Who shared in Yoichiro Nambu's 2008 Nobel Prize for Chiral symetry breaking?
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Chiral symmetry breaking In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking is the spontaneous symmetry breaking of a chiral symmetry – usually by a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction. Yoichiro Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics for describing this phenomenon ("for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics").
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Yoichiro Nambu Yoichiro Nambu (南部 陽一郎 , Nambu Yōichirō , 18 January 1921 – 5 July 2015) was a Japanese-born American physicist, a professor at the University of Chicago. Known for his contributions to the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 for the discovery in 1960 of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics, related at first to the strong interaction's chiral symmetry and later to the electroweak interaction and Higgs mechanism. The other half was split equally between Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
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Rabindra Mohapatra Rabindra Nath Mohapatra (born 1 September 1944) is an Indian theoretical physicist, known for his work on the seesaw mechanism in neutrino physics.
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Martin Chalfie Martin Lee Chalfie (born January 15, 1947) is an American scientist. He is University Professor at Columbia University. He shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP". He holds a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard University.
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Bryan Webber Bryan Ronald Webber, FRS, FInstP (born 25 July 1943) is a British physicist and academic. He was a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge from 1973 to 2010, and Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge from 1999 to 2010. He has been awarded the Dirac Medal by the Institute of Physics and the Sakurai Prize by the American Physical Society.
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Shoucheng Zhang Shoucheng Zhang (; born 1963) is the JG Jackson and CJ Wood professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a condensed matter theorist known for his work on topological insulators, quantum spin Hall effect, spintronics, quantum Hall effect and high temperature superconductivity. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received the Guggenheim fellowship in 2007, the Alexander von Humboldt research prize in 2009, the Europhysics prize in 2010, the Oliver Buckley prize in 2012, the Dirac Medal and Prize in 2012, the Physics Frontiers Prize in 2013, the “Nobel-class” Citation Laureates by Thomson Reuters in 2014 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 2015. He is identified as one of the top candidates for the Nobel Prize by Thomson Reuters in 2014. He has been elected as the member of the National Academy of Science in 2015.
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Manne Siegbahn Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'ForMemRS', '4': "} (3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978) was a Swedish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy".
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Kenichi Honda Kenichi Honda (本多健一, August 23, 1925 – February 26, 2011) was a Japanese chemist. He made a significant contribution to the discovery and characterization of photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (TiO), for which he shared the 2004 Japan Prize with his former student Akira Fujishima.
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Ivar Giaever Ivar Giaever (Norwegian: "Giæver" , ] ; born April 5, 1929) is a Norwegian-American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson "for their discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in solids". Giaever's share of the prize was specifically for his "experimental discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in superconductors". Giaever is an institute professor emeritus at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a professor-at-large at the University of Oslo, and the president of Applied Biophysics.
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Shuji Nakamura Shuji Nakamura (中村 修二 , Nakamura Shūji , born May 22, 1954) is a Japanese-born American electronic engineer and inventor specializing in the field of semiconductor technology, professor at the Materials Department of the College of Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), and is regarded as the inventor of the blue LED, a major breakthrough in lighting technology. Together with Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, he is one of the three recipients of the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources".
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Ilya Prigogine Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine ( ; Russian: Илья́ Рома́нович Приго́жин , "Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin";25 January [O.S. 12 January] 1917 28 May 2003) was a Belgian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility.
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Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (August 27, 1915 – November 4, 2011) was an American physicist who was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics, for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method, which had important applications in the construction of atomic clocks. A physics professor at Harvard University for most of his career, Ramsey also held several posts with such government and international agencies as NATO and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Among his other accomplishments are helping to found the United States Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and Fermilab.
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Paul Kuroda Paul Kazuo Kuroda (1 April 1917 – 16 April 2001), was a Japanese-American chemist and nuclear scientist.
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Martin Ryle Sir Martin Ryle FRS (27 September 1918 – 14 October 1984) was an English radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e.g. aperture synthesis) and used them for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources. In 1946 Ryle and Vonberg were the first people to publish interferometric astronomical measurements at radio wavelengths, although Joseph Pawsey from the University of Sydney claimed to have actually made interferometric measurements earlier in the same year. With improved equipment, Ryle observed the most distant known galaxies in the universe at that time. He was the first Professor of Radio Astronomy at the University of Cambridge, and founding director of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. He was Astronomer Royal from 1972 to 1982. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.
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Akira Tonomura Akira Tonomura (外村 彰 , Tonomura Akira , April 25, 1942 – May 2, 2012) was a Japanese physicist, best known for his development of electron holography and his experimental verification of the Aharonov–Bohm effect.
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Baruj Benacerraf Baruj Benacerraf (October 29, 1920 – August 2, 2011) was a Venezuelan-American immunologist, who shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface protein molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self." His colleagues and shared recipients were Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell.
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Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (朝永 振一郎 , Tomonaga Shin'ichirō , March 31, 1906 – July 8, 1979) , usually cited as Sin-Itiro Tomonaga in English, was a Japanese physicist, influential in the development of quantum electrodynamics, work for which he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 along with Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger.
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Chirality Chirality is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science. The word "chirality" is derived from the Greek χειρ ("kheir") , "hand", a familiar chiral object.
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Thomson Medal and Prize The Thomson Medal and Prize is an award which has been made biennially in even-numbered years since 2008 by the British Institute of Physics for "distinguished research in atomic (including quantum optics) or molecular physics". It is named after Sir J. J. Thomson and comprises a medal and a prize of £1000.
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Yasunori Nomura Yasunori Nomura (born 1974) is a theoretical physicist working on particle physics, quantum gravity, and cosmology. He is a Professor of Physics at University of California, Berkeley, a Senior Faculty Scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and a Principal Investigator at Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. Since 2015, he has been the Director of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics.
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Elitzur's theorem Elitzur's theorem is a theorem in quantum and statistical field theory stating that local gauge symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken. The theorem was proposed in 1975 by Shmuel Elitzur, who proved it for Abelian gauge fields on a lattice. It is nonetheless possible to spontaneously break a global symmetry within a theory that has a local gauge symmetry, as in the Higgs mechanism.
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Yves Chauvin Yves Chauvin (] ; October 10, 1930 – January 27, 2015) was a French chemist and Nobel Prize laureate. He was honorary research director at the "Institut français du pétrole" and a member of the French Academy of Science. He was known for his work for deciphering the process of metathesis for which he was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock.