What geologist opped the transmutation of species theory and was born in November 1797?
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Transmutation of species Transmutation of species and transformism are terms often used to describe 19th-century evolutionary ideas for the altering of one species into another that preceded Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. The French "Transformisme" was a term used by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1809 for his theory, and other 19th century proponents of pre-Darwinian evolutionary ideas included Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Robert Grant, and Robert Chambers who anonymously published the book "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation". Opposition in the scientific community to these early theories of evolution, led by influential scientists like the anatomists Georges Cuvier and Richard Owen and the geologist Charles Lyell, was intense. The debate over them was an important stage in the history of evolutionary thought and would influence the subsequent reaction to Darwin's theory.
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Charles Lyell Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who popularised the revolutionary work of James Hutton. He is best known as the author of "Principles of Geology", which presented uniformitarianism–the idea that the Earth was shaped by the same scientific processes still in operation today–to the broad general public. "Principles of Geology" also challenged theories popularised by Georges Cuvier, which were the most accepted and circulated ideas about geology in Europe at the time.
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Edward Drinker Cope Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897) was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist and ichthyologist. He was a founder of the Neo-Lamarckism school of thought. Born to a wealthy Quaker family, Cope distinguished himself as a child prodigy interested in science; he published his first scientific paper at the age of 19. Though his father tried to raise Cope as a gentleman farmer, he eventually acquiesced to his son's scientific aspirations. Cope married his cousin and had one child; the family moved from Philadelphia to Haddonfield, New Jersey, although Cope would maintain a residence and museum in Philadelphia in his later years.
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Henry Foster (scientist) Henry Foster {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (1797 – 5 February 1831) was a British naval officer and scientist who took part in expeditions to both the Arctic and Antarctic, and made various notable scientific observations.
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Lewis Hunton Lewis Hunton (August 1814 – 17 February 1838) was a geologist who made important early contributions to the development of the idea that the geological succession could be sub-divided through analysis of its fossil content, at a time when such ideas were yet to be widely accepted. This principle, later dubbed biostratigraphy, became a fundamental aspect of the modern science of geology. Little detail of his life exists and, as far as the author can ascertain, there are no surviving images of Lewis.
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1860 Oxford evolution debate The 1860 Oxford evolution debate took place at the Oxford University Museum in Oxford, England, on 30 June 1860, seven months after the publication of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species". Several prominent British scientists and philosophers participated, including Thomas Henry Huxley, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, Benjamin Brodie, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Robert FitzRoy.
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Charles des Moulins Charles des Moulins, full name Charles Robert Alexandre des Moulins (13 March 1798 – 23 December 1875) was a French naturalist, a botanist and malacologist.
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Charles Darwin (medical student) Charles Darwin (3 September 1758 – 15 May 1778) was the oldest son of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) and Mary Howard (1740–70), and was the uncle of the famous naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (though dying before his nephew's birth). He showed considerable promise while studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but died while still a student.
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Albert Günther Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS, also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Günther (3 October 1830 – 1 February 1914), was a German-born British zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. Günther is currently ranked the second-most productive reptile taxonomist (after George Albert Boulenger) with more than 340 reptile species described.
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Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (] ; 22 April 1797 – 26 December 1869) was a French physicist and physiologist.
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Jacob Gijsbertus Samuël van Breda Jacob Gijsbertus Samuël van Breda (Delft, 24 October 1788 – Haarlem, 2 September 1867) was a Dutch biologist and geologist.
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Auguste Pomel Auguste Nicolas Pomel (20 September 1821, in Issoire – 1898) was a French geologist and paleontologist. He worked as a mines engineer in Algeria and became a specialist in north African vertebrate fossils.
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Niklas Westring Niklas Westring (born 13 November 1797 in Gothenburg; died 28 January 1882) was a Swedish entomologist and arachnologist.
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Thomas Belt Thomas Belt (1832 – 21 September 1878), an English geologist and naturalist, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1832, and educated in that city. He is remembered for his work on the geology of gold bearing minerals, glacial geology, and for his description of the mutualistic relationship between certain bullthorn "Acacia" species and their "Pseudomyrmex" ants.
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Johann Gottlieb Fleischer Johann Gottlieb Fleischer (15 October 1797 – 22 April 1838) was a German botanist and ornithologist.
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Punctuated gradualism Punctuated gradualism is a microevolutionary hypothesis that refers to a species that has "relative stasis over a considerable part of its total duration [and] underwent periodic, relatively rapid, morphologic change that did not lead to lineage branching". It is one of the three common models of evolution. While the traditional model of paleontology, the phylogenetic model, posits that features evolved slowly without any direct association with speciation, the relatively newer and more controversial idea of punctuated equilibrium claims that major evolutionary changes don't happen over a gradual period but in localized, rare, rapid events of branching speciation.
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Baltazar Mathias Keilhau Baltazar Mathias Keilhau (2 November 1797 – 1 January 1858) was a Norwegian geologist and mountain pioneer. He is regarded as the founder of the discipline of geology in Norway, and has also been credited for the discovery of the Jotunheimen mountain range.
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Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.
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John Traherne Moggridge John Traherne Moggridge (8 March 1842 – 24 November 1874) was a British botanist, entomologist, and arachnologist. A Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, he was known as a keen naturalist with great observational skills, as well as his paintings and illustrations. He wrote several articles on the fertilisation of plants, and his paintings of plants of southern France appeared in "Contributions to the Flora of Mentone". His two volume study, "Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders", among other observations, confirmed that harvester ants are present in Europe, and was one of the first comprehensive treatments of the burrowing behaviour of trapdoor spiders. He was a correspondent of Charles Darwin, who cited his work in his books "Fertilisation of Orchids" and "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex".
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Eduard Rüppell Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon Rüppell (20 November 1794 – 10 December 1884) was a German naturalist and explorer. Rüppell is occasionally transliterated to "Rueppell" for the English alphabet.
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1808 in paleontology Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: "paleo", "ancient"; "ontos", "being"; and "logos", "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that published in the year 1808.
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Ignaz von Born Ignaz Edler von Born, also known as Ignatius von Born Hungarian: "Born Ignác" , (Romanian: "Ignațiu von Born" , Czech: "Ignác Born" ) (26 December 1742 in Alba Iulia, Grand Principality of Transylvania, Habsburg Monarchy – 24 July 1791 in Vienna), was a mineralogist and metallurgist. He was a prominent freemason, being head of Vienna's Illuminati lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer. He was the leading scientist in the Holy Roman Empire during the 1770s in the age of Enlightenment.