What word is both the name of Euphronius of the Athenian dem Sunium's son and is also one of Plato's diaglogues concerning the nature of knowledge?
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Theaetetus (mathematician) Theaetetus of Athens ( ; Greek: Θεαίτητος ; c. 417 – 368 BC), possibly the son of Euphronius of the Athenian deme Sunium, was a Greek mathematician. His principal contributions were on irrational lengths, which was included in "Book X" of Euclid's "Elements", and proving that there are precisely five regular convex polyhedra. A friend of Socrates and Plato, he is the central character in Plato's eponymous Socratic dialogue.
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Theaetetus (dialogue) The Theaetetus ( ; Greek: Θεαίτητος ) is one of Plato's dialogues concerning the nature of knowledge, written "circa" 369 BC.
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Dionysius of Chalcedon Dionysius of Chalcedon (fl. 320 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected with the Megarian school. He was a native of Chalcedon on the coast of Bithynia. Dionysius was the person who first used the name "Dialecticians" to describe a splinter group within the Megarian school "because they put their arguments into the form of question and answer". One area of activity for the dialecticians was the framing of definitions, and Aristotle criticises a definition of life by Dionysius in his "Topics":
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Eryxias (dialogue) Eryxias ( ; Greek: Ἐρυξίας ) is a Socratic dialogue attributed to Plato, but which is considered spurious. It is set in the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, and features Socrates in conversation with Critias, Eryxias, and Erasistratus (nephew of Phaeax).
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Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus ( ; Greek: Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος , "Eúdoxos ho Knídios"; c. 390– c. 337 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato. All of his works are lost, though some fragments are preserved in Hipparchus' commentary on Aratus's poem on astronomy. Theodosius of Bithynia's important work, "Sphaerics", may be based on a work of Eudoxus.
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Dialectic Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική , "dialektikḗ"), also known as the dialectical method, is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.
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Hermippus of Smyrna Hermippus of Smyrna (Greek: Ἕρμιππος ὁ Σμυρναίος ), a Peripatetic philosopher, surnamed by the ancient writers the "Callimachian" (Greek: ό Καλλιμάχειος ), from which it may be inferred that he was a disciple of Callimachus about the middle of the 3rd century BC, while the fact of his having written the life of Chrysippus proves that he lived to about the end of the century. His writings seem to have been of very great importance and value. They are repeatedly referred to by the ancient writers, under many titles, of which, however, most, if not all, seem to have been chapters of his great biographical work, which is often quoted under the title of "Lives" ("Bioi"). The work contained the biographies of a great many ancient figures, including orators, poets, historians, and philosophers. It contained the earliest known biography of Aristotle, as well as philosophers such as Pythagoras, Empedocles, Heraclitus, Democritus, Zeno, Socrates, Plato, Antisthenes, Diogenes, Stilpo, Epicurus, Theophrastus, Heraclides, Demetrius Phalereus, and Chrysippus. The work has been lost, but many later "Lives" extensively quote it.
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Plato of Bactria Plato (Greek: Πλάτων ) was a Greco-Bactrian king who reigned for a short time in southern Bactria or the Paropamisade during the mid 2nd century BCE. The style of Plato's coins suggests that he was a relative — most likely a brother since Plato is a middle-aged man on his coins — of Eucratides the Great, whose rise to power is dated to around 170–165 BCE.
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Dionysius of Heraclea Dionysius (Greek: Διονύσιος , "Dionysios") was a tyrant of Heraclea on the Euxine (known today as the Black Sea). He was a son of Clearchus, who had assumed the tyranny in his place of birth.
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Phren Phren (Ancient Greek: φρήν  "phrēn"  "mind" , genitive: φρενός) is an Ancient Greek word for brain or mind. It's latinised form is "fren" and is found in the English language words schizophrenia, phrenitis, phrenic nerve, frenzy, frenetic. Some ancient Greeks, including Aristotle, believed that the "mind" was located in the heart rather than the cranium. This explains the second meaning of "φρήν": thoracic diaphragm (hence the name of the "phrenic nerve").
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Timocrates of Lampsacus Timocrates of Lampsacus (Greek: Τιμοκράτης ) was a renegade Epicurean who made it his life's mission to spread slander about Epicurus' philosophy and way of life. He was the elder brother of Metrodorus, Epicurus' best friend and most loyal follower, who was born in Lampsacus in the late 4th century BC. He studied with his brother in the school of Epicurus, but some time c. 290 BC, he broke with the school, apparently because he refused to accept that pleasure was the supreme good of life. The dispute became quite bitter; Philodemus quotes Timocrates saying "that he both loved his brother as no one else did and hated him as no one else." In a much quoted letter, Metrodorus, in exaggerated fashion, took Timocrates to task for not making the stomach the standard in everything relating to the prime good. Metrodorus wrote at least one work against Timocrates; and Epicurus also wrote an "Opinions on the Passions, against Timocrates". In response, Timocrates wrote a polemic against Epicurus, whereby he claimed that Epicurus was not a genuine Athenian citizen, and that he was slovenly, weak, ignorant, rude, and vomited twice a day from overindulgence.
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Alciphron Alciphron (Greek: Ἀλκίφρων ) was an ancient Greek sophist, and the most eminent among the Greek epistolographers. Regarding his life or the age in which he lived we possess no direct information whatsoever.
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Politeia Politeia (πολιτεία) is an ancient Greek word used in Greek political thought, especially that of Plato and Aristotle. Derived from the word "polis" ("city-state"), it has a range of meanings , from "the rights of citizens" to a "form of government".
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Antiphon (epic poet) Antiphon (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιφῶν ) of Athens, according to the Suda, was an interpreter of signs, epic poet and sophist, surnamed "logomageiros" (λογομάγειρος). None of his works are extant, and he is only attested in the Suda.
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Leon (mathematician) Leon (Greek: Λέων ) was Ancient Greek mathematician and pupil of Neocleides. His book "Elements" was overshadowed by Euclid's work of the same name.
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Stoic physics Stoic physics is the natural philosophy adopted by the Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome used to explain the natural processes at work in the universe. To the Stoics the universe is a single pantheistic God, but one which is also a material substance. The primitive substance of the universe is a divine essence ("pneuma") which is the basis of everything which exists. The separation of force from matter produces a divine fire ("aether") which, as the basis of all matter, is differentiated into elements and shaped by the tension caused by the "pneuma" working according to the divine reason ("logos") of the universe. These processes are responsible for the formation, the development, and ultimately, the destruction of the universe in a never-ending cycle ("palingenesis"). The human soul is an emanation from the fiery "aether" which permeates the universe, and sensation is transmission of "pneuma-currents" from objects, which interact with the substance of the mind, which is the soul's ruling part. The Stoics also recognised the existence of other gods and divine agents as manifestations of the one primitive God-substance.
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Amynomachus Amynomachus (fl. 3rd century BC), son of Philocrates, from the Attic deme of Bate was, together with Timocrates son of Demetrius from Potamos, the heir of Epicurus (ca. 270 BC). Whether they were Epicurean philosophers themselves is uncertain. Epicurus' property was given to them on condition that they give the Garden to Hermarchus and the other Epicureans. In this way Epicurus an Athenian citizen, ensures that Hermarchus and other non-Athenian Epicureans could remain in the Garden, although they cannot inherit legally the property.
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Western philosophy Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with Hellenic (i.e. Greek) philosophy of the Pre-Socratics such as Thales (c. 624 – c. 546 BC) and Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BC), and eventually covering a large area of the globe. The word "philosophy" itself originated from the Hellenic: "philosophia" (φιλοσοφία), literally, "the love of wisdom" (φιλεῖν "philein", "to love" and σοφία "sophia", "wisdom").
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Gorgias (dialogue) Gorgias ( ; Greek: Γοργίας ) is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC. The dialogue depicts a conversation between Socrates and a small group of sophists (and other guests) at a dinner gathering. Socrates debates with the sophist seeking the true definition of rhetoric, attempting to pinpoint the essence of rhetoric and unveil the flaws of the sophistic oratory popular in Athens at the time. The art of persuasion was widely considered necessary for political and legal advantage in classical Athens, and rhetoricians promoted themselves as teachers of this fundamental skill. Some, like Gorgias, were foreigners attracted to Athens because of its reputation for intellectual and cultural sophistication. In the "Gorgias", Socrates argues that philosophy is an art, whereas rhetoric is a skill based on mere experience. To Socrates, most rhetoric is in practice merely flattery. In order to use rhetoric for good, rhetoric cannot exist alone; it must depend on philosophy to guide its morality, he argues. Socrates therefore believes that morality is not inherent in rhetoric and that without philosophy, rhetoric is simply used to persuade for personal gain. Socrates suggests that he is one of the few Athenians to practice true politics (521d).
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Thrasymachus Thrasymachus ( ; Greek: Θρασύμαχος "Thrasýmachos"; c. 459 – c. 400 BC) was a sophist of Ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's "Republic".
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Dexippus (philosopher) Dexippus (Greek: Δέξιππος ; fl. 350) was a Greek philosopher, a pupil of the Neoplatonist Iamblichus, belonging to the middle of the 4th century AD. He wrote commentaries on Plato and Aristotle of which one, an explanation and defense of the Aristotelian Categories, is partially extant. In this work Dexippus explains to one Seleucus the Aristotelian Categories, and endeavours at the same time to refute the objections of Plotinus. He also advocated the harmony of the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle.
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Panaetius Panaetius ( ; Greek: Παναίτιος ; c. 185 - c. 110/109 BC ) of Rhodes was a Stoic philosopher. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus in Athens, before moving to Rome where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines to the city. After the death of Scipio in 129 BC, he returned to the Stoic school in Athens, and was its last undisputed scholarch. With Panaetius, Stoicism became much more eclectic. His most famous work was his "On Duties", the principal source used by Cicero in his own work of the same name.