What is this grapheme still in use as a letter in some languages, including Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic that the Old English Latin alphabet had?
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Old English Latin alphabet The Old English Latin alphabet—though it had no standard orthography—generally consisted of 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 9th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, 20 were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters (Æ, Ð), and two developed from the runic alphabet (Ƿ, Þ). The letters K, Q and Z were not in the spelling of native English words.
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Æ Æ (minuscule: æ) is a grapheme named æsc or ash, formed from the letters "a" and "e", originally a ligature representing the Latin diphthong "ae". It has been promoted to the full status of a letter in the alphabets of some languages, including Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. As a letter of the Old English Latin alphabet, it was called "æsc" ("ash tree") after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc rune ᚫ () which it transliterated; its traditional name in English is still ash . It was also used in Old Swedish before being changed to ä. Variants include Ǣ ǣ Ǽ ǽ æ̀.
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Omega (Cyrillic) Omega (Ѡ ѡ or Ѡ ѡ; italics: "Ѡ w" or "Ѡ ѡ") is a letter used in the early Cyrillic alphabet. Its name and form are derived from the Greek letter Omega (Ω ω).
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I (Cyrillic) I (И и; italics: "И" "и") is a letter used in almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets.
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Cipher runes Cipher runes, or cryptic runes, are the cryptographical replacement of the letters of the runic alphabet.
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Thorn (letter) Thorn or þorn (Þ, þ) is a letter in the Old English, Gothic, Old Norse and modern Icelandic alphabets, as well as some dialects of Middle English. It was also used in medieval Scandinavia, but was later replaced with the digraph "th," except in Iceland, where it survives. The letter originated from the rune in the Elder Fuþark and was called "thorn" in the Anglo-Saxon and "thorn" or "thurs" (a category of beings in Germanic paganism) in the Scandinavian rune poems. Its reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is "Thurisaz". It is similar in appearance to the archaic Greek letter sho (ϸ), although both are historically quite unrelated.
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Â Â, â (a-circumflex) is a letter of the French, Friulian, West Frisian, Inari Sami, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Walloon, and Welsh alphabets.
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Stretched C Stretched C (ʗ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet used to represent a kind of click consonant. This sound has been described as alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex and palatal by different linguists.
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J with stroke J with stroke (majuscule Ɉ, minuscule ɉ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from J with the addition of a bar through the letter. It is used in Arhuaco to represent a sound similar to the "j" in English "just".
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Velar nasal The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of "ng" in English "sing". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨⟩ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨⟩ is similar to ⟨⟩ , the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨⟩ , the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.
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Heng (letter) Heng is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from h combined with something similar to eng.
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I with diaeresis (Cyrillic) I with diaeresis (Ӥ ӥ; italics: "Ӥ ӥ") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is used only in the Udmurt language where it represents the close front unrounded vowel /i/ , and is used only after the non-palatalized dentals /d/ , /z/ , /l/ , /n/ , /s/ and /t/ ; the Cyrillic letter I (И и) is used otherwise.
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Ü Ü, or ü, is a character that typically represents a close front rounded vowel [y] . It is classified as a separate letter in several extended Latin alphabets (including Azeri, Estonian, Hungarian and Turkish), but as the letter U with an umlaut/diaeresis in others such as Catalan, French, Galician, German, Occitan and Spanish. Although not a part of their alphabet, it also appears in languages such as Swedish when retained in foreign names and words.
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Cedilla A cedilla ( ; from Spanish), also known as cedilha (from Portuguese) or cédille (from French), is a hook or tail ( ¸ ) added under certain letters as a diacritical mark to modify their pronunciation. In Catalan, French, and Portuguese, it is used only under the "c", and the entire letter is called respectively "c trencada" (i.e. "broken C"), "c cédille", and "c cedilhado" (or "c de cedilha", colloquially). This symbol is also called snaked c.
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Younger Futhark The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian runes, is a runic alphabet and a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, with only 16 characters, in use from about the 9th century, after a "transitional period" during the 7th and 8th centuries.
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Czech Braille Czech Braille is the braille alphabet of the Czech language. Like braille in other Latin-script languages, Czech Braille assigns the 25 basic Latin letters (not including "W") the same as Louis Braille's original assignments for French.
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Š The grapheme Š, š (S with caron) is used in various contexts representing the sh sound usually denoting the voiceless postalveolar fricative or similar voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with ʃ or ʂ, but the lowercase š is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. It represents the same sound as the Turkic letter Ş and the Romanian letter Ș (S-comma).
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Kjell (letter) The letter kjell was proposed as a new letter of the Norwegian alphabet in 2005. This was a humorous proposal to promote the prescriptively correct pronunciation of the voiceless palatal fricative (IPA: [ç]), which is written <kj> in standard orthography, and oppose the growing tendency to pronounce it as a voiceless postalveolar fricative (IPA: [ʃ]) or voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (IPA: [ɕ]), written <sj> or <skj>, as the first sound in the word "skjorte" ("shirt"; IPA: /ʃuʈə/).
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É É, é (e-acute) is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is found in Afrikaans, Catalan, Czech, Danish, Emilian-Romagnol, English, French, Galician, Hungarian, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Kashubian, Luxembourgish, Occitan, Norwegian, Portuguese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Vietnamese, and Welsh languages, as a variant of the letter "e". In English, it may be observed as a pronunciation aid in loanwords (e.g., "résumé" from French) or romanizations (e.g., "Pokémon" from Japanese). This is also used in Dutch and Navajo.
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Dotted and dotless I The Turkish alphabet, which is a variant of the Latin alphabet, includes two distinct versions of the letter I, one dotted and the other dotless.
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Ś Ś (minuscule: ś) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from S with the addition of an acute accent. It is used in Polish and Montenegrin alphabet, and in certain other languages:
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Ƨ Ƨ (minuscule: ƨ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet; depending on the context the letter is used, it is based on the numeral 2 or the Latin letter S.