During periods of time, this acquistion or imposition of elements of Polish culture, such as the language, under populations of territories controlled, or under the influence of Poland; Jan Kazimierz Chodkiewicz, a Lithuanian nobleman, is a prime example of this act - what is it called?
0defaee98e7c5c7507753981aea81997
Jan Kazimierz Chodkiewicz Jan Kazimierz Chodkiewicz (1616–1660) (Lithuanian: "Chodkevičius" ) was a Polonized Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic).
a1675bac12163e7f3ecd8a4b60f5942e
Polonization Polonization (or Polonisation; Polish: "polonizacja" ) was the acquisition or imposition of elements of Polish culture, in particular the Polish language, as experienced in some historic periods by the non-Polish populations of territories controlled or substantially under the influence of Poland. As with other examples of cultural assimilation, it could either be voluntary or forced and is most visible in the case of territories where the Polish language or culture were dominant or where their adoption could result in increased prestige or social status, as was the case of the nobility of Ruthenia and Lithuania. To a certain extent Polonization was also administratively promoted by the authorities, particularly in the period following World War II.
bf518f9ba1e3480e1566fba11667af68
Lithuanian nobility The Lithuanian nobility was historically a legally privileged class in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania consisting of Lithuanians, from the historical regions of Lithuania Proper and Samogitia, and, following Lithuania's eastern expansion, many Ruthenian noble families ("boyars"). Families were primarily granted privileges for their military service to the Grand Duchy. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had one of the largest percentages of nobility in Europe, close to 10% of the population, in some regions, like Samogitia, it was closer to 12%.
cbc56f7d4924cb5edd0e2c5253d8ffc6
Augustów Governorate Augustów Governorate (Polish: "Gubernia augustowska" , Lithuanian: "Augustavo gubernija" ) was an administrative unit (governorate) of the Congress Poland.
60ff6eead62acf51371a2103976f049b
Confederation (Poland) A konfederacja (] , "confederation") was an "ad hoc" association formed by Polish-Lithuanian "szlachta" (nobility), clergy, cities, or military forces in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the attainment of stated aims. A konfederacja often took the form of an armed rebellion aimed at redressing perceived abuses or trespasses of some (e.g. royal) authority. Such "confederations" acted in lieu of state authority or to force their demands upon that authority. They could be seen as a primary expression of direct democracy and right of revolution in the Commonwealth, and as a way for the nobles to act on their grievances and against the state's central authority.
15612213a72b94feb12d4b7aa880f9c2
Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795) Kraków Voivodeship 1300–1795 (Latin: "Palatinatus Cracoviensis" , Polish: "Województwo Krakowskie" ) – a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from the 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795 (see History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). Located in the southwestern corner of the country, it was part of the Little Poland province (together with two other ancient voivodeships of Poland – Sandomierz Voivodeship, and Lublin Voivodeship).
a28b53c8b6c364c875c0e3b4a051fd19
Litvin In historical context, Litvin (Belarusian: літвін, ліцвін , "litvin", "litsvin"; Russian: литвин , "litvin", Ukrainian: литвин , "lytvyn"; Polish: "Litwin" ) referred to Slavic people identifying themselves with the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
7f74fb4598e605aa4f682a6f9efc95e8
Old Prussians Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: "Prūsai"; German: "Pruzzen" or "Prußen"; Latin: "Pruteni" ; Latvian: "Prūši" ; Lithuanian: "Prūsai" ; Polish: "Prusowie" ; Kashubian: "Prësowié" ) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia. This region became the core of the later state of Prussia. It was located on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east. The people spoke a language now known as Old Prussian and followed pagan Prussian mythology.
00c089be24a09b669d71c96372813aac
Polish-Lithuanian identity The Polish-Lithuanian identity describes individuals and groups with histories in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or with close connections to its culture. This federation, formally established by the 1569 Union of Lublin between the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state founded on the binding powers of national identity and shared culture rather than ethnicity or religious affiliation. The term Polish-Lithuanian has been used to describe various groups residing in the Commonwealth, including those that did not share the Polish or Lithuanian ethnicity nor their pre-dominant Christian (Catholic) faith.
4a772f7f0a0166807512b834c5f9e3c8
Gostynin Land Gostynin Land (Polish: ziemia gostyninska) named after the town of Gostynin, was an administrative unit (ziemia) of both the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Divided into two counties, it belonged to Rawa Voivodeship.
cf0ad37f0c55c1e744777c56855899c7
Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655) Prince Janusz Radziwiłł, also known as Janusz the Second or Janusz the Younger (Lithuanian: "Jonušas Radvila" , 2 December 1612 – 31 December 1655) was a noble and magnate in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Throughout his life he occupied a number of posts in the state administration, including that of Court Chamberlain of Lithuania (from 1633), Field Hetman of Lithuania (from 1646) and Grand Hetman of Lithuania (from 1654). He was also a voivode of Vilna Voivodeship (from 1653), as well as a starost of Samogitia, Kamieniec, Kazimierz and Sejwy. He was a protector of the Protestant religion in Lithuania and sponsor of many Protestant schools and churches.
932acd09dbc2f2cdf09aca2da1d88229
Union of Krewo In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva (also Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva) was a set of prenuptial promises made in the Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in exchange for marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland. The act was very limited in scope and in the historiography the term "Union of Krewo" often refers not only to the particular document but to the events of 1385–1386 as a whole. After the negotiations in 1385, Jogaila converted to Christianity, married Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland in 1386. The union was a decisive moment in the histories of Poland and Lithuania; it marked a beginning of the four centuries of shared history between the two nations. By 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union grew into a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and lasted until the Third Partition in 1795.
67c189b0f8fee42155fced9815420e0a
Basque señoríos The Basque "jaurerriak" or "señoríos" (literally, the Basque lordships) were a series of feudal territories that came into existence in the Basque Country in the Middle Ages. The lordships were hereditary land titles over territories of variable size under the name of a lord or count. The title and lands were often recognized by kings to Basque chieftains. It is loosely related to the concept of manorialism as the king had to swear allegiance to the Foral law in exchange for military assistance from the Basque chiefs, who were considered sovereign over their own lands and people. The Basque señoríos generally conformed vassal states of larger kingdoms; most of them started as part of the Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) but were integrated into the Kingdom of Castile by the 13th century. The Basque term "jaurreria" (pronounced ] ) means "the lord's country" and it is usually used to refer to these feudal territories.
3553de898a0535544694c20af909c627
Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł Prince Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł (Lithuanian: "Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila" ) (26 October 1625 – 14 November 1680) was a Polish–Lithuanian noble and magnate. He is sometimes referred to as "the first" Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł, to distinguish him from the other member of his family to use the name.
fe163a362350876509f7d2ab045ccf7e
Deluge (history) The term Deluge (Polish: "pоtор szwedzki" , Lithuanian: "švedų tvanas" ) denotes a series of mid-17th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky (Chmielnicki) Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, thus comprising the Polish theatres of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars. In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Second Northern War (1655–1660) only; In Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge (Polish: "potop szwedzki" ), and the term deluge (or "potop" in Polish) was popularized by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his novel "The Deluge" (1886).
32ed9707fc822fb8b029f8daf144c071
Great Sejm The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm (Polish: respectively, "Sejm Wielki" or "Sejm Czteroletni"; Lithuanian: "Didysis seimas" or "Ketverių metų seimas") was a Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the Commonwealth politically and economically.
ed2324250de1cb5d9051cde1a1c7c8c8
Golden age of Belarusian history The Golden age of Belarusian history is the metaphorical term, relating to the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Particularly, it is sometimes used in relation to the Belarusian history of the entire 16th century.
e92b4ed568bd287b027afb1475deae3f
Nazi crime Nazi crime or Hitlerite crime (Polish: "Zbrodnia nazistowska" or "zbrodnia hitlerowska") is a legal concept used in some legal systems (for example in Polish law).
be0348419b397fa637399251901d55b7
Swedish Poles Swedish Poles (Swedish: "Svenskpolacker" ), also called Polish Swedes, are Swedish citizens or permanent residents of Polish ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage or identity.
bad81f60668a20a30c44b958aeb8776c
Hauländer Hauländer is a German-language term for German settlers in Prussia and in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Their settlement contracts with owners of the land where they founded villages followed practices introduced into Poland by Mennonite immigrants from the Netherlands and Friesland in the 16th and 17th centuries. These contracts specified certain freedoms not enjoyed by serfs. Villages settled under this law were called "Holęndry" or "Olędry", and the inhabitants of such villages were called Olędrzy (singular: Olęder <-- Hauländer), regardless of their ethnicity (i.e., even if they were ethnically Polish or German).
a02fc5e6c555ff807ccc8757a28cae9f
Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War or Great War occurred between 1409 and 1411, pitting the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights. Inspired by the local Samogitian uprising, the war began by Teutonic invasion of Poland in August 1409. As neither side was ready for a full-scale war, Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia brokered a nine-month truce. After the truce expired in June 1410, the military-religious monks were decisively defeated in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), one of the largest battles in medieval Europe. Most of the Teutonic leadership was killed or taken prisoner. While defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege on their capital in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered only minimal territorial losses in the Peace of Thorn (1411). Territorial disputes lasted until the Peace of Melno of 1422. However, the Knights never recovered their former power and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and economic decline in their lands. The war shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant power in the region.
ba45b7760ae0d5dc6760485ff6743a58
Greater Poland uprising (1794) The 1794 Greater Poland uprising (Polish: "Powstanie Wielkopolskie 1794 roku") was a military insurrection by Poles in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) against Kingdom of Prussia which had taken possession of this territory after the 1793 Second Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.