ANCAP is a state-owned company involved in the production of a basic ingredient of concrete which was patented in what year?
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ANCAP (Uruguay) ANCAP (Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcoholes y Portland) is a state-owned company in Uruguay. It is involved in the production of petroleum products, Portland cement and alcoholic beverages. It operates Uruguay's single oil refinery at La Teja with a capacity of 50000 oilbbl per day. ANCAP has a long-term corporate credit rating 'BB-' with positive outlook by Standard & Poor's.
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Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century, and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine powder, produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials. Several types of Portland cement are available. The most common, called ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is grey in colour, but white Portland cement is also available. Its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone which was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. It was named by Joseph Aspdin who obtained a patent for it in 1824. However his son William Aspdin is regarded as the inventor of "modern" Portland cement due to his developments in the 1840s.
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Branko Babic Branko Babic is the inventor of polystyrene concrete, which is created by mixing together expanded polystyrene beads one mm in diameter and large quantities of air. It was used to help control Kuwaiti oil wells set ablaze on Saddam Hussein's orders in 1991 during the Gulf War. Babic states he is owed £100M in unpaid royalties. On the other side, it is claimed that only Kuwaitis may file for patents. According to www.patentreformgroup.com:
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China Resources Cement China Resources Cement Holdings Limited (CRC) (), parented by China Resources, is a leading cement and concrete producer in Southern China. It is the largest NSP clinker and cement producer in Southern China by production capacity and the second largest concrete producer in China by sales volume. It was established in 2003 and incorporated in Cayman Islands.
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Hanson Australia Hanson Australia is a premixed concrete, aggregates and precast company. It owns and operates 55 quarries, 225 concrete plants and two precast concrete facilities across Australia.
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Alkali–aggregate reaction Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of the concrete.
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Accelerated curing Accelerated curing is any method by which high early age strength is achieved in concrete. These techniques are especially useful in the prefabrication industry, wherein high early age strength enables the removal of the formwork within 24 hours, thereby reducing the cycle time, resulting in cost-saving benefits. The most commonly adopted curing techniques are steam curing at atmospheric pressure, warm water curing, boiling water curing and autoclaving.
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Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO and related hydrates. In the form of γ-anhydrite (the anhydrous form), it is used as a desiccant. One particular hydrate is better known as plaster of Paris, and another occurs naturally as the mineral gypsum. It has many uses in industry. All forms are white solids that are poorly soluble in water. Calcium sulfate causes permanent hardness in water.
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Acetamide Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CHCONH. It is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound "N","N"-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide.
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Aluminium sulfacetate Aluminium sulfacetate is a chemical compound of aluminium with formula Al2SO4(CH3CO2)4 . It is a double salt of aluminium sulfate and aluminium acetate. It can be used as a mordant, which is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics that typically contains a polyvalent metal ion like aluminium or iron, In mixtures with basic aluminium diacetate or aluminium sulfacetate, aluminium triacetate has been used as a mordant with alizarin dye. In 1899, Albert Ganswindt recommended that the use of impure sulfacetates that are empyreumatic liquids "should be abandoned" in favour of pure preparations. Empyreuma is an obsolete chemical and medical term referring to "the smell and taste associated with burning vegetable and animal matter", and likely results in this case from the use of pyroligneous acid (wood acid) or wood acid lime in the preparation of the mordant.
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Environmental impact of concrete The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture and applications, is complex. Some effects are harmful; others welcome. Many depend on circumstances. A major component of concrete is cement, which has its own environmental and social impacts and contributes largely to those of concrete.
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Béton brut Béton brut (] , "raw concrete") is a smooth architectural surface made out of concrete. The concrete is left unfinished or roughly-finished after casting and it remains exposed visually. The final surface often shows the forms and structures of the formwork.
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EN 206-1 EN 206-1 Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity is a European standard elaborated by the CEN/TC 104 "Concrete and related products" technical committee which .
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Asphalt concrete Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt, blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac or bitumen macadam in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, as well as the core of embankment dams. It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt, laid in layers, and compacted. The process was refined and enhanced by Belgian inventor and U.S. immigrant Edward de Smedt.
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Soil cement Soil cement is a construction material, a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of portland cement and water, usually processed in a tumble, compacted to high density. Hard, semi-rigid durable material is formed by hydration of the cement particles.
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Asphalt Asphalt , also known as bitumen , is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος "ásphaltos".
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Phospho-Energon Phospho-Energon, often just called Energon, was a 'miracle medicine' produced and distributed in Sweden. Through the sales of Phospho-Energon, the emerging Swedish pharmaceutical company Pharmacia (founded in 1911 out of the "Elgen" pharmacy in central Stockholm) was able to establish itself on the market. With the incomes generated by the Energon sales Pharmacia was able to initiate pharmaceutical research and the production of other medicines, eventually becoming a major actor in the Swedish and international pharmaceutical sectors. The main ingredients of Energon were calf's brain, sugar and milk. Initially, the drug was sold as a powder to be mixed with liquid, but later pills were produced.
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Concrete bomb A concrete bomb is an aerial bomb which contains dense, inert material (typically concrete) instead of explosive. The target is destroyed using the kinetic energy of the falling bomb. Such weapons can only practically be deployed when configured as a laser-guided bomb or other form of smart bomb, as a direct hit on a small target is required to cause significant damage. They are typically used to destroy military vehicles and artillery pieces in urban areas, in order to minimise collateral damage and civilian casualties.
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Trussed Concrete Steel Company The Trussed Concrete Steel Company was a company founded by Julius Kahn, an engineer and inventor. The company manufactured prefabricated products for reinforced concrete beams and steel forms for building reinforced concrete floors and walls. Kahn invented and patented a unique new technology reinforcement system of construction called the Kahn System that was stronger, more economical, and lighter than the existing old school technology used up to that point to construct buildings. The old method was to use plain straight smooth steel beams or loose rods or stirrups in concrete beams and floors. Kahn's new technology improved system used 45 degree tab flanges or "wings" permanently attached on steel beams that distributed the tension stress for overall improvement in strength of reinforced concrete.
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Mudcrete Mudcrete is a structural material (employed, for example, as a basecourse in road construction) made by mixing mud (usually marine mud) with sand and concrete/cement. It is used as a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to rock fill. It is also used in such projects as land reclamation.
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Polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate Polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate, also named poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate), polyethylene furanoate and poly(ethylene furanoate) and generally abbreviated as PEF, is a polymer that can be produced by polycondensation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and monoethylene glycol (MEG). As an aromatic polyester from ethylene glycol it is a chemical analogue of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). PEF has been described in (patent) literature since 1951, but has gained renewed attention since the US department of energy proclaimed its building block, FDCA, as a potential bio-based replacement for purified terephthalic acid (PTA) in 2004.
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Polyethylene glycol propylene glycol cocoates Polyethylene glycol propylene glycol cocoates or PEG propylene glycol cocoates are chemical compounds produced by the esterification of polyoxyalkyl alcohols with lauric acid. Their chemical designation is PEG-8, referring to its polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular chain length.