This king to which Marcin Kromer was a personal secretary was also a grand duke of what country?
44c5acb7b124abb70c9038b858f8230f
Marcin Kromer Marcin Kromer (Latin: "Martinus Cromerus"; 11 November 1512 – 23 March 1589) was Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland), a Polish cartographer, diplomat and historian in the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was a personal secretary to two Kings of Poland, Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus.
270bc047fc6e22d196018b2c7335dda6
Sigismund I the Old Sigismund I of Poland (Polish: "Zygmunt I Stary" , Lithuanian: "Žygimantas I Senasis" ; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548), of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548. Earlier, Sigismund had been invested as Duke of Silesia. A successful monarch and a great patron of arts, he established Polish suzerainty over Ducal Prussia (East Prussia) and incorporated the duchy of Mazovia into the Polish state, securing the nation's wealth, culture and power.
f103616e7ef092bc6d1697ce81e7f28e
Louis II, Elector of Brandenburg Louis the Roman (German: "Ludwig VI der Römer" ) (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365) was the eldest son of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian by his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainault, and a member of the House of Wittelsbach. Louis was Duke of Bavaria as Louis VI (1347–1365) and Margrave of Brandenburg (1351–1365) as Louis II. As of 1356, he also served as Prince-elector of Brandenburg.
fee67962bdd217e9ca3b6fe2983b9df9
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism; however, his commitment to modernizing reforms subsequently engendered significant opposition, which eventually culminated in an ultimate failure to fully implement his programmes. He has been ranked, with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia, as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs. His policies are now known as Josephinism. He died with no sons and was succeeded by his younger brother, Leopold II.
d70656cd63d95d82ee2aa64683185195
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Ernest II (German: "Ernst August Karl Johann Leopold Alexander Eduard"; 21 June 1818 – 22 August 1893) was the sovereign duke of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, reigning from 1844 to his death. Ernest was born in Coburg as the eldest child of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and his duchess, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. Fourteen months later, his younger brother Prince Albert was born, who became consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Ernest's father became Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826 through an exchange of territories.
01636a0d009fc78f31e87e7da16eb395
Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia Albert Frederick (German: "Albrecht Friedrich" , Polish: "Albrecht Fryderyk" ; 7 May 1553, in Königsberg – 28 August 1618, in Fischhausen, Rybaki) was Duke of Prussia from 1568 until his death. He was a son of Albert of Prussia and Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He was the second and last Prussian duke of the Ansbach branch of the Hohenzollern family.
ae251f4a80dc222389bec83681acec49
Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: "Великий князь" Никола́й Миха́йлович , 26 April 1859 – 28 January 1919) was the eldest son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III.
a93c9306eb19fe6a48ceb7e3cd3fafa9
Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia ("Игорь Константинович") (10 June 1894 – 18 July 1918), was the sixth child of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia by his wife Elisaveta Mavrikievna née Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg.
c5615bd64cbdee41ad9bb58218aaea0e
Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia Konstantin Pavlovich (Russian: Константи́н Па́влович ; 27 April 177927 June 1831) was a grand duke of Russia and the second son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. He was the Tsesarevich of Russia throughout the reign of his elder brother Alexander I, but had secretly renounced his claim to the throne in 1823. For 25 days after the death of Alexander I, from 19 November (O.S.)/1 December 1825 to 14 December (O.S.)/26 December 1825 he was known as "His Imperial Majesty Konstantin I Emperor and Sovereign of Russia", although he never reigned and never acceded to the throne. His younger brother Nicholas became Tsar in 1825. The succession controversy became the pretext of the Decembrist revolt.
5429088bb0a6ad251f58864707fcbd8e
Duke Carl Gregor of Mecklenburg Duke Carl Gregor of Mecklenburg (German: "Herzog Carl Gregor zu Mecklenburg" ; born 14 March 1933) is a member of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and a music and art historian.
cf19bd27b5520bd7a4905188a0d7e54f
Grand Duke of Finland Grand Duke of Finland or the Grand Prince of Finland (Finnish: "Suomen suuriruhtinas" , Swedish: "Storfurste av Finland" ), was from around 1580 to 1809 a title in use by most Swedish monarchs. Between 1809 and 1917, it was the official title of the head of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, who was the Emperor of Russia. The anachronistic female form of the title in English is usually "Grand Princess of Finland" (Swedish: "Storfurstinna av Finland" , Finnish: "Suomen suuriruhtinatar" ). The only women to have used the title were the Swedish Queens regnant Christina and Ulrika Eleonora. A few crown princes of Sweden also were called "Grand Prince of Finland".
53a749b574b97caa53e95f3e9812bae8
John George, Elector of Brandenburg John George of Brandenburg (German: "Johann Georg" ) (11 September 1525 – 8 January 1598) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1571–1598) and a Duke of Prussia. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he was the son of Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, and his first wife Magdalena of Saxony.
8b7a8c2a062d26f092f1da74a2823972
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I (German: "Franz Stefan" , French: "François Étienne" ; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine. Francis traded the duchy to the ex-Polish king Stanisław Leszczyński in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as one of the terms ending the War of the Polish Succession in November 1738. The duchy and the ducal title to Lorraine and Bar passed to King Louis XV of France upon Leszczynski's death in 1766, though Francis and his successors retained the right to style themselves as dukes of Lorraine and Bar.
82e8d7b4623124f01c54b764a73db017
Charles Schomberg, 2nd Duke of Schomberg Charles Schomberg, 2nd Duke of Schomberg ('s-Hertogenbosch, 5 August 1645 – Turin, 17 October 1693) was a general in the Prussian, Dutch and British Army, the second in the Von Schonberg line to be Duke of Schomberg, a title in the Peerage of England. His father was Frederick, the First Duke, and his brother and heir was Meinhardt, the Third and Last Duke.
9d26c68d385809a2a95a576e2d00a23a
Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Mirow (German: "Herzog Carl Ludwig Friedrich zu Mecklenburg, Prinz von Mirow" ; 23 February 1708 – 5 June 1752) was a member of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the father of Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom and Queen of Hanover.
cdf97aba8ae578fc6517e1bea054d931
Stanisław Leszczyński Stanisław I Leszczyński (] ; also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, Lithuanian: "Stanislovas Leščinskis" , French: "Stanislas Leszczynski" ; 20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766) was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine and a count of the Holy Roman Empire.
078f87b49bb4b6fd2bf988d236c8ae1e
Conrad III of Germany Conrad III (1093 – 15 February 1152) was the first King of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. He was the son of Duke Frederick I of Swabia and Agnes, a daughter of the Salian Emperor Henry IV.
2233c114f76260c6d1d70f508781fa19
John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg[-Güstrow] (5 May 1590 in Waren – 23 April 1636 in Güstrow) was a Duke of Mecklenburg. From 1608 to 1611, he was the nominal ruler of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; the actual ruler being the regent, his great-uncle Charles I. From 1611 to 1621 John Albert and his brother Adolf Frederick I jointly ruled the whole Duchy of Mecklenburg. From 1621, John Albert ruled Mecklenburg-Güstrow alone.
e2e78647dda39964bc8b79cf991fdfd9
Alfred III, Prince of Windisch-Grätz Alfred III, Prince of Windisch-Grätz (German: "Alfred August Karl Maria Wolfgang Erwin Fürst zu Windisch-Grätz" ; 31 October 1851, Prague – 23 November 1927, Tachov) was a Bohemian nobleman and Austro-Hungarian statesman. He served as the 11th Minister-President of Cisleithania and was President of the Herrenhaus from 1895 to 1918. Through his daughter, Princess Maria Hedwig of Windisch-Grätz, he was a great-grandfather of Princess Michael of Kent (formerly Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz).
9f563bf7d0544615c380f2debfab05ee
Louis, Grand Dauphin Louis of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France, and his spouse, Maria Theresa of Spain. As the heir apparent to the French throne, he was styled Dauphin. He became known as Le Grand Dauphin after the birth of his own son, "Le Petit Dauphin". As he died before his father, he never became king.
ea9db90bd9e556d44b6693f17967f363
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Ernest I (German: "Ernst Anton Karl Ludwig Herzog" ; 2 January 1784 – 29 January 1844) was the last sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (as Ernest III) and, from 1826, the first sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (as Ernest I). He was the father of Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria and is thus a patrilineal ancestor and great-great-great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II. Ernest fought against Napoleon Bonaparte and through construction projects and the establishment of a court theatre left a strong imprint on his residence town, Coburg.
3824587c47caf320f216a1b7abafce75
Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (1882–1904) Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (German: "Herzog Paul Friedrich zu Mecklenburg" ; given names: "Paul Frederick Charles Alexander Michael Hugh"; 12 May 1882 – 21 May 1904) was a member of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and a German soldier and sailor. He was styled "His Highness" Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg.