Who both inflated the Florentine Republic and was born on May 3, 1496?
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Florentine military reforms The military reforms of the Florentine Republic were initiated by Florentine politician and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli during the short-lived Republic of Florence that lasted from 1498 to 1512 under the priest Girolamo Savonarola. In the pursuit of the republican spirit which pervaded Florence at the time, Machiavelli sought to establish a military establishment that was similar to that of ancient Rome. He was specifically focused upon the establishment of an army possessed with the discipline of the Roman legions. He sought to establish a citizen-infantry capable of taking the field against the Italian Condottieri of the day, who largely terrorized the peninsula, in addition to the chronic foreign invasions which occurred on a regular basis at this time. Broadly speaking Machiavelli would institute a series of reforms in 1506 that would create a citizen army of 20,000 men, and establish a system that would keep this citizen army in a state of readiness.
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Niccolò Machiavelli Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (] ; 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period. He has often been called the father of modern political science. He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is renowned in the Italian language. He was secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He wrote his most renowned work "The Prince" ("Il Principe") in 1513.
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Giovanni Ludovico, Marquess of Saluzzo Giovanni Ludovico of Saluzzo (also spelled "Gian Ludovico"; c. 1496–1563) was marquess of Saluzzo in 1528–1529.
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Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI, born Rodrigo de Borja ( , Spanish: Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja ] ; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), was Pope from 11 August 1492 until his death. He is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. Therefore his Italianized Valencian surname, "Borgia", became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate. Two of Alexander's successors, the controversial pontiffs Sixtus V and Urban VIII, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since Saint Peter.
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John III of Navarre John III (French: "Jean d'Albret" ; 1469 – 14 June 1516) was "jure uxoris" King of Navarre from 1484 until his death, as husband and co-ruler with Queen Catherine.
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Domenico Ghirlandaio Domenico Ghirlandaio (] ; 2 June 1448 – 11 January 1494) was an Italian Renaissance painter born in Florence. Ghirlandaio was part of the so-called "third generation" of the Florentine Renaissance, along with Verrocchio, the Pollaiolo brothers and Sandro Botticelli. Ghirlandaio led a large and efficient workshop that included his brothers Davide Ghirlandaio and Benedetto Ghirlandaio, his brother-in-law Bastiano Mainardi from San Gimignano, and later his son Ridolfo Ghirlandaio. Many apprentices passed through Ghirlandaio's workshop, including the famous Michelangelo. Ghirlandaio's particular talent lay in his ability to posit depictions of contemporary life and portraits of contemporary people within the context of religious narratives, bringing him great popularity and many large commissions.
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Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici (3 June 1421 – 23 September 1463) was an Italian banker and patron of arts.
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Francis Lambert Francis Lambert (c. 1486 – April 8, 1530) was a Protestant reformer, the son of a papal official at Avignon, where he was born between 1485 and 1487.
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Paulus Aemilius Veronensis Paulus Aemilius Veronensis (Italian: Paolo Emilio da Verona) (c. 1455 – 1529) was an Italian historian.
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Michelangelo and the Medici Michelangelo (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564) had a complicated relationship with the Medici family, who were for most of his lifetime the effective rulers of his home city of Florence. The Medici rose to prominence as Florence's preeminent bankers, some of which was used for patronage of the arts. Michelangelo's first contact with the Medici family began early as a talented teenage apprentice of the Florentine painter, Domenico Ghirlandaio. Following his initial work for Lorenzo de' Medici, Michelangelo's interactions with the family continued for decades including the Medici papacies of Pope Leo X and Pope Clement VII.
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Luigi Lippomano Luigi Lippomano (Aloisius Lipomanus Lippomano) (1496 – 15 August 1559, Rome) was an Italian bishop and hagiographer.
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Amerigo Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci (] ; March 9, 1454February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to people of the Old World.
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Mattio Rampollini Mattio Rampollini (also Matteo) (?June 2, 1497 – c. 1553) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, active in Florence. Employed by the Medici, he was a colleague of the more famous Francesco Corteccia, and was noted for his madrigals, some composed for the opulent entertainments of the Medici court. He is mainly known as a contributing composer to the Intermedio of 1539.
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Nicolò Gravisi Nicolò Gravisi (born 1396) was the first Marquis of Pietrapelosa in Istria, which he received in return for foiling a plot to betray the Republic of Venice.
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Raffaellino del Garbo Raffaellino del Garbo (1466 or perhaps 1476 – 1527) was a Florentine painter of the early Renaissance.
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Gioffre Borgia Gioffre Borgia (born 1481 or 1482; died 1516 or 1517), also known as Goffredo [Italian], or Jofré Borja [Valencian], was the youngest son of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei, and a member of the House of Borgia. He was the youngest brother of Cesare, Giovanni, and Lucrezia Borgia.
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Alfonso Fontanelli Alfonso Fontanelli (15 February 1557 – 11 February 1622) was an Italian composer, writer, diplomat, courtier, and nobleman of the late Renaissance. He was one of the leading figures in the musically progressive Ferrara school in the late 16th century, and one of the earliest composers in the "seconda pratica" style at the transition to the Baroque era.
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Maria Enriquez de Luna Maria Enriquez de Luna (1474 – 1539) was the wife of Juan (Giovanni) Borgia, second Duke of Gandia. She was a first cousin of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile, and therefore of the House of Trastamara. She married Juan somewhere between 1493-1494, and together, they had three children: twins Juan de Borja y Enriquez (known as Juan Borgia), who became the 3rd Duke of Gandía, and Francisca de Jesus Borja, who became a nun at a convent in Valladolid. The younger Juan was the father of Saint Francis Borgia. Their third child, Isabel de Borja y Enriquez, was born after her father was killed. She grew up to be abbess of Santa Clara in Gandia. In personality, Maria was very intelligent, devout, financially shrewd, and devoted to her husband and children, in contrast to her husband, who was regarded by many as a womanizer, a gambler, a drunkard, and an incompetent general.
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Franciscus Patricius Franciscus Patricius (Italian: "Francesco Patrizi", Croatian: "Franjo Petriš" or "Frane Petrić"; 25 April 1529 – 6 February 1597) was a philosopher and scientist from the Republic of Venice. He was known as a defender of Platonism and an opponent of Aristotelianism. In Croatia he is mostly referred to as Franjo Petriš or Frane Petrić (sometimes "Petris", "Petrišević" and "Petričević"). His family name in Cres was known as Petris.
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Galeazzo Maria Sforza Galeazzo Maria Sforza (24 January 1444 – assassinated, 26 December 1476) was the fifth Duke of Milan from 1466 until his death. He was famous for being lustful, cruel and tyrannical.
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Francis I of France Francis I (French: "François I" ) (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois, reigning from 1515 until his death. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his cousin and father-in-law Louis XII, who died without a male heir.
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Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal Cardinal-Infante Afonso (23 April 1509–21 April 1540; ] ; English: Alphonzo ) was a Portuguese "infante" (prince), son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his wife Maria of Aragon.