Vaidotas was a son of what ruler of medieval Lithuania who was the Duke of Trakai?
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Vaidotas Vaidotas or Wojdat (fl. 1362) was a son of Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania. In reliable historical sources he is mentioned only twice: as defender of Kaunas Castle in 1362 and as ruler of Navahrudak. Due to very limited information, his life is subject to wide-ranging theories by historians.
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Kęstutis Kęstutis (] ; born ca. 1297, died on 3 August or 15 August 1382 in Kreva) was a ruler of medieval Lithuania. He was the Duke of Trakai and governed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1342–82, together with his brother Algirdas (until 1377), and with his nephew Jogaila (until 1381). He ruled over the Lithuanians and Ruthenians.
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Battle of Ashmyany The Battle of Ashmiany was a medieval battle fought on 8 December 1432 at Ashmiany between the armies of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis, two pretenders to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438).
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Taulantii Taulantii (Greek: Ταυλάντιοι) was the name of a cluster of Illyrian tribes. According to Greek mythology Taulas (Tαύλας), one of the six sons of Illyrius, was the eponymous ancestor of the Taulanti. They lived on the Adriatic coast of Illyria (modern Albania), in the vicinity of the city of Epidamnus (modern Durrës). This tribe played an important role in Illyrian history of the 4th-3rd centuries BC, when Glaucias (335 BC- 302 BC) ruled over them as king.
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David of Hrodna David (Belarusian: Давыд Гарадзенскі , Lithuanian: "Dovydas Gardiniškis" , killed in 1326) was a castellan of Hrodna and one of the most famous military commanders of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. He might have been the son of Daumantas of Pskov and great grandson of Alexander Nevsky. Maciej Stryjkowski claims that David was married to one of the daughters of Gediminas. He seems to have been a middleman between the pagan Gediminas and the Christian princes of the Rurikid family and frequently led in battle the united Lithuanian-Ruthenian armies.
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George I of Imereti George I (Georgian: გიორგი I , "Giorgi I") (died 1392), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was king of western Georgian kingdom of Imereti from 1389 to 1392.
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Michael Glinski Michael Glinsky (Lithuanian: "Mykolas Glinskis" , Russian: Mikhail Lvovich Glinsky , Polish: "Michał Gliński" ; 1460s – 24 September 1534) was a noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of distant Tatar extraction who was also a tutor of his nephew, Ivan the Terrible. As a young man, Glinsky served in the court of Emperor Maximilian I and earned distinction for his military service. Around 1498 he returned to Lithuania and quickly rose in power and wealth, angering local nobles. Just after commanding the victorious Battle of Kletsk against the Crimean Khanate in August 1506, he was accused of conspiracy against the deceased Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon and lost all his wealth. Glinsky began an armed rebellion against Sigismund I, the new Grand Duke. The rebellion was unsuccessful and Glinski retreated to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, where he served Vasili III of Russia. When the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars renewed in 1512, Glinsky was instrumental in helping Moscow to capture Smolensk, a major trading center. However, he was not rewarded with the regency of the city. Angered, he planned to betray Vasili III, but the plot was discovered and he was imprisoned for 12 years. He was freed after his niece Elena Glinskaya married Vasili III in 1526. Before his death in 1533, Vasili appointed Elena and Glinski as protectors of his underage sons Ivan and Yuri. Elena disapproved of Glinsky's influence in the state and had him sent to prison, where he soon died of starvation.
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Trubetskoy family The Trubetskoy family (English), Трубецкой (Russian), Трубяцкі (Belarusian), "Trubecki" (Polish), "Trubetsky" (Ruthenian), Трубецький (Ukrainian), "Troubetzkoy" (French), "Trubezkoi" or "Trubetzkoy" (German), is a Ruthenian Gediminid gentry family of Black Ruthenian stock, like many other princely houses of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, later prominent in Russian history, science, and arts. They are descended from Algirdas's son Demetrius I Starshy (1327 – 12 August 1399 Battle of the Vorskla River). They used the Pogoń Litewska coat of arms and the Trubetsky coat of arms.
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Trojden I, Duke of Masovia Trojden I (1284/86 – 13 March 1341), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Czersk since 1310, ruler over Warsaw and Liw since 1313, regent of Płock during 1336–1340.
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Litva Hoard Litva Hoard is a medieval treasure found in Litva (Літва) village in Maladzyechna Raion, western Belarus. It was discovered in the early 1990s and contained a large number of Prague groschens (6,168 of them were acquired by the Museum of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus) and a large gilded silver belt. It is the largest Prague groschen hoard found in the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They were minted in Kutná Hora during the reigns of John of Bohemia, Charles IV, and Wenceslaus IV (1310–1419). The ornate belt is an example of Islamic art and must have been a gift from the Crimean Khanate. It became known as the Belt of Vytautas because of speculations that it might have belonged to Grand Duke Vytautas though there is no direct evidence to support the claim.
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Liudvikas Jakavičius Liudvikas Jakavičius (22 June 1871 – 20 August 1941) was a writer, journalist, publisher, theatre director, banker and nobleman. He was born in Akmenė (Lithuania) and died in Anykščiai (Lithuania). He was married to Honorata Grimalauskaitė-Jakavičienė, a Lithuanian – Polish noblewoman and public figure. Honorata's father, Juozas Grimalauskas, was a wealthy Lithuanian – Polish Duke and Count close to the Drucki – Lubecki Dynasty, Royal Family of the old Princedom of Druckiai (Belarus), political family of the Lithuanian Royal Family (House of Gediminas), political family of the Polish-Lithuanian Royal Family (House of Jagiellon) and founders of the National Bank of Poland. Liudvikas and Honorata had five children (Gražina; Liudas; Donatas Bronislovas, Juozas and Artūras) all of which were artists devoted to music and theatre. His eldest son was Liudas Jakavičius-Grimalauskas, President of the Siauliai Drama Theatre, composer of the first Lithuanian tango (Sutemos tango) and a famous pianist, disciple of the world-famous Russian musician Dmitry Kabalevsky. His only daughter was the actress Gražina Jakavičiūtė-Grimalauskaitė Šaltenienė, remembered by her performances at the Lithuanian National Drama Theatre. His son Donatas Bronislovas Jakavičius – Grimalauskas was a brilliant violinist who delighted with his Stradivarius in the best orchestras in the world, including Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Orchestra, Kaunas Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (considered as the best symphony orchestra in the world), Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Vienna State Opera Orchestra, Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra and Venezuela National Symphony Orchestra.
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Bagrat I of Imereti Bagrat I the Minor (Georgian: ბაგრატ მცირე , "Bagrat Mts'ire"; died 1372), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was king of western Georgian kingdom of Imereti from 1329 until 1330, when he was reduced to a vassal duke by George V of Georgia.
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Lithuania proper Lithuania proper (Latin: "Lithuania propria" , literally: "Genuine Lithuania"; Lithuanian: "Didžioji Lietuva" ; Yiddish: ליטע‎ , "Lite") refers to a region which existed within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and where the Lithuanian language was spoken. The primary meaning is identical to the Duchy of Lithuania, a land around which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania evolved. The territory can be traced by Catholic Christian parishes established in pagan Baltic lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subsequent to the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387. They were quite distinguishable, since Ruthenian parts of the Duchy have been already baptised in an orthodox manner. The term in Latin was widely used during the Middle Ages and can be found in numerous historical maps until World War I.
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Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Jan Karol Chodkiewicz ("c". 1560 – 24 September 1621; Belarusian: Ян Караль Хадкевіч, "Jan Karal Chadkievič" , Lithuanian: "Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius" ) was a military commander of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army who was from 1601 Field Hetman of Lithuania, and from 1605 Grand Hetman of Lithuania, and was one of the most prominent noblemen and military commanders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of his era. His coat of arms was Chodkiewicz, as was his family name.
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Anna Jagiellon Anna Jagiellon (Polish: "Anna Jagiellonka" , Lithuanian: "Ona Jogailaitė" ; 18 October 1523 – 12 November 1596) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania in her own right from 1575 to 1586. She was a daughter of Polish King Sigismund I the Old and his Italian wife Bona Sforza. Despite multiple proposals, she remained unmarried until the age of 52. After the death of King Sigismund II Augustus, her brother and the last male member of the Jagiellon dynasty, Anna's hand was sought by pretenders to the Polish–Lithuanian throne to maintain the dynastic tradition. She was elected, along with her then-fiancé Stephen Báthory, as co-ruler in the 1576 royal election of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Their marriage was a formal arrangement and distant. Báthory was preoccupied with the Livonian War, while Anna spent her time in Warsaw on local administrative matters and several construction works. After Báthory's death in December 1586, she had an opportunity to claim the throne for herself (she was co-ruler and not merely a consort), but did not even attempt it. Instead, she promoted her nephew Sigismund III Vasa, establishing House of Vasa on the Polish–Lithuanian throne for the next eighty years (1587–1668).
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Jewna Jewna (Belarusian: Еўна , Lithuanian: "Jaunė" , literally, "young woman" in Lithuanian; died ca. 1344) was daughter of Prince Ivan of Polatsk and wife of Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1316–1341). She is mentioned in written sources only once – the "Bychowiec Chronicle", a late and unreliable source. Therefore, some historians cast a serious doubt on her existence, but modern reference works still widely cite her as the ancestress of the Gediminids dynasty.
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Treaty of Christmemel The Treaty of Christmemel (Lithuanian: "Skirsnemunės sutartis" ) was a treaty signed on 19 June 1431 between Paul von Rusdorf, Grand Master the Teutonic Knights, and Švitrigaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Švitrigaila was preparing for a war with Poland to defend his claim to the Lithuanian throne and sought allies. The treaty established an anti-Polish alliance and prompted the Knights to invade the Kingdom of Poland, starting the Polish–Teutonic War (1431–35). Lithuania also surrendered Palanga and three miles of the coastline on the Baltic Sea, thus modifying the Treaty of Melno of 1422.
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Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72) The Lithuanian–Muscovite War encompasses three raids by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1368, 1370, and 1372. Algirdas organized the raids against Dmitry Donskoy in support of the Principality of Tver, chief rival of Moscow. In 1368 and 1370, Lithuanians besieged Moscow and burned the posad, but did not succeed in taking the city's Kremlin. In 1372, the Lithuanian army was stopped near Lyubutsk where, after a standoff, the Treaty of Lyubutsk was concluded. Lithuanians agreed to cease their aid to Tver, which was defeated in 1375. Mikhail II of Tver had to acknowledge Dmitry as "elder brother".
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Isaac of Troki Isaac ben Abraham of Troki, Karaite scholar and polemical writer (b. Trakai, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, "c." 1533; d. Trakai, "c." 1594 (or eight years earlier for both dates, according to Jacob Mann’s hypothesis. Since the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, still during Isaac ben Abraham's own lifetime, the city was also known in Polish as Troki).
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Michał Kazimierz Pac Michał Kazimierz Pac (Lithuanian: "Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas" ; 1624 – 4 April 1682 in Wace near Vilnius) of the Gozdawa Coat of Arms, was a nobleman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and a member of the Pac family. He was a son of Stefan Pac and a brother of Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac, the Chancellor of Lithuania.
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Piotr Pac Piotr Pac (Lithuanian: "Petras Pacas" ) (after 1570–1642) was a Polish-Lithuanian noble, Lithuanian Court Chorąży from 1613, Lithuanian Court Treasurer from 1635, Voivode of Trakai (1640–1642).
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Liparit I Dadiani Liparit I Dadiani (Georgian: ლიპარიტ I დადიანი ; died 1470) was a member of the House of Dadiani and "eristavi" ("duke") of Odishi, latter-day Mingrelia, in western Georgia from 1414 until his death. Under his rule, Mingrelia became largely independent from the disintegrating Kingdom of Georgia in the 1460s.