A Culă is a type of building originally made to be able to fortify the ruling class against invasions during which wars?
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Culă A culă (plural: "cule"; from Turkish "kule" "tower, turret") is a semi-fortified building found in the Oltenia region of Romania with a number of examples located in the historical province of Muntenia. They were originally built as homes for the ruling Boyar class to defend against incursions by Ottoman troops during the Ottoman–Habsburg wars or against violent raids by rebels from the south of the Danube during the eighteenth century (e.g. Osman Pazvantoğlu). Similar constructions exist throughout the Balcans, see Tower houses in the Balkans.
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Ottoman–Habsburg wars The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th through the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg (later Austrian) Empire, which was at times supported by the Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Hungary and Habsburg Spain. The wars were dominated by land campaigns in Hungary (including Transylvania and Vojvodina), Croatia and Central Serbia.
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Siri Fort Siri Fort, in the city of New Delhi, was built during the rule of Alaudin Khalji, the Turkic (Afghan) ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, to defend the city from the onslaught of the Mongols.
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Second Punic War The Second Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and (by the Romans) the War Against Hannibal , lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean. This was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic and its allied Italic socii, with the crucial participation of Numidian-Berber armies and tribes on both sides. The two states fought three major wars with each other over the course of their existence. They are called the "Punic Wars" because Rome's name for Carthaginians was "Poeni", derived from "Poenici" (earlier form of "Punici"), a reference to the founding of Carthage by Phoenician settlers.
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Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom During 1310-1311, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji sent an army led by Malik Kafur to the southernmost kingdoms of India. After subjugating the Hoysalas, Malik Kafur invaded the Pandya kingdom (called Ma'bar in Muslim chronicles), taking advantage of a war of succession between the Pandya brothers Vira and Sundara. During March–April 1311, he raided several places in the Pandya territory, including their capital Madurai. He returned to Delhi with a huge plunder, including elephants, horses, gold and precious stones.
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Pala Empire The Pala Empire was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whose rulers bore names ending with the suffix of "Pala", which meant "protector" in the ancient language of Prakrit. They were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism. The empire was founded with the election of Gopala as the emperor of Gauda in 750 CE. The Pala stronghold was located in Bengal and Bihar, which included the major cities of Vikrampura, Pataliputra, Gauda, Monghyr, Somapura, Ramvati (Varendra), Tamralipta and Jaggadala.
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Indian auxiliaries Indian auxiliaries or "indios auxiliares" is the term used in old Spanish chronicles and historical texts for the indigenous peoples who were integrated into the armies of the Spanish conquistadors with the purpose of supporting their advance and combat operations during the Conquest of America. They acted as guides, translators, or porters and in this role were also called "yanakuna", particularly within the old Inca Empire and Chile. The term was also used for formations composed of indigenous warriors or "Indios amigos" (friendly Indians), which they used for reconnaissance, combat, and as reserve in battle. The auxiliary Indians remained in use after the conquest, during some revolts, in border zones and permanent military areas, as in Chile in the Arauco War.
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Tlacateccatl In the Aztec military, tlacateccatl (] ) was a title roughly equivalent to general. The tlacateccatl was in charge of the "tlacatecco", a military quarter in the center of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. In wartime he was second-in-command to the "tlatoani" ("ruler", "king") and the "tlacochcalcatl" ("high general"). The tlacateccatl was always a member of the military order of the "Cuachicqueh", "the shorn ones".
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Counting coup Counting coup refers to the winning of prestige against an enemy by the Plains Indians of North America. Warriors won prestige by acts of bravery in the face of the enemy, which could be recorded in various ways and retold as stories. Any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup, but the most prestigious acts included touching an enemy warrior with the hand, bow, or coup stick and escaping unharmed. Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy's defensive works also counted as coup. Counting coup could also involve stealing an enemy's weapons or horses tied up to his lodge in camp. Risk of injury or death was required to count coup.
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Tower houses in the Balkans A distinctive type of Ottoman tower houses ( Albanian: "kullë" ; Bulgarian: кули , "kuli"; Serbian: kуле , all meaning "towers", from Persian "qulla", meaning "mountain" or "top" via Turkish "kule") developed and were built in the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia), as well as in Romania, after the Ottoman conquest in the Middle Ages by both Christian and Muslim communities. The practice began during the decline of Ottoman power in the 17th century and flourished until the early 20th century. The tower houses were typically made out of stone, rose three or four storeys, and were square or rectangular in shape. They served both military (defence, watchtower) and civilian (residential) purposes in order to protect the extended family.
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Citadel A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city. It may be a fortress, castle, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of "city" and thus means "little city", so called because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.
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Refuge castle A refuge castle or refuge fort (German: "Fliehburg" , also "Fluchtburg", "Volksburg", "Bauernburg" or "Vryburg") is a castle-like defensive location, usually surrounded by ramparts, that is not permanently occupied but acts as a temporary retreat for the local population when threatened by war or attack. In former times such sites were also described as giant castles (German: "Hünenburgen") because their origin was ascribed to giants.
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Lusitanian War The Lusitanian War, called in Greek "Pyrinos Polemos" ("the Fiery War"), was a war of resistance fought by the Lusitanian tribes of Hispania Ulterior against the advancing legions of the Roman Republic from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitanians revolted on two separate occasions (155 and again 146) and were pacified. In 154 BC, a long war in Hispania Citerior, known as the Numantine War, was begun by the Celtiberians. It lasted until 133 and is an important event in the integration of what would become Portugal into the Roman and Latin-speaking world.
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Fortifications of Malta The fortifications of Malta consist of a number of walled cities, citadels, forts, towers, batteries, redoubts, entrenchments and pillboxes. The fortifications were built over thousands of years, from around 1450 BC to the mid-20th century, and they are a result of the Maltese islands' strategic position and natural harbours, which have made them very desirable for various powers.
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Sēlpils Castle Sēlpils Castle (Latvian: "Sēlpils pils" ) is an ancient castle in Latvia. It was known as Castrum Selonum in Latin. It was built in place of an ancient Selonian hillfort (Sēlpils hillfort, Latvian: "Sēlpils pilskalns" ), a military and political center of ancient Selonia, a land of the Balts. When the Livonian Order entered the land, they built a stone castle known as Selburg in German.
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Riffa Fort Riffa Fort was built as a fort during the reign of Shaikh Salman bin Ahmed Al Fateh Al Khalifa in 1812, while another source claim that it was built during the rule of the Persian Safavid Empire over Bahrain during the 17th century , the fort was converted into a residence in the 19th century for Shaikh Salman Bin Ahmed Al Fateh Al Khalifa. Riffa Fort or (Arabic: قلعة الرفاع‎ ‎ ; transliterated: Qal'at ar-Rifa') it is now named Shaikh Salman bin Ahmed Fort offers a splendid view across the Hunanaiya valley. With Riffa being home to the seat of government until 1869, this fort was strategically important in at the time.
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Fortification Fortifications are military constructions or buildings designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and also used to solidify rule in a region during peace time. Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs. The term is derived from the Latin "fortis" ("strong") and "facere" ("to make").
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Defensive wall A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Walls of Benin, Hadrian's Wall, Anastasian Wall, the Cyclopean Wall Rajgir and the metaphorical Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. In mountainous terrain, defensive walls such as "letzis" were used in combination with castles to seal valleys from potential attack. Beyond their defensive utility, many walls also had important symbolic functions representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.
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Mridha Mridha (from Hindi and Sanskrit मृध,Bangla মৃধা meaning battle or war) were warriors or armed faction of the lords in Bengal ("zamindar"). Like military general , chif in commands, mridhas along with jemadars were in charge of fighting and conducting warfare, mostly against the peasants and common people who lived on the lord's land and against the other Lord's army.
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Motte-and-bailey castle A motte-and-bailey castle is a fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised earthwork called a motte, accompanied by an enclosed courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade. Relatively easy to build with unskilled, often forced, labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales following their invasion in 1066. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, the Low Countries and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries.
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Bastion fort A bastion fort, star fort or trace italienne, is a fortification in a style that evolved during the age of gunpowder when the cannon came to dominate the battlefield. It was first seen in the mid-15th century in Italy.
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Cirta Cirta (from Berber: KRTN or Kirthan, Phoenician: "Tzirta" ) was the capital city of the Berber Kingdom of Numidia in northern Africa (modern Algeria). Its strategically important port city was Russicada. Although Numidia was a key ally of the ancient Roman Republic during the Punic Wars (264–146 BC), Cirta was subject to Roman invasions during the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. Eventually it went under Roman dominion during the rule of Julius Caesar. Cirta was then repopulated by Roman colonists by Caesar and Augustus and was surrounded by a "Confederation of free Roman cities" (Tiddis, Cuicul, Milevum, etc.) The city was destroyed in the beginning of the 4th century and was rebuilt by the Roman emperor Constantine the Great, who gave his name to the newly constructed city, Constantine. Vandals damaged Cirta, but emperor Justinianus I reconquered and improved the Roman city. Arabs finally captured it in 698 AD.