What Fundamental Physics Prize winner created and studied another version of S-brands that differed from the work of AndrewStrominger?
921bd51dde029e17815ca1a206e5491c
S-brane In string theory, an S-brane is a hypothetical and controversial counterpart of a D-brane, which, unlike a D-brane, is localized in time. Depending on the context the "S" stands for "Strominger", "Sen", or "Space-like". The S-brane was originally proposed by Andrew Strominger in his speculative paper with Michael Gutperle, and another version of S-branes was studied by Ashoke Sen. They are thought to be extended in the space-like/temporal directions only, so that they exist at only one point in time, but are otherwise analogous to p-branes.
f538107127e4b4f9c6091be207c41510
Ashoke Sen Ashoke Sen, FRS ( ; Bengali: অশোক সেন ; born 1956) is an Indian theoretical physicist and distinguished professor at the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad. He also is the Morningstar Visiting professor at MIT and a distinguished professor at the Korea Institute for Advanced Study. His main area of work is String Theory. He was among the first recipients of the Fundamental Physics Prize “for opening the path to the realisation that all string theories are different limits of the same underlying theory”. Of the prizes for theoretical physics, the Fundamental Physics Prize is the one which pays the most prize money.
c4c8ccfdb78fb7ed46e566283337b43e
Elinvar Elinvar is a nickel-iron alloy notable for having a modulus of elasticity which does not change much with temperature changes. The name is a contraction of the French " elasticité invariable" (elastically invariable). It was invented by Charles Édouard Guillaume, a Swiss physicist who also invented Invar, another alloy of nickel and iron with very low thermal expansion. Guillaume won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics for these discoveries, which shows how important these alloys were for scientific instruments.
4524226f5ec43570cae20b2de4198064
Ernest Walton Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (6 October 1903 – 25 June 1995) was an Irish physicist and Nobel laureate for his work with John Cockcroft with "atom-smashing" experiments done at Cambridge University in the early 1930s, and so became the first person in history to artificially split the atom.
4a797cc5f64bca952841313ce481156a
Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain (] ; 1 April 1776 – 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library including ones by Leonhard Euler and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her sex, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. Before her death Gauss had recommended that she be awarded an honorary degree, but that never occurred. At the centenary of her life, a street and a girls school were named after her. The Academy of Sciences established the Sophie Germain Prize in her honor.
16b0948e919666d0610704a5b1bdc476
Frederic M. Richards Frederic Middlebrook Richards (August 19, 1925 – January 11, 2009), commonly referred to as Fred Richards, was an American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the pioneering crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent-accessible surface. He contributed many key experimental and theoretical results and developed new methods, garnering over 20,000 journal citations in several quite distinct research areas. In addition to the protein crystallography and biochemistry of ribonuclease S, these included solvent accessibility and internal packing of proteins, the first side-chain rotamer library, high-pressure crystallography, new types of chemical tags such as biotin/avidin, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift index, and structural and biophysical characterization of the effects of mutations.
ea8893afdecb1d8b6491c95915a642f5
Johannes Rydberg Johannes (Janne) Robert Rydberg (8 November 1854 – 28 December 1919) was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to predict the wavelengths of photons (of light and other electromagnetic radiation) emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
ef8b52811ce1b25cd46f102567b1d59f
IEEE Maxwell Award James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE, is the father of electromagnetic waves, known for his famous
2b082c69c7848dac8a403d992efb410e
Alan James Duncan Alan James Duncan FRSE FRSA (4 November 1938 – 9 July 1999) was a Scottish atomic physicist who created a metastable atomic hydrogen beam apparatus used to first observe the two-photon decay of metastable hydrogen and measure fundamental predictions of quantum theory.
a8f5ab7a294c7b033c48c3cb8fd51025
Stephen L. Adler Stephen Louis Adler (born November 30, 1939) is an American physicist specializing in elementary particles and field theory.
44d83371ba8fdf13dfe5fa1c0a4a2678
Philip Andrews Philip Walter Sawford Andrews (1914 – 1971) was an industrial economist. He spent most of his career at Oxford University as a fellow of Nuffield College and finished his career as Foundation Professor of Economics at the University of Lancaster. He made his name with his detailed case study investigations of business behaviour and analysis of manufacturing firms, which he characterized as intensely competitive and oligopolistic. Andrews advocated for the use of empirical business case studies to advance industrial economics. From 1944 until his death in 1971 he worked and published with Elizabeth Brunner.
62e5afc21e457d642b25796fcf025881
Emilio Segrè Emilio Gino Segrè (1 February 1905 – 22 April 1989) was an Italian physicist and Nobel laureate who discovered the elements technetium and astatine, and the antiproton, a sub-atomic antiparticle, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1959.
7911aadb913cedb92f2269d559ffd4ae
Manne Siegbahn Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'ForMemRS', '4': "} (3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978) was a Swedish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy".
deeeb54d1f4a0ed308fa0258310533b0
James Rainwater Leo James Rainwater (December 9, 1917 – May 31, 1986) was an American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 for his part in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei.
c346125c2d524a987d33bb9582bfc0fd
David Hanna David Colin Hanna FRS is a British physicist, and professor at the University of Southampton. Awarded the Max Born Prize in 1993.
670cb8fce785574c0911a0d0ec3dbe6e
Jacques E. Brandenberger Jacques Edwin Brandenberger (19 October 1872 – 13 July 1954) was a Swiss chemist and textile engineer who in 1908 invented cellophane. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1937.
2a3790550ffdd9fb78300426ac22d6da
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Russian: Алексе́й Алексе́евич Абрико́сов ; 25 June 1928 – 29 March 2017) was a Soviet, Russian and American theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003.
7acd17ddfed487f96fbab12fd31f82bb
Thomas Andrews (scientist) Thomas Andrews FRS FRSE (19 December 1813 – 26 November 1885) was a chemist and physicist who did important work on phase transitions between gases and liquids. He was a longtime professor of chemistry at Queen's University of Belfast.
866df80019fd02126b79a9ceb1a81a4d
David Schindler David William Schindler, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , (born August 3, 1940) is an American/Canadian limnologist. He holds the Killam Memorial Chair and is Professor of Ecology in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta. He is notable for "innovative large-scale experiments" on whole lakes at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) which proved that "phosphorus controls the eutrophication (excessive algal blooms) in temperate lakes leading to the banning of phosphates in detergents. He is also known for his research on acid rain In 1989, Dr. Schindler moved from the ELA to continue his research at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, with studies into fresh water shortages and the effects of climate disruption on Canada’s alpine and northern boreal ecosystems. Schindler’s has earned him numerous national and international awards, including the Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal, the First Stockholm Water Prize (1991), the Volvo Environment Prize (1998), and the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2006).
a9509c35cf2bd8a8a3886716dfacff4f
Paul Samuelson Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Swedish Royal Academies stated, when awarding the prize in 1970, that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory". Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the "Father of Modern Economics", and "The New York Times" considered him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century".
0267dc069afb3a6e5f02093329bcda4e
Oliver Lodge Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (12 June 1851 – 22 August 1940) was a British physicist and writer involved in the development of, and holder of key patents for, radio. He identified electromagnetic radiation independent of Hertz' proof and at his 1894 Royal Institution lectures (""The Work of Hertz and Some of His Successors""), Lodge demonstrated an early radio wave detector he named the "coherer". In 1898 he was awarded the "syntonic" (or tuning) patent by the United States Patent Office. Lodge was Principal of the University of Birmingham from 1900 to 1920.
74e99ce6ded989f3de0ea52fd0395149
Philip Warren Anderson Philip Warren Anderson (born December 13, 1923) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism, symmetry breaking (including a seminal paper in 1962 discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics, leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later), and high-temperature superconductivity, and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena.