"Amir" entered English in 1593 as one of the titles or names of the founder of Islam who is viewed as what?
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Emir "Amir", meaning "Lord" or "commander-in-chief", is derived from the Arabic root "a-m-r ", "command". Originally simply meaning commander-in-chief or leader, usually in reference to a group of people, it came to be used as a title for governors or rulers, usually in smaller states, and in modern Arabic is analogous to the English word "prince". The word entered English in 1593, from the French "émir". It was one of the titles or names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Muhammad Muhammad (Arabic: محمد‎ ‎ ; ] ; c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE) is the prophet and founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was God's Messenger, sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran formed the basis of Islamic religious belief.
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Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrāhim al-Qummi was a 10th century Shi'a commentator and jurist of Persian origin. He lived during the time of the eleventh Shi'a Imam Hasan al-Askari. Many traditions in the famous book Al-Kafi were transmitted by him. Ibrāhim’s patronymic was “Abu al-Hasan” but he was also known as “al-Shaykh al-Aqdam”. He was the first to promulgate the “Kufan” traditions (Hadiths) in Qom and collected Hadith from many scholars. He wrote more than 15 books, famously his commentary "Tafsir al-Qummi". He is said to have been one of the most important Imami Quran commentators. His other works include "Akhbār Al-Quran", "Nawadir al-Qur'an", "al-Nasikh wa al-Mansukh"(Abrogator and Abrogated books), "al-Sharā'i' " (Laws or revealed religions), and "al-Tawhid wa al-shirk" (Oneness of God and Polytheism). He died in 919 A.D.
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Muhammad Ahmad Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah (Arabic: محمد أحمد ابن عبد الله; August 12, 1844 – June 22, 1885) was a religious leader of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who, on June 29, 1881, proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith. His proclamation came during a period of widespread resentment among the Sudanese population towards the oppressive policies of the Turco-Egyptian rulers, and capitalized on the messianic beliefs popular among the various Sudanese religious sects of the time. More broadly, the Mahdiyya, as Muhammad Ahmad's movement was called, was influenced by earlier Mahdist movements in West Africa and other forms of Islamic revivalism that developed in reaction to the growing military and economic dominance of the European powers throughout the 19th century.
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Ahmad Mushaddeq Ahmad Mushaddeq (born 1945) is the founder of Milah Abraham a religious movement with in Islam. He is seen by his 50,000 plus followers as a spiritual successor to Mohammad.
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Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Mahdi (Arabic: أبو القاسم محمد بن المهدي القائم بأمر الله‎ ‎ ; April 893 – 17 May 946), better known by his regnal name al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah or bi-Amri 'llah (القائم بأمر الله , "He who carries out God's orders"), was the second caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to the Isma'ili faith.
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Hájí Amín Mullá Abu'l-Hasan-i-Ardikání (Persian: ‎ ‎ ‎, surnamed Amín-i-Iláhí; 18311928), better known as Hájí Amín, was an eminent follower of Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith. Amín served as the trustee of Huqúqu'lláh, was posthumously appointed a Hand of the Cause of God by Shoghi Effendi, and identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.
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Almami Almami (Also: Almamy, Almani, Almany) is a title of West African Muslim rulers, used especially in the conquest states of the 19th century. It is a contraction of Amir al-Mu'minin (Arabic أمير المؤمنين), usually translated "Commander of the Faithful" or "Emperor of the Believers". In the Arabic world, Amir al-Mu'minin is similar to Caliphs and to other independent sovereign Muslim rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders.
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Gur-e-Amir The Gūr-i Amīr or Guri Amir (Uzbek: "Amir Temur maqbarasi, Go'ri Amir" , Persian: ‎ ‎ ), is a mausoleum of the Asian conqueror Timur (also known as Tamerlane) in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. It occupies an important place in the history of Persian-Mongolian Architecture as the precursor and model for later great Mughal architecture tombs, including Gardens of Babur in Kabul, Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra, built by Timur's Persianised descendants, the ruling Mughal dynasty of North India. It has been heavily restored.
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Noorbakshia Islam Noorbakhshia Islam, also called "Sufia Noorbakhshia", is one of the Sufi sects of Islam. Its direct spiritual lineage and chain (silsila) is traced back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, through Ali, Muhammad's cousin, son-in-law and the First Imam, by Imam Ali Al-Ridha. In contrast, most other Sufi paths trace their lineage only through Ali.
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Early Muslim conquests The early Muslim conquests (Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية‎ ‎ , al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion.
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Ahmad Maymandi Abuʾl-Ḥasan al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn Ḥasan Maymandī (Persian: ابوالحسن القاسم احمد بن حسن میمندی‎ ‎ ; died 31 December 1032), better known as Ahmad Maymandi (احمد میمندی ; also spelled Maimandi), and also known by his honorific title of Shams al-Kufat (شمس الکفاة ; "sun of the capable ones"), was a Persian "vizier" of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni and the latter's son Mas'ud I of Ghazni.
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Faizi Shaikh Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak, popularly known by his pen-name, Faizi (20 September 1547–15 October 1595) was an Arab poet and scholar of late medieval India. In 1588, he became the "Malik-ush-Shu'ara" (poet laureate) of Akbar's Court. He was the elder brother of Akbar's historian Abul Fazl. Akbar highly recognised the genius in him and appointed him tutor for his sons and gave place to him among his decorative 'Navaratnas'.
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Medieval Christian views on Muhammad During the Early Middle Ages, Christendom largely viewed Islam as a Christological heresy and Muhammad as a false prophet. By the Late Middle Ages, Islam was more typically grouped with heathenism, and Muhammad was viewed as inspired by the devil. A more relaxed or benign view of Islam only developed in the modern period, after the Islamic empires ceased to be an acute military threat to Europe. See Orientalism.
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Akbar Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (15 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar I (, literally "the great") and later Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.
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Shah Shah ( ; Persian: شاه‎ , "Šāh " ‎ , pronounced ] , "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia). It was also adopted by the kings of Shirvan (a historical Iranian region in Transcaucasia) namely the Shirvanshahs, the rulers and offspring of the Ottoman Empire (in that context spelled as "Şah" and "Şeh"), Mughal emperors of the Indian Subcontinent, the Bengal Sultanate, as well as in Afghanistan. In Iran (Persia and Greater Persia) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the "Šāhanšāh" (King of Kings) or Emperor of the Persian Empire.
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Adi ibn Hatim Adiyy ibn Hatim ( عدي ابن حاتم الطائي ) was a leader of the Arab tribe of Tayy, and one of the companions of Muhammad. He is the son of the poet Hatim al-Tai who was widely known for his chivalry and generosity among Arabs. Adi remained antagonistic to Islam for about twenty years until he converted to Islam from Christianity in 630 (9th year of Hijra).
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Prophetic biography In Islam, Al-sīra al-Nabawiyya ("Prophetic biography"), Sīrat Rasūl Allāh ("Life of the Messenger of God"), or just Al-sīra are the traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad from which, in addition to the Quran and trustable Hadiths, most historical information about his life and the early period of Islam is derived.
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Nizam al-Mulk Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Persian: نظام‌الملک‎ ‎ , "Order of the Realm" ) was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire. He held near absolute power for 20 years after the assassination of Alp Arslan in 1072. One of his most important legacies was founding madrasas in cities throughout the Seljuk Empire. These were called "nezamiyehs" after him. He wrote "Siyasatnama" (""Book of Government""), a political treatise that uses historical examples to discuss justice, effective rule, and the role of government in Islamic society.
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Hindu–Islamic relations Hinduism is a diversity-filled socio-religious way of life of the Hindu people of the Indian subcontinent, their diaspora, and some other regions which had Hindu influence in the ancient and medieval times. In Hinduism God can be worshiped in the name one believes or in the form one believes and allows idol worship, hence Hinduism's concept of God does not contradict the concept of Allah, the Islamic God. Islam is a monotheistic religion in which the supreme deity is Allah (Arabic: الله‎ ‎ "the God" : see God in Islam), the last Islamic prophet being Muhammad, whom Muslims believe delivered the Islamic scripture, the Qur'an. Hinduism mostly shares common terms with the "dhārmic" religions, including Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Islam shares common terms with the Abrahamic religions–those religions claiming descent from Abraham–being, from oldest to youngest, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Baha'i Faith.
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Al-Tirmidhi Abū ‘Īsá Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá as-Sulamī aḍ-Ḍarīr al-Būghī at-Tirmidhī (Arabic: أبو عيسى محمد بن عيسى السلمي الضرير البوغي الترمذي‎ ‎ ; Persian: ‎ ‎ , "Termezī"; 824 – 9 October 892), often referred to as Imām at-Termezī/Tirmidhī, was a Persian Islamic scholar and collector of hadith who wrote "al-Jami` as-Sahih" (known as "Jami` at-Tirmidhi"), one of the six canonical hadith compilations in Sunni Islam. He also wrote "Shama'il Muhammadiyah" (popularly known as "Shama'il at-Tirmidhi"), a compilation of hadiths concerning the person and character of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. At-Tirmidhi was also well versed in Arabic grammar, favoring the school of Kufa over Basra due to the former's preservation of Arabic poetry as a primary source.
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Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh Abū Yaʻqūb Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Mukhallad al-Ḥanzalī (Arabic: أبو يعقوب إسحاق بن إبراهيم بن مخْلد الحنظلي‎ ‎ ), commonly known as Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh (Arabic: إسحاق بن راهويه‎ ‎ ; 161 AH – 238 AH), was the muhaddith, faqih and the imam of Khurasan of his time. He was given the title of "the leader of the believers in the field of hadith" (amir al-muʼminīn fī al-ḥadīth) for his major contributions to the science of hadith. It is said that Ibn Rahwayh memorized more than one hundred thousand hadiths.