What was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union, that during this time period a form of rusk made with eggs and baked twice was moved to other parts of the world?
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Zwieback Zwieback is a form of rusk eaten in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Greece. It is a type of crisp, sweetened bread, made with eggs and baked twice. It originated in East Prussia. The Mennonites brought "Zwieback" to the Russian Empire; before the Russian Revolution, when many emigrated to the west, they brought "Zwieback" to Canada, the United States and other parts of the world.
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Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets.
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All-Russian Teachers' Union The All-Russian Teachers' Union ("Vserossiiskii soiuz uchitelei", or VUS) was a trade union for teachers founded in the 1890s and active during the Russian revolutions of 1917. It was dissolved in December 1918 following conflict with the Bolsheviks.
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Eino Rahja Eino Abramovich Rahja (20 June 1885, Kronstadt – 26 April 1936) was a Finnish-Russian politician who joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903, becoming aligned with the party's Bolshevik faction. Rahja organized Lenin's temporary escape to Finland in the summer of 1917. During the Finnish Civil War, Rahja was one of the most capable military leaders of the Reds. After the Reds lost the war, he fled to the Russian SFSR where he lived for the rest of his life and became, for example, a commander of the army corps (komkor) in the Red army.
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1910s The 1910s (pronounced "nineteen-tens", also abbreviated as the "teens") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1910, and ended on December 31, 1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century. The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade, as well as the legacy of military alliances, was forever changed by the assassination, on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, World War I broke out in Europe on August 1, 1914. The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11, 1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28, 1919.
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Ukrainian–Soviet War The Ukrainian–Soviet War (Ukrainian: Українсько-радянська війна ) is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between of 1917–21, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks. The war ensued soon after the October Revolution when Lenin dispatched the Antonov's expeditionary group to Ukraine and Southern Russia. Soviet historical tradition viewed it as an occupation of Ukraine by military forces of Western and Central Europe, including the Polish Republic's military – the Bolshevik victory constituting Ukraine's liberation from these forces. Conversely, modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed War of Independence by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Russian Soviet Republic, ending with Ukraine falling under a Russian-Soviet occupation. Both historical interpretations tend to underplay the part of the anarcho-communist Nestor Makhno, who does not quite fit into either interpretation.
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Emperor of All Russia The Emperor or Empress of All Russia (Russian: Императоръ Всероссійскій, Императрица Всероссійская , "Imperator Vserossiyskiy", "Imperatritsa Vserossiyskaya") was the title of the ruler of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917. It was created in connection with the victory in the Great Northern War and appeared as the adaptation of the Tsar's title under the accepted system of titling in Europe. The suffix "of All Russia" was transformed from the previous version "(Tsar) of All Rus'".
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Mikhail Rodzianko Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko (Russian: Михаи́л Влади́мирович Родзя́нко ) (21 February 1859, Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 24 January 1924, Beodra, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was a Russian politician and statesman of Ukrainian origin. Known for his colorful language and conservative politics, he was the State Councillor and chamberlain of the Imperial family, Chairman of the State Duma and one of the leaders of the February Revolution of 1917, during which headed the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. He was a key figure in the events that led to the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia on 15 March 1917.
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Revolutions of 1830 The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. It was followed eighteen years later, by another and possibly even stronger wave of revolutions known as the Revolutions of 1848.
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White émigré A white émigré was a Russian subject who emigrated from Imperial Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, and who was in opposition to the contemporary Russian political climate. Many white émigrés were participants in the White movement or supported it, although the term is often broadly applied to anyone who may have left the country due to the change in regimes.
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Soviet–Albanian split The Soviet–Albanian split refers to the worsening of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which occurred in the 1955–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia along with his "Secret Speech" and subsequent de-Stalinization policies, including efforts to extend these policies into Albania as was occurring in other Eastern Bloc states at the time. The Albanian leadership under Enver Hoxha perceived Khrushchev's policies as contrary to Marxist–Leninist doctrine and his denunciation of Joseph Stalin as an opportunistic act meant to legitimize revisionism within the international communist movement. Occurring within the context of the larger split between China and the USSR, the Soviet–Albanian split culminated in the rupturing of relations in 1961.
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Markovo Republic The Markovo Republic was a self-proclaimed peasant state located in Russia, roughly 150 kilometers outside of Moscow, in the Volokolamsk district. It was proclaimed October 1905, when during the Russian Revolution of 1905 peasants took control of the local government in the village Markovo. The republic revolt was put down July 1906, six months after the revolution had been put down in the cities. The state has been viewed as "one of the most impressive examples of progressive peasant politics during the 1905 Revolution".
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Commune of the Working People of Estonia The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (Estonian: "Eesti Töörahva Kommuun" , initially "Eesti Töörahwa Kommuuna "; Russian: Эстляндская трудовая коммуна, ЭТК or ETK) was an unrecognised government claiming the Bolshevik-occupied parts of Republic of Estonia as its territories during the Estonian War of Independence and the Russian Civil War.
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Peter the Great Peter the Great (Russian: Пётр Вели́кий , "Pyotr Velikiy"; ] ), Peter I (Russian: Пётр I , "Pyotr I"; ] ) or Peter Alexeyevich (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич ; ] ; 9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672  – 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725 ) ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May (O.S. 27 April) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V. Through a number of successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, westernized, and based on The Enlightenment. Peter's reforms made a lasting impact on Russia and many institutions of Russian government trace their origins to his reign.
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Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Russian: Дагестанская АССР , "Dagestanskaya ASSR"; Avar: Дагъистаналъул АССР ; Kumyk: Дагъыстан АССР ; Lezgian: Дагъустандин АССР ; Lak: Дагъусттаннал АССР ; 1921–1991) was an autonomous Soviet socialist republic (ASSR) in the Russian SFSR of the former Soviet Union. This "Land of Mountains" was known also for having a "mountain of peoples," with more than thirty ethnic groups indigenous to the territory. Although as part of its strategy to promote local languages and to discourage pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic movements a half-dozen of these ethnicities were provided with schooling in their native language at some point in Soviet history, Russian language became the most widespread second language and gradually the lingua franca, especially in urban areas.
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South Russia (1919–1920) South Russia or South of Russia (Russian: Юг Росси́и ) was a territory that existed from 1919 to 1920 during the Russian Civil War. Spanning across Ukraine and southern Russia, it included the territories of the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War controlled by the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army, and later by the united Armed Forces of South Russia.
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Revolutionary committee (Soviet Union) A revolutionary committee or revkom (Russian: Революционный комитет, ревком ) were Bolshevik-led organizations in Soviet Russia and other Soviet republics established to serve as provisional governments and temporary Soviet administrations in territories under the control of the Red Army in 1918-1920, during the Russian Civil War and foreign military intervention. The forms of their work were inherited from Military Revolutionary Committees of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The name was borrowed from the history of the French Revolution, where "comités révolutionnaires" were created, the superior ones being the Committee of Public Safety and Committee of General Security.
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Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Russian: Великое Княжество Московское, "Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye" ), or Grand Principality of Moscow (also known in English simply as Muscovy), was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
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Revolutionary Mass Festivals Revolutionary Mass Festivals (in Russian массовые праздники), or Mass Spectacles, were participatory, staged cultural events held in the Soviet Union. They were held during the period of the Russian Civil War following the October Revolution of 1917. Experimental in nature, they united the Marxist-Leninist ideology of re-education of the masses and the aesthetics of the Russian avant-garde. The revolutionary mass festivals built upon the tradition of fairs and carnivals, and were part of the subsequently institutionalized public holidays and their official celebration in the Soviet Union. In contrast to these earlier versions of public festivals, the early revolutionary mass festival was often produced ad hoc without a distinct guideline. However, they became crucial events in the active construction of historical myths.
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Japan–Russia relations Relations between Russia and Japan (Russian: Российско-японские отношения , "Rossiysko-yaponskiye otnosheniya"; Japanese: 日露関係史 ) are a continuation of Japan–Soviet Union relations covering 1917-1991, and Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations, covering 1855-1917.
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The Putilov Strike of 1917 The Putilov Strike of 1917 is the name given to the strike led by the workers of the Putilov Mill (presently the Leningrad Kirov Plant) which was located in then Petrograd, Russia (present-day St. Petersburg). The strike officially began on February 18, 1917 (according to the Julian calendar) and quickly snowballed, sparking larger demonstrations in Petrograd. There were several strikes involving the workers of the Putilov Mill over the years with the first one taking place in 1905, yet this particular strike in 1917 is considered the catalyst which sparked the February Revolution.
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Provisional All-Russian Government The Provisional All-Russian Government (PA-RG) was a short-lived government (1918-1920) centred in Omsk during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922. It formed from the Komuch (mainly Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SR) and Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadet) members based in Samara) and from the Provisional Siberian Government, which consisted mainly of regional politicians and rightist officers and was based at Omsk. The two régimes had previously failed to work effectively together, with rivalry leading to a customs war and to numerous border disputes.