What type of acid was named for the discoverer of the covalent bond?
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Lewis acids and bases A Lewis acid is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding but may form a dative bond with a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, NH is a Lewis base, because it can donate its lone pair of electrons. MeB is a Lewis acid as it is capable of accepting a lone pair. In a Lewis adduct, the Lewis acid and base share an electron pair furnished by the Lewis base, forming a dative bond. In the context of a specific chemical reaction between NH and MeB, the lone pair from NH will form a dative bond with the empty orbital of MeB to form an adduct NH•BMe. The terminology refers to the contributions of Gilbert N. Lewis.
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Gilbert N. Lewis Gilbert Newton Lewis {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'ForMemRS', '4': "} (October 25 (or 23), 1875 – March 23, 1946) was an American physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding. Lewis successfully contributed to thermodynamics, photochemistry, and isotope separation, and is also known for his concept of acids and bases.
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Takeshi Oka Takeshi Oka (岡 武史 , "Oka Takeshi" , born 1932) , {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , is a Japanese-American chemist and astronomer specializing in the field of galactic astronomy, known as the pioneer of astrochemistry and the discoverer of extraterrestrial trihydrogen cation (H3+ ).
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Robert Burns Woodward Robert Burns Woodward (April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American organic chemist. He is considered by many to be the preeminent organic chemist of the twentieth century, having made many key contributions to the subject, especially in the synthesis of complex natural products and the determination of their molecular structure. He also worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on theoretical studies of chemical reactions. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965.
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James Crafts James Mason Crafts (March 8, 1839 – June 20, 1917) was an American chemist, best known for developing the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with Charles Friedel in 1876.
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Hagemann's ester Hagemann's ester, or ethyl-2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexenecarboxylate, is an organic compound that was first prepared and described in 1893 by German chemist Carl Hagemann. The compound is used in organic chemistry as a reagent in the synthesis of many important natural products including sterols, trisporic acids, and terpenoids.
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10-Hydroxydecanoic acid 10-Hydroxydecanic acid is a specialized Saturated fatty acid that is a minor constituent of royal jelly. It was scientifically discovered in 1957.
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Name reaction A name reaction is a chemical reaction named after its discoverers or developers. Among the tens of thousands of organic reactions that are known, hundreds of such reactions are well-known enough to be named after people. Well-known examples include the Grignard reaction, the Sabatier reaction, the Wittig reaction, the Claisen condensation, the Friedel-Crafts acylation, and the Diels-Alder reaction. Books have been published devoted exclusively to name reactions; the Merck Index, a chemical encyclopedia, also includes an appendix on name reactions.
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Lewis acid catalysis In Lewis acid catalysis of organic reactions, a metal-based Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate. Common Lewis acid catalysts are based on main group metals such as aluminum, boron, silicon, and tin, as well as many early (titanium, zirconium) and late (iron, copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp or sp), nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The complexation has partial charge-transfer character and makes the lone-pair donor effectively more electronegative, activating the substrate toward nucleophilic attack, heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles.
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Frederic M. Richards Frederic Middlebrook Richards (August 19, 1925 – January 11, 2009), commonly referred to as Fred Richards, was an American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the pioneering crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent-accessible surface. He contributed many key experimental and theoretical results and developed new methods, garnering over 20,000 journal citations in several quite distinct research areas. In addition to the protein crystallography and biochemistry of ribonuclease S, these included solvent accessibility and internal packing of proteins, the first side-chain rotamer library, high-pressure crystallography, new types of chemical tags such as biotin/avidin, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift index, and structural and biophysical characterization of the effects of mutations.
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Ian Fleming (chemist) Ian Fleming (born 1935) is an English organic chemist, and an emeritus professor of the University of Cambridge, and an emeritus fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. He was the first to determine the full structure of chlorophyll (in 1967) and was involved in the development of the synthesis of cyanocobalamin by Robert Burns Woodward. He has made major contributions to the use of organosilicon compounds for stereospecific syntheses; reactions which have found application in the synthesis of natural compounds. He is also a prolific author, and has written a number of textbooks, encyclopedia chapters and influential review articles.
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Homocitric acid Homocitric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC(COH)(CHCOH)(CHCOH). This tricarboxylic acid occurs naturally as a component of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of certain nitrogenase proteins. Biochemists often refer to this cofactor as homocitrate, which is the conjugate bases that predominate in neutral aqueous solutions of this species.
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Meldrum's acid Meldrum's acid or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione is an organic compound. The compound was first made in 1908 by Andrew Norman Meldrum by a condensation reaction of malonic acid with acetone in acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid. Meldrum misidentified the structure as a β-lactone of β-hydroxyisopropylmalonic acid but the correct structure is the dioxane derivative shown on this page.
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Johann Gottlieb Johann Gottlieb (February 15, 1815 – March 4, 1875) was an Austrian chemist who first synthesized Propionic acid. Gottlieb was born in Brno, Bohemia in Austria (now Czech Republic). Since 1846 he was a professor at the University of Graz. He died of natural causes in Graz, Austria.
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Croconic acid Croconic acid or 4,5-dihydroxycyclopentenetrione is a chemical compound with formula CHO or (C=O)(COH). It has a cyclopentene backbone with two hydroxyl groups adjacent to the double bond and three ketone groups on the remaining carbon atoms. It is sensitive to light, soluble in water and ethanol and forms yellow crystals that decompose at 212 °C.
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John Cadogan Sir John Ivan George Cadogan HonFREng CBE FRS FRSE FRSC PLSW (born 8 October 1930), commonly known as John Cadogan, is a British scientist specializing in organic chemistry.
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Imidic acid In chemistry, an imidic acid is any molecule that contains the -C(=NH)-OH functional group. It is the tautomer of an amide and the isomer of an oxime.
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Triflidic acid Triflidic acid ("IUPAC name": tris[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methane, "abbreviated formula": TfCH) is an organic superacid. It is one of the strongest known carbon acids and is among the strongest Brønsted acids in general, with an acidity exceeded only by the carborane acids. Notably, triflidic acid is estimated to have an acidity 10 times that of triflic acid (p"K" ~ –14), as measured by its acid dissociation constant. It was first prepared in 1987 by Seppelt and Lutz by the following route:(1) TfCH + 2CHMgBr → TfC(MgBr) + 2CH (2) TfC(MgBr) + TfF → TfC(MgBr) + MgBrF (3) TfC(MgBr) + HSO → TfCH + MgBrHSOIn its anionic form, the lanthanide salts of triflidic acid ("triflides") have been shown to be more efficient Lewis acids than the corresponding triflates. The triflide anion has also been employed as the anionic component of ionic liquids.
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Mandelic acid Mandelic acid is an aromatic alpha hydroxy acid with the molecular formula CHCH(OH)COH. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is a useful precursor to various drugs. The molecule is chiral. The racemic mixture is known as "paramandelic acid".
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Archibald Scott Couper Archibald Scott Couper ( ; 31 March 1831 – 11 March 1892) was a Scottish chemist who proposed an early theory of chemical structure and bonding. He developed the concepts of tetravalent carbon atoms linking together to form large molecules, and that the bonding order of the atoms in a molecule can be determined from chemical evidence.
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Carbon–oxygen bond A carbon–oxygen bond is a covalent bond between carbon and oxygen. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and prefers to either share two electrons in bonding with carbon, leaving the 4 nonbonding electrons in 2 lone pairs :O: or to share two pairs of electrons to form the carbonyl functional group. =O: Simple representatives of these two bond types are the OH in alcohols such as the ethanol in beverages and fuels and the C=O in ketones (as well as many other related carbonyl compounds).
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Covalent bond classification method The covalent bond classification (CBC) method is also referred to as the LXZ notation. It was published by M. L. H. Green in the mid-1990s as a solution for the need to describe covalent compounds such as organometallic complexes in a way that is not prone to limitations resulting from the definition of oxidation state. Instead of simply assigning a charge to an atom in the molecule (i.e. the oxidation state), the covalent bond classification method analyzes the nature of the ligands surrounding the atom of interest, which is often a transition metal. According to this method, there are three basic types of interactions that allow for coordination of the ligand. The three types of interaction are classified according to whether the ligating group donates two, one, or zero electrons. These three classes of ligands are respectively given the symbols L, X and Z.