Jacques de Lavardin, was a lord in Plessis-Bourrot, squire and noble of the king of France, known for the translation of two works in French: the Celestine from Fernando de Rojas, and of the "Historia de vita et rebus gestis Scanderbegi", a chronical of the Kingdom of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg from which historian and Catholic priest from Shkodra?
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Jaques De Lavardin Jacques de Lavardin, was a lord in Plessis-Bourrot, squire and noble of the king of France, known for the translation of two works in French: the Celestine from Fernando de Rojas and of the "Historia de vita et rebus gestis Scanderbegi", a chronic of the Kingdom of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg from Marin Barleti. De Lavardin was active during 1575 and 1585. He is the brother of the theologue and translator Jean de Lavardin, abbey of l'Estoile.
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Marin Barleti Marin Barleti (Latin: "Marinus Barletius" , Italian: "Marino Barlezio" ; c. 1450–60 – c. 1512–13) was a historian and Catholic priest from Shkodra. He is considered the first Albanian historian because of his 1504 eyewitness account of the 1478 siege of Shkodra. Barleti is better known for his second work, a biography on Skanderbeg, translated into many languages in the 16th to the 20th centuries. Some scholars assert he was an ethnic Italian, while most Albanian scholars believe he was Albanian.
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Vladislaus II of Hungary Vladislaus II, also known as Vladislav II, Władysław II or Wladislas II (1 March 1456 – 13 March 1516; ; Hungarian: "II. Ulászló" ; Polish: "Władysław II Jagiellończyk" ; Croatian: "Vladislav II. Jagelović" ; Slovak: "Vladislav II. Jagelovský" ), was King of Bohemia from 1471 to 1516, and King of Hungary and Croatia from 1490 to 1516. As the eldest son of Casimir IV Jagiellon, he was expected to inherit Poland and Lithuania. George of Poděbrady, the Hussite ruler of Bohemia, offered to make Vladislaus his heir in 1468. Poděbrady needed Casimir IV's support against the rebellious Catholic noblemen and their ally, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. The Diet of Bohemia elected Vladislaus king after Poděbrady's death, but he could only rule Bohemia proper, because Matthias (whom the Catholic nobles had elected king) occupied Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia. Vladislaus tried to reconquer the three provinces with his father's assistance, but Matthias repelled them.
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Crnojević noble family The Crnojević (, Crnojevići / Црнојевићи) was a medieval noble family that held "Zeta", or parts of it; a region north of Lake Skadar corresponding to southern Montenegro and northern Albania, from 1326 to 1362, then 1403 until 1515. Its progenitor Đuraš Ilijić, was the "head" of "Upper Zeta" in the Serbian Kingdom and Empire (r. 1326–1362†), under Stephen Uroš III Dečanski, Dušan the Mighty and Uroš the Weak. Đuraš was killed in 1362 by the Balšić family, the holders of "Lower Zeta" (since 1360); Zeta was in the hands of the Balšići under nominal Imperial rule until 1421, when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević was given the province by Balša III (1403–1421). The family fought its rivals following the murder of Đuraš, and the Crnojevićs controlled Budva from 1392 until 1396, when Radič Crnojević was murdered by the Balšićs. They are mentioned again in 1403, as vassals of the Republic of Venice, taking power in their hereditary lands.
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Peter the Deacon Peter the Deacon (French: "Pierre le Diacre" ) was the librarian of the abbey of Montecassino and continuator of the "Chronicon Monasterii Casinensis", usually called the Montecassino Chronicle in English. The chronicle was originally written by Leo of Ostia. According to both Chalandon and Lord Norwich, Peter is a poor historian and writer, much inferior to Leo.
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Geoffrey of Villehardouin Geoffrey of Villehardouin (in French: Geoffroi de Villehardouin) (1160–c. 1212) was a knight and historian who participated in and chronicled the Fourth Crusade. He is considered one of the most important historians of the time period, best known for writing the eyewitness account "De la Conquête de Constantinople" ("On the Conquest of Constantinople"), about the battle for Constantinople between the Christians of the West and the Christians of the East on 13 April 1204. The "Conquest" is the earliest French historical prose narrative that has survived to modern times. Ηis full title was: "Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Marshal of Champagne and of Romania".
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Theodosius of Skopje Theodosius of Skopje (Bulgarian: Теодосий Скопски , Macedonian: Теодосиј Гологанов ; January 7, 1846–February 1, 1926) was a controversial religious figure from Macedonia who was a Bulgarian language scholar and translator. He was initially involved in the struggle for an autonomous Bulgarian Church and later in his life he became a member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He is known for his failed attempt to create a separate Macedonian Church as a restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. Theodosius of Skopje is considered a Bulgarian in Bulgaria and an ethnic Macedonian in the Republic of Macedonia.
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George Kastriotes George Kastriotes or Kastoriotes (Gr. Γεώργιος Καστριώτης/Καστοριώτης) was a high-rank officer ("postelnik") of Hungro-Vlachia at the turn of 17th to 18th century, commissioner under voivoda John Constantin Basaraba. He was a Greek from the city of Kastoria, Macedonia. He is best known as benefactor of schools in Kastoria and Palestine. In 1708 he deposited about 13.000 ducats at the mint of Venice (Zecca) requesting the Greek community of Venice (Scuola dei Greci) to pay the interest to the community of Kastoria for the support of a local school and teachers. In 1703 he sponsored the printing and publication in simple Greek of the “Orthodox dogmatic teaching” by Sebastos Trapezountios Kyminites. He was also a benefactor of the Orthodox schools in Palestine. He paid the wages of laymen and clergy for the instruction of Greek and Arabic in Palestine.
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Jevstatije II Jevstatije II (; 1292–d. 1309) was the Archbishop of Serbs from 1292 to 1309. In the times of his two predecessors, Serbia expanded significantly in territory. In 1282, Skoplje (future capital), Polog, Ovče Polje, Zletovo, Pijenac, Kičevo and Debar were conquered. In the north Braničevo and Vidin were taken by 1290. New eparchies were established: Gračanička, Končanska, Limska, Mačvanska, Braničevska, Beogradska and Skopska. The Serbian Orthodox Church venerates him as "Saint Jevstatije II" on August 16 (August 29, Gregorian calendar).
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Annals of Lund The Annals of Lund (Danish: "Lundeårbogen", Latin: "Annales Lundenses") is a Latin manuscript written in Lund around 1250-1307. Several copies have survived to the modern day. "The Annals of Lund" are composed of two parts. The first part is based on earlier works, including the "Chronicon Lethrense", and discusses events from antiquity to 1256. The second part includes events from every year until 1307. This portion is unique to the "Annals of Lund" and primarily deals with Danish politics. The topics include the Norwegian King Erik’s offensive in Denmark and Erik Menved's marriage with Ingeborg of Sweden in 1296. Additionally, the Battle of Gestilren in Sweden in 1210 and the 1256 destruction of Refshaleborg fort on Lolland are described.
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François de Pâris François de Pâris (3 June 1690 – 1 May 1727) was a French Catholic deacon and theologian, a supporter of Jansenism. He became deacon of the Oratory of St. Magloire and was noted for his critique of the papal bull "Unigenitus", which condemned Pasquier Quesnel's annotated translation of the Bible. He gave his earnings to the poor, and in his retirement he lived in a state of extreme poverty. After his death, his place of burial gained a reputation for supernatural events and the basis of the Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard where he is buried. In 1731 there was a movement by the Jansenists to canonize François de Pâris as a saint in acknowledgement of the miracles said to have been performed there and Cardinal Archbishop Louis Antoine de Noailles, who had investigated several of the reports in 1728, had begun the beatification process.
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Jacques de la Brosse Jacques de la Brosse, (c. 1485–1562), cupbearer to the king, was a sixteenth-century French soldier and diplomat. He is remembered in Scotland for his missions in 1543 and 1560 in support of the Auld Alliance.
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Branko (čelnik) Branko (; 1306–19) was a Serbian nobleman with the title of "čelnik", serving King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321). He was among the witnesses mentioned in the charter issued to the Ratac Monastery by Milutin in 1306, alongside noblemen "kaznac" Miroslav and "župan" Vladislav, holding the title of "čelnik". He is still in this position in an edict dated 1319. During the reign of Milutin, the title holder was entrusted with the security of property belonging to the Church from the aristocrats, so the holder appeared in the role of a judge or executor of the ruler's decisions, in disputes between the church and the nobility. At that time the title of "čelnik" was of a higher rank than "župan" and "stavilac", but lower than "kaznac" and "tepčija", with "vojvoda" being the supreme title. It is unclear if there was one or several with that title at the court at that time. He was preceded by Gradislav Vojšić and succeeded by Đuraš Ilijić.
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Nicolaus Ragvaldi (monk) Nicolaus Ragvaldi (a Latinized form of the Swedish Nils Ragvaldsson) (died 1514) was a monk in the Bridgettine Abbey of Vadstena, and served twice as its confessor general. He is known for a few translations and other writings known among the preserved parts of the library of the Abbey.
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Jakub Wejher Jakub Wejher (or Weyher, German "Jakob Weiher") (1609 – 1657), was a member of the Polish line of the Weyher family, a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and member of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth szlachta (nobility). His coat of arms was Wejher (also known as Skarzyna). Wejher was the Castellan of Puck and Voivode of Malbork (Marienburg) from 1643–1657, the Castellan of Chmielno, and the Starost of Człuchów, Kiszporek, Bychów and Brzechowo. He is remembered as a pious and tolerant magnate and an experienced military leader.
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Walter Sans Avoir Walter Sans Avoir (in French Fr. Gautier Sans-Avoir; died 21 October 1096), also mistakenly known as the Penniless, was the lord of Boissy-sans-Avoir in the Île-de-France. As lieutenant to Peter the Hermit he co-led the People's Crusade at the beginning of the First Crusade. Leaving well before the main army of knights and their followers, Walter led his knights and pilgrims through the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Serbian (Syrmian) and Bulgarian province of the Eastern Roman Empire, traveling separately from Peter. While they passed through Germany and Hungary uneventfully, Walter's followers plundered the Belgrade area, drawing reprisals upon themselves. From here they continued to Constantinople under Byzantine escort.
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Vladislav the Grammarian Vladislav the Grammarian (Bulgarian and Serbian: Владислав Граматик ; 1456–79) was an Orthodox Christian monk, scribe, historian and theologian active in medieval Serbia and Bulgaria, regarded part of both the Serbian and Bulgarian literary corpus. His collections of manuscripts constitute a compendium of translations and original Bulgarian and Serbian texts produced between the 13th and 15th centuries.
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Raoul Lefèvre Raoul Lefèvre was the 15th-century French author of a "Histoire de Jason" (in 1460) and the "Recoeil des histoires de Troyes" (in 1464). The latter was translated and printed by William Caxton as the "Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye", and was the first book printed in English in 1473-1474. Lefèvre was the chaplain of Philip the Good, the creator of the Order of the Golden Fleece, which was based on the classical Jason story.
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Laramans The Laramans (Albanian: "laramanë" ) was an ethnic Albanian crypto-Catholic community in Ottoman-era southern Kosovo, inhabiting the historical parish of Letnica, centered in Stublla (Vitina municipality). The community originated from Roman Catholic Albanian migrants from the northern Albania highlands who had settled in Kosovo in the beginning of the 18th century, who converted into Islam in order to secure supreme position in relation to the local Serbs. According to Albanian Catholic priests and church historians, they were only nominal Muslims, having converted in order to escape repression or avoid paying Christian taxes ("jizya", etc.). Efforts to convert the community back to Catholicism began in 1837, however, the effort was violently suppressed – the local Ottoman governor put laramans in jail. Crypto-Catholics in Prizren, Peja and Gjakova were recognized as Catholics by the Ottoman Grand Vizier in 1845; when the laramans of Letnica asked the district governor and judge in Gjilan to recognize them as Catholics, they were refused, and subsequently imprisoned, and then deported to Anatolia, from where they returned in November 1848 following diplomatic intervention. In 1856, Tanzimat reforms improved the situation, and no further serious abuse was reported. The bulk of conversion of laramans, almost exclusively newly-borns, took place between 1872 and 1924. crux oaf
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Balšić noble family The Balšić (, Balšići / Балшићи; Latin: Balsich; Albanian: Balsha) was a noble family that ruled "Zeta and the coastlands" (southern Montenegro and northern Albania), from 1362 to 1421, during and after the fall of the Serbian Empire. Balša, the founder, was a petty nobleman who held only one village during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331–1355), and only after the death of the emperor, his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of "gospodin" Žarko (fl. 1336–1360) under unclear circumstances, and they then expanded into Upper Zeta by murdering "voivode" and "čelnik" Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326–1362†). Nevertheless, they were acknowledged as "oblastni gospodari" of Zeta in edicts of Emperor Uroš the Weak (r. 1355–1371). The family is known to have seized control through trickery, such as against the Dukagjini family, and many people were deported or murdered. After the death of Uroš (1371), the family feuded with the Mrnjavčevići, who controlled Macedonia. In 1421, Balša III, on his death, passed the rule of Zeta to his uncle, Despot Stefan the Tall.
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Geoffrey of Briel Geoffrey of Briel, in older literature Geoffrey of Bruyères, was a French knight and the third lord of the Barony of Karytaina in the Principality of Achaea, in Frankish Greece. He led a colourful and turbulent life, narrated in detail in the "Chronicle of the Morea". Accounted the finest knight in the Principality, he fought in the wars against the Byzantine Greeks, was captured in the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259, and was sent back to Achaea bearing the Byzantine terms in 1261. Geoffrey was twice deprived of his barony, once for rebelling against his uncle, the Prince of Achaea William II of Villehardouin, and then for abandoning the Principality without leave in order to spend time with a mistress, the wife of one of his feudatories, in Italy. He was pardoned both times, but henceforth held his title as a gift of the Prince. He died childless in 1275, and the Barony of Karytaina was split up.
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Saint Remigius Saint Remigius, Remy or Remi, (French: "Saint Rémi or Saint Rémy" ; Italian: "Remigio" ; Spanish: "Remigio" ; Occitan: "Romieg" ; Polish: "Remigiusz" ; Breton: "Remig" and Lithuanian: "Remigijus" ), was Bishop of Reims and Apostle of the Franks, ( 437 – January 13, AD 533). On 25 December 496 he baptised Clovis I, King of the Franks. This baptism, leading to the conversion of the entire Frankish people to Catholic Christianity, was a momentous success for the Church and a seminal event in European history.