Which student of Plato was a traditional astrologer?
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Luminary (astrology) The luminaries were what traditional astrologers called the two astrological "planets" which were the brightest and most important objects in the heavens, that is, the Sun and the Moon. Luminary means, source of light. The sun and moon, being the most abundant sources of light to the inhabitants of Earth are known as luminaries. The astrological significance warrants the classification of the Sun and Moon separately from the planets, in that the Sun and Moon have to do with Man's spiritual consciousness, while the planetary influences operate through the physical mechanism. The Moon is a luminary in the biblical sense that it affords to Man "light by night". Some early, Pre-Newtonian astronomers to observe and study luminaries include Pythagoras, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, al-Khwarizmi, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler.
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Aristotle Aristotle ( ; Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης , , "Aristotélēs"; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC.
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Platon Poretsky Platon Sergeevich Poretsky (Russian: Платон Серге́евич Порецкий ; October 3, 1846 in Elisavetgrad – August 9, 1907 in Chernihiv Governorate) was a noted Russian astronomer, mathematician, and logician.
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Archytas Archytas ( ; Greek: Ἀρχύτας ; 428–347 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist. He was a scientist of the Pythagorean school and famous for being the reputed founder of mathematical mechanics, as well as a good friend of Plato.
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Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus ( ; Greek: Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος , "Eúdoxos ho Knídios"; c. 390– c. 337 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato. All of his works are lost, though some fragments are preserved in Hipparchus' commentary on Aratus's poem on astronomy. Theodosius of Bithynia's important work, "Sphaerics", may be based on a work of Eudoxus.
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Pre-Socratic philosophy Pre-Socratic philosophy is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates and schools contemporary to Socrates that were not influenced by him. In Classical antiquity, the Presocratic philosophers were called "physiologoi" (Greek: φυσιόλογοι ; in English, physical or natural philosophers). Aristotle called them "physikoi" ("physicists", after "physis", "nature") because they sought natural explanations for phenomena, as opposed to the earlier "theologoi" (theologians), whose philosophical basis was supernatural. Diogenes Laërtius divides the "physiologoi" into two groups: Ionian, led by Anaximander, and the Italiote, led by Pythagoras.
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Achilles Gasser Achilles Pirmin Gasser (3 November 1505 – 4 December 1577) was a German physician and astrologer. He is now known as a well-connected humanist scholar, and supporter of both Copernicus and Rheticus.
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Antipater of Tarsus Antipater (Greek: Ἀντίπατρος ὁ Ταρσεύς ; died 130/129 BC) of Tarsus was a Stoic philosopher. He was the pupil and successor of Diogenes of Babylon as leader of the Stoic school, and was the teacher of Panaetius. He wrote works on the gods and on divination, and in ethics he took a higher moral ground than that of his teacher Diogenes.
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Astronomica (Manilius) The Astronomica (] or ]), also known as the Astronomicon, is a Latin didactic poem written in hexameters and divided into five books about celestial phenomena. The "Astronomica" was penned c. AD 10– 20 by a Roman poet whose name was likely Marcus Manilius; little is known of Manilius, and although there is evidence that the "Astronomica" was read by many other Roman writers, no surviving works quote him. The poem was rediscovered c. 1416– 1417 by the Italian humanist and scholar Poggio Bracciolini, who had a copy made from which the modern text derives.
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Hegias Hegias (Greek: Ἡγίας ) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries. He may have been the great-grandson or great-great-grandson of Plutarch of Athens, the founder of the Neoplatonist Academy in Athens. Hegias studied under Proclus at the school in Athens, when Proclus was an old man c. 480. Proclus showed him great favour, and considered him worthy of hearing his lectures on the Chaldean Oracles.
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Crates of Athens Crates of Athens (Greek: Κράτης ὁ Ἀθηναῖος; died 268–264 BC ) was the son of Antigenes of the Thriasian deme, the pupil and eromenos of Polemo, and his successor as "scholarch" of the Platonic Academy, in 270/69 BC. The intimate friendship of Crates and Polemo was celebrated in antiquity, and Diogenes Laërtius has preserved an epigram of the poet Antagoras, according to which the two friends were united after death in one tomb. The epigram, according to him, reads:
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Callicles Callicles ( ; Greek: Καλλικλῆς ; c. 484 – late 5th century BCE) was an ancient Athenian political philosopher best remembered for his role in Plato’s dialogue "Gorgias", where he "presents himself as a no-holds-barred, bare-knuckled, clear-headed advocate of "Realpolitik". While he provides a counter-argument to Plato’s philosophical ideas, there is belief that he may be no more than a character created by Plato for the dialogue. Another idea proposed is that Callicles is a fragment of what Plato may be, had he not Socrates to guide him. He is the antithesis to Socrates.
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Timolaus of Cyzicus Timolaus of Cyzicus (Greek: Τιμόλαος Κυζικηνός ) was one of Plato's students.
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Satyrus the Peripatetic Satyrus (Greek: Σάτυρος ) of Callatis was a distinguished peripatetic philosopher and historian, whose biographies ("Lives") of famous people are frequently referred to by Diogenes Laërtius and Athenaeus. He came from Callatis Pontica, as we learn from a Herculaneum papyrus. He lived earlier than the reign of Ptolemy VI Philometor (181–146 BC) when his "Lives" were epitomized by Heraclides Lembus, probably during the 3rd century BC. Athenaeus frequently refers to him as a Peripatetic, but his connection to the Peripatetic school is otherwise unknown. His biographies dealt with many eminent people including kings (Dionysius the Younger, Philip), statesmen (Alcibiades), orators (Demosthenes), poets (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides), and philosophers (Bias of Priene, Chilon of Sparta, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Zeno of Elea, Anaxagoras, Socrates, Diogenes, Anaxarchus, Stilpo). He also wrote on the population of Alexandria, and a work "On Characters" (Περὶ χαρακτήρων ). Fragments of his biography of the Athenian dramatist Euripides were found at the end of a papyrus scroll discovered at Oxyrhynchus in the early twentieth century.
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Plato Plato ( ; Greek: Πλάτων "Plátōn", ] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Others believe that the oldest extant manuscript dates to around AD 895, 1100 years after Plato's death. This makes it difficult to know exactly what Plato wrote.
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Proclus Proclus Lycaeus ( ; 8 February 412 – 17 April 485 AD), called the Successor (Greek Πρόκλος ὁ Διάδοχος , "Próklos ho Diádokhos"), was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, one of the last major Classical philosophers (see Damascius). He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism. He stands near the end of the classical development of philosophy, and was very influential on Western medieval philosophy (Greek and Latin).
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Menedemus of Pyrrha Menedemus of Pyrrha (Lesbos) (Greek: Μενέδημος ; fl. c. 350 BC, was a member of Plato's Academy, during the time of Speusippus. Upon the death of Speusippus in 339 BC, an election was held for the next scholarch of the Academy. Menedemus and Heraclides narrowly lost to Xenocrates. Menedemus left the Academy, and set up a school of his own.
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Clitomachus (philosopher) Clitomachus (also Cleitomachus; Greek: Κλειτόμαχος , "Kleitomachos"; 187/6–110/9 BC ), originally named Hasdrubal (Greek: Ἀσδρούβας), was a Carthaginian who came to Athens in 163/2 BC and studied philosophy under Carneades. He became head of the Academy around 127/6 BC. He was an Academic skeptic like his master. Nothing survives of his writings, which were dedicated to making known the views of Carneades, but Cicero made use of them for some of his works.
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Eurytus (Pythagorean) Eurytus ( ; Greek: Εὔρυτος ; fl. 400 BC), was an eminent Pythagorean philosopher who Iamblichus in one passage describes as a native of Croton, while in another, he enumerates him among the Tarentine Pythagoreans. He was a disciple of Philolaus, and Diogenes Laërtius mentions him among the teachers of Plato, though this statement is very doubtful. It is uncertain whether Eurytus was the author of any work, unless we suppose that the fragment in Stobaeus, which is there ascribed to one Eurytus, belongs to this Eurytus.
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Antiphon brother of Plato Antiphon (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιφῶν ) was a man of ancient Greece who was the youngest brother of the philosopher Plato. His name the philosopher immortalized in his dialogue "Parmenides". The father of Plato's wife was likewise named Antiphon.
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Coriscus of Scepsis Coriscus of Scepsis ( ; Greek: Κορίσκος Σκήψιος ) and his brother Erastus were students of Plato. He was also a friend of Aristotle. Coriscus' son Neleus is mentioned as inheriting Aristotle's library.
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Kraków School of Mathematics and Astrology The Kraków School of Mathematics and Astrology (Polish: "krakowska szkoła matematyczna i astrologiczna" ) was an influential mid-to-late-15th-century group of mathematicians and astrologers at the University of Kraków (later "Jagiellonian University").