A Berliner is made from what single-celled microorganisms of the fungus kingdom?
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Berliner (doughnut) A Berliner Pfannkuchen ("Berliner" for short) is a traditional German pastry similar to a doughnut with no central hole, made from sweet yeast dough fried in fat or oil, with a marmalade or jam filling and usually icing, powdered sugar or conventional sugar on top. They are sometimes made with chocolate, champagne, custard, mocha, or "advocaat" filling, or with no filling at all.
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Yeast Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and 1,500 species are currently identified. They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species. Yeasts are unicellular organisms which evolved from multicellular ancestors, with some species having the ability to develop multicellular characteristics by forming strings of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae or false hyphae. Yeast sizes vary greatly, depending on species and environment, typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, although some yeasts can grow to 40 µm in size. Most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by the asymmetric division process known as budding.
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Stentor muelleri Stentor muelleri, also called a trumpet ciliate, is a single-celled eukaryote which feeds on algae. It has a horned-shaped body and is usually 0.5 - long (exceptionally up to 3 mm ) and is found in freshwater bodies of water and sometimes estuaries. "Stentor muelleri" is a heterotrich.
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Sooty mold Sooty mold is a collective term for different Ascomycete fungi, which includes many genera, commonly "Cladosporium" and "Alternaria". It grows on plants and their fruit, but also environmental objects, like fences, garden furniture, stones, even cars. The mold benefits from either a sugary exudate produced by the plant or fruit, or if the plant is infested by honeydew-secreting insects or sap suckers.
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Methylotroph Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon-carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one-carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. These organisms should not be confused with methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by-product from various one-carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide.
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Zygosaccharomyces Zygosaccharomyces is a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was first described under the "Saccharomyces" genus, but in 1983, it was reclassified to its current name in the work by Barnett "et al". The yeast has a long history as a well-known spoilage yeast within the food industry because several species in this genus are significantly resistant to many of the common food preservation methods. For example, the biochemical properties "Z. bailii" possesses to achieve this includes high sugar tolerance (50-60%), high ethanol tolerance (up to 18%), high acetic acid tolerance (2.0-2.5%), very high sorbic and benzoic acid tolerance (up to 800–1000 mg/l), high molecular SO tolerance (greater than 3 mg/l) and high xerotolerance.
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Hanseniaspora guilliermondii Hanseniaspora guilliermondii is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Strains of this species produce acetoin, a chemical found in many food products and fragrances.
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Prototheca zopfii Prototheca zopfii is aerobic, unicellular, yeast-like, achlorophyllic (without chlorophyll) microalga.
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Microascus brevicaulis Microascus brevicaulis is a microfungus in the Ascomycota. Most of the discussion of this fungus in the scientific and medical literature has referred to the fungus using the name of its asexual form, or anamorph, "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis". However, a sexual form (teleomorph) named "Microascus brevicaulis" was recently described. Under the current revision of "International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants", as articulated in the Melbourne Code, it remains unclear which name this fungus will ultimately take. Until further clarification, "Microascus brevicaulis" is considered the most recent, accepted name. "Microascus brevicaulis" occurs world-wide as a saprotroph in soil, a common agent of biodeterioration, an irregular plant pathogen, and an occasional agent of human nail infection. Bartolomeo Gosio discovered in 1890 that under wet conditions "M. brevicaulis" produces significant amounts of trimethylarsine via biomethylation of inorganic pigments especially Paris green or Scheele's Green used in indoor wallpapers which is then released into the air.
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Diporothecaceae The Diporothecaceae are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota phylum. This family can not yet be taxonomically classified in any of the ascomycetous classes and orders with any degree of certainty (incertae sedis). It contains the single genus Diporotheca.
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Pterulone Pterulone is a fungal metabolite. It was initially isolated from the mycelium and liquid cultures of wood-decay fungus in the genus "Pterula". The compound inhibits eukaryotic respiration by targeting the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase.
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Clostridium Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agent of botulism and an important cause of diarrhea, "Clostridium difficile". They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. The normal, reproducing cells of "Clostridium", called the vegetative form, are rod-shaped, which gives them their name, from the Greek κλωστήρ or spindle. "Clostridium" endospores have a distinct bowling pin or bottle shape, distinguishing them from other bacterial endospores, which are usually ovoid in shape. "Clostridium" species inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. "Clostridium" is a normal inhabitant of the healthy lower reproductive tract of women.
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Methanomicrobiales In the taxonomy of microorganisms, the Methanomicrobiales are an order of the Methanomicrobia. "Methanomicrobiales" are strictly carbon dioxide reducing methanogens, using hydrogen or formate as the reducing agent.
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Wet rot Wet rot is a generic term used to define a variety of fungal species such as "Coniophora puteana" (otherwise known as cellar fungus). Wet rot fungi obtain their food by breaking down the walls of wood cells resulting in a loss of strength of the wood.
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Resinomycena Resinomycena is a genus of fungi in the mushroom family Mycenaceae. The genus contains at least eight species found in North America, Europe (including the United Kingdom and the Canary Islands) and eastern Asia (including Japan). This genus of small white to tan colored agarics is saprophytic and colonizes leaf litter, bark, small twigs and decaying monocot vegetation. The fruitbodies are small and resemble "Mycena" or "Marasmius" or "Hemimycena" and are distinguished by amyloid spores, poorly dextrinoid tissues, and the abundant oily, resinous cystidia on the pileus, lamellae edges and stipes. One recently described species, "Resinomycena fulgens" from Japan that is a synonym of "Resinomycena japonica", has luminescent fruitbodies.
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Mackintoshia Mackintoshia is a fungal genus in the family Cortinariaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single truffle-like species Mackintoshia persica, found in Zimbabwe. This fungus, eaten by both the common duiker ("Sylvicapra grimmia") and the Karanga people, is little known outside the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. "Mackintoshia" was circumscribed by Giovanni Pacioni and Cathy Sharp in 2000. The genus name honors Robbie Mackintosh, who collected and documented some early specimens. The specific epithet "persica" is Latin for peach, referring to its odor.
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Fibrobacteres Fibrobacteres is a small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria, allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose in ruminant animals. Members of this phylum were categorized in other phyla. The genus "Fibrobacter" (the only genus of Fibrobacteres) was removed from the genus "Bacteroides" in 1988.
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Medicinal fungi Medicinal fungi are those fungi which produce medically significant metabolites or can be induced to produce such metabolites using biotechnology. The range of medically active compounds that have been identified include antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, cholesterol inhibitors, psychotropic drugs, immunosuppressants and even fungicides. Although initial discoveries centred on simple moulds of the type that cause spoilage of food, later work identified useful compounds across a wide range of fungi.
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Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold Karl (Carl) Theodor Ernst von Siebold (16 February 1804 – 7 April 1885) was a German physiologist and zoologist. He was responsible for the introduction of the taxa Arthropoda and Rhizopoda, and for defining the taxon Protozoa specifically for single-celled organisms.
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Candida dubliniensis Candida dubliniensis is a fungal opportunistic pathogen originally isolated from AIDS patients. It is also occasionally isolated from immunocompetent individuals. It is a dimorphic yeast of the genus "Candida", very closely related to "Candida albicans" but forming a distinct phylogenetic cluster in DNA fingerprinting. It is most commonly isolated from oral cavities, and is also occasionally found in other anatomical sites.
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Amethicium Amethicium is a fungal genus in the family Phanerochaetaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Amethicium rimosum, a crust fungus first reported from Tanzania in 1983. "Amethicium" is primarily characterized by its purple fruit body and a dimitic hyphal system (two types of hyphae: generative and skeletal). The felt-like tissue layer covering the substrate (the subiculum) comprises a thin layer of densely intertwined skeletal hyphae.
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Penicillium canescens Penicillium canescens is a anamorph fungus species of the genus of "Penicillium" which was isolated from soil of the United Kingdom. "Penicillium canescens" produces the antibiotic canescin.