What is the English name for the country which housed the Kampfbund in the 1920s?
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Kampfbund The Kampfbund ("Battle-league") was a league of patriotic fighting societies and the German National Socialist party in Bavaria, Germany, in the 1920s. It included Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party (NSDAP) and its "Sturmabteilung" (SA), the Oberland League and the "Bund Reichskriegsflagge". Hitler was its political leader, while Hermann Kriebel led its militia.
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Weimar Republic Weimar Republic (German: "Weimarer Republik" ] ) was an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich"; it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was usually known simply as Germany.
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States of Austria Austria is a federal republic made up of nine states, known in German as Länder (singular Land). Since "Land" is also the German word for "country", the term Bundesländer ("federation states"; singular Bundesland) is often used instead to avoid ambiguity. The Constitution of Austria uses both terms. Even though English "land" is a cognate, the term "(Bundes)land" is commonly rendered as "state" or "province" by tradition in English writing.
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Bavarian Soviet Republic The Bavarian Soviet Republic (German: "Bayerische Räterepublik" ) was the short-lived unrecognised socialist state in Bavaria during the German Revolution of 1918–19. It took the form of a workers' council republic. Its name is variously rendered in English as the Bavarian Council Republic or the Munich Soviet Republic (the German name "Räterepublik" means a republic of councils or committees; council or committee is also the meaning of the Russian word "soviet") after its capital of Munich. It was established in April 1919 following the demise of Kurt Eisner's People's State of Bavaria and sought independence from the also newly-proclaimed Weimar Republic. However, it was overthrown less than a month later by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary "Freikorps".
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Federal State of Austria The Federal State of Austria (Austrian German: "Bundesstaat Österreich " ; colloquially known as the "Ständestaat ", "Corporate State") was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the clerico-fascist Fatherland Front. The "Ständestaat " concept, derived from the notion of "Stände " ("estates" or "corporations"), was propaganda advocated by leading regime politicians such as Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. The result was an authoritarian government based on a mix of conservative Catholic and Italian Fascist influences.
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Republikanischer Schutzbund The Republikanischer Schutzbund (] , "Republican Protection League") was an Austrian paramilitary organization established in 1923 by the Social Democratic Party (SDAPÖ) to secure power in the face of rising political radicalization after World War I.
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Hanseatic People's League The Hanseatic People's League (German: "Hanseatischer Volksbund" ) was a Weimar era political party in Lübeck, Germany. The party was founded in 1926. The party was formed by middle-class sectors that opposed the Social Democrats, in response to the takeover of the mayoral post of Lübeck by the Social Democrats. The Hanseatic People's League proclaimed itself as a 'gathering point for all non-Marxist, i.e. non-SPD/KPD, voters'. The party entered into an alliance with the German People's Party.
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German Eastern Marches Society German Eastern Marches Society (German: "Deutscher Ostmarkenverein" , also known in German as "Verein zur Förderung des Deutschtums in den Ostmarken ") was a German radical, extremely nationalist xenophobic organization founded in 1894. Mainly among Poles, it was sometimes known acronymically as "Hakata" or "H-K-T" after its founders von Hansemann, Kennemann and von Tiedemann. Its main aims were the promotion of Germanization of Poles living in Prussia and destruction of Polish national identity in German eastern provinces. Contrary to many similar nationalist organizations created in that period, the Ostmarkenverein had relatively close ties with the government and local administration, which made it largely successful, even though it opposed both the policy of seeking some "modo vivendi" with the Poles pursued by Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg and Leo von Caprivi's policies of relaxation of anti-Polish measures. While of limited significance and often overrated, the organization formed a notable part of German anti-democratic pluralist part of the political landscape of the Wilhelmine era.
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Anglosphere The Anglosphere is a set of English-speaking nations with similar cultural roots, based upon populations originating from the nations of the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Ireland), which today maintain close political and military cooperation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, although the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire.
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Deutschsprachige Konferenz der Pfadfinderverbände The Deutschsprachige Konferenz der Pfadfinderverbände (DSK) is the international community of Scouting organizations in the German-speaking countries, an umbrella of Central European organizations within the World Organization of the Scout Movement or World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, including Austria, Luxembourg, Switzerland, France (Alsace), South Tyrol (Italy), the German-speaking Community of Belgium, and Liechtenstein. Its members are internationally recognized German Scouting associations and the minority German-speaking Scouting associations.
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Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: "Hamburger Aufstand") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the "KP Wasserkante". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact details of the uprising, as well as the assessment of its impact, are controversial to this day.
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Rural People's Movement The Rural People's Movement ("Landvolkbewegung") was a farmers' protest movement in northern Germany from 1928 to 1933. Due to an agricultural crisis, demonstrations took place in numerous towns and cities in early 1928, and deputations were sent to Berlin to voice grievances against trade and tax policies. Farmers' continuing financial difficulties and dissatisfaction with their own lobby organizations led to more radical protests, especially in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, from late 1928. Passive resistance included tax strikes and the obstruction of foreclosures, but some farmers, with the assistance of nationalist radicals, resorted to terrorist methods. Throughout 1929 bombs were placed in public buildings, including the Reichstag. The Rural People's Movement ran its own newspaper "Das Landvolk" which was edited by Bruno von Salomon, the brother of Ernst von Salomon. With the arrest of the bombers and many of its leaders, as well as the rise of the Nazi Party, the Landvolk declined from 1930.
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RotFront RotFront (often prefixed with: "Emigrantski Raggamuffin Kollektiv") is a world music band from Berlin. Its name derives from "Roter Frontkämpferbund", a paramilitary organization under the leadership of the Communist Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic, which resulted in the foundation of the SA.
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Ostrauer Volksblatt Ostrauer Volksblatt ('Ostrava People's Paper'), later renamed Der Kampf ('The Struggle'), was a German-language socialist newspaper published in Austria, later Czechoslovakia. It was founded as a weekly newspaper by the social democratic association in Moravská Ostrava (today a district of Ostrava).
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North Rhine The Province of North Rhine (German: "Provinz Nordrhein" ), also called North Rhine Province ("Nordrhein-Provinz" or "Nord-Rheinprovinz"), was a short-lived administrative region in the British occupation zone of Germany, which was formed from the northern part of the Rhine Province after the end of the Second World War.
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Österreichische Freiheitsfront The Österreichische Freiheitsfront (English: Austrian Freedom Front ) was an antifascist organization created by Austrian and German communist refugees in Brussels during the Second World War occupation of Belgium by Nazi Germany. It took an active part in the Belgian Resistance.
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Central German Central German (German: "Mitteldeutsche Dialekte" ) is a group of High German dialects spoken from the Rhineland in the west to the former eastern territories of Germany.
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Rhineland The Rhineland (German: "Rheinland" , French: "Rhénanie" ) is the name used for a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
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Congo Free State The Congo Free State (French: "État indépendant du Congo" , "Independent State of the Congo", Dutch: "Kongo-Vrijstaat" ) was a large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908, which was in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II. Leopold was able to procure the region by convincing the European community that he was involved in humanitarian and philanthropic work and would not tax trade. Via the International Association of the Congo he was able to lay claim to most of the Congo basin. On May 29, 1885, the king named his new colony the Congo Free State. The state would eventually include an area now held by the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz The Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (German: "Freistaat Mecklenburg-Strelitz" ) was a state of the Weimar Republic established in 1918 following the German Revolution which had overthrown the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The state lasted until the Nazi Party (NSDAP) came to power in Germany and merged the state with the neighbouring Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form a new united state of Mecklenburg.
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Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund The Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund (English: German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation) was the largest, most active, and most influential anti-Semitic federation in Germany after the First World War of 1914-1918, and one of the largest and most important organizations of the German "völkisch" movement during the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), whose democratic-parliamentary system it unilaterally rejected. Its publishing arm put out some of the books that greatly influenced the opinions of those who later organized the Nazi Party, such as Heinrich Himmler, and after the Bund folded ( 1924) many of its members eventually joined the Nazis.
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Sorbs Sorbs (Upper Sorbian: "Serbja" , Lower Sorbian: "Serby" , German: "Sorben" ), known also by their former autonyms Lusatians and Wends, are an West Slavic ethnic group predominantly inhabiting their homeland in Lusatia, a region divided between Germany (the states of Saxony and Brandenburg) and Poland (the provinces of Lower Silesia and Lubusz). According to Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, Serbs from the Balkan peninsula have the same orgins as Lusatians and Kashubians. He also claims that Serbs inhabitated the areas between the rivers Elbe and Vistula, on the southern coast of the Baltic sea. They traditionally speak the Sorbian languages (also known as "Wendish" and "Lusatian"), closely related to the Polish, the Kashubian, the Czech and the Slovak. Sorbian is an officially recognized minority language in Germany. The Sorbs are linguistically and genetically closest to the Czechs and Poles. Due to a gradual and increasing assimilation between the 17th and 20th centuries, virtually all Sorbs also spoke German by the late 19th century and much of the recent generations no longer speak the language. The community is divided religiously between Roman Catholicism (the majority) and Lutheranism. An indicator of the degree of assimilation is the fact that the current Prime Minister of Saxony is a Sorb, Stanislaw Tillich – who speaks the Sorbian as well as the Polish.