
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Norwegian Germanic Army The Norwegian Germanic Army (Norwegian: "Norges Germanske Armé" , NGA) was a Norwegian neo-Nazi paramilitary guerrilla led by Espen Lund, an army sergeant. Formed as a secret group in 1980, the group was exposed and subsequently banned in 1981 following the "Hadeland murders".
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Arnold Christensen Arnold Christensen (8 April 1922 – 29 March 1944), was a New Zealand Mustang fighter pilot who was taken prisoner during the Second World War during the Dieppe Raid, he is notable for the part he took in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944 and as one of the men recaptured and subsequently executed by the "Gestapo".
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Operation Woodlark Operation Woodlark, also known as the Jørstadelva Bridge sabotage, was an operation carried out on 13 January 1945 by members of the Norwegian Independent Company 1 during World War II. The operation bore the code-name "Woodlark". The aim was to blow up a railway bridge in order to disrupt the Nordland Line railway in Snåsa, Norway. Six hours after the bridge had been destroyed, a military troop train unaware of the sabotage derailed and crashed into the river below, killing 70–80 people (among them two Norwegians) and injuring some 100 more. It remains the single most deadly rail incident ever in Norway.
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Sonderkommando Elbe "Sonderkommando" ""Elbe"" was the name of a World War II Luftwaffe task force assigned to bring down heavy bombers by ramming aircraft into them mid-air. The tactic aimed to cause losses sufficient to halt or at least reduce the Western Allies' bombing of Germany.
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Heinz Brandt Generalmajor Heinz Brandt (11 March 1907 – 21 July 1944) was a German officer during World War II who served as an aide to General Adolf Heusinger, the head of the operations unit of the General Staff. He may have inadvertently saved Adolf Hitler's life, at the cost of his own, by moving the 20 July plot bomb planted by Claus von Stauffenberg.
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Boy Rist Boy Roald Rist (1 January 1912 – 16 November 1972) was a member of the Norwegian resistance movement during the German occupation of Norway in World War II. He was an naval officer, and a member Norwegian Independent Company 1 a part of Special Operations Executive (SOE). He was awarded the War Cross with sword, Norway's highest award.
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Pressurized heavy-water reactor A pressurized heavy-water reactor (PHWR) is a nuclear reactor, commonly using unenriched natural uranium as its fuel, that uses heavy water (deuterium oxide DO) as its coolant and neutron moderator. The heavy water coolant is kept under pressure, allowing it to be heated to higher temperatures without boiling, much as in a pressurized water reactor. While heavy water is significantly more expensive than ordinary light water, it creates greatly enhanced neutron economy, allowing the reactor to operate without fuel-enrichment facilities (offsetting the additional expense of the heavy water) and enhancing the ability of the reactor to make use of alternate fuel cycles.
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Martin Siem Ole Martin Siem (6 January 1915 – 3 November 1996) was a Norwegian businessperson and World War II resistance member.