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18319_Wingheadshark | shark shark species shark family reaching length small brown gray shark slender body tall shaped dorsal fin comes exceptionally large hammer wide half shark total length function structure unclear relate shark senses wide eyes grants superb vision extremely long nostrils leading margin allow better detection tracking odor trails water provides large surface area lateral line potential benefits respectively inhabiting shallow coastal waters western shark feeds small bony fishes crustaceans cephalopods gives birth live young developing embryos receiving connection females produce annual litters pups depending region occur february june gestation period months harmless species widely meat fins liver oil assessed endangered thought declined parts range exploitation taxonomy german naturalist described shark referred synonym smooth french zoologist brief account animal son organisation pour base des introduction observed specimen labeled smooth different species propose proper colleague interpreted described specimen species detail calling placed shark genus derived greek good hammer subsequent authors accept preferred species genus resurrected came wider usage additional taxonomic research published sources refer species common names shark include arrow headed shark slender phylogeny traditional view shark evolution species smaller evolved requiem shark ancestor later gave rise species larger interpretation shark derived extreme morphology molecular phylogenetic research based mitochondrial dna nuclear dna found opposite pattern shark basal member family result supports idea shark evolve large supports separation keeping including descendants single ancestor shark lineage estimated diverged rest million years ago description true shark consists pair long narrow gently swept blades width equal shark total length slight middle gentle bump nostrils roughly twice long width mouth extends entire leading margin blade circular eyes located forward outer corners equipped protective membranes relatively small arched mouth contains upper lower tooth rows single row tiny teeth upper lower jaw teeth small smooth edged angled triangular pairs gill slits fifth pair pectoral fin origins body slim streamlined tall narrow shaped dorsal fin originates bases small pectoral fins second dorsal fin smaller originates aft anal fin base anal fin half long second dorsal fin groove caudal dorsal origin caudal fin upper caudal fin lobe longer lower lobe bears notch trailing margin near tip skin covered overlapping dermal denticles horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species brownish gray gray white lacks fin markings grows long distribution habitat shark found tropical western eastward south southeast_asia new_guinea northern queensland range extends far north taiwan far south islands western_australia species inhabits shallow waters close shore known enter biology ecology non exclusive proposed explain extreme size shark placement eyes ends provides field view times requiem shark species excellent depth perception aid hunting species longest nostrils longer nostrils contain sample water time increasing chances detecting odor shark long theoretically capable sampling water second potential benefit increased separation left right nostrils shark ability resolve direction scent trail finally increase shark ability detect electric fields movements prey providing larger surface area lateral line lateral blades large function maneuvering suggested shark usually hunts close sea floor diet consists mainly small bony fishes followed crustaceans cephalopods known parasites species include life history shark viviparous like rest family developing young sustained term connection mother adult females single functional right functional compartments form inside pregnancy embryo waters mumbai mating season july august monsoon males bite sides females prelude females reproduce year litter size ranges pups increases size female gestation period lasts months western india months northern australia pregnant females reported quarrel initially embryo yolk develops similar fashion sharks length fins begin form embryo long yolk supply begins run low appear yolk sac wall later form stage embryo features adult albeit rudimentary blades folded body long external gill protruding gill slits length formed teeth dermal denticles skin appear embryo external gills reduced size time embryo long resembles miniature version adult takes place june mumbai march april february march northern australia pups emerge tail remain folded birth facilitate passage measure length sexual maturity reached long males long females maximum lifespan years human interactions harmless humans shark caught range stake nets hook line meat sold fresh fins exported asia shark fin soup liver source oil processed species taken large numbers areas india indonesia evidence population suffered result listed shark endangered species caught australian waters assessed concern iucn | Winghead shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
18426_Tigercatshark | tiger tiger species belonging family found sandy areas near reef south_africa close shore usually deeper reaching length small slim shark broad flattened head snout tip additionally identified dorsal colour pattern dark brown yellowish brown background dwelling inactive tiger feeds wide variety fishes invertebrates near sea floor species female retains eggs internally embryos advanced state development resulting relatively short hatching time laying eggs produced time female tiger caught incidentally commercial recreational economic value listed pending information taxonomy british described tiger issue scientific journal based specimens presented placed species genus synonym gave specific epithet type specimens reportedly collected coast south_africa suspicion actually came bay later authors reassigned species genus lined treated tiger described separate species description body tiger slim firm grows long head broad flattened distinct snout tip horizontally oval eyes situated high head protected rudimentary membranes beneath eye broad ridge medium sized nostrils divided lobe like flaps skin anterior nasal flaps reach large mouth forms wide arch bears short furrows corners mouth closed centre lower jaw falls short upper leaving upper teeth exposed teeth small rarely central longest pairs gill slits placed higher level mouth face somewhat upwards pectoral fins fairly large rounded origin dorsal fin lies pelvic fin bases origin larger second dorsal fin lies rear anal fin adult males moderately long tapering individuals shaped anal fin roughly equal size pelvic fins smaller longer based second dorsal fin short caudal fin indistinct lower lobe ventral notch near tip upper lobe skin thick dermal denticles pointed crowns widely spaced compared species genus coloured yellowish brown cream shark characteristic series dorsal head tail saddle dark brown darker edge lighter middle unlike similar lined spots additional markings distribution habitat tiger endemic southern africa limits distribution known known occur western south_africa easterly records uncertain confusion lined common dwelling continental shelf shark sandy flats edges reefs usually found shore depth sharks eastern range tend occur deeper water west species records deep single dubious record continental slope size adults found farther shore biology ecology tiger sluggish predator diverse array benthic organisms diet dominated bony fishes crustaceans includes cephalopods worms smaller sharks fish observed spawning grounds squid feeding squid descended mate deposit eggs documented predators species include shark ragged tooth shark reproduction tiger females produce typically eggs time eggs contained tough long capsule thick corners allow secured sea floor female retains eggs internally embryos substantially developed measuring long eggs hatch months laid reducing time exposed predators males females begin reach sexual maturity lengths respectively human interactions harmless humans tiger caught incidentally recreational rarely squid edible valued catch usually discarded presently lacks sufficient data assess conservation status | Tiger catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
19122_Blackdogfish | black black species shark family common outer continental shelf continental slope depths females generally inhabit deeper water males depending region smaller sharks occur different depths larger ones species distributed widely atlantic_ocean greenland iceland virginia west_africa north southwestern africa argentina south largest member family black typically measures long dark brown body darker bears scattered minute organs dorsal fins preceded stout spines anal fin absent active schooling black predator mainly bony fishes crustaceans cephalopods viviparous females producing litters pups sustained term yolk sac defined breeding season mating place year round black contributes significantly deep sea commercial fisheries operating north_atlantic little commercial value usually discarded large portions range little fishing activity northwestern atlantic population stable listed species concern overall assessed northeastern atlantic numbers declined heavy fishing pressure taxonomy phylogeny known specimen black collected near greenland described danish zoologist gave honor missionary naturalist pioneered study fishes german der created new genus species according iucn taxonomic investigation required confirm black north_atlantic southeastern atlantic represent species phylogenetic study colleagues based nuclear mitochondrial dna found black sister species turn sister clade formed distribution habitat black common species wide distribution temperate waters atlantic_ocean range extend northeast occurs iceland sierra including southern norway ireland northwest found southern greenland virginia particularly abundant occur south gulf_of_mexico alabama southeast found south_africa far southwest recorded southern tip argentina inhabiting outer continental shelf continental slope black found near water deep common depths iceland trough greenland northern canada southern africa species venture closer surface northern extreme range particularly dark cold winter months depth segregation sex documented north_atlantic females males depths greater depth segregation size varies region larger sharks generally found deeper water western greenland shallower water western iceland pattern respect depth eastern iceland black prefers water temperatures northern canada abundant water tolerate temperatures evidence species conducts seasonal spending winter spring shallower water sharks northern canada perform development related movements observed western greenland suggesting presence distinct stocks northwestern atlantic description adult black typically measure length reach making largest member family females attain larger ultimate size males shark compressed body moderately long thick flattened snout forms broad arch sizable horizontally oval eyes reflective green life lack membranes protective followed short distance smaller openings nostrils placed preceded short flaps skin mouth wide evenly arched thin lips short deep furrows corners tooth rows jaws tooth occasionally slender central longest dorsal fins immediately preceded stout spines second longer small dorsal fin rounded apex nearly straight trailing margin origin lying pectoral fins second dorsal fin angular double area origin located opposite pelvic fin bases pectoral fins small rounded pelvic fins large second dorsal fin rounded tips nearly straight trailing margins caudal short leads broad caudal fin comprising quarter total length upper lobe convex upper margin leading squared tip lower lobe indistinct skin densely covered tiny dermal denticles like rising irregular star shaped base species plain dark brown black white dorsal fin spines juvenile sharks white edges dorsal pectoral pelvic fins minute dots scattered skin regular pattern biology ecology black forms schools tend larger winter spring fairly active swimming muscles exhibit lower activity higher activity compared shallow water suggesting lesser capacity bursts speed filled liver comprises fifth total weight functions maintaining neutral potential predators black larger sharks bony fishes deep sea sharks second dorsal fin reproductive development host known parasites species include apparently feeding habits black typically hunts open water bulk diet consists variety bony fishes including crustaceans shrimp cephalopods fish progressively important food source shark ages crustaceans important worms eaten northwestern atlantic greenland discarded fishing vessels major source food species particularly older sharks capable consuming larger pieces heads life history reproduction black occurs year round defined seasonal pattern species viviparous developing embryos retained inside sustained term solely yolk mature females functional functional eggs diameter retained eggs enclosed capsule external yolk sac fully embryo close term remaining yolk having transferred internal yolk sac attached internal yolk sac serves provision newborn shark learns feed litter size ranges measure long authors reported size maturity males females reflecting differences geographical areas northern canada females birth portion deep young grow migrate deeper parts channel eventually long distance northward deep continental slope movement pattern observed black inhabiting adjacent waters western greenland number specimens documented human interactions black harmless humans little commercial value substantial numbers caught incidentally commercial deep sea fisheries operating north_atlantic including greenland fishery french mixed species fishery canadian greenland crab witch fisheries captured sharks usually discarded recent years small sharks increasingly retained reported catches european countries france largest contribution followed declining trend tons tons average catch canadian fisheries tons year black occurs deep fisheries southern africa remainder range little information available fishery impact listed black concern worldwide affected fishing activity parts range population northwestern atlantic presently stable increased contrast intensity fisheries northeastern atlantic led iucn species regional assessment reproductive characteristics black large female maturation size render susceptible deep sea sharks northeastern atlantic catches species managed total catch deep sea sharks set | Black dogfish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
19683_Blotchyswellshark | japanese common species belonging family found depths northwestern pacific_ocean japan taiwan benthic nature favors rocky reefs reaching length thick bodied shark broad head large mouth sized dorsal fins positioned far past pelvic fins identified dorsal coloration consisting seven brown extensive darker light tan background species shark scientific literature feeding habits known consume numerous types fishes invertebrates including unusually high diversity fishes like species capable rapidly body defense predators species females laying eggs time defined breeding season reproduction occurs year round eggs hatch approximately year harmless captivity caught commercial population suffered fishing activity presently lacks sufficient information assess conservation status taxonomy american described volume based long stuffed dry skin originally obtained nagasaki japan gave specific epithet latin meaning shaded assigned genus taxonomy history confusion dried skin located shark expert prepared review absence basis inconclusive differences authors followed judgment particularly japan preferred referring taxonomy species application similar smaller species sharing range second species referred pseudo identified recently found described distinct distribution habitat known inhabit northwestern pacific_ocean japan southward taiwan including range extend far new_guinea abundant species inhabits rocky reefs continental shelf depths description maximum reported length firm stout body soft abdomen short broad flattened head snout long rounded large nostrils divided short triangular flaps skin small horizontally oval eyes placed high head equipped rudimentary membranes protective tiny lies closely eye pairs gill slits short progressively smaller mouth forms broad arch lacks furrows corners small teeth central flanked smaller sides tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw pectoral fins moderately large wide rounded tips dorsal fins rounded placed body originating small pelvic fins dorsal fin twice high second anal fin nearly large dorsal fin placed slightly ahead second dorsal fin caudal fin large broad upper lobe longer lower bearing prominent ventral notch near tip skin thick sparsely covered large dermal denticles diamond shaped crown horizontal ridges shark cream colored dark brownish grayish sides seven dark brown dorsal body tail age fade obscured older sharks dark pectoral pelvic fins underside pale darker marks biology ecology like members genus threatened capable rapidly stomach water air allows shark wedge inside rocky extremely difficult remove species highly predator recorded female long fish long squid long stomach predominantly species known prey species bony fishes including fast swimming types inhabit open water significant prey species include unusually small shark feeds species fishes including sharks particularly cloudy eggs electric ray including eggs smaller members species cephalopods squid frequently taken crabs shrimp occasionally consumed composition juveniles varies notably place place reproduction proceeds year obvious seasonal cycling adult females single functional right functional species thought relatively prolific contains numerous stages development pairs eggs laid time females documented producing eggs years male contact suggesting able store sperm purse shaped egg relatively large thick measuring long capsule surface smooth cream color yellow margins long extend corners capsule embryo long external gills lost dermal denticles begun develop light brown present eggs roughly year hatch newly emerged sharks measure long series captive experiments reported sharks grew length day males females attain sexual maturity size respectively growth rate maturity low known parasites species include human interactions harmless humans readily captivity reproduced public species caught incidentally japanese brought market intensive commercial fishing range appear impacted numbers data available listed | Blotchy swellshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
19932_Pyjamashark | shark shark striped species family endemic coastal waters south_africa abundant dwelling species found zone depth particularly rocky reefs beds series thick parallel dark stripes running stout body shark appearance additionally characterized short head snout pair slender reach mouth dorsal fins placed far body grow length long shark primarily nocturnal spending day lying hidden cave vegetation forms groups particularly summer species predator feeds wide variety fishes invertebrates favors cephalopods spawning grounds squid threatened circle tail covering head reproduction females laying rectangular dark brown egg cases time year round small harmless shark captivity commonly displayed public caught commercial recreational fisheries killed regard data suggesting numbers declined assessed shark expanding small shark fishery activities limited range taxonomy shark originally described german naturalist thirteenth edition designate type specimen scottish physician zoologist created new genus species related leopard time believed multiple species shark type species genus american zoologist distribution habitat dwelling temperate waters shark found south_africa cape_town north abundant venture far west east old records mauritius madagascar certainly erroneous shark commonly encountered shallow waters deep occurs depths reported favors rocky reefs beds description shark larger thicker bodied species growing long weight sexes grow roughly maximum size head snout short slightly flattened narrowly outline viewed split tiny openings skin shape central lobe forming long conical thicker leopard reach mouth eyes horizontally oval placed high head rudimentary membranes protective thick ridge running underneath sizable mouth forms broad arch short furrows extending corners upper lower jaws upper teeth exposed mouth closed tooth rows upper lower jaws respectively teeth slender central flanked pair small adult males slightly thicker females body fairly compressed tail dorsal fins placed far originates rear pelvic fins second originates anal fin dorsal larger second pectoral fins large broad pelvic fins lower bases equal length adult males pair short thick inner margins pelvic fins partially fused form apron short broad caudal fin indistinct lower lobe ventral notch near tip upper lobe skin thick bears dermal denticles shaped crown posterior points mounted short stalk dorsal coloration distinctive consisting thick parallel dark stripes running snout caudal grayish brownish background stripes broken near tail belly sharks main stripe fork eye stripes split lighter central lines large dark spots present underside pale light gray spotting clearly flank color young sharks resemble adults lighter darker stripes specimen recorded biology ecology slow swimming shark spends day resting caves emerging night actively forage food individuals single spot particularly summer species falls prey larger sharks fish frequently consumed shark threatened circle tail covering head similar fashion eggs fed pierce outer covering extract yolk like sharks shark maintains balance environment regulating internal concentration experiments shown shark capacity dependent fed shark feeds wide variety small animals including bony fishes smaller sharks rays egg cases crustaceans cephalopods worms known fish cephalopods composition predator generally reflects locally available prey types example cape rock important food source followed cephalopods fish sharks observed seizing tearing octopus twisting motion occasion sharks seen attacking octopus simultaneously manner mass squid occur year round peak october december sharks nocturnal habits gather substantial numbers inside egg beds daytime sharks conceal heads egg masses stripes break outlines bodies female squid descend sea floor attach eggs guarded males vulnerable sharks ambush attacks species male female sharks active year adult females single functional functional single egg time egg contained tough rectangular dark brown capsule long long corners enable female capsule underwater structures algae eggs maintained hatch approximately half months hatching shark measuring long males females begin mature sexually long respectively sharks adult length human interactions common south african shark harmless humans difficult approach underwater small size attractive appearance popularly exhibited public trade supports small fishery targeting species similar leopard large numbers sharks caught incidentally commercial fisheries beach readily hooked recreational especially summer aggregate edible discarded bait toll taken fishery likely greatly use line gear regard sharks steal bait kill listed shark citing small distribution recent increase fishing pressure small sharks region evidence suggest population declined specific conservation measures place species range encompasses marine reserves south african sea fisheries research institute considering legally shark limit degree targeted commercial fisheries | Pyjama shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
20024_Greatwhiteshark | great white shark great white shark known great white white white shark white death species large shark found coastal surface waters major oceans great white shark mainly known size mature female individuals growing length weight smaller males measuring females average according study lifespan great white sharks estimated long years older estimates making longest lived fish currently known according study male great white sharks years reach sexual maturity females years ready produce offspring great white sharks accelerate mph short bursts great white shark known natural predators killer whale great white shark arguably world largest known extant fish primary predators marine mammals known prey variety marine animals including fish known surviving species genus ranked having recorded attacks humans iucn list great white shark vulnerable species included cites novel jaws subsequent blockbuster film steven_spielberg depicted great white shark ferocious man humans preferred prey great white shark great white responsible largest number reported identified fatal shark attacks humans taxonomy gave great white shark scientific later sir gave generic generic identified specific current scientific finalized comes greek words means sharp means tooth ancestry fossil record great white shark came existence mid earliest known fossils great white shark million years old phylogeny great white dispute original hypothesis great white origins shares common ancestor prehistoric shark teeth great white sharks teeth far larger skeletons estimated considerably larger great white shark estimated similarities physical remains extreme size great white led scientists believe sharks closely related applied new hypothesis proposes great white distant relatives albeit sharing family great white closely related ancient shark theory supported discovery complete set jaws teeth extinct transitional species published november addition new hypothesis assigns genus comprises sharks ancient representative extinct lineage distribution habitat great white sharks live coastal offshore waters water temperature greater concentrations united_states northeast california south_africa japan oceania chile mediterranean known populations found south_africa shark research great white fish observed presence rich game fur seals sea lions sharks large bony fish species open ocean recorded depths great findings challenge traditional notion great white coastal species according recent study california great whites migrated area baja california peninsula hawaii known white shark café spend days migrating baja journey swim slowly dive arrive change behavior short minutes white shark tagged south african coast swam southern coast australia year similar study tracked different great white shark south_africa swimming australia northwestern coast journey nmi months observations argue traditional theories white sharks coastal territorial predators open possibility interaction shark populations previously thought reasons migration destination unknown possibilities include seasonal feeding mating anatomy appearance great white shark robust large conical snout upper lower tail fin approximately size similar sharks great white displays having white underside grey dorsal area brown blue shade gives overall appearance coloration makes difficult prey spot shark breaks shark outline seen darker shade blends sea minimal silhouette sunlight great white sharks like sharks rows teeth main ones ready replace break shark bites head helping teeth saw large flesh size great white sharks sexual present females generally larger males male great whites average measure long females adults species weigh average mature females average mass largest females verified length estimated weight maximum size subject debate reports rough performed questionable circumstances living fish whale shark shark giant ray order average larger heavier species generally disposition given filter feeding small organisms makes great white shark largest extant fish great whites sharks born grow year according largest white shark reliably measured individual reported western_australia great white specimen similar size verified female caught august female great white long report considered reliable experts past larger great white shark specimen cuba specimen long body mass estimated later studies revealed particular specimen actually length specimen average maximum size range largest great white recognized caught south australian waters weighing larger great whites caught verified later formal recognition monitors rules violations adaptations great white sharks like sharks extra sense given enables detect electromagnetic field emitted movement living animals great whites sensitive detect variations half close range allows shark locate animals detecting fish developed similar sense body lateral line successfully hunt fast prey sea lions great white adapted maintain body temperature warmer surrounding water adaptations latin wonderful net close web like structure veins located lateral shark heat warming cooler arterial blood blood warmed working muscles keeps certain parts body particularly stomach temperatures surrounding water heart gills remain sea temperature energy core body temperature drop match surroundings great white shark success raising core temperature example great white shark considered body temperature constant internally regulated great whites rely fat stored long distance nutrient poor areas oceans studies stanford_university published july revealed addition controlling sharks liver great whites essential migration patterns sharks sink faster drift revealed use internal stores energy quicker sink dive rates bite force study sydney australia shark skull computer models measure shark maximum bite force study reveals forces behaviors skull adapted handle resolves competing theories feeding behavior team scientists led conducted experiment determine great white shark jaw power findings indicated specimen weighing exert bite force lbf ecology behavior shark behavior social structure understood south_africa white sharks dominance hierarchy depending size sex rights females dominate males larger sharks dominate smaller sharks residents dominate newcomers hunting great whites tend separate resolve conflicts rituals displays white sharks rarely resort combat individuals found bite marks match white sharks suggests great white approaches closely react warning bite possibility white sharks bite dominance great white shark sharks known regularly lift head sea surface gaze objects prey known spy behavior seen group reef sharks learned interaction humans shark able smell better way smell travels air faster water white sharks generally curious animals display intelligence turn situation demands white sharks observed arriving departing stable clans individuals yearly basis clan members related unknown peacefully fact social structure clan probably compared wolf pack member clearly established rank clan alpha leader members different clans meet establish social rank variety interactions diet great white sharks prey fish rays sharks seals fur seals sea lions sea turtles sea great whites known eat objects unable digest juvenile white sharks predominantly prey fish including jaws strong withstand forces required attack larger prey reach length meters point jaw withstand impact biting larger prey species approaching length nearly meters great white sharks begin target marine mammals food individual sharks different types prey depending preferences highly sharks prefer prey high content energy rich fat shark expert rod reel rig seal pig sheep boat sharks attacked rejected sheep california sharks northern elephant seals large bite main source seal mobility wait seal bleed death technique especially adult male elephant seals typically larger shark ranging potentially dangerous adversaries commonly juvenile elephant seals frequently eaten elephant seal colonies prey normally attacked sub surface harbor seals taken surface dragged stop struggling eaten near california sea lions ambushed struck mid body dragged eaten white sharks attack avoid detected targeted species include harbour groups occasionally observed defending sharks behaviour white shark predation species small observed august meter juvenile male sperm whale found stranded central california bite mark caudal great white shark addition white sharks attack prey cases adult whale mean mass juvenile whale individual estimated hunted killed great white sharks observed hunting sea turtles appear simply bite turtle heaviest species bony fish oceanic found great white shark seal island south_africa sharks ambush brown fur seals high speeds hitting seal mid body fast completely leave water peak burst speed estimated kilometers hour mph observed chasing prey missed attack prey usually attacked surface shark attacks occur morning hours sunrise visibility poor success rate hours falling late morning hunting stops whale comprise important diet white sharks rarely observed dying remote areas estimated whale feed white shark months detailed observations whale sharks drawn chemical detection spread strong winds initially feeding whale caudal sharks investigate slowly swimming parts selecting rich area feeding bouts seconds sharks removed flesh lateral protective rotation employ attacking live prey sharks frequently observed immediately returning feed possibly order replace low energy yield pieces high energy yield pieces teeth distinguish feeding hours sharks appeared longer swimming surface observed apparently unable bite hard remove flesh instead bounce slowly sink sharks observed feeding simultaneously showing signs aggression occasion shark accidentally bit head neighbouring shark leaving teeth embedded continued feed smaller individuals eating drifted away unusually area large numbers sharks metres long observed suggesting largest sharks change behaviour search lose required hunt seals possible whale important location sexually mature sharks meet mating investigating team concluded importance whale particularly largest white sharks documented incident white sharks observed whale alongside tiger sharks stomach contents great whites indicates whale sharks juvenile adult included animal menu active hunting known present reproduction known reproduction great whites evidence points near effect large feast whale possibly inducing mating great white sharks previously thought reach sexual maturity years age actually far longer male great white sharks reach sexual maturity age females years reach sexual maturity maximum life span originally believed years study placed upwards years examinations growth ring count gave maximum male age years maximum female age years specimens studied shark late sexual maturity low reproductive rate slow growth vulnerable pressures environmental change little known great white shark mating habits birth observed pregnant females examined great white sharks means eggs develop hatch continue develop birth great white month gestation period shark powerful jaws begin develop month sharks participate feed produced mother delivery spring summer population great whites suspected breed evidenced local fisherman said caught evidenced teeth found dump sites discarded parts catches behavior breach result high speed approach surface resulting momentum taking shark partially completely clear water hunting technique employed great white sharks whilst hunting seals technique cape fur seals south_africa behavior unpredictable hard document photographed developed technique slow moving seal trick sharks breach april september scientists observe seals swim surface great white sharks launch predatory attack deeper water reach speeds kilometers hour mph times launch feet air half observed breach attacks successful meter long shark jumped seven person research vessel crew undertaking population study bait incident judged attack boat accident natural threats competition great white shark probable regions preferences species overlap incident documented october california united_states estimated meter female estimated meter great white shark held shark upside induce kept shark minutes causing proceeded eat dead shark liver believed scent slain shark caused great whites region flee opportunity great seasonal feed similar attack apparently occurred outcome clear attacks local population great whites vanished following incident great white satellite tag found immediately submerged depth hawaii pod recorded killed great white shark south_australia conservation status unclear concurrent increase fishing great white sharks caused decline great white shark populations 1970s present accurate global population numbers available great white shark considered vulnerable sharks taken long interval birth sexual maturity reproduce making population recovery growth difficult iucn notes little known actual status great white shark appears uncommon compared widely distributed species considered vulnerable included cites meaning international trade species requires permit march included annex migratory sharks increased international understanding coordination protection certain migratory sharks february study stanford_university estimated world population great white sharks lower individuals making species vulnerable extinction tiger population range according study great white sharks near california coast times higher previous estimate fishermen target sharks jaws teeth fins game fish general great white shark rarely object commercial fishing flesh considered valuable captured happens example mediterranean sold smooth shark australia great white shark declared vulnerable significant population decline currently protected act causes decline prior protection included mortality sport fishing caught beach protection national conservation status great white shark reflected australian states respective laws granting species protection australia regardless jurisdiction states prohibited killing possession great white sharks prior national legislation coming effect great white shark listed threatened victoria flora rare likely extinct schedule wildlife conservation act western australia australian government created implementing government mandated conservation research monitoring conservation addition federal protection stronger regulation shark related trade tourism activities updated recovery plan published review progress research findings implement conservation actions study revealed australia population separated genetically distinct eastern western populations indicating need development regional conservation strategies presently human caused shark mortality continuing primarily accidental illegal catching commercial recreational fishing caught beach protection populations great white shark australia recover new_zealand april great white sharks fully protected kilometers new_zealand additionally fishing new_zealand boats outside range maximum penalty fine months prison north_america great white sharks added california endangered species act data collected population great whites estimated fewer individuals research reveals sharks genetically distinct members species africa australia east coast north_america having isolated populations study estimated population great white sharks california coastline approximately massachusetts banned catching cage diving feeding significant highly predictable migratory great white population appropriate research permit goal restrictions protect sharks public health relationship humans shark attacks shark species great white shark responsible far largest number recorded shark attacks humans documented attacks humans documented attack best selling novel jaws subsequent film adaptation directed steven_spielberg provided great white shark image man public mind great white sharks killed humans documented attacks typically target example mediterranean_sea confirmed attacks humans centuries non fatal incidents test bites great white sharks test bite unfamiliar objects grab human identify contrary popular belief great white sharks mistake humans seals attacks occur waters low visibility situations shark senses species appears like taste humans finds taste unfamiliar research shows tell bite object worth attacking humans bony liking prefer fat protein rich seal humans appropriate prey shark slow cope human high ratio bone muscle fat accordingly recorded attacks great whites broke contact bite fatalities usually caused blood loss initial bite critical organ loss consumption total great white shark attacks fatal researchers reason proportion fatalities low sharks like human flesh humans able escape bite 1980s noted divers dove solo attacked great whites generally partially consumed divers followed buddy system generally rescued buddy author professor suggest standard pattern great whites initial devastating attack wait prey weaken consuming wounded animal humans ability reach help attack unusual great white prey state government western_australia led premier implemented policy killing large sharks policy intended protect users marine environment shark attack following deaths seven people western australian coastline years drum lines deployed near popular beaches hooks designed catch great white sharks bull tiger sharks large sharks found hooked alive shot bodies discarded sea government claims sharks targeted hazard strategy described opposition extreme said change mind attacks boats great white sharks attack sink boats shark attacks reported pacific_coast 20th century involved cases attacked boats meters length knocked people overboard usually attacking boat stern case large shark completely south african fishing boat lucky jim knocking sea underwater observations suggest sharks attracted boats electrical fields generate great white sharks captivity prior august great white shark captivity lived longer days august white shark survived days released idea containing live great white film jaws shortly opening day california housed great white shark died days july researchers captured small female kept large pen near days rare success getting shark feed captivity release september able place great white long term exhibit young female caught coast kept gal exhibit days released march tracked days release evening august introduced juvenile male caught outside meal captive large salmon september date estimated meters length weigh approximately kilograms released january days captivity housed great white juvenile male days august february arrival long weighed grew release juvenile female came august swim shark fed time stay tagged released september juvenile female captured near august introduced exhibit august successfully released wild november added meter long male redesigned open sea exhibit august animal captured waters largest adult great whites exhibited japan meters male exhibited days dying probably famous captive female named sandy august great white housed san_francisco california released eat constantly walls shark tourism cage diving common sites great whites frequent including coast south_africa south_australia baja california popularity cage diving swimming sharks focus tourist industry common practice water pieces fish attract sharks practices sharks accustomed people environment associate human activity food potentially dangerous situation drawing bait wire cage tour operators lure shark cage possibly striking problem operators draw bait away cage causing shark swim past divers present hang illegal dive operators use operators south_africa australia continue use hang south_australia playing rock music recordings underwater including album black attract sharks companies object blamed shark attacks pointing lightning tends strike humans sharks bite humans position research needs banning practices alter natural behavior compromise use areas whites actively patrol away human leisure areas responsible dive operators feed sharks sharks willing follow trail find food end shark soon associate meal suggested government licensing strategies help enforce responsible tourism shark tourist industry financial leverage animal single set great white jaws fraction tourism value live shark tourism sustainable economic activity shark fishing example dive industry south_africa consists boat operators boat guiding people day fees person single live shark visits boat create revenue daily examples large unconfirmed great whites number large unconfirmed great white shark specimens recorded decades works listed great white sharks largest individuals 1870s great white captured southern australian waters near shark trapped herring new_brunswick canada 1930s measurements scientific researchers questioned reliability measurements long time noting larger accurately reported sighting later studies proved theories correct new_brunswick shark shark similar body shapes question port fairy shark settled 1970s examined shark jaws found port fairy shark order length suggested mistake original record shark length wrong measurements alleged shark times heavier unconfirmed reports great white sharks caught modern times estimated long claims received criticism believed great white shark exceeded length great white shark captured near australia april shark estimated long designated great white shark caught malta april shark estimated long designated malta drew criticism shark size methods proposed suggest specimen long similar fashion shark size methods proposed suggest malta specimen long photographic evidence suggested specimens larger size yielded methods team scientists reviewed cases malta specimens resolve dispute conducting comprehensive analysis remains sharks examination photographic evidence attempt original size findings consistent findings indicated reasonable ruled particularly large female great white nicknamed deep blue estimated measuring metres filmed shooting episode shark week jaws strikes later gain significant attention filmed interacting researcher viral video posted facebook june particularly infamous great white shark supposedly record proportions patrolled area comprises south_africa said metres early 1980s shark known locally submarine legendary reputation supposedly founded rumors stated shark exaggerated size non existent altogether witness accounts young notable shark expert south_africa father indicate unusually large animal considerable size power remains uncertain massive shark escaped capture time hooked describes encounters giant shark participated great detail book great white sharks best behavior contender maximum size predatory sharks tiger shark tiger sharks typically feet smaller heavy body structure white sharks confirmed reach metres length specimen reported measured metres length weighed kilograms times heavier largest confirmed specimen kilograms sharks greenland shark pacific sleeper shark reported rival sharks length probably weigh bit slender build great white exceptional cases question maximum weight complicated unresolved question include shark stomach contents weighing shark single bite great white flesh consume kilograms food books devil teeth close shore shark attacks days terror events news articles great white shark cool stuff educator resources great white shark fact file white fossil white shark filmed night depth article shark super senses pbs ocean adventures site great whites descended mega sharks great white sharks truth documentary maker australian focus legal status battle remote depths los_angeles_times article largest great whites recorded huge great white cruises busy beach photographic depictions activities images movies great white shark photo gallery great white sharks great white sharks research group studies habits migration white shark videos nature perfect predator great white shark discovery channel white shark cage dive south_africa discovery channel wild whale ate jaws youtube video documented interaction inexperienced white shark attacking seal water | Great white shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
20301_Silvertipshark | shark shark large species requiem shark family fragmented distribution tropical indian pacific oceans species encountered offshore islands coral reefs known dive depth shark resembles larger grey reef shark easily identified prominent white margins fins maximum length aggressive powerful apex predator shark feeds wide variety bony fishes eagle rays smaller sharks cephalopods species dominates requiem sharks equal size competing food larger individuals heavily conflicts species members family shark viviparous females giving birth pups summer sharks regarded potentially dangerous humans approach divers closely slow species taken commercial fisheries meat fins skin jaws teeth apparently led local population declines result assessed taxonomy phylogeny shark originally described german naturalist des fishes red sea later changed currently valid specific epithet derived latin meaning white meaning border reference distinct white fin margins immature male caught red_sea designated type specimen based similarities morphology tooth shape characters proposed grey reef shark closest relative shark interpretation based data distribution habitat shark widely continuously distributed tropical indian western indian_ocean species occurs red_sea south_africa including madagascar mauritius western pacific known southern japan northern australia including taiwan philippines indonesia guam eastern pacific occurs southern baja california colombia including presence gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea unconfirmed sharks found continental shelves depth occupying levels water column common isolated islands coral banks reef drop offs juveniles frequent coastal adults occur deeper water little overlap age groups description shark robust streamlined species moderately long broad snout large round eyes pairs gill slits short tooth rows jaws small teeth middle jaws upper teeth broad oblique triangular coarse near base lower teeth erect fine dorsal fin large triangular originating slightly forward free pectoral fin tips ridge second dorsal fins pectoral fins longer requiem sharks like shape pointed tips coloration blue gray bronze white subtle white band sides distinctive white tips borders fins sharks grow long typically measure length maximum reported weight females larger males biology ecology sharks mobile exhibit fidelity certain areas reports territorial behavior usually encountered pairs small groups adult females seen deep water individual sharks behave aggressively heavily reported dominate sharks sharks equal size competing food shark forms mixed species grey reef sharks rainbow runners observed sharks sharks rough skin parasites follow marine mammals open water followed pilot fish like grey reef shark sharks perform stereotypical threat display pursued divers warning prepared attack display begins shark accelerating away distance turning charging perceived threat distance body lengths shark brakes turns broadside drops pectoral fins jaws posterior thirds body elements display unique species serve emphasize white fin markings shark rapidly close slash upper teeth feeding diet shark consists primarily bony fishes eagle rays smaller sharks octopus occasionally taken larger sharks tend sluggish benthic prey differently shaped upper lower jaws allows tackle large prey gripping flesh violent twists turns sharks observed swimming periphery groups feeding sharks species occasionally steal food species approaches ships attracted certain artificial low frequency sounds life history like requiem sharks shark viviparous embryos exhaust supply yolk depleted yolk sac develops connection mother delivers mating occur summer courtship involves male biting female hold female observed tip dorsal fin activity females bear litters usually young gestation period year cycle reported measure long different authors found shallower water adults growth rate highly variable wild reported juvenile sharks grow average body length year individuals growing body length year showing negative growth males reported sexually mature long females long human interactions bold especially presence food shark regarded potentially dangerous humans sharks rush deep water inspect divers enter water intimidating experience sharks approach close species known circle pursue divers experiment involving bait large shark tore leg dummy dressed gear demonstrating species capable inflicting lethal injuries listed provoked attacks species fatal shark caught commercial fisheries range intentionally fins highly valued shark fin soup sold export market skin meat marketed locally fresh dried jaws teeth sharks known taken fisheries indonesia philippines indian_ocean nations coral reef fisheries increasingly important catch fisheries sea species susceptible slow reproductive rate tendency stay certain area believed indonesian northern australia likely rare parts range result assessed shark noted approaching criteria vulnerable | Silvertip shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
20846_Pelagicthresher | species shark family group sharks characterized greatly elongated upper caudal fins occurs tropical subtropical waters indian pacific oceans usually far shore occasionally entering coastal habitats confused common professional publications distinguished dark white color bases pectoral fins smallest species typically measures long diet consists mainly small fishes stunned whip like strikes tails sharks exhibits usually gives birth litters developing embryos feeding eggs produced mother young born unusually large length mother valued commercial fisheries meat skin liver oil fins pursued sport assessed species vulnerable taxonomy phylogeny originally described japanese basis large specimens designated type specimen illustrated specimens paper species shark waters published august separately illustrated described later concluded probably common authors including red_sea wagner johnson hawaiian islands published illustrations common fact analysis conducted showed closest relative forms clade specific epithet greek meaning sea common distribution habitat confusion common distribution wider currently known ranges extensively scattered records south_africa red_sea india pakistan china southeastern japan northwestern australia population shifts northward warm years analysis mitochondrial dna shown extensive gene flow eastern western pacific populations little flow primarily inhabits open ocean occurring surface depth occasionally comes close shore regions narrow continental shelf observed near coral reef red_sea indonesia known enter large description smallest sharks averaging length weight usually exceeding males females attain known maximum lengths respectively record dubious resulted confusion species species body wide middle tapered ends slender upper caudal fin lobe nearly long rest shark pectoral fins long straight broad rounded tips dorsal fin placed halfway pectoral pelvic fins comparable size pelvic fins second dorsal anal fins tiny head narrow short conical snout distinctive profile viewed eyes large juveniles decrease relative size age furrows occur corners mouth teeth small numbering rows central row upper jaw row lower jaw rows posterior teeth present teeth smooth edged oblique lateral outside margins body covered small smooth dermal denticles flat crowns parallel ridges coloration intense dark blue white white extend pectoral fins color rapidly fades gray death dark pigment pectoral fins rounded pectoral fin tips absence furrows separate shark common biology ecology active strong swimmer known leap clear water times row documented occasion predators include larger fishes including sharks toothed known parasites species include inhabit shark spiral valve genus skin philippines observed regularly visiting cleaning stations occupied cleaner exhibit characteristic behaviors facilitate cleaning interaction visits occur frequently early morning normally oceanic sharks encountered shallow water feeding little information available feeding ecology slender tail fine suggest exclusive diet small prey analysis stomach contents reveal feed mainly inhabitants zone little competition occurs large oceanic tend feed near surface swim circles drive schooling prey compact mass striking sharply upper lobe tails behavior hooked tails life history like rest sharks gives birth pups time rarely defined breeding season adult females pregnant year gestation period uncertain suggested year common developing embryos sustained yolk sac long feed egg produced mother capsule measures long contains early stage embryos specialized teeth opening later stage embryos teeth hidden swallow teeth functional birth evidence sibling found sand tiger shark young born unusually large long length mother likely reduces predation growth rate age year ages year ages year ages year ages year ages year ages greater females reach maturity long years old males mature long seven years old oldest confirmed ages females males years respectively growth curves largest known individuals suggests females lifespan exceeding years males years single female produces young entire life examination indicates unlikely warm bodied like common lacks blood vessel exchange system prevents heat dissipated water inside trunk furthermore red muscles responsible generating heat common positioned lateral strips beneath skin core body system present brain eyes albeit developed serve organs temperature changes human interactions implicated attack humans small jaws teeth size tends flee divers shark taken commercial fisheries central pacific western indian oceans california mexico abundant northeastern taiwan comprises fish metric tons annual shark landings meat sold human consumption skin leather fins shark fin soup asia oil liver comprise weight manufacture health foods high grade machine oil rarely caught valued sport listed game fish largest overall records new_zealand light tackle records california frequently taken meant species rarely nets shark species assessed vulnerable iucn low sustain high levels exploitation | Pelagic thresher | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
20862_Leopardshark | leopard shark leopard shark species family found pacific_coast north_america state oregon mexico typically measuring long slender bodied shark immediately identifiable striking pattern black saddle like markings large spots derives common large schools leopard sharks common sight bays swimming sandy muddy flats rock areas near beds reefs common near coast water deep active swimming predators groups leopard sharks follow tide forage food mainly worms crabs shrimp bony fish fish eggs leopard sharks tend remain particular area undertaking long movements led genetic divergence populations sharks living different regions species viviparous meaning young hatch inside yolk march june female gives birth young gestation period months relatively slow growing takes years mature harmless humans leopard shark caught commercial recreational fisheries food trade species waters california period population decline 1980s new fishing regulations early 1990s reduced harvesting sustainable levels assessed species concern noting local stocks easily shark slow growth limited migratory habits taxonomy phylogeny scientific applied leopard shark coined british zoologist list specimens fish collection gray proper description rendering december american gave lecture describing species included scientific description species lecture reprinted pacific san_francisco newspaper journal proceedings april french biologist published description species naming despite senior synonym error recording dates publication resulted widespread use leopard shark scientific result long standing error came recognized valid specific epithet comes latin words semi half banded describing shark dorsal pattern saddle like markings older literature species referred tiger shark genus contains leopard shark placed subgenus banded phylogenetic analysis colleagues based protein genes revealed fact closely related additionally leopard shark basal member family distribution habitat leopard shark occurs cool warm continental waters northeastern pacific_ocean bay oregon mexico including favors muddy sandy flats enclosed bays encountered near beds rocky reefs open coast numbers known gather near warm power plants leopard sharks generally swim close abundant zone depth found deep leopard sharks particularly north leave coastal habitats winter return early spring study northern california determined depart water temperature drops tagged shark found south leopard sharks documented traveling hundreds kilometers individuals tend remain localized area lives low level dispersal led genetic divergence range seven gene pools identified coast san_diego isolated sharks larger size producing fewer offspring areas contrast area los_angeles represents genetic transitional zone boundaries baja california leopard sharks pacific probably distinct northern gulf california evidence returning birthplace breed species proximity established breeding grounds likely contributes different description leopard shark moderately stout body short rounded snout developed triangular flaps skin eyes large oval membrane protective line mouth strongly curved furrows corners mouth extending jaws lower jaw long meet tooth rows number upper jaw lower jaw tooth slightly oblique smooth edged center small teeth arranged flat pavement surface overlapping ridges large dorsal fin positioned halfway pectoral pelvic fins second large larger anal fin pectoral fins wide triangular lower lobe caudal fin developed adults half length upper lobe strong ventral notch near tip coloration unique consisting prominent black large black spots running gray background adult sharks spots lighter centers compared juveniles underside whitish plain average length leopard shark rarely males grow females record exceptional female measured long heaviest known leopard shark weighed biology ecology active species strong motion leopard shark commonly spotted cruising surf zone active night day lies leopard shark follows tide forage food retreating fast prevent stranded trapped water resident sharks spend day night disperse deeper water ranging away birth leopard sharks form large schools generally segregated age sex grey brown schools apparently nomadic appearing suddenly area hours quickly captivity larger sharks observed establishing dominance smaller individuals light pectoral fins summer days large mature females assemble shallow bays night females follow patches water allowing raise internal body temperatures speculated taking advantage heat speed growth young membership individual females periodically switching different sites scattered kilometers compared related grey brown share range leopard shark smaller numerous red blood cells allowing process oxygen efficiently adaptation foraging estuary environments eyes contain cone cells likely water inhabit small leopard sharks fall prey larger sharks great white shark shark occasion shark seen leopard shark tidal striking momentum larger predator momentarily beached known parasites species include barber feeding diet leopard shark consists small benthic animals significantly crabs shrimp bony fish including herring fish eggs fat worm hunter known eat ghost shrimp worms young bat rays algae incidentally leopard shark captures prey expanding cavity create force facilitated swinging forward form mouth tube simultaneously shark jaws forward grip prey teeth sharks teeth leopard shark periodically shed replaced takes days replacement tooth position leopard sharks caught filled sharks seize break motion bodies occasion shark tears entire body shell way sharks examined containing worms bite marks suggesting sharks hollow bridge support group leopard sharks observed feeding dense school slowly swimming clockwise swimming school accidentally entered open mouths places species feeds prey types little worms crabs jack eggs crabs predominant prey taken depends location time year age example bay crabs worms eaten winter spring fish eggs winter early summer bony fish summer crabs fall young sharks feed crabs transition fish eggs worms reach long largest sharks ones consume fish life history leopard shark viviparous developing embryos sustained yolk sac birth northern areas females use bays nursery areas south birth open areas known breeding grounds coast california include los_angeles harbor females birth young annually march july april number pups increasing female size females drop pups beds provide shelter food harbor females birth flats water backs dorsal fins exposed pups stay shallower water deep mating occurs early summer following birth known observation wild sharks gathered shore water deep newborn leopard sharks measure long relatively slow growing years life male leopard sharks grow average year reaching maturity age years length females grow average year reaching maturity age years length individuals age vary significantly size large sharks especially slow growing specimen documented gained length years maximum lifespan species estimated years human interactions wary quick flee leopard sharks pose danger humans single record leopard shark skin injuries resulted species caught commercial fisheries recreational caught meat considered excellent eating sold fresh frozen leopard sharks living alongside human development accumulate mercury bodies warns eating regularly leopard shark prized trade attractive appearance led newborn pups captured hook line southern california late 1980s early 1990s live years captivity fishing leopard sharks occurs waters california commercial landings peaked averaged annually figures believed unknown portion leopard shark catch recorded simply shark recent decades number sharks taken exceeded taken commercially sport catching average sharks year sharks year species contributes fishery landings oregon status leopard sharks mexico uncertain mexican shark fisheries tend focus larger species assessed leopard shark concern highly susceptible local slow growth rate low level exchange regional stocks considered managed imposed recreational minimum size limit possession limit fish strongly supported promoted sport fishing community state instituted minimum size limit commercial harvesting sharks rays including trade addition restrictions use certain types fishing gear near shore waters good protection shark core population management measures successfully reduced fishing mortality halted population decline 1980s status leopard shark california regarded secure demographic models estimating annual population increase sustainable fishing | Leopard shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
20919_Longfinmakoshark | shark shark species shark family probable worldwide distribution temperate tropical waters uncommon species typically better known relative shark species found moderately deep water having reported depth growing maximum length build long broad pectoral fins shark suggest slower active swimmer sharks predators feed small schooling bony fishes cephalopods uncertain shark capable body temperature surrounding water like members family possesses adaptations reproduction species viviparous meaning embryos hatch eggs inside stages development young fed non viable eggs mother litter size typically limited commercial value meat fins lower quality sharks caught unintentionally low numbers range assessed species vulnerable rarity low reproductive rate continuing mortality taxonomy phylogeny original description published cuban marine scientist scientific journal based adult specimens caribbean_sea earlier synonym species described type specimen designated consists set fossil teeth confirmed belonging took precedence despite published later specific epithet latin referring rarity species relative sister species relationship confirmed phylogenetic studies based mitochondrial dna turn closest relative sharks great white shark fossil teeth belonging recovered muddy creek formation south hamilton australia japan deposits date distribution habitat widely scattered records suggest shark worldwide distribution tropical warm temperate oceans extent range difficult determine confusion atlantic_ocean known east coast united_states cuba southern brazil west east possibly including mediterranean_sea cape indian_ocean reported pacific_ocean occurs japan taiwan northeastern australia number islands northeast southern california open ocean generally remains upper zone day zone night cuba frequently caught depth rare depths new_south_wales australia catches occur depth areas surface temperature description larger second largest species family great white reaching upwards length weighing females grow larger males largest reported long female caught florida february species slim shape long pointed snout large eyes lack membranes protective tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw teeth large knife shaped secondary teeth lower jaw prominently mouth gill slits long extend head pectoral fins long longer head nearly straight margin broad tips dorsal fin large rounded apex placed pectoral fins second dorsal anal fins tiny caudal expanded strong caudal fin crescent shaped small notch near tip upper lobe dermal denticles elliptical longer wide horizontal ridges leading toothed posterior margin coloration dark blue grayish black white fins dark white rear margin anal fin pectoral pelvic fins dark white sharp gray posterior margins adults large juveniles area beneath snout jaw origin pectoral fins biology ecology biology little known somewhat common western atlantic possibly central pacific eastern atlantic rare outnumbered fishery landings slender body long broad pectoral fins evoke oceanic shark blue shark slow cruising sharks upper oceanic waters morphological similarity suggests active fastest energetic sharks like members family species possesses blood vessel exchange systems called latin wonderful net singular trunk eyes brain system enables sharks conserve heat maintain higher body temperature environment uncertain capable large eyes attracted sticks chemical lights implying visual hunter diet consists mainly small schooling bony fishes october long female broken bill lodged abdomen caught northeastern indian_ocean unknown shark encountered aggressive context adult likely natural predators young individuals fall prey larger sharks sharks viviparous typically gives birth pups time inside long female pregnant developed embryos caught passage near puerto_rico january developing embryos supply yolk sustain consuming large quantities non viable eggs mother evidence sibling sand tiger shark pups measure long birth relatively larger young longer heads pectoral fins adults capture records florida suggest winter females swim shallow coastal waters birth male female sharks reach sexual maturity lengths respectively human interactions attacks humans attributed shark large size teeth potentially dangerous shark caught generally low numbers intended sharks anchored hook line meat marketed fresh frozen dried considered poor quality texture fins considered lower quality use shark fin soup valuable captured sharks sea processed animal feed skin jaws value significant catches japanese tropical fisheries sharks occasionally enter tokyo markets united_states fisheries reported catches discarded species worthless north american market tons year retention species prohibited fishery management plan atlantic sharks significant cuban fishery comprising sixth shark landings recent data fishery available assessed species vulnerable low reproductive rate shark fishing gear listed annex convention migratory species migratory shark memorandum understanding north_atlantic stocks declined late 1980s concerns populations following trend | Longfin mako shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
20948_Zebrashark | shark species called leopard shark shark species carpet shark sole member family found tropical coral reefs sandy flats depth adult sharks distinctive appearance longitudinal ridges cylindrical body low caudal fin comprising nearly half total length pattern dark spots pale background young sharks long completely different pattern consisting light vertical stripes brown background lack ridges species length sharks nocturnal spend day resting sea floor night actively hunt crustaceans small bony fishes possibly sea snakes inside holes reef solitary year form large seasonal shark females produce dozen large egg anchor underwater structures humans hardy captivity sharks popular subjects public assessed species vulnerable worldwide taken commercial fisheries range australia meat fins liver oil evidence numbers taxonomy shark described type specimen designated included comprehensive description latin accurate illustration juvenile placed species genus specific epithet form masculine work rejected favor shark consistently use nomenclature species descriptions view proper usage making junior synonym currently wide usage species genus derived greek meaning covered meaning mouth specific epithet means banded referring striped pattern juvenile juvenile coloration origin common shark leopard shark applied spotted adult usually refers tiger shark different color patterns body proportions juveniles historically described separate species respectively phylogeny robust morphological support placement shark whale shark nurse sharks single clade taxa disputed authors suggested whale shark closest relative shark proposed single family encompassing species clade suggested affinity species clade containing placed shark sister group clade containing description shark cylindrical body large slightly flattened head short blunt snout eyes small placed sides head located large larger short gill slits situated pectoral fin bases fourth fifth slits closer short groove running mouth mouth nearly straight lower lip furrows corners tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw tooth large central flanked smaller ones distinctive ridges running body adults dorsal sides dorsal ridge merges dorsal fin placed halfway body twice size second dorsal fin pectoral fins large broad pelvic anal fins smaller larger second dorsal fin caudal fin long rest body barely developed lower lobe strong ventral notch near tip upper lobe shark length record males females size color pattern young sharks dark brown light yellow vertical yellow stripes spots shark grows long dark areas begin break changing general pattern light dark stripes dark light spots substantial variation pattern adults identify particular individuals partially shark completely lacking spots discovered indian_ocean shark long mature female unusual animals rarely survive long wild lack distribution habitat shark occurs tropical waters south_africa red_sea including madagascar india southeast_asia including indonesia philippines northward taiwan japan eastward southward northern australia dwelling nature shark found zone depth continental shelves adults large juveniles frequent coral reefs rubble sandy areas reports species fresh water philippines sharks cross oceanic waters reach isolated movements recorded individual sharks genetic data indicates little exchange populations sharks ranges biology ecology day sharks sluggish usually found resting sea pectoral fins prop bodies facing current mouths open facilitate reef channels favored resting spots space yields faster water active night food available sharks strong swimmers pronounced like body tail steady current seen place waves tails shark feeds primarily shelled takes crustaceans small bony fishes possibly sea snakes slender flexible body shark allows narrow holes search food small mouth cavity allow create powerful force extract prey species preyed larger fishes marine mammals known parasites shark include species genus sharks usually solitary individuals recorded southeast queensland sharks form summer shallow water consist entirely large adults females males purpose unclear definite mating behavior observed sharks observation adult male shark biting pectoral fin adult male pushing sea floor second male turned remained minutes behavior resembles pre behaviors male female sharks cases biting holding pectoral fin speculated relate shark asserting dominance life history courtship behavior shark consists male following female biting vigorously pectoral fins tail periods holds pectoral fin sharks lie occasion leads mating male body female lasts minutes shark females laying large egg measuring long wide thick egg case dark brown purple color hair like fibers sides secure substrate fibers emerge female vent female circles vertical structures reef fibers anchor eggs females documented laying eggs day period eggs deposited reproductive wild unknown captivity eggs hatch months depending temperature measure long longer tails adults habitat preferences juveniles unclear report places depths greater report india suggests inhabit shallower water adults stripes juveniles anti predator function making individual group harder target males attain sexual maturity long females long lifespan estimated years wild single report female producing young human interactions slow moving sharks dangerous humans easily approached underwater divers pull tails attempt ride record attack international shark attack file injuries resulted popular attractions divers red_sea thailand islands great barrier reef sharks diving sites accustomed presence humans taking food divers hands allowing touched shark captivity displayed number public world small colored young find way hands private species grows far large home shark taken commercial fisheries range meat sold fresh dried human consumption furthermore liver oil fins shark fin soup sharks highly susceptible localized shallow habitat low levels dispersal populations market surveys suggest common past threatened degradation coral reef habitat human development destructive fishing practices poisoning result assessed species vulnerable australia threat species low level assessed concern | Zebra shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
21872_Australianswellshark | australian confused shark new_zealand australian shark species family endemic southern australia dwelling species found continental shelf depth usually measuring long stout bodied broad headed shark short tail dorsal fin larger second identified dorsal coloration brown gray patches numerous spots australian mainly nocturnal individuals remaining local area year feeds small crustaceans cephalopods fishes threatened responds rapidly taking water air body shark females lay pairs egg day intervals eggs hatch months harmless little commercial interest australian caught incidentally usually survive released extreme result assessed species concern taxonomy scientific description australian published french zoologist scientific journal revue type specimen long male caught tasmania specific epithet derived latin meaning broad meaning head common names species include reference ability swell shark shark rock shark joe spotted species identical shark new_zealand species differ coloration form egg cases versus smooth description australian rounded body significantly short caudal head comprises fifth total length broad moderately flattened short thick blunt snout nostrils divided small openings short triangular flaps skin reach mouth mouth extremely large furrows corners teeth numerous small multiple upper teeth exposed mouth closed large oval eyes placed somewhat upper surface head rudimentary membranes protective ridges underneath dorsal fins larger second dorsal originates forward half pelvic fin bases second located anal fin pectoral fins large broad anal fin larger second dorsal fin short broad caudal fin indistinct lower lobe prominent ventral notch near tip upper lobe skin thick covered shaped dermal denticles sparse young sharks sides light gray brown irregular pattern close set darker dark light spots dark stripe eye pectoral fin origins fins sharply lighter margins underside cream colored fins dark stripe running middle adults maximum known length exceed distribution habitat australian inhabits continental shelf southern australia archipelago western_australia bay new south wales including tasmania commonly found near rocky reefs beds close shore depth biology ecology abundant species coastal waters southern australia australian generally sluggish swimmer active night day found resting singly groups inside caves tracking studies shown individuals continuously active months time alternate activity periods stationary rest lasting days australian present given region tend remain year round established feeding areas preferred habitats hand minority sharks recorded covering distances extremely hardy species survive day water higher level predators ecosystem australian feeds crustaceans particularly crabs rock cephalopods including squid octopus small fishes large sized prey tends long periods rest exhibited sharks relate like members genus shark capable rapidly body taking water air stomach defense predators include larger fishes shark marine mammals shark able wedge inside harder swallow simply predator marine known prey shark eggs australian serves host number parasite species poorly documented life history australian males larger teeth females bite hold specific mating season uncertain terms sperm production males capable breeding year round females single functional single egg time store sperm months females produce eggs year laying pairs approximately days january june days rest year second egg pair deposited hours pale shaped egg measure long bear ridges long corners allow female attach capsule structures captivity embryo develops external gills months old retained months old time internal gills appears months growth yolk sac begins shrink disappearing months age hatching usually occurs months newly emerged young miniature versions adults measuring long males mature sexually length females human interactions australian harmless humans seldom utilized recently parts tasmania begun marketed source regarded habit entering traps eat contents year substantial numbers australian caught southeast australian shark fishery animals usually released likely suffer minimal mortality species present faces little risk fisheries listed concern commercial fisheries reported drops australian catches appeared resulted changing fishing habits actual population declines precaution government tasmania instituted possession limit sharks person sharks boat day | Australian swellshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
21934_Velvetbellylanternshark | velvet belly velvet belly simply velvet belly species shark family common sharks northeastern atlantic_ocean velvet belly found iceland norway south_africa depth small shark generally long velvet belly named black underside abruptly distinct brown coloration rest body body species fairly stout moderately long snout tail small gill slits like velvet belly light forming species specific pattern flanks abdomen thought function counter illumination shark predators play role social interactions young velvet feed mainly small bony fish transitioning squid shrimp grow larger evidence individuals deeper water age species exhibits number adaptations living deep sea specialized cells liver proteins dealing higher concentrations heavy metals found velvet carry heavy parasite load giving birth litters young years species virtually commercial value large numbers caught commercial fisheries assessed concern heavy fishing pressure range slow reproductive rate raising conservation concerns taxonomy velvet belly originally described swedish natural historian known father taxonomy tenth edition designate type specimen specific epithet reference dorsal fins species later moved genus constantine velvet belly grouped caribbean brown dwarf having irregularly arranged needle shaped dermal denticles common comes shark black ventral surface sharply rest body like patch velvet distribution habitat range velvet belly eastern atlantic extending iceland norway including mediterranean_sea azores cape_verde reported south_africa shark mainly inhabits outer continental shelves upper slopes mud clay close middle water column common depth trough found depth species reported shallow deep description velvet belly built shark moderately long broad flattened snout mouth thin smooth lips upper teeth small narrow central usually fewer pairs lateral lower teeth larger strongly blade like bases pairs gill slits tiny comparable size dorsal fins bear stout spines second longer curved dorsal fin originates short rounded pectoral fins second dorsal fin twice size originates pelvic fins anal fin absent tail slender leading long caudal fin small lower lobe low upper lobe prominent ventral notch near tip dermal denticles thin hooked tips arranged regular pattern separated coloration brown abruptly transitioning black thin black marks pelvic fins caudal fin velvet belly possesses numerous blue green light visible away varying arranged patches shark sides belly creating pattern unique species present lateral line scattered beneath head excluding mouth evenly belly concentrated pectoral fins beneath caudal maximum reported length longer females larger males biology ecology portuguese velvet belly abundant deep sea sharks northeastern atlantic found individually small mediterranean found females males ages increases older age classes trough large adults found deeper waters juveniles serve reduce competition groups pattern observed sites eastern mediterranean velvet belly liver accounts body mass quarters oil making nearly deal higher concentrations heavy metals deep sea velvet belly cells identify mark toxic compounds elimination cells produced called organ found sharks rays liver specialized proteins capable copper mercury toxic velvet belly thought function counter illumination shark silhouette upward looking predators serve social function finding mates groups pattern species specific velvet belly important food larger fishes sharks major predator species numerous parasites known species juveniles adults carry heavy parasite loads known internal parasites include parasites use velvet belly prey intermediate hosts acquired use shark intermediate host external parasite shark dorsal spine deeply muscle process providing attachment site second rarely reduces host development reproductive organs feeding predators velvet feed crustaceans shrimp cephalopods squid bony fishes sharks italy eat small amounts worms fishes studies velvet norway portugal trough found small sharks long feed mainly small fish sharks grow larger varied consisting mainly squid shrimp fishes speculated smaller velvet slow catch fast moving cephalopods diet adults overlaps portuguese species avoid competition velvet belly living deeper water bite force exerted velvet belly life history velvet belly embryos hatching inside sustained yolk sac reproductive cycle years long occurring early autumn summer possibly winter females capable storing sperm late winter early spring gestation period year litter size number young increasing female size birth young measure long shark develops birth yolk sac formed suggesting mother transfers materials offspring tissue appears embryo long complete pattern laid time long birth young shark capable counter illumination ventral surface growth rate velvet belly slow faster deep sea sharks shark males mature sexually long females long average age maturity years males years females year old mature individuals sexes caught wild immature females years old males females years old respectively caught wild potential lifespan species estimated years males years females human interactions range substantial quantities velvet caught meant shrimp meant fish lacking commercial value sharks discarded extremely high mortality occasionally dried iucn listed velvet belly concern overall population remains stable range afforded protection mediterranean ban northeastern atlantic assessed numbers declined slow reproductive rate species limits capacity recover population | Velvet belly lanternshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
22010_Murraycod | murray murray large australian predatory freshwater fish genus family species called vernacular related marine species murray important australia wildlife found murray river system australia murray largest exclusively freshwater fish australia largest world common names murray include murray perch queensland freshwater scientific murray derives early australian fish researcher surname river explorer major mitchell scientifically described species number years changed differentiate murray designated subspecies murray raised species status murray reverted simply murray populations declined severely european australia number causes including severe river regulation habitat degradation listed threatened species inhabited entire murray basin australia largest river system great numbers long lived fish adult murray mainly eat fish species exhibits high degree parental care eggs spawned spring generally laid hollow logs hard surfaces murray popular target species available trade popular species australia description murray large like fish deep elongated body round cross section broad head large mouth lined pads small needle like teeth jaws murray equal lower jaw slightly dorsal fin murray moderate low height partially separated notch high rounded soft dorsal fin soft dorsal anal caudal tail fins large rounded grey black distinct white edges large rounded pectoral fins usually similar colour flanks pelvic fins large angular set forward pectoral fins leading white coloured rays pelvic fins split trailing white pelvic fins usually translucent white cream tending large fish murray white cream ventral belly surfaces backs flanks usually yellowish green green heavy darker green occasionally brown black effect appearance reminiscent leopard markings related water clarity intense fish clear water habitats small medium sized murray clear water habitats striking distinct large fish tend grey green size murray large fish adult fish regularly reaching length smallest waterways murray capable growing length largest record weight large breeding fish rare wild populations today related species murray continue pattern present native fish genera lowland specialist species murray primarily lowland species endangered trout specialist species pattern slightly blurred species successful fish murray push significant distances habitats endangered trout stray stray decline lowland transition zone extensive basic pattern primarily lowland species specialist species present murray like number murray native fish species managed cross great dividing range natural river capture events leading species subspecies coastal best known eastern freshwater system northern new_south_wales system south eastern queensland endangered survive today coastal found system northern new_south_wales system southern queensland extinct taxonomy 1800s early 1900s commercial fishermen recreational fishermen riverside residents fisheries scientists anderson distinctly recognised species southern murray basin murray trout blue nose confusion ignoring differences size sexual maturity reasoning prominent fisheries scientists insisted recognising species murray named early australian fish researcher surname new_south_wales captured trout declined near extinction 1900s distinction species eroded finally questioned 1970s early genetic techniques confirmed trout separate species showed original murray specimen fact trout following rules scientific classification remained original specimen known trout new new captured coined murray subsequently identified separate species eastern freshwater range murray named murray basin eastern australia australia largest important river system draining continent murray natural range encompasses virtually murray basin particularly lowland areas extending areas elevation southern half basin northern half basin consequently murray inhabit remarkably wide variety habitats cool clear fast flowing streams pool structure rocky areas large slow flowing rivers extensive lowland reaches murray basin murray died habitats particularly southern murray basin combination dams blocking migration pollution based sheep mining cases introduced trout causes competition juvenile murray introduced trout species age murray long lived characteristic freshwater native fish australia longevity survival strategy variable australian environment ensure adults participate exceptional spawning recruitment event linked unusually wet years occur decades murray long lived freshwater native fish australia oldest murray aged years age larger specimens years past leave little doubt species reach considerably greater ages years diet murray apex aquatic predator rivers murray basin eat smaller including fishes smaller murray golden perch silver perch bony tailed western australian introduced fish english perch crustaceans freshwater shrimp murray fish compose majority diet mature murray lowland river habitats murray apex predators habitats murray known eat ducks freshwater turtles water dragons snakes mice frogs observations recreational fishermen fishing murray surface night reveal popular description murray ambush predator partially correct behaviour typical day night murray active predators shallow waters frequently taking prey surface reproduction murray reach sexual maturity years age generally years sexual maturity murray dependent age roughly wild river murray slower growth rate reached sexual maturity length like faster growth rates reach sexual maturity length data strongly indicate size limit murray inadequate increased substantially allow greater chance reproduction capture large female murray range important breeders produce eggs reasons large females fish species important produce larger larvae larger yolk experienced breeders display optimal breeding large females valuable successful genes pass factors mean large female fish far higher survival rates far greater reproductive contributions small female fish reaching sexual maturity egg counts large female murray egg counts high recent large specimen yielded egg count viable eggs egg counts female murray sizes relatively low compared fish species murray spawn spring rising water temperatures increasing daylight length initially fish working murray considered spring floods temperatures necessary spring flooding critical successful recruitment survival juvenile stages young providing influx early life stage flood plain main river channel feeding recent research shown murray breed annually spring floods temperatures low additionally recent research shown abundant dwelling edge prey lowland rivers traits murray larvae allow survival variety challenging conditions significant proportion murray larvae feeding successfully rivers latest research shown murray fact live entire main channel stream earlier ideas murray spawn larvae feed incorrect murray breed main river channel times spring flood inundated upper portion main channel tributary channels murray larvae feed main river channel times spring flood inundated upper portion main channel channel boundary spawning preceded significant upstream high spring flows floods allow radio tracked murray migrated upstream spawn returning exactly departed unusual behaviour freshwater fish decades observations recreational commercial fishermen suggest spring spawning common murray geographical range spawning initiated pairing courtship rituals courtship ritual spawning site selected cleaned hard surfaces rocks rivers logs occasionally clay banks lowland rivers depth metres selected female lays large eggs mat spawning surface male female leaves spawning site male remains guard eggs takes days depending water temperature guard hatched larvae week disperse larvae disperse nest site drifting river currents night continue behaviour seven days dispersal process larvae simultaneously absorb remainder yolk sac begin feed small early life stage dwelling edge relationship river flows murray recruitment complex thought regulated rivers murray able recruit range conditions including stable low flows significant recruitment murray low flow conditions regulated lowland rivers proven information suggests regulation related causes degradation playing larger role survival recruitment murray larvae thought competition extremely large numbers invasive larvae negatively affecting survival recruitment murray larvae greater degree thought decades playing far larger role current state murray stocks spawning adults thought findings mean river regulation water extraction adverse effects fish stocks river regulation major factor decline murray native fish thermal pollution major problem evidence indicates strong murray recruitment events important sustaining murray populations long term result spring flooding health australian lowland river ecosystems generally rely periodic spring flooding regulation rivers murray river system mainly irrigation purposes exceptional spring floods manage break free long term viability wild murray native fish species river ecosystems face fact great concern conservation murray originally common large native fish murray basin contrary fishery department literature declines murray caused extremely severe half 1800s early 1900s murray large long lived fish caught numbers commercial recreational fishermen example commercial fishing operation commenced near targeting murray hundreds kilometres river years grave concerns operation complaints near absence murray heavily grounds raised main state newspaper fishing effort continued increase region late 1880s early 1890s murray fish average weight caught near similarly murray sent melbourne river town 1920s murray point large scale commercial fishing operations longer feasible recreational fishermen took similarly excessive era rods drum nets gill nets explosives wasted illegally sold extreme impacts wild murray stocks best summarised short article south australian newspaper years nearly tons murray eaten people melbourne included figures statement today pointing supply declining peak year received market sent melbourne supply decreased year incredibly years later aquatic compelled extremely heavy fishing pressure form small scale commercial fishing rampant illegal fishing confronted reaches investigated thorough reading historical newspaper articles historical government reports reveals history wild murray mid 1800s mid 1900s citizen government ongoing stock decline decade decade riverside residents commercial fishermen recreational fishermen local fisheries fish retailers agitated newspapers evidently continuously declining murray stocks met turn government conversely ineffective inquiries murray stocks fisheries ineffective control measures decade decade debate excessive fishing pressure number fishermen number nets net size bag limits minimum size limits small closed seasons taking spawning eggs spring issues proper resolution fishing regulations amended amended largely completely ignored heavy commercial recreational illegal fishing pressure continuing end result murray population initially abundant continually pause early mid 20th century number factors river regulation listed emerged drive species decline drivers decline left iconic australian fish situation grave concerns long term survival wild murray populations effects disregarded overall picture today recent population studies shown year classes represented minimum legal size centimetres states size numbers fish dramatically reduced point non existence waters emphasis results small surveys suggested majority murray released valid questions surveys surveys explain dramatic disappearance large numbers young murray exactly minimum size limit importantly emphasis surveys miss fundamental point large long lived species relatively low delayed sexual maturity wild murray populations extremely vulnerable modest kill fishing regulations wild murray referred switch fishermen largely catch release approach wild murray alleviate problem recognising issues late new_south_wales victorian fishery departments amended regulations slot limit applies states murray taken size range slot released measure positive effects murray population protecting increasing proportion large breeding murray issue murray caught released winter developing eggs spring prior spawning eggs spawn minor issue compared threats facing murray concerned fishermen try avoid catching wild murray times point time closed season place spring spawning period allowed target murray catch release basis departments support murray populations bred fish especially man lakes important issues affecting restoration populations need spring floods excessive slowly acknowledged definitely addressed effects river regulation southern tributaries originally displayed pattern high flows winter high flows floods spring low flows summer autumn breeding murray murray native fish adapted natural flow patterns river regulation irrigation reversed natural flow patterns negative effects breeding recruitment murray murray southern tributaries experience high irrigation flows summer autumn low flows winter spring small medium floods including annual spring flood pulse completely eliminated estimated flows river mouth declined natural probability end murray experiencing drought like flows increased natural conditions thermal pollution artificial reduction water temperatures especially summer autumn caused water released irrigation demands temperature suppression typically extends kilometres downstream thermal pollution breeding murray survival murray larvae extreme cases survival adult murray rare floods break free dams murray system magnitude duration deliberately curtailed river increasing research indicates management practice harmful drastically reduces general ecosystem benefits breeding recruitment opportunities murray murray native fish species rare floods provide physical barriers fish movement dams barriers block migration adult juvenile murray prevent habitats maintenance isolated populations additionally recent study proven approximately murray larvae killed pass habitat degradation hundreds thousands million submerged timber mainly removed lowland reaches murray basin past years removal vast number devastating impacts murray river ecosystems critical habitats spawning sites murray critical functioning lowland river ecosystems hard lowland river channels composed fine crucial sites growth grazing general stream productivity vegetation clearing cattle river banks create severe fill pools river ecosystems rivers streams murray exacerbated removal vegetation causes river ecosystems ways extremely severe commercial recreational 1800s early 1900s caused strong declines murray recreational fishermen aided inadequate fishing regulations continues today remains extremely threat murray current size limit centimetres states inadequate scientific studies documented average size sexual maturity murray catch data computer modelling exercises wild murray stocks indicate measures raising size limit centimetres reducing bag possession limits fish respectively fish needed maintain long term viability wild murray populations november introduced maximum size limit provide protection large breeding fish new minimum size limit introduced evidence mounting competition food early juvenile introduced early juvenile native fish introduced dominate fish lowland rivers sheer large numbers larvae produce causes negative effects river ecosystems native fish main introduced parasite introduced asian fish introduced murray soft skin fine scales leave vulnerable infection exotic disease organisms following exotic disease organisms seriously affect wild murray introduced imports exotic fish single parasitic skin murray caused number kills wild murray fungus like water mould frequently murray eggs skin murray roughly handled poor catch release technique essential murray intended release touch cool wet surfaces hard dry rough hot surfaces boat boat floors dry grass dry rocks gravel banks dry etc hands touching populations range suffer extremely severe anchor worm parasitic introduced skin murray wounds infected bacteria severe probably causes death adult murray commonly recognised reports young adult murray seemingly killed severe relationship humans murray play important role mythology tribes murray basin tribes particular living murray icon species myths tribes describe creation gigantic murray fleeing small creek escape renowned hunter myths fleeing murray river beating tail create bends eventually near terminus pieces pieces thrown river pieces fish species river head kept intact told murray thrown river additional references advice minister environment heritage amendments list pertaining murray act act retrieved june version | Murray cod | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
22324_Crocodileshark | shark shark species shark extant member family specialized zone shark found worldwide tropical waters surface depth performs vertical migration staying depth day ascending shallower water night feed typically measuring length shark smallest living shark distinguished elongated cigar shaped body extremely large eyes relatively small fins active swimming predator bony fishes squid shrimp shark sizable liver allows maintain position water column minimal effort size structure eyes suggests adapted hunting night shark viviparous females typically giving birth litters meaning feed undeveloped eggs purpose mother small size shark poses little danger humans little commercial importance substantial numbers caught leading assessed species responsible damaging deep sea cables technology deployed taxonomy phylogeny english common shark derived japanese literally water refers sharp teeth habit snapping vigorously taken water common names species include japanese ragged tooth shark sand shark water shark described issue tokyo based long specimen found fish market japan type specimen long adult male found fish market taiwan genera family authors resurrected subgenus species placed family morphology shark suggests affinity shark shark sharks sharks recent phylogenetic analyses based mitochondrial dna suggested shark closely related shark sand sharks alternately analysis based suggests closest relatives shark sharks followed sharks teeth dating age found italy identical modern day shark description shark shaped body short head pointed snout eyes large lack membranes protective pairs gill slits long extending dorsal surface sizable arched jaws tip snout contain large teeth shaped like spikes knives sides fewer tooth rows jaw upper jaw large teeth separated lateral teeth row small intermediate teeth pectoral fins small broad rounded pelvic fins nearly large dorsal fin small low angular second dorsal fin smaller larger anal fin caudal fin moderately long upper lobe caudal slightly compressed weak lateral dermal denticles small flattened crown bearing small ridges backward pointing dark brown paler dark sides belly white corner mouth gill fins thin translucent white margins shark grows maximum length individuals long weigh distribution habitat shark distribution atlantic_ocean known brazil cape_verde guinea guinea south_africa reported northwestern atlantic indian_ocean occurs possibly pacific occurs japan taiwan northwest southward indonesia australia new_zealand eastward western coast americas baja california chile including marshall phoenix line hawaiian islands distribution records shark range bound latitudes average sea surface temperature species evenly distributed locally abundant certain areas suggesting strongly migratory shark usually found zone surface depth occasionally encountered near known strand beaches south_africa possibly stunned cold water biology ecology long body small fins large liver rich low density shark similar sharks shark liver comprise fifth shark weight acts float allows maintain neutral water column little effort like inhabitants zone shark apparently closer surface night feed descends deeper water day rarely found depth daytime large eyes shark equipped reflective green yellow lacking expanded iris suggest nocturnal hunter relies sight pick prey little known shark feeding habits thought active fast swimming predator based strong large tail behavior captured occasion shark south_africa jumped water pursuit bait diet consists small medium sized bony fishes including squid including shrimp sharks known preyed species shark viviparous typically gives birth litters pups gestation period unknown believed long embryos yolk long yolk sac fully absorbed mother produces large numbers thin walled egg contain eggs consumed embryos embryos yolk material quarter embryo total weight unclear shark manage share single sharks sand tiger shark survives pups born approximately long males attain maturity females defined reproductive season human interactions small size non cutting teeth oceanic habitat shark considered dangerous humans powerful bite invites caution species common fisheries meant largest numbers caught japanese fishery australian fishery operating indian_ocean species caught squid usually discarded small size low quality meat liver potentially valuable data available population status shark probably declining mortality coupled low reproductive rate led assessed installed deep sea cable september system suffered series shorts necessitated costly repairs discovered attacks shark responsible failures possibly attracted electric field cables sharks benthic nature presumably biting cables deployed problem solved protecting cables layer steel tape beneath dense coating | Crocodile shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
22607_Pricklyshark | shark shark species sharks family shark found pacific_ocean continental shelves slopes submarine dwelling nature generally inhabits cool waters deep frequently enters shallower water areas california dark colored shark grows long small dorsal fins positioned far body anal fin characterized dense covering like dermal denticles common active shark rests day deeper offshore waters performs migration shallower waters dusk individual sharks small home range tend remain given local area species variety bony fishes cephalopods moves slowly use capture prey viviparous females producing sizable litters shark known dangerous humans minimal economic value caught incidentally commercial fisheries expanding potentially threaten population assessed species taxonomy austrian described shark new species separate publications brief german account volume der der detailed english account volume named shark honor sharks continually sharks referred scientific literature species original hawaii lost designated long male bay new_zealand new type specimen common names species include cook shark shark description shark cylindrical body adults markedly juveniles short moderately flattened head nostrils placed far apart preceded small flaps skin tiny positioned eyes lack membranes mouth forms broad arch short furrows corners tooth rows upper lower jaws respectively knife like teeth strongly angled main flanked smaller lateral absent young sharks pairs gill slits fifth pair longest lateral line runs body conspicuous pectoral fins short pelvic fins relatively large long bases dorsal fin small originates level pelvic fin origins second dorsal fin similar positioned close anal fin absent stout caudal lacks depressions caudal fin origins caudal fin longer upper lobe notch trailing margin indistinct lower lobe skin dense uniform covering non overlapping dermal denticles measuring fused shark like strong ridges running central spine star shaped base denticles beneath snout fine adults shark plain brown gray black trailing margins fins underside paler obviously snout mouth reach length maximum recorded weight long female distribution habitat shark widely distributed pacific_ocean western central pacific reported japan taiwan victoria queensland australia new_zealand islands hawaii possibly eastern pacific known occur oregon el_salvador including peru chile species generally uncommon exception california sharks sexes abundant year favoring cooler temperatures shark found depths particularly tropics recorded occur deeper possibly hand higher latitudes frequently enters shallow waters example consistently found depths individual captured water deep shark inhabits continental shelves slopes close found inside submarine close walls prefers areas muddy sandy substrate tolerant low dissolved oxygen levels allowing inhabit oceanic basins inaccessible sharks biology ecology shark slow swimmer observed sea floor tracking study found species exhibits strong migration patterns sharks inactive day resting refuge areas located near sea floor deep offshore waters active dusk swimming coast head canyon rising water column upward movement likely related feeding schooling fishes individual sharks seldom local area small home ranges km2 sharks regularly form number thirty size structure shark mouth suggests uses capture prey species feeds variety benthic bony fishes including herring fishes including young sharks ghost egg cases squid including squid consumed young sharks fall prey shark adults likely face threats reproduction species viviparous young sustained yolk known record pregnant female embryos ranks largest known litters shark young probably long birth length sexual maturity precisely determined thought males females human interactions interactions divers shark humans contact fleeing closely approached susceptible incidental capture commercial line gear little commercial value meat soft poorly regarded assessed shark citing known distribution continuing expansion fisheries | Prickly shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
22830_Commontorpedo | common torpedo common torpedo torpedo eyed electric ray torpedo torpedo species electric ray family found mediterranean_sea benthic fish typically encountered soft fairly shallow coastal waters growing long species nearly circular pectoral fin disc short thick tail dorsal fins nearly equal size large caudal fin identified prominent blue spots usually number vary zero small attack defense common torpedo deliver strong electric shock volts solitary nocturnal ambush predator feeds mainly bony fishes crustaceans species viviparous developing embryos yolk milk produced mother females produce litters young year late summer autumn gestation period months vary geographical regions common torpedo shock painful little danger humans properties led medicine ancient greeks romans modern times economic value discarded caught fisheries impact fishing population uncertain pending data listed taxonomy common torpedo electric rays familiar peoples classical antiquity torpedo roman electric rays derived latin meaning known father taxonomy scientifically described common torpedo torpedo tenth edition common torpedo appeared pre sources names torpedo torpedo early accounts including common torpedo electric ray species indicate type specimens designation interest taxonomic stability measure taken author refer torpedo genus classification des torpedo species author probably assigned torpedo genus torpedo time torpedo member genus type species genus torpedo common torpedo placed subgenus torpedo differs subgenus having ornate dorsal coloration species referred colloquially ray torpedo ray distribution habitat native common torpedo occurs including mediterranean_sea single record belgian waters likely erroneous european waters encountered frequently electric ray species species prefers warmer temperatures rare north mediterranean mediterranean common north_africa southern europe common torpedo usually found close shore depths occasionally reported deep inhabits soft habitats sandy flats beds description pectoral fin disc common torpedo circular shape times wider long margin disc nearly straight large kidney shaped electric organs visible beneath skin head eyes small followed comparable size lateral posterior bear small low diminish size age larger individuals pair prominent pores wide skin nostrils reaches mouth teeth small arranged dense pattern tooth single sharp tooth rows upper lower jaws respectively pairs gill slits placed underside disc pelvic fins distinct disc rounded outer margins short thick tail bears skin dorsal fins dorsal fin slightly larger second developed caudal fin triangular blunt corners approximately long space dorsal fin skin smooth soft entirely lacking dermal denticles dorsal coloration common torpedo light dark brown distinctive large spots disc blue encircled darker lighter rings typically arranged row rays common unusual male caught tunisia southern france present sixth similarly sized positioned center additional tend smaller placed snout underside cream colored dark disc margins adult female captured tunisia males females typically measure long respectively largest individual record long rays west_africa grow larger mediterranean biology ecology members family common torpedo subdue prey deter threats strong electric generated pair large electric organs derived muscle tissue organ columns column stack filled columns essentially act batteries connected parallel discharge electric organs reach volts occur singly bursts trains experiments found nerves electric organ essentially stop functioning temperatures winter water temperatures regularly drop threshold wild suggesting ray use electric organs year unknown mechanism adapt electric organ function colder conditions solitary nocturnal common torpedo spends time resting sea floor buried sediment ambush predator prey electricity process taking fraction second prey manipulated mouth motions disc adults feed entirely small benthic bony fishes including herring jack large crustaceans minor secondary food source rarely consumed juveniles exclusively adults feed variety invertebrates significant prey species differ seasons geographic regions example juvenile common sole far important prey item autumn winter spring summer available fishes figure prominently ray diet known parasites species include life history common torpedo viviparous embryos sustained yolk supplemented milk mother organic content species lower embryo loses mass course development initial yolk supply expended processes adult females functional functional reproductive tract right developed consequently tends carry embryos annual reproductive cycle defined details differ geographic regions mediterranean mating occurs december february late august early september gestation period months litter sizes range measure long contrast west_africa gestation period lasts months occurs september october litter sizes range measure long litter size increases female size sexual segregation occurs breeding season pregnant females shallow coastal waters common torpedo unusual sharks rays documented higher lower immediately birth species capable producing electric volts grow rapidly increase capacity months double weight generate volts males females mature sexually similar lengths respectively respectively egypt tunisia respectively human interactions electric shock common torpedo severe life threatening classical antiquity properties species led strongly electric fishes medicine treatment pain diseases example roman physician recommended chronic treated application live torpedo affected area common torpedo edible little valued commercial fisheries discarded caught shallow water habits survive captured discarded relatively susceptible types fishing gear including nets fishing activity heavy range specific data species available result listed common torpedo kept requires live fish food | Common torpedo | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
23049_Finetoothshark | shark shark species requiem shark family found western atlantic_ocean north_carolina brazil forms large schools shallow coastal waters following warm water relatively small slender bodied shark shark identified needle like teeth dark blue gray dorsal coloration long gill slits maximum length diet species consists primarily small bony fishes particular like members family viviparous females giving birth pups nursery areas year valued meat shark forms important component commercial shark fishery operating southeastern united_states population assessments suggest fishery currently pose threat populations species listed shark concern fishery data available species south_america shark known pose danger humans vigorously captured handled caution taxonomy phylogeny shark originally described french zoologist der type specimen juvenile male possibly caught new_york species later moved genus specific epithet means equal teeth greek refers similar number teeth upper lower jaws species referred shark shark night shark usually case species attempts analyze shark phylogenetic relationships yielded variable results grouped species spinner shark shark graceful shark smooth tooth shark basis morphological characters analysis found shark second basal member genus shark study based dna suggested closest relative shark shark species form clade apart species description body shark slender streamlined snout long pointed preceded short broadly triangular flaps skin eyes large round membranes protective mouth broad defined furrows corners tooth rows occur upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw tooth small needle like narrow central smooth edges pairs gill slits long measuring half length dorsal fin base dorsal fin high triangular pointed apex originating forward free rear tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin relatively large originates anal fin ridge runs dorsal fins pectoral fins small shaped pointed tips dermal denticles small overlapping bearing horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth living sharks distinctive dark bluish gray white faint pale stripe flanks prominent fin markings individuals florida green eyes males average length females largest shark record long distribution habitat north american waters shark common found north_carolina northern gulf_of_mexico occasionally far north new_york waters rare occur widely presently known having reported trinidad caribbean_sea southern brazil northwestern atlantic gulf_of_mexico south_america populations distinct little interchange old records exist species eastern atlantic guinea likely represent spinner sharks shark found near beaches bays inhabits extremely shallow waters deeper summer deep winter historically known venture rivers gulf coastal plain texas paths area blocked dams northwestern atlantic population species strongly migratory juveniles followed adults arrive south_carolina late march early water temperature rises remain september mid october water temperature drops south florida movements populations unknown biology ecology adult juvenile sharks form large schools energetic fast moving predator feeds mainly small bony fishes entering surf zone day hunt important prey species northwestern atlantic atlantic sharks ages northwestern florida eat head removed known prey species include spot spanish shrimp case juvenile atlantic shark shrimp shark preyed larger sharks parasites documented species include unidentified species genera life history like requiem sharks shark viviparous developing embryos yolk weeks depleted yolk sac develops connection mother females produce litters pups year northwestern atlantic mating occurs early early june young born time following year month gestation period males bite female hold male large mass inside female individual embedded called function short lived structure unknown newborn sharks measure long shallow bays serve critical nursery areas juveniles female sharks grow slowly larger ultimate size males individuals northwestern atlantic population larger body size reach sexual maturation later gulf_of_mexico population males populations grow similar rates northwestern atlantic females grow slowly gulf mexico females northwestern atlantic males mature fork length length snout tip caudal fin fork females corresponding ages years respectively gulf_of_mexico males mature fork length females corresponding ages years respectively maximum lifespan estimated years males years females human interactions shark implicated attack humans caught shark range people attempting handle sharks human consumption fresh dried southeastern united_states species little commercial importance small occurs water shallow commercial recreational fisheries generally fast swimming caught shrimp small numbers taken incidentally floating hook line species susceptible low reproductive rate habitat degradation habits substantial numbers sharks caught drift operated shark fishery southeastern united_states peaked tons landed stock assessments conducted suggested populations catch rate assessments conducted concluded catch rates exceed sustainable levels populations stable fishing species waters regulated fisheries management plan atlantic gulf_of_mexico sharks classified small coastal shark purposes commercial recreational bag limits result iucn assessed shark concern overall mexico concern species south_america numbers naturally low potentially heavy pressure widespread intensive coastal fisheries iucn sufficient data assess status region | Finetooth shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
23203_Mangrovewhipray | species family widely distributed red_sea northern australia benthic shallow waters juvenile favor habitats adults favor sandy rocky areas coral reefs species identified thick oval pectoral fin disc dark gray numerous white relatively short whip like tail white past spine grows solitary nature mainly small dwelling bony fishes invertebrates like viviparous females young milk caught meat skin range assessed globally endangered southeast_asia population declined substantially intensive commercial fisheries widespread habitat degradation particular juvenile rays targeted affected large scale destruction forests taxonomy australian zoologist published scientific account brief description immature female long caught port volume named noted specimen head covered small moved species genus belongs species complex common names ray include ray ray description pectoral fin disc thick oval shape measuring times wide long anterior margins disc nearly straight converge broad angle snout tip medium sized widely spaced eyes immediately followed long thin nostrils short broad curtain skin finely fringed posterior margin lower jaw bow shaped floor mouth teeth arranged pattern number rows upper jaw rows lower jaw pairs gill slits beneath disc pelvic fins small narrow tail thick base measures times longer disc width positioned spines located tail past sting tail thin whip like fin upper surface body tail tiny dermal denticles larger tail addition irregular rows present dorsal head sting dark brown gray white dots increasing size dark coloration layer body light orange gray underside white small dark spots disc margin tail abruptly white past sting species grows long distribution habitat uncommon widely distributed reported red_sea including archipelago sumatra new_guinea northern australia islands including guam fiji dwelling species typically inhabits shallow water close shore adults recorded offshore depth juvenile rays frequent habitats contrast adults prefer areas sand sand rock rubble hard found coral reefs biology ecology unlike relatives reportedly solitary nature relatively inactive day resting half buried sand atop coral heads actively food night species sensitivity effective range enabling locate buried prey juveniles feed mainly small crustaceans including crabs adults prey small benthic bony fishes including invertebrates including worms crabs viviparous developing embryos sustained nutrient rich milk produced mother measure males reach sexual maturity known parasites species include species genus human interactions capable injuring human sting occasionally caught nets lesser extent marketed meat skin habitat preferences naturally uncommon species highly susceptible intensive commercial fishing occurring range southeast_asia immature rays particularly affected local fishing habitat degradation widespread loss forests additionally numbers species dropped significantly indonesian fishery targeting involves vessels increasingly operating illegally australian waters factors led decline southeast asian population leading regional assessment endangered threatened northern australia caught incidentally small numbers following mandatory adoption result iucn assessment australian population concern globally iucn listed species | Mangrove whipray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
23308_Puffaddershyshark | happy eddie species belonging family endemic temperate waters coast south_africa common shark found near sandy rocky habitats zone depth typically reaching length slender flattened body head patterned series dark edged bright orange numerous small white spots formally described considered alternate form threatened members genus circle tail covering eyes giving rise local names predator feeds mainly crustaceans worms small bony fishes shark females deposit egg singly pairs underwater structures harmless humans usually discarded commercial recreational alike small size assessed entire population located limited area affected local increase fishing pressure habitat degradation taxonomy phylogeny known reference literature prominent english naturalist major individuals caught cape good hope lost french zoologist described species edwards based edwards account considered proposing true scientific german zoologist friedrich translated description receiving species discovered swiss naturalist provided earlier translation text proper scientific subsequently rendered decision species properly attributed american zoologist created new genus species forms recognized cape differed appearance habitat preferences form described new species phylogenetic analysis based mitochondrial dna genes found basal member family sister relationship clade containing dark brown included study close species common refers widely distributed african similar coloration happy eddie scientific academics shark recently introduced public easily remembered alternative ambiguous apply different species research efforts description slender short broad flattened head narrowly rounded snout large oval shaped eyes cat like pupils simple membrane protective prominent ridge underneath nostrils large pair greatly expanded triangular flaps skin fused reach mouth deep groove connecting outflow opening mouth obscured nasal flaps mouth short furrows corners jaws tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw tooth shape sexually males longer pointed females shorter pointed unusually halves lower jaw connected special allows distribution teeth increase bite strength pairs gill slits positioned somewhat upper surface body dorsal pelvic anal fins similar size dorsal fins located far body originating pelvic fin origins second anal fin origin pectoral fins broad moderate size short broad caudal fin comprises fifth body length deep ventral notch near tip upper lobe barely developed lower lobe skin thick covered leaf shaped dermal denticles dorsal coloration consists light dark brown background series striking yellowish reddish brown darker margins covered small white spots underside white species length maximum record sharks found west smaller found east reaching long distribution habitat range limited continental shelf coast south_africa western shore bay previous records found far north thought species dwelling shark common sandy rocky bottoms found progressively deeper water northeastern portion range cape_town distribution pattern reflect shark preference cooler waters biology ecology common small range sluggish seen lying sea floor individuals rest predator known variety small benthic prey crustaceans including crabs shrimp shrimp crabs worms including bony fishes including jack cephalopods including squid fish overall important component shark diet crustaceans followed fishes males prefer females prefer crustaceans observed attacking common octopus octopus tearing arm twisting motion preyed larger fishes shark cape fur seal documented capturing playing air shark injured killed encounters seal eat torn pieces flesh seldom entire shark occasion black backed advantage behavior steal sharks seals threatened disturbed adopts characteristic posture ring covers eyes tail reaction basis common names likely meant shark harder predator swallow eggs fed captivity known parasites species include blood skin parasite stage mouth gills deep penetrating larvae significantly damage local tissue causing bleeding life history distinct breeding season reproduction occurs year round females deposit egg time vertical structures sea fans thin walled egg cases brown distinctive pale transverse bands slightly texture long corners smaller species measuring long young shark months measures long length maturation sexes reported sources high degree variation reflect regional differences sharks deeper waters eastern range mature larger size west age maturation estimated years maximum lifespan years human interactions harmless humans easily caught hand targeted commercial fisheries small size taken incidentally discarded operating fishing boats hooked recreational casting shore generally kill minor local exploitation species occur bait trade assessed remains abundant small range shark lies entirely heavily region increase fishing activities habitat degradation potentially impact entire population | Puffadder shyshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
23397_Pelvicachromispulcher | freshwater fish family endemic nigeria species popular commonly sold species common names including derivatives color common red super red rainbow rainbow purple species popular description wild male grow maximum length approximately centimetres maximum weight grams females smaller deeper bodied growing maximum length maximum weight sexes dark longitudinal stripe runs caudal fin mouth pink red intensity changes courtship breeding dorsal caudal fins bear gold eye spots males colour populations collected single juveniles approximately months age distribution habitat predators native southern nigeria coastal areas occurs warm acidic neutral soft water populations occur outside natural range hawaii usa product ornamental fish trade species inhabits slow fast moving water found patches dense vegetation available fish share habitat include species species species species prey number predators including perch natural habitat observed defending caves dug underneath plants holes breeding claim territories live large non reproductive diet despite suggestion literature species feeds worms crustaceans insects analysis stomach contents wild suggests incorrect study individuals showed main food items green algae pieces higher plants blue green algae invertebrates consumed found relatively uncommon food items wild fish sexual reproduction like species sexually males pointed pelvic dorsal anal fins female pelvic dorsal anal fins rounded appearance addition males larger lack gold dorsal fin elongated shaped caudal fin despite suggestion literature species forms pairs formation uncommon natural habitat species secretive cave detailed information reproductive biology wild limited wild species known breed holes excavated beneath aquatic semi aquatic plants captivity artificial caves readily accepted breeding sites excavated prior egg laying eggs frequently laid rows upper surface cave produce clutch ranges size male female provide active brood care typically lasting days includes guarding feeding noteworthy female predominantly responsible care male primarily involved territorial defence species gender ratio female male increases ratio known vary different wild breeding pairs known adopt similarly aged trials suggested adaption reduce predation male colour indicative differences example red males obtained single site found aggressive yellow males obtained site addition species demonstrated engage cooperative territorial defence multiple males defend single territory taxonomy originally described subsequently number junior synonyms var var brought use synonyms use identification species common trade names species rainbow derived erroneous genus revised genus erected designated type species etymology species follows latin pelvic belly greek fish perch latin pretty beautiful popular selective breeding form species developed trade unlike normal trait inherited trait dominant like animals red yellow retained patches dorsal caudal fin reports forms red yellow produce wild coloured offspring divided completely forms forms retained parents | Pelvicachromis pulcher | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
23563_Commonthresher | common common known names atlantic big eye fox shark green whip tailed shark shark largest species shark family reaching length half length consists elongated upper lobe caudal fin streamlined body short pointed snout sized eyes common resembles confused distinguished species white belly extending band bases pectoral fins common distributed worldwide tropical temperate waters prefers cooler temperatures found close shore open ocean surface depth migratory spends summers lower latitudes long tail common source tales history whip like fashion deliver blows prey species feeds mainly small schooling forage fishes fast strong swimmer known leap clear water possesses adaptations allow maintain internal body temperature warmer surrounding sea water common viviparous mode reproduction embryos feed undeveloped eggs mother females typically birth pups time following gestation period months despite size common dangerous humans relatively small teeth disposition highly valued commercial meat fins hide liver oil large numbers taken fisheries range shark recreational exceptional fight offers hook line common low rate reproduction withstand heavy fishing pressure long case point rapid collapse shark fishery california 1980s commercial exploitation increasing parts world assessed species vulnerable taxonomy phylogeny scientific description common written french naturalist des nature described shark caught sicily later authors recognized genus valid common scientific specific epithet derived latin meaning fox older literature species given incorrectly fox shark earliest known english species rooted classical antiquity belief especially mid-19th century fox superseded referencing shark like use tail species known simply shark introduced common differentiate known common names including atlantic green long tailed shark sea sea fox shark shark morphological analyses agreed common basal clade formed closest relative species family fourth shark species baja california reported evidence existence fourth species confirmed sources description common fairly robust shark torpedo shaped trunk short broad head dorsal profile head curves evenly pointed conical snout eyes moderately large lack membranes small mouth arched unlike sharks furrows corners upper lower tooth rows teeth small triangular smooth edged lacking lateral pairs gill slits short fourth fifth pairs located pectoral fin bases long shaped pectoral fins narrowly pointed tips dorsal fin tall positioned slightly closer pectoral fins pelvic fins pelvic fins large dorsal fin bear long thin males second dorsal anal fins tiny positioned ahead crescent shaped caudal upper lower origins caudal fin upper caudal fin lobe enormously elongated characteristic measuring long rest shark thin gently curving lobe held steep upward angle notch trailing margin near tip skin covered small overlapping dermal denticles horizontal ridges marginal teeth species metallic brown gray bluish flanks underside white extends pectoral pelvic fin bases pattern contrast colored fins meeting line dorsal ventral coloration irregular white spot tips pectoral fins common largest shark species commonly reaching long weight confirmed length record shark maximum possible length heaviest individual record female weighed distribution range common encompasses tropical cold temperate waters worldwide western atlantic found newfoundland gulf_of_mexico rare south new_england venezuela argentina eastern atlantic reported north_sea british isles including azores mediterranean south_africa species known india japan korea southeastern china sumatra eastern australia new_zealand occurs number pacific islands including hawaiian islands eastern pacific recorded british_columbia chile including common migratory moving higher latitudes following warm water masses eastern pacific males travel females reaching far late summer early fall juveniles tend remain warm nursery areas appear separate populations different life history characteristics eastern pacific western indian_ocean possibly species known movements northwestern indian_ocean males females location depth season january analysis mitochondrial dna revealed substantial regional genetic variation common oceans support idea despite high mobile sharks different areas rarely habitat common inhabitants continental waters open ocean tend abundant proximity land particularly juveniles frequent near coastal habitats bays individuals encountered near surface species recorded depth biology ecology common active strong swimmers reports completely water like fast swimming sharks family common strip red muscle flank able contract efficiently long periods time addition slow muscles centrally located bodies blood vessel exchange system called wonderful net allowing generate retain body heat temperature inside red muscles common averages ambient significant individual variation unlike common lacks protect eyes brain temperature changes immature common fall prey larger sharks aside observations killer feeding common new_zealand adults known natural predators parasites documented common include usual host nemesis feeding long upper tail fin lobe common strike prey common diet composed bony fishes small schooling forage fish herring striking sharks compact schools prey swimming water tail pairs small groups known large solitary fishes squid invertebrates california common feed northern pacific pacific pacific market squid red crab important food items sharks concentrate prey species cold water years productive warmer periods numerous accounts common long upper tail fins prey tails presumably striking bait july shark reported seeing shark use tail flip prey fish mouth fish missed thrown considerable distance april noted observed shark pursuing california pier shark overtook small fish swung tail water like confusing speed severely injuring target winter irish claimed seen shark dublin bay use tail strike wounded probably great northern account subsequently disputed authorities asserted tail rigid muscular effect blow life history like sharks common viviparous birth litters rarely pups eastern pacific seven pups believed reproduce range known nursery area breeding occurs summer usually july august occurs march june following gestation period months developing embryos feeding eggs mother teeth small embryos like non functional covered soft tissues embryos mature series teeth progressively like adults shape remain depressed hidden shortly birth newborn pups usually measure long weigh depending size mother juveniles grow year adults grow year size maturation appears vary populations eastern males mature years old females seven years old known live years age maximum lifespan estimated years human interactions large shark capable inflicting injury merits respect common poses little danger humans divers report shy difficult approach underwater lists single provoked attack shark attacks boats probably incidental individuals fighting capture report common acting aggressively new_zealand famed big game book sharks recounted tale fisherman carolinas boat examine large hooked caudal fin shark estimated long head supposedly fell water recovered account considered highly authors commercial fishing common widely caught offshore fisheries especially northwestern indian_ocean western central eastern pacific north_atlantic participating countries include ussr japan taiwan spain united_states brazil mexico meat highly prized human consumption cooked dried smoked addition skin leather liver oil processed fins shark fin soup reported worldwide common metric tons united_states drift fishery common developed southern california beginning vessels experimenting larger sized years fleet increased vessels fishery peaked vessels landed metric tons common population rapidly collapsed landings decreasing metric tons year late 1980s larger size classes disappearing population common taken commercially united_states coming pacific atlantic largest catches remain california oregon fishery shifted focus valuable small numbers pacific taken small atlantic primarily taken meant recreational fishing common regarded sports strongest fighting sharks alongside shark ranked game fish pursued rod reel california south_africa called sharks pound pound harder fish whip fishing common similar recommended equipment rod big game reel holding line ideal method deep allowing drift conservation shark species rapid collapse generations prompted concerns species areas fishery data seldom reported aspects life history population structure little known addition continued fishing pressure common taken gear fish traps considered nets united_states manages common fisheries regulations commercial trip limits recreational minimum sizes retention limits shark illegal federal law atlantic common fishery regulated highly migratory species management division consolidated atlantic highly migratory species hms fishery management plan pacific common fishery regulated west coast fisheries highly migratory species hms 1990s common stocks california fishery fleet limited boats restrictions placed season operation range landings evidence california recovering potential population growth rate estimated year historical perceptions greek philosopher aristotle bce wrote earliest observations common claimed hooked freeing biting fishing lines protected young clever behaviors borne science led ancient greeks meaning fox modern scientific based repeated myth common cooperate attack version events shark circles whale beating sea tail allowing vulnerable spot alternate account positions beneath whale leaps water lands whale authors describe cutting huge whale tail known feed possess story arisen tall dorsal fins killer attack large shark tails bills found embedded blue fin likely accidents fast moving fish sharks exhibit aforementioned behaviors independent | Common thresher | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
23760_Convictcichlid | convict convict fish species family native central_america known convict popular fish subject numerous studies fish behaviour taxonomy originally described species collected specimens central_america species moved genus new genus based study species study led proposed moving species including genus convict displays significant color range regional variants considered different species keeping hobby collected fish red point stream honduras red point convict ranges south costa_rica new species included el_salvador panama atlantic coast type species cover species restricted northern population ranging el_salvador guatemala pacific coast honduras guatemala atlantic coast number synonyms exist species including etymology common convict like species derived vertical black stripes body reminiscent striped prison uniforms british similarly species epithet literally means black striped description wild type species black vertical bars blue grey body dark juvenile convict reach sexual maturity male gray light black stripes body males larger females pointed ventral dorsal anal fins extend addition older males frequently develop unusually fish female highly coloured intense black bands body pink orange ventral region dorsal fin mature males wild standard length centimeters breeding females centimeters long maximum standard length reported centimeters total length near centimeters body weight fish grams selective breeding resulted strain lacks dark barring wild type known commonly white pink gold caused gene inherited range habitat convict native lakes streams central_america particular species occurs eastern coast central_america guatemala costa_rica western coast honduras panama convict prefer moving water frequently found habitats cover form rocks sunken branches natural habitats convict costa_rica found range ranged daily water temperature ranged convict relatively tolerant cool water allowing volcanic lakes elevations meters feral populations species occurs outside natural range australia found warm power stations victoria tropical queensland captured perth western australia initial capture resulted addition australia species introduced mexico colombia taiwan usa feeding natural habitats species diet composed prey including crustaceans small fish insects worms plants algae fish jaw standard length allowing varied diet inferior social status associated stress affect digestive function convict reproduction life cycle convict reach sexual maturity young weeks sexual maturity commonly occurs months sexually mature form pairs spawn small caves wild fish caves moving earth underneath large stones females adhere eggs walls cave like brood exhibit parental care eggs free swimming eggs hatch approximately hours time parents expel potential egg predators nest fan eggs moving water fins clutch provide fan eggs day night night use sense smell recognize presence eggs dark pelvic fins contact eggs remain right distance darkness pair recognizes detect predators sense smell hatching larvae spend hours absorb yolk developing fins free swimming forage daylight dense school return cave night like parents retrieve young dark time delivering nest parents night sense time laboratory experiments convict continued retrieve young night approached absence signal light night bunch cave nest parents fan parents remain involved guarding brood predators engage behaviors assist feeding moving leaves fin digging digging substrate fins brood care eggs larvae free swimming juveniles wild weeks occurs season majority females contrast females known breed times year short intervals days long suitable rocks similar surfaces available lay eggs mating system convict pair bonds form establish territory male female obtain territory pairing convict substrate brooding territory include breeding site deposition eggs sexual selection effect population density sexual selection convict studied nest density greater females tended larger accurately explained density dependent mate preference mating competition opposed predation resource competition nest density regimes compared high low significant difference brood survival convict prefer breed farther away close proximity indicates costs breeding environment high population density example energy loss resulting increased aggression guarding territory female preference male mate examined accordance male size fighting ability female chooses larger males smaller male larger male larger male defeats smaller male fight males viewed time comparison drawn female female particular preference females benefit mating larger male shown larger males raise offspring independence better chasing predators attack offspring better competing breeding sites male size act effective indicator aggression repel come closer offspring shown individuals significantly greater size relative opponent win fights physical contact convict easiest breed parental roles convict species parents usually cooperate carrying tasks specific individual parental roles raising offspring common fish studies shown coordination female male female tends remain brood perform activities involving brood eggs mouth brooding larvae male tends patrol area chase defend predators parents able carry parental care tasks certain extent sex focus specific set behaviors particular susceptible change brood cycle fact observed mates removed parent able raise offspring independently having capacity parental behaviors young offspring grow free swimming parental activities distributed equally parents appears typical behavior types different ways sex role influenced studied manipulating presence absence mate presence absence variable considered parental roles occurs parents present variable considered thought care evolutionary consequence protection offspring mates present parents stay offspring resembling single parents parent addressing offspring mate parent concentrated activities associated offspring parent patrolling defending area isolated conditions equal sharing parental behaviors tends occur mates present introduced male spends time chasing female remains offspring present parent widowed male tends leave offspring instead attacks predator conclusive finding male rarely remains offspring female absent female rarely confronts male absent brood adoption convict extended care adopt unrelated young species similar smaller body size compared biological offspring parents benefit adopting smaller young taking advantage effect risk predation individual reduced group size larger reason considered foreign young larger biological offspring direct predatory threat shown biological offspring develop stronger swimmers parents active rejecting larger foreign young reject foreign young rejected large perceived direct threat biological offspring concluded brood adoption rejection rely heavily protection biological offspring differential predator instead larger adopted aggressive behavior convict known highly aggressive territorial breeding possessing variety complex behaviors adaptations suggested result environmental conditions individual development trait variation aggressive nature popularly studied investigate factors potentially cause behavior convict usually demonstrate aggressive behavior biting chasing bursts high speed targeted aggression body size shown environmental parameters like changes temperature prior residence affect territorial aggression convict aggressive opposed explained fact convict tend set breeding sites spawn care decorated mimic natural environment include rocks artificial caves breeding experts agree pair kept larger species types prepared fish foods readily accepted species aquatic plants plastic plants robust plants java recommended convict aggressively territorial breeding pairs best kept brood care reduced strains species tendency dig external superior filter systems relatively small size ease keeping breeding convict ideal advanced alike interested observing pair bonds brood care breeding breeding simple having male female tank adequate water quality feeding special conditioning required prolific breeding captivity low demand convict easily find population avenues adoption tank mates ideal tank mates convict consists robust similar sized fish fish include bar red points jewel mind territorial issues problem fast moving fish fish remember breeding pair smaller likely unable tank mates tank mates established type dominance breed live | Convict cichlid | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
24203_Nervousshark | nervous shark nervous shark species requiem shark family named behavior regard humans common shallow coastal waters northern australia small brownish grayish shark typically measuring long species short blunt snout oval eyes relatively large second dorsal fin leading margins fins finely edged black lower caudal fin lobe black tipped small bony fishes main prey nervous shark crustaceans snakes eaten viviparous developing embryos connection details life history vary depending latitude example timing breeding season length gestation period females produce litters young annually harmless nervous shark caught incidentally coastal fisheries line fisheries lacks sufficient data assess conservation status species australian waters population healthy listed concern taxonomy phylogeny australian originally described nervous shark subspecies junior synonym shark issue scientific journal australian zoologist gave meaning cautious latin demeanor confronted people later authors recognized shark distinct species placed genus type specimen consists preserved skin teeth long female caught western australia based morphology suggested nervous shark closely related reef shark tentatively grouped species shark copper shark silky shark night shark close relationship nervous reef sharks upheld phylogenetic study based study based nuclear mitochondrial genes description nervous shark stout shaped body short broadly rounded snout anterior margin extended slender shaped lobe moderately large eyes horizontally oval shape equipped membranes mouth lacks conspicuous furrows corners contains upper lower tooth rows upper teeth narrow angled edges lower teeth slender upright shape finer pairs gill slits medium length pectoral fins moderately long narrow pointed dorsal fin originates free rear tips pectoral fins large shaped pointed apex second dorsal fin positioned opposite anal fin relatively large high ridge dorsal fins crescent shaped notch present caudal upper caudal fin origin caudal fin strong lower lobe longer upper lobe ventral notch near tip dermal denticles overlapping bear horizontal ridges larger individuals leading marginal teeth species bronze gray white white stripe flank thin black line runs leading margins dorsal fins pectoral fins upper caudal fin lobe caudal fin trailing margin lower caudal fin lobe pectoral fins tipped black nervous shark typically reaches length grow long females attain larger sizes males distribution habitat nervous shark found continental shelves northern australia west east common sharks species generally inhabits shallow waters depth particularly favor lined areas sandy muddy bottoms avoids areas dense cover biology ecology diet nervous shark consists mainly small fishes including crustaceans including crabs predominantly cephalopods constitute secondary food sources shark known occasionally prey snakes known parasite nervous shark like requiem sharks nervous shark viviparous embryos exhaust initial supply yolk mother connection formed depleted yolk sac adult females single functional right functional male bites sides female prelude mating mating female stores sperm approximately weeks prior mating occurs january march occurs october november following gestation period months mating occurs late october early november occurs time following year following gestation period months slower development likely reflects cooler temperatures females produce litters annual cycle cycle litter size ranges size female relatively large measuring long shallow nursery areas juvenile growth rate high shark males females mature sexually respectively respectively age maturity years males years females maximum lifespan years males years females human interactions shy difficult approach nervous shark harmless humans occasionally marketed food species susceptible caught incidentally coastal fishery operating northern australia caught line gear australian nervous shark population appear threatened fishing activities assessed concern data impact fishing available range iucn listed overall | Nervous shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
24654_Fish | fish fish member group organisms consist gill bearing aquatic animals lack limbs included definition living bony fish extinct related groups fish cold allowing body temperatures vary ambient temperatures change large active swimmers like white shark hold higher core temperature fish abundant bodies water found nearly aquatic environments high mountain streams depths deepest oceans described species fish exhibit greater species diversity group fish important resource humans worldwide especially food commercial hunt fish wild fisheries fishing farm ponds ocean caught recreational kept pets raised exhibited public fish role culture ages serving deities religious symbols subjects art books movies term fish defined negatively amphibians reptiles birds mammals descend ancestry considered proper grouping systematic biology traditional term considered phylogenetic classification earliest organisms classified fish soft bodied appeared period lacked true spine possessed allowed counterparts fish continue evolve era wide variety forms fish developed external armor protected predators fish jaws appeared period sharks formidable marine predators prey evolution fish represent group evolution fish studied single event early fish fossil record represented group small armored fish known fish extinct extant clade approximate ancient pre fish jaws found fossils diversity indicate evolutionary advantage mouth unclear advantage jaw greater biting force improved combination factors fish evolved creature similar coral like sea larvae resemble primitive fish important ways ancestors fish kept form adulthood sea today reverse case taxonomy fish group clade containing fish contains fish reason groups class seen older reference works longer formal classifications traditional classification divide fish extant classes extinct forms classified tree classes class fish armoured fish class fish sharks rays extinct relatives class armoured fish class sharks classified bony fishes class bony fish ray fishes fishes ancestors scheme commonly encountered non specialist general works groups given rise successive groups ancestral given rise ancestors arrival phylogenetic nomenclature fishes split detailed scheme following major groups class class early fish class class class class class early fish class armoured fish class fish class sharks bony fish class ray fish order orders common fish class lobe fish indicates extinct taxon contend primitive fish fuller treatment taxonomy article position settled phylogenetic research supported idea form natural group sister group fish groups account half species known extant species bony fish sharks rays species fall largest families largest smallest families families containing species final total extant species grow exceed diversity term fish precisely describes non animal skull cases backbone gills life limbs shape fins unlike birds mammals fish single clade collection taxa including sharks rays ray fish closer relatives mammals birds amphibians etc fish ray fish sharks common ancestor fish ancestor groups longer recognised modern systematic biology use term fish biological group avoided types aquatic animals commonly referred fish fish sense given examples include earlier times distinction sixteenth century natural historians classified seals amphibians host aquatic invertebrates fish according definition mammals including like fish contexts especially true fish referred fin fish distinguish animals typical fish streamlined body rapid swimming extracts oxygen water gills uses breathing organ breathe atmospheric oxygen sets paired fins usually rarely dorsal fins anal fin tail fin jaws skin usually covered scales lays eggs criterion exceptions species sharks warm adaptations heat bodies significantly ambient water temperature swimming performance varies fish salmon cover body lengths second species rays swim body lengths second groups freshwater fish extract oxygen air water variety different structures paired lungs similar structure called labyrinth organ performs similar function extract oxygen stomach body shape arrangement fins highly variable covering seemingly forms similarly surface skin naked covered scales variety different types usually defined typical sharks rays fossil fossil fish living found bony fish fish live land feed interact underwater hide lives underground habitats relative lives leaf litter fish range size huge metre whale shark tiny millimetre stout fish species diversity roughly divided equally marine oceanic freshwater ecosystems coral reefs constitute center diversity marine fishes continental freshwater fishes diverse large river basins tropical especially amazon basins fish species inhabit fishes represent species earth exceptionally rich sites amazon basin state park contain freshwater fish species occur europe anatomy gills fish exchange gases gills gills consist structures called contains network provides large surface area exchanging oxygen carbon dioxide fish exchange gases pulling oxygen rich water mouths pumping gills fish blood flows opposite direction water causing exchange gills push oxygen poor water openings sides fish like sharks possess multiple gill openings bony fish single gill opening opening hidden beneath protective bony cover called juvenile external gills primitive feature share amphibians air breathing fish multiple groups live water extended periods amphibious fish live land days live oxygen depleted water fish breathe air variety mechanisms skin absorb oxygen directly cavity electric breathe air families absorb air digestive tracts exception australian paired lungs similar surface fresh air mouth pass spent air gills swim functions way breathe passing air gut breathe absorbing oxygen skin similar frogs number fish evolved called breathing organs extract oxygen air labyrinth fish labyrinth organ gills performs function fish structures resembling labyrinth organs form function notably family breathing air primarily use fish inhabit shallow variable waters water oxygen concentration decline fish dependent solely dissolved oxygen perch quickly air survive longer cases water little wet mud extreme air breathing fish able survive damp weeks water entering state water returns air breathing fish divided air air air african breathe air periodically air breathe air need rely gills oxygen air breathing fish air avoid energetic cost rising surface fitness cost exposure surface predators circulation fish closed loop system heart pumps blood single loop body fish heart consists parts including chambers entrance exit thin walled sac collects blood fish veins allowing flow second large muscular chamber serves way sends blood thick walled muscular chamber pumps blood fourth large tube heart connects blood flows gills jaws allow fish eat wide variety food including plants organisms fish food mouth break stomach food fish processed finger shaped called digestive absorb nutrients organs liver add chemicals food moves digestive tract completes process nutrient absorption aquatic animals fish release gills blood filtered fish tend lose water return water body reverse happens freshwater fish tend gain water produce fish specially adapted vary function allowing freshwater scales scales fish originate skin similar structure teeth sensory nervous system central nervous system fish typically small brains relative body size compared typically fifteenth brain mass similarly sized bird fish relatively large brains notably sharks brains massive relative body weight birds fish brains divided regions pair structures receive process signals nostrils nerves large fish hunt primarily smell sharks structural equivalent higher fish concerned structures form connecting structure consequently visible performs functions associated body lies structure light maintains rhythms controls color changes contains large species hunt sight rainbow trout particularly involved swimming balance single structure typically biggest brain relatively small massive apparently involved electrical sense brain stem brain posterior controlling muscles body organs bony fish brain stem sense organs fish possess highly developed sense organs nearly daylight fish color vision good human vision fishes fish responsible extraordinary senses taste smell ears fish hear fish sensitive form lateral line system gentle currents vibrations senses motion nearby fish prey fish sharks organs detect weak electric currents order fish like south american electric fishes produce weak electric currents use navigation social communication fish orient landmarks use mental maps based multiple landmarks symbols fish behavior reveals possess spatial memory visual discrimination vision vision important sensory system species fish fish eyes similar terrestrial like birds mammals spherical lens generally rods vision species colour vision fish light fish developed eyes primitive fish vision shows adaptation visual environment example deep sea fishes eyes suited dark environment hearing hearing important sensory system species fish fish sense sound lateral lines ears capacity pain experiments provide evidence fish pain fear responses instance experiments electrically shocked time came mere sight scottish scientists concluded rainbow trout exhibit behaviors associated pain animals bee venom acid injected lips resulted fish rocking bodies lips sides floors tanks researchers concluded attempts relieve pain similar mammals fired pattern resembling human patterns professor claimed study flawed provide proof fish possess conscious awareness particularly kind awareness like rose argues fish brains different human brains fish probably conscious manner humans reactions similar human reactions pain instead causes rose published study year earlier arguing fish feel pain brains lack animal argues fish consciousness different species use different brain structures systems handle functions animal welfare advocates raise concerns possible suffering fish caused countries germany banned specific types fishing british formally individuals cruel fish muscular system fish alternately contracting paired sets muscles backbone form shaped curves body curve reaches fin backward force applied water conjunction fins moves fish forward fish fins function like airplane flaps fins increase tail surface area increasing speed streamlined body fish decreases friction water body tissue water fish compensate difference sink bony fish internal organ called swim manipulation gases fish exclusively exceptions certain species fish maintain elevated body temperatures bony fish include species primitive sharks family long fin white salmon shark evidence suggests trait exists family sharks degree varies warm eyes brain sharks maintain body temperatures elevated excess ambient water temperatures costly thought provide advantages increased muscle strength higher rates central nervous system processing higher rates reproductive system fish reproductive organs include species paired organs similar size partially totally fused range secondary organs increase reproductive fitness terms distribution structure types common occur fish confined portion structures fish present semi relation release phase cells fish types secondary type released directly cavity enter eliminated secondary shed directly type conveyed exterior primitive condition found characterize continuity secondary found development fish varies according group determination dynamics allows understanding maturation processes changes nucleus surrounding layers characterize maturation process structures formed release function present wide irregular rapidly process involving cells process called spawned process occur frequently development stages fish like california having different phases life cycle simultaneously known fish eggs develop outside mother body examples fish include salmon majority species takes place outside mother body male female fish surrounding water fish practice internal male sort organ deliver sperm opening female notably sharks horn shark rays cases male equipped pair modified pelvic fins known marine fish produce high numbers eggs released open water column eggs average diameter millimetre newly hatched young fish called larvae usually poorly formed carry large yolk sac different appearance juvenile adult specimens period fish relatively short usually weeks larvae rapidly grow change appearance structure process termed juveniles transition larvae switch yolk sac feeding prey process depends typically inadequate density larvae fish eggs develop inside mother body internal receive little directly mother depending instead yolk embryo develops egg familiar examples fish include angel sharks species fish viviparous species mother retains eggs embryos typically viviparous fish structure analogous seen mammals connecting mother blood supply embryo examples viviparous fish include surf lemon shark viviparous fish exhibit developing embryos eat eggs produced mother observed primarily sharks known bony fish unusual mode largest embryos eat weaker smaller siblings behavior commonly found sharks grey nurse shark reported commonly refer viviparous fish diseases like animals fish suffer diseases parasites prevent disease variety defenses non specific defenses include skin scales layer traps growth breach defenses fish develop response increases blood flow infected region delivers white blood cells attempt destroy specific defenses respond particular recognised fish body immune response recent years widely ornamental fish example farmed salmon virus species use cleaner fish remove external parasites best known cleaner genus found coral reefs indian pacific oceans small fish maintain called cleaning stations fish perform specific movements attract attention cleaning behaviors observed number fish groups including interesting case genus cleaner larger immune system immune organs vary type fish fish true organs absent fish rely regions tissue organs produce immune cells example cells produced anterior kidney areas gut mature resemble primitive bone fish sharks rays advanced immune system specialized organs unique organs tissue similar bone surround organ walls spiral valve organs house typical immune cells cells possess identifiable developed important immune organ cells develop stored fish possess major site production mass associated membranes surrounding central nervous system heart frequently covered tissue contains cells small number kidney important organ develop like fish major immune tissues bony fish include kidney especially anterior kidney houses different immune cells addition fish possess scattered immune areas tissues skin gills gut like immune system believed reside major cell type found system similar mammals described species fish confirmed system presumably naive cells accumulate waiting encounter bearing cell respectively found fishes immune system evolved ancestor conservation iucn red list names fish species threatened extinction included species atlantic devil hole great white sharks fish live underwater difficult study terrestrial animals plants information fish populations lacking freshwater fish particularly threatened live relatively small water bodies example devil hole occupies single metres pool major threat edible fish eventually causes population known stock collapse survivors produce young replace removed commercial extinction mean species extinct merely longer sustain fishery studied example fishery collapse pacific fishery california coast peak long tons catch steadily declined long tons fishery longer economically viable main tension fisheries science fishing industry groups different views fisheries intensive fishing places scotland newfoundland alaska fishing industry major employer governments support hand scientists push stringent protection warning stocks wiped years habitat destruction key stress freshwater marine ecosystems habitat degradation including water pollution building dams removal water use humans introduction exotic species example fish endangered habitat change north american freshwater fish lives rivers damaged human activity exotic species introduction non native species occurred habitats best studied examples introduction perch 1960s perch gradually lake endemic species survive captive breeding programmes probably extinct european perch brown trout rainbow trout sea examples fish caused problems introduced alien environments importance humans economic importance history humans utilized fish food source historically today fish protein come means catching wild fish fish farming practiced bce china increasingly important nations overall sixth world protein estimated provided fish proportion considerably elevated developing nations regions heavily dependent sea similar manner fish tied trade catching fish purpose food sport known fishing organized effort humans catch fish called fishery fisheries huge global business provide income millions people annual yield fisheries worldwide million tons popular species including herring salmon term fishery broadly applied includes organisms fish crustaceans called fish food recreation fish recognized source beauty long food appearing cave art raised ornamental fish ponds displayed homes offices public settings recreational fishing fishing pleasure competition contrasted commercial fishing fishing profit common form recreational fishing rod reel line hooks wide range method fishing specifically practice catching fish means angle hook select right hook cast accurately retrieve right speed considering water weather conditions species fish response time day factors culture fish feature prominently art literature movies books old man sea large fish particularly sharks frequently subject horror movies notably novel jaws spawned series films turn inspired similar films parodies terror shown similar light sharks films contrary popular belief red actually generally species unlikely harm humans book great fish legends half human half fish featured folklore like stories fish themes symbolic significance religions fish symbol christians represent jesus christianity general refer men feeding multitude buddhism fish symbolize happiness complete freedom movement water drawn form regarded orient sacred account elegant beauty size life span deities said form fish ancient semitic peoples shark gods symbol based second fish night sky terminology school random fish merely resource food nesting sites known simply fish come interactive social grouping forming school depending degree organisation loosely organised group fish independently attracted members group behaviour swimming speed remains close members group schools fish tightly organised swimming fish speed direction schooling behaviour believed provide variety advantages examples sites form form classic examples schooling fish words school different meanings biology treated synonyms non specialists speakers british english describe grouping fish speakers american english school loosely fish fishes biology words different meanings fish singular describe multiple individuals single species fishes describe different species species groups pond contained single species said contain fish pond contained total fish different species said contain fishes distinction similar people peoples biology term fish strictly describe animal backbone gills life limbs shape fins types aquatic animals common names ending fish fish sense examples include earlier times distinction sixteenth century natural historians classified seals amphibians host aquatic invertebrates fish fisheries term fish collective term includes crustaceans aquatic animal harvested strict biological definition fish called true fish true fish referred fin fish distinguish aquatic life harvested fisheries | Fish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
24862_Milkshark | milk shark milk shark species requiem shark family common comes indian belief consumption meat promotes largest widely distributed member genus milk shark typically measures long found coastal tropical waters eastern atlantic regions occurring surface depth species common near beaches recorded swimming rivers juveniles known inhabit tidal pools meadows milk shark slender body long pointed snout large eyes gray white shark distinguished similar species range long furrows corners mouth seven enlarged pores abundant sharks range milk shark feeds primarily small bony fishes takes cephalopods crustaceans turn falls prey larger sharks possibly marine mammals common members family species viviparous developing embryos sustained connection females birth young defined breeding season year depending location reproductive cycle usually annual large numbers milk sharks caught commercial fisheries countries meat fins despite assessed species concern wide distribution relatively high productivity seemingly allow present levels exploitation sustained taxonomy phylogeny german naturalist published scientific description milk shark specific epithet means sharp latin des fishes red sea listed different genera including finally placed genus type species mention type specimen designated male caught saudi_arabia species common milk shark comes belief held india eating shark meat names species include fish shark grey dog shark little blue shark milk dog shark sharp milk shark sharp shark white eye shark phylogenetic analysis based found milk shark basal species examined extinct known deposits southern france portugal distribution habitat milk shark widest distribution species found southern italy indian_ocean occurs south_africa madagascar northward eastward south southeast_asia pacific_ocean species occurs china southern japan philippines indonesia new_guinea northern australia milk shark likely distribution way eastern atlantic sharks isolated sharks collision asia africa occurring close shore surf zone depth milk shark favors water sandy beaches occasionally enters western australia juvenile milk sharks inhabit meadows composed antarctica sources state species avoids low reported times fresh water far upstream milk sharks found water column surface south_africa numbers annually peak summer suggesting form seasonal movement description largest member genus west_africa milk shark reported reach males females uncertainty species identity specimens accepted figures considered exceptional individuals exceed length generally females heavier attain greater maximum size males milk shark slender build long pointed snout large round eyes membranes protective head corner jaw usually seven enlarged pores nostrils small adjacent triangular skin flaps long furrows corners mouth upper lower jaws tooth rows number jaws upper teeth finely strongly oblique lower teeth similar shape smaller tips curve gently upward teeth juveniles smooth edged broad triangular pectoral fins originate fourth gill slits longer margin dorsal fin anal fin twice long second dorsal fin preceded long ridges dorsal fin originates pectoral fin free rear tips smaller second dorsal fin originates anal fin base dorsal fins ridge lower lobe caudal fin developed upper lobe ventral notch near tip shark plain gray brown gray purple gray white leading edge dorsal fin trailing edge caudal fin dark trailing edges pectoral fins light biology ecology abundant near shore sharks range milk shark feeds mainly small benthic schooling bony fishes occasionally squid octopus crabs shrimp taken important prey herring local shark species found beds avoided sharks feeds mainly herring major predator smaller sharks eat cephalopods crustaceans switching fish grow older predators feed milk shark including larger sharks shark australian shark possibly marine mammals large sharks use protect beaches led recent increase milk shark numbers known parasite species evidence male female milk sharks life history like requiem sharks milk shark viviparous females usually single functional left functional divided separate compartments embryo details life history vary different parts range females generally produce young year birth year year mating place spring early summer april july western southern africa winter india alternately occurs year round peak spring occurs continuously australian waters number peaks april july proposed explanation lack reproductive complex reproductive cycle detected period development presently evidence occurring females store sperm internally litter size ranges typical increasing female size waters females average males litter female litters uncommon similar extreme sex reported litters milk sharks eastern india reason unknown observed related species atlantic shark gestation embryos takes year proceeds phases phase lasting months length embryo relies yolk gas exchange occurs surface possibly yolk sac second phase lasts months length external gill develop yolk sac begins substance mother meantime phase lasting months depleted yolk sac converted connection receives birth young sharks typically born length weigh record female caught mumbai carrying long nearly fully developed long gestation complete pregnant females use nursery areas birth taking advantage warmer waters abundant food known nursery areas include national park cleveland bay australia large groups small milk sharks found shallow tidal pools beds sheltered predators dense tall vegetation sharks coastal mature males female milk sharks mature lengths respectively west_africa respectively southern africa respectively maturation size result regional variation incidental selection heavy fishing pressure growth rate milk sharks calculated year second year year fourth year fifth year year age maturation thought years maximum lifespan years human interactions milk shark harmless humans small size teeth caught hook line shark marketed fresh dried human consumption shark fin soup abundance makes significant component commercial fisheries range northern australia ranks common sharks caught comprises annual catches respectively species commercially important sharks caught india sport regard game fish listed milk shark concern despite heavily wide distribution remains fairly common reproductive characteristics species suggests capable somewhat high level exploitation grey shark australian shark 1980s early 1990s stock assessments milk shark india coast concluded catches fisheries maximum sustainable level studies based subsequently proven unreliable shark populations fishing pressure region increased substantially assessments conducted | Milk shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
24870_Roughtailstingray | species family separate populations coastal waters northwestern eastern southwestern atlantic_ocean dwelling species typically inhabits sandy muddy areas patches cover depth migratory offshore waters moving coastal habitats summer largest whip tail atlantic grows weight plain color angular diamond shaped pectoral fin disc long whip tail tail bearing subtle fin fold underneath tail serve distinguish share range found lying buried sediment predator feeds variety benthic invertebrates bony fishes viviparous embryos receiving initially yolk later milk produced mother northwestern atlantic females bear annual litter young fall early winter gestation period months contrast mediterranean evidence females bear litters young year gestation period months rays northwestern atlantic larger birth sexual maturity mediterranean tail spine potentially dangerous humans listed species concern overall northwestern atlantic commercially utilized mediterranean southwestern atlantic subject heavy fishing pressure assessed taxonomy phylogeny description published american naturalist earliest north american works short treatise fishes new_york volume transactions literary philosophical society new york mitchell based account specimens caught long_island designate types named new species greek reference subsequent authors moved species genus ray referred rough tailed rough tailed northern taxonomy fully resolved northwestern atlantic southwestern atlantic eastern atlantic populations differing life history representing complex different species phylogenetic analysis species based morphology found sister species broad form clade southern close relationship southern upheld genetic analysis published colleagues broad found atlantic respectively likely diverged formation panama distribution habitat broadly distributed coastal waters atlantic_ocean western atlantic occurs new_england southward florida bahamas northeastern gulf_of_mexico scattered reports venezuela argentina barrier reef belize eastern atlantic occurs southern bay including mediterranean_sea single record india likely deepest diving recorded depth bahamas regularly occurs mediterranean common depth dwelling species favors live habitat patches rough terrain densely invertebrates adjacent open areas sand mud rays northwestern atlantic usually enter water west_africa recorded lower reaches large rivers favored temperature range important factor determining distribution conducts seasonal eastern united_states december ray found middle outer parts continental shelf cape_hatteras north_carolina florida larger rays occurring south smaller ones spring population moves north cape coast bays preserving north south gradient body sizes similar migration shallow coastal waters summer deeper offshore waters winter apparently occurs mediterranean pregnant females tend found apart individuals description diamond shaped pectoral fin disk times wide long straight gently margins angular outer corners moderately long snout eyes smaller range immediately followed larger curtain skin nostrils finely fringed posterior margin mouth bow shaped row like structures floor seven upper lower tooth rows center functional total number tooth rows greater teeth arranged pattern flattened surfaces base blunt crown juveniles females pointed adult males pelvic fins nearly straight margins angular tips tail long whip like measuring times length disc long saw toothed spine placed atop tail half disc length tail base replacement spines present existing spine long ventral fin fold lower southern individuals completely smooth skin larger rays develop increasing numbers distinctive flat based middle snout tail base dorsal lateral rows tail vary size largest equal diameter eye bear species uniform dark brown olive white dark fin margins largest members family reach long weight females grow larger males biology ecology reportedly highly active spending time buried sediment predator diet generally reflects available prey environment mainly captures prey takes free swimming prey variety invertebrates bony fishes sand lance known consumed massachusetts main prey crabs cancer squid worms delaware bay diet consists shrimp blood worm overall composition nearly identical share bay shrimp major food source virginia florida crustaceans worms important prey sharks large fishes particular great prey live found attached body known parasites species include like viviparous developing embryo initially sustained yolk later milk containing proteins delivered mother finger like projections called left functional adult females eastern united_states reproduction occurs annual cycle mating winter early spring gestation period months females birth typically young fall early winter measure north_africa occurs june december indicating females bear litters year month gestation period females bearing litter year month gestation period smaller northwestern atlantic consistent shorter gestation period size maturity differs regions eastern united_states males females mature respectively north_africa males females mature respectively human interactions large size long spine inflict severe wound dangerous handle aggressive usually occurs deep encountered reported damage farmed beds pectoral fins wings sold human consumption fresh smoked dried rest ray processed obtain liver oil assessed concern worldwide noting large slow species susceptible population northwestern atlantic listed concern targeted utilized commercial fisheries numbers captured incidentally historically ground mediterranean intensive fishing occurs habitat caught incidentally commercial specific data available species declines species led assessed region southwestern atlantic large rays heavily hook line fishing pressure liable increase growing commercial interest large fish products reports suggest landings species decreasing leading regional assessment | Roughtail stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
24912_Whaleshark | whale shark whale shark slow moving filter feeding shark largest known extant fish species largest confirmed individual length weight unconfirmed claims considerably larger individuals long weighing uncommon holds records sheer size animal kingdom notably far largest living sole member genus extant member family called belongs class species originated million years ago whale shark found open waters tropical oceans rarely found water modeling suggests lifespan years measurements proven difficult large mouths filter feeding mode occurs sharks shark shark feed exclusively completely harmless humans species distinguished april specimen south_africa military doctor associated british troops stationed cape_town described following year whale shark directly refers fish size large species filter like distribution habitat whale shark inhabits tropical warm temperate seas fish primarily living open sea greater depths ocean seasonal feeding occur coastal sites southern eastern parts south_africa belize western australia gulf coast india honduras philippines baja california national park indonesia bay national park indonesia madagascar reef near islands mafia gulf islands rarely israel jordan typically seen offshore found closer land entering coral near mouths rivers range generally restricted latitude capable diving depths migratory february large whale shark found floating kilometres coast pakistan length specimen said weight whale sharks gathered largest gatherings whale sharks recorded area reliable seasonal gatherings known whale sharks large numbers occurring years september associated grown rapidly levels description whale sharks mouth wide containing rows tiny teeth filter pads uses filter feed whale sharks large pairs gills head wide flat small eyes whale sharks grey white belly skin marked pale yellow spots stripes unique individual whale shark prominent ridges sides skin thick shark pair dorsal fins pectoral fins juveniles tails larger upper fin lower fin adult tail whale shark eyes whale shark largest non animal world average size adult whale sharks estimated specimens length reported largest verified specimen caught november near pakistan long weighed stories exist vastly larger specimens quoted lengths common popular literature scientific records support existence irish natural scientist obtained small whale shark specimens claimed observed specimens excess tells shark specimens surpassing publication described huge animal caught bamboo fish trap thailand shark heavy pull ashore smith estimated shark long weighed measurements exaggerated precise recent years shark caught southern taiwan reportedly weighed claims whale sharks metres tonnes ship named came whale shark southern pacific_ocean rammed shark stuck ship supposedly reliable documentation exists claims remain fish stories diet whale shark filter known filter feeding shark species shark shark feeds including fish eggs red crab larvae small life small squid fish feeds clouds eggs mass spawning fish rows teeth play role feeding feeding occurs ram animal opens mouth forward pushing water food mouth active feeding animal opens closes mouth volumes water expelled gills cases filter pads serve separate food water unique black like structures presumed modified gill food separation whale sharks cross flow water travels nearly parallel filter pad surface passing outside food particles continue throat extremely efficient method filter pad surface whale sharks observed presumably clear build particles filter pads whale sharks migrate feed possibly breed whale shark active targeting concentrations fish able ram filter feed stationary position contrast passive feeding shark pump water instead force water gills juvenile whale shark estimated eat pounds day bbc program filmed whale shark feeding school small fish documentary showed footage whale shark timing arrival coincide mass spawning fish feeding resultant clouds eggs sperm behavior divers despite size whale shark pose significant danger humans whale sharks fish allow swimmers catch ride practice discouraged shark scientists disturbance sharks younger whale sharks gentle play divers underwater photographers photographed swimming close humans danger shark seen divers places including honduras thailand philippines red_sea western australia christmas island taiwan panama belize greater wetland park south_africa baja california sur mexico islands eastern malaysia india sri_lanka puerto_rico juveniles found near shore near captivity whale sharks featured main attraction osaka whale sharks captivity okinawa japan japan features single adult whale shark major attraction display taiwan display china whale sharks males females alice live atlanta usa male whale sharks died captivity georgia january june respectively females added june males whale sharks imported taiwan whale sharks called sharks taste texture flesh fishery came closed whale sharks live china whale shark atlantis hotel released march whale sharks mexico_city reproduction mating whale sharks observed capture female july pregnant pups indicated whale sharks eggs remain body females birth live young long evidence indicates pups born female retains sperm mating produces steady stream pups prolonged period reach sexual maturity years lifespan estimated years march marine scientists philippines discovered believed smallest living specimen whale shark young shark measuring found tail tied stake beach philippines released wild based discovery scientists longer believe area feeding ground site ground young whale sharks pregnant females seen waters numerous whale sharks spotted summer conservation status currently robust estimate global whale shark population species considered vulnerable iucn long life span late maturation listed species sharks memorandum understanding philippines banned fishing selling whale sharks commercial purposes followed india taiwan currently listed vulnerable species continue hunted parts asia taiwan china listed endangered announced plans bring whale sharks marine life park met opposition seven notable conservation societies plan shelved favour search alternatives gulf_of_mexico oil spill resulted barrels oil flowing area south whale shark sightings northern gulf occurred recent years sightings confirmed whale sharks unable avoid oil slick situated surface sea whale sharks feed hours time dead whale sharks found species added convention international trade endangered species wild fauna flora cites regulate international trade live specimens parts human culture vietnamese culture whale shark revered deity called literally translates lord fish philippines called whale shark featured reverse philippine bill law maintain distance feet sharks fine possible jail time touches animals | Whale shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
25469_Izakcatshark | simply species belonging family common coasts south_africa southern typically inhabits outer continental shelf depths males found deeper females juveniles short wide flattened head robust body tapering long slender tail identified ornate color pattern dark brown spots juveniles adults light yellowish background enlarged dermal denticles pectoral fins dorsal snout second dorsal fin species reaches length males larger females dwelling relatively active nature feeds mainly diverse array bony fishes crustaceans cephalopods significant portion diet discarded fisheries species females producing eggs time year round regularly caught incidentally south african commercial fishery discarded utilized despite fishing pressure population increasing assessed concern taxonomy originally described south african fisheries survey report assigned new species genus gave specific epithet honor fellow assigned species newly created subgenus elevated rank genus appear existing type specimens account human designated long male caught species historically confusion scientific literature times considered junior synonym furthermore forms recognized cape typical form northeastern form northeastern form described separate species description body firm stout tapering dramatically tail head short wide flattened blunt snout horizontally oval eyes placed high head thick ridges beneath rudimentary membrane followed nostrils preceded triangular flaps skin reach long angular mouth mouth contains prominent roof floor lacks furrows corners upper lower jaws contain average tooth rows respectively tooth relatively large narrow central flanked smaller pairs gill slits pectoral fins long broad dorsal fin originates rear pelvic fin bases second dorsal fin slightly larger originates rear anal fin base pelvic anal fins long low larger dorsal fins free rear tips pelvic fins fused degree completely males slender pointed caudal long thin particularly younger sharks caudal fin makes fourth fifth total length weak lower lobe ventral notch near tip upper lobe thick skin covered dermal denticles gill slits enlarged spike like denticles found upper surface pectoral fins dorsal snout second dorsal fin origin patterned irregularly shaped dark brown spots light yellow yellowish brown background spots fuse age form intricate pattern shaped markings adults underside plain white obvious black sensory pores beneath head body paired fins like species contrary pattern fishes males attain greater maximum length females versus distribution habitat endemic southern tip africa range extends west east older records north east african coast likely refer species abundant dwelling species inhabits outer continental shelf upper continental slope deep south_africa common areas wider continental shelf depths south coast west coast females juveniles tend found shallower water males number sharks given area remains largely constant year sharks southernmost point perform small autumn migration shore biology ecology compared deep sea sharks large heart suggestive relatively active lifestyle feeds wide variety bony fishes crustaceans cephalopods larger sharks consume crustaceans fewer fishes recorded diet probably represents fishery given presence fast moving species shark unlikely captured live worms eggs occasionally species parasites stomach reproduction proceeds year seasonal patterns mature females single functional functional single egg matures time egg contained purse shaped capsule long capsule light brown long corners likely serve anchor rocks surface velvet like texture bears rate egg laying unknown thought high based shark fishing pressure females juveniles shallower depths indicate waters serve nursery areas young hatch long males females mature sexually long respectively human interactions harmless commercial value regularly caught incidentally discarded fishery targeting south cape_town contrast fishes numbers increasing presence commercial fishing reasons include high reproductive rate breeding shallower waters allowing high post capture survival diet consequently listed concern noting merits continued population monitoring highly restricted range | Izak catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
26003_Whitetipreefshark | reef shark reef shark species requiem shark family member genus small shark usually exceeding length species easily recognizable slender body short broad head tubular skin flaps nostrils oval eyes vertical pupils white tipped dorsal caudal fins common sharks found coral reefs reef shark occurs far east south_africa far west central_america typically found near clear water depth day reef sharks spend time resting inside caves unlike requiem sharks rely ram ventilation constantly swim breathe shark pump water gills lie night reef sharks emerge hunt bony fishes crustaceans octopus groups bodies allowing force way holes extract hidden prey individuals stay particular area reef months years time returning shelter species viviparous developing embryos sustained connection mother sharks mating observed wild receptive female reef sharks followed prospective males attempt grasp pectoral fin maneuver positions suitable females birth pups year gestation period months reef sharks rarely aggressive humans investigate swimmers closely spear risk attempting steal catch species caught food poisoning resulting consumption reported iucn assessed reef shark noting numbers increasing levels fishing activity range slow reproductive rate limited habitat preferences species renders populations vulnerable taxonomy phylogeny reef shark described german naturalist des fishes red sea choice specific epithet curious given shark actually slender later moved species genus greek meaning meaning tooth originally designate long specimen caught saudi_arabia species common names shark include shark light tip shark reef shark shark placed family reef shark recognized authors belonging family basis morphological characters membrane developed pit strong lower caudal fin lobe like morphological molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest reef shark grouped lemon sharks shark occupying intermediate position evolutionary tree basal genera derived distribution habitat reef shark distributed widely entire thought existed atlantic_ocean based fossil teeth found north_carolina dating recent research indicates teeth belonged shark species atlantic indian_ocean occurs northern south_africa red_sea indian including madagascar mauritius sri_lanka western central pacific occurs southern china taiwan philippines southeast_asia indonesia northern australia found numerous islands far hawaii north southeast eastern pacific occurs costa_rica panama associated exclusively coral reef habitats reef sharks encountered coral heads high vertical relief additionally sandy flats near drop offs deeper water prefer clear water rarely swim far species common depth occasion enter water deep exceptional record reef shark captured depth description relatively small species reef sharks longer maximum length species given originally based visual observations dubious maximum reported weight reef shark slim body short broad head snout flattened blunt large flaps skin tubes eyes small oval vertical pupils prominent ridges followed small notch mouth distinct downward slant expression shark short furrows corners tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw tooth single narrow smooth edged center flanked pair smaller dorsal fin positioned body closer pelvic pectoral fins second dorsal anal fins large half quarters high dorsal fin broad triangular pectoral fins originate slightly level fifth gill ridge second dorsal fins lower lobe caudal fin half length upper strong notch near tip dermal denticles small overlapping usually horizontal ridges giving skin smooth feel coloration grayish brownish white pattern scattered small dark spots unique individual tips dorsal fin upper caudal fin lobe second dorsal fin lower caudal fin lobe bright white biology ecology reef shark common sharks inhabiting reefs reef shark grey reef shark habitat preferences species overlap tend frequent shallow water like reef shark outer reef like grey reef shark reef shark strong body unlike requiem sharks lie actively pump water gills species active night tide spends day resting inside caves singly small groups arranged parallel stacked atop hawaii sharks found inside underwater lava tubes costa_rica seen lying open sandy flats reef sharks generally remain highly localized area rarely undertake long movements wandering settling new study found sharks examined moved away original capture location periods year study french found years originally tagged sharks present reef captured individual shark rest inside cave months years daytime home range reef shark limited approximately km2 night range increases km2 sharks territorial share home ranges species perform threat displays important predators reef shark include tiger sharks sharks possibly sharks usually occur depths greater favored reef sharks long reef shark found stomach giant unlikely significant predators species rarity known parasites reef shark include parasitic larvae resting day sharks observed cleaned unusually report seven reef sharks adopting cleaning posture mouth gills midst non cleaning mechanical moving thought evoked behavior similarity actual cleaner organisms feeding slender body reef shark narrow holes reef prey inaccessible reef sharks alternatively clumsy attempting food suspended open water species feeds mainly bony fishes including octopus crabs reef shark highly responsive acoustic electrical cues given potential prey visual system movement contrast object details especially sensitive natural artificial low frequency sounds range evoke struggling fish reef sharks hunt primarily night fishes asleep easily taken dusk groups sharks reef breaking pieces coral vigorous pursuit prey multiple sharks target prey item covering exit route particular coral head shark hunts competition group unlike reef sharks grey reef sharks reef sharks excited feeding groups unlikely stirred feeding despite nocturnal habits reef sharks hunt daytime borneo species reef drop offs feed food brought rising current hawaii follow hawaiian monk seals attempt steal catches reef shark survive weeks food life history like members family reef shark viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk yolk sac converted connection mother delivers remainder gestation mature females single functional left functional reproductive cycle mating initiated males follow closely female bite fins body possibly indicating female readiness male attempts seize female pectoral fins times males grasp female sides simultaneously engaged sharks sink male males forward associated sac abdominal organ takes flush sperm female attempts contact female vent cases female pressing belly tail reflect mate choice male limited time achieve holding female pectoral fin mouth deprived oxygen hand female willing pair heads pressed bodies upward angle gestation period months females birth litters usually pups number offspring female size female produces estimated average pups entire lifetime occurs august autumn winter french july summer october summer australia females birth swimming making violent twists turns bodies takes hour fully emerge measure long relatively longer caudal fins adults shark develops slowly compared requiem sharks grow rate year adults grow rate year sexual maturity reached length age years mature males small long recorded suggesting regional variation maturation size great barrier reef males live years females years maximum lifespan shark upwards years reef shark produced single possibly means centre hungary previous instances reproduction sharks reported shark human interactions unlike oceanic cousin white tip reef shark harmless seldom aggressive provoked fearless curious reef sharks approach swimmers closely investigate sharks readily attempt steal catches spear resulted people process places local reef sharks learned associate sound discharge boat dropping anchor food respond seconds lists provoked attacks species reef sharks suited diving conditioning hand fed divers hawaiian mythology fidelity loyalty reef sharks certain areas reef years time inspired belief spirits family ancestors animal form protect descendants reef shark taken fisheries operating pakistan india sri_lanka madagascar likely meat liver eaten sharks certain areas present substantial risk poisoning especially liver contains higher concentration meat assessed species numbers dropped recent decades increasing far fishing pressure tropics restricted habitat low dispersal slow reproduction factors limit shark capacity recovering great barrier reef populations reef sharks fishing zones reduced relative entry zones furthermore populations zones boats allowed fishing prohibited exhibit levels comparable fishing zones demographic models indicate depleted populations continue decline year additional conservation measures | Whitetip reef shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
26040_Alligatorgar | ray fish related fossil record traces existence early cretaceous million years ago largest species family largest freshwater fishes north_america referred primitive fishes living fossils retained morphological characters earliest ancestors spiral valve common digestive system sharks breathe air water common derived resemblance american particularly broad snout long sharp teeth evidence scientific reports suggest grow length weigh largest caught officially recorded long weighed body torpedo shaped usually brown olive fading lighter gray yellow ventral surface scales like scales fishes scales hard like diamond shaped scales edges scales nearly served fish protection predation unlike species upper jaw dual row large sharp teeth hold prey stalking ambush predators primarily ambush eat water small mammals find floating water surface populations historic range result habitat destruction populations located primarily southern portions united_states extending mexico considered adapt varying ranging freshwater lakes swamps marshes bays gulf_of_mexico nearly half century considered trash fish species detrimental sport fisheries targeted elimination state federal authorities united_states 1980s brought better understanding ecological balance necessary sustain ecosystem eventually awareness important living organism ecosystems inhabit time afforded protection state federal resource agencies protected act makes illegal transport certain species fish interstate commerce violation state law regulation state federal resource agencies monitoring populations wild initiated outreach programs educate public ponds pools tanks federal universities research purposes mexico consumption anatomy largest species family largest freshwater fishes found north_america mature commonly measure length weigh reports suggest grow length weigh largest officially recorded inadvertently caught net fisherman mississippi fishing lakes mississippi_river february williams pulling net lake expecting find buffalo fish instead discovered large net long weighed according wildlife officials fish estimated years old report estimated age williams donated jackson remain display torpedo shaped bodies distinguishing characteristics adult include large size heavy bodies broad heads short broad large sharp teeth double row teeth upper jaw usually brown olive fading lighter gray yellow ventral surface dorsal anal fins positioned bodies caudal fin non symmetrical physiology gills unlike species fish exceptions highly swim lung gill provides enables breathe air able inhabit bodies water fishes die swim connected small allows breathe air break surface action seen frequently lakes southern united_states hot summer months scales like scales fishes flexible scales bodies protected articulated scales diamond shaped edge scales designed strength attack composed tough inner layer bone hard outer layer nearly taxonomy evolution described original later changed order recognize distinct extant taxon synonyms include sic fossils order collected europe cretaceous periods africa india cretaceous north_america cretaceous recent times extant family seven species located north central_america fossil record traces existence early cretaceous million years ago despite highly evolved species referred primitive fishes living fossils retained morphological characteristics earliest ancestors seemingly little apparent changes spiral valve common digestive system sharks tail swim lung breathing air water feeding behavior relatively passive seemingly sluggish solitary fish ambush predators night predators primarily ambush eat water small mammals floating surface method ambush float feet surface wait prey swim reach forward sweeping motion grab prey double rows sharp teeth diet studies shown depending availability preferred food source occasionally sport fish majority stomach content studies suggest feed forage fishes invertebrates water diet studies revealed fishing tackle boat engine parts spawning ancestral species long living sexually late females reach sexual maturity decade life males reach sexual maturity half time conditions precise successful spawning occur preparation spawning begins spring extended rising water temperatures flooding necessary trigger event rivers rise spread create lakes terrestrial vegetation turn provides protection nutrient rich habitat fishes water temperature reached criteria met grassy laden spawn actual spawning occurs collection males gather females begin twisting tops females activity release eggs males release clouds eggs released water column sticky eggs attach submerged vegetation development begins takes days eggs hatch fish days fish vegetation start moving young egg production variable believed dependent size female common formula predicting volume eggs female produce eggs body weight gives average eggs spawn eggs bright red poisonous humans distribution natural range inhabit wide variety aquatic habitats found lakes lowland rivers waters bays occasionally seen gulf_of_mexico texas louisiana common large breaking surface marshes found lower gulf_coast states mexico far south veracruz encompassing following states united_states texas oklahoma louisiana kentucky mississippi alabama tennessee arkansas missouri illinois florida georgia reports suggest numerous northern range valid sightings today rare occur years records historical distribution indicate inhabited regions far north central kansas nebraska ohio iowa west central illinois listed northerly verified catch illinois outside natural range notable sightings reported outside north_america november genus measuring caught north officials species unconfirmed believed september found hong_kong days largest measuring found ponds public parks hong_kong nearby residents reported released ponds lived years complaint citizen falsely identified use terms like horrible man eating fish begun appearing headlines major local newspapers officials removed ponds concerned large fish harm children unusual large sharp teeth outward appearance fear unfamiliar species reports contributed predatory attacks humans reports confirmed january measuring feet inches caught canal singapore recreational fishermen fish taken nearby pond owner confirmed men initially thought reports captured parts india believed result incidental releases like august found cloth inside living time rescued animal activists returned unharmed june caught lake incidents years random ranging captures coastal waters environmental assessments captures private ponds human early history native americans south caribbean peoples scales arrow heads cover early settlers skins strong leather cover wooden items oil people arkansas buffalo nearly half century considered trash fish species state federal authorities targeted elimination protect game fish populations prevent alleged attacks humans claim remains exception occasional injuries sustained captured decks boats fishermen participated slaughter thousands believing providing great service channel member pbs television station located campus texas distributed broadcast video documentary produced documentary predator prey debuted nationally prime time july sweeps according nielsen rating report provided number rated program evening documentary focused physiology life cycle addressed destruction habitat harvesting lakes texas louisiana expressed concerns future species time considered trash fish decade passed significant action taken protect preserve remaining populations united_states partnered tennessee arkansas kentucky illinois alabama mississippi texas oklahoma louisiana restoration management activities sport fish long time public perception trash fish species changed increasing national international attention species sport fish attributed features popular television shows oklahoma texas arkansas mississippi louisiana allow regulated sport fishing texas best remaining fisheries concert efforts maintain viable fishery imposed day bag limit texas state record world record largest caught rod reel taken january texas popular large size trophy potential fighting ability texas state record set pounds tackle record pounds caught fishing guide reported catching measuring feet inches rod line declining populations historic range resulted need monitor wild populations regulate commercial high yield white meat small percentage waste relative body weight meat sold wholesale distributors sold retail prices starting fried balls boiled water crab popular dishes south small cottage industry makes jewelry scales hides produce leather making lamp shades host novelty items including tropical cuban considered good candidates particularly developing regions rapid growth disease resistance easy adaptation artificial feeds juveniles ability tolerate low water quality essential ability breathe air water need costly systems technology commonly parts mexico cuba established maintained respective regions popular food fish despite large size attain kept fish fish labeled trade actually smaller species require large pond ample resources order thrive captivity popular fish public illegal areas pets occasionally fish stores highly prized sought private particularly japan according reports large consider japanese black market june men florida louisiana indicted charges illegally removing wild texas attempting ship japan private collectors resulted undercover sting operation special agents charges included violations separate provisions specifically conspiracy submit false label fish transported interstate commerce conspiracy transport fish interstate commerce violation state law regulation conspiracy transport sell fish interstate commerce violation state law regulation conspirators entered guilty pleas count government dropped charges went trial counts acquitted count found guilty district court sentenced serve months prison followed year supervised release case appealed april court affirmed judgment district court | Alligator gar | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
26476_Sixgillstingray | species extant member family species described historically represent variations single widespread species heavy bodied fish described unique rays having pairs gill slits growing long rounded pectoral fin disc long triangular flexible snout filled gelatinous substance brownish white lacks dermal denticles benthic nature usually found upper continental slopes depths recorded scattered locations south_africa hawaii species probably uses snout probe food sediment jaws greatly allowing capture buried prey gives live birth litters pups iucn assessed ray concern faces minimal fishing pressure range taxonomy phylogeny known intact female found beach near south_africa described new species placed family article smith generic derived greek referring number gill slits specific honors journalist discovered original specimen following description additional species described basis morphological differences validity brought question comparative studies revealed traits snout shape body proportions tooth number vary greatly age individuals concluded tentatively single species genetic analysis needed determine truly case phylogenetic studies morphological genetic data generally concurred basal member lineage extinct relative lived million years ago description body rounded pectoral fin disc longer wide triangular snout longer adults juveniles making disc length filled clear gelatinous material snout dead specimen shrink significantly exposed air tiny eyes placed far apart ahead larger widely spaced nostrils pair short flaps joined middle form curtain skin mouth wide nearly straight jaw rows small blunt teeth arranged pattern teeth numerous adults pairs small gill slits occur underside disc rays pairs sharks pairs gill slits example genus recorded specimen gill slits left seven right pelvic fins large rounded tail moderately thick measures times long disc spines present dorsal surface base end tail bears long low leaf shaped caudal fin nearly symmetrical skin delicate entirely lacking dermal denticles disc pinkish brown slightly fin margins skin easily leaving white patches underside disc white dark margins pectoral pelvic fins snout translucent tail caudal fin black largest known specimen female long distribution habitat recorded widely scattered locations indian_ocean reported south_africa port elizabeth port alfred southwestern india islands indonesia western_australia pacific_ocean found japan taiwan philippines queensland hawaii dwelling species typically inhabits upper continental slopes depths occasionally ventures shallower water ray observed feeding depth japan found sandy muddy rocky biology ecology long snout flexible vertically horizontally suggesting ray uses probe food sediment underside snout covered developed arranged longitudinal rows capable detecting minute electric fields produced organisms mouth downward farther length head likely allowing ray extract buried prey jaws poorly suggesting feed hard shelled animals record specimen wound shark reproduction viviparous documented litter sizes pups newly born rays measure long males females mature sexually approximately long human interactions little fishing activity occurs depths occupied iucn listed concern waters taiwan caught small numbers catch rate decreased recent years leading concerns locally data lacking | Sixgill stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
26657_Greatnortherntilefish | great northern great northern golden tile largest species family grows average length inches great northern slow growing long lived species stages life hatching eggs larvae found grow juveniles individuals seek shelter finding making adults continue expand sediment life diet larvae unknown presumed consist juveniles adults feed benthic invertebrates crustaceans fish reaching sexual maturity years age females lay eggs mating season male female laying average million eggs great northern subject regulation prevent regulations include catch limits gear restrictions prevent damage species habitat population result regulations seen population led increase catch limit southern atlantic taxonomy naming species discovered caught chance working coast massachusetts species named seminal work treatise world sample collected miles south east genus family commonly known order gained moniker great northern size discovery relatively high latitudes member cooking species generally referred golden tile large yellow spots blue green lighter yellow pink sides species distinguished members large family prominent crest head characteristics great northern largest species family male specimens grow centimetres fork length females centimetres years life grow rate typically rate growth grow reach sexual maturity centimetres length studies shown life fish survive adulthood range years fish blue green color yellow gold spots belly white head color changes light blue pinkish mix spawning season specimens tone blue eyes pectoral fins light tone margin anal fin blue color lengths age suggest males grow faster females observed ages showed females live longer largest male specimen long approximately years old largest female specimen years old reached total length oldest recorded date year old female specimen reached lengths oldest recorded male specimen years study shows female specimens smaller males lifespan longer males behavior great northern unique behavior habitat preference addition unique habitat choice golden display sexually growth males growing larger sizes dominant female counterparts great northern migratory fish stays local area fits needs year round seasonal migration occur changes water temperatures winter spring theory definitive evidence competing theory suggests instead reduce activity times cold temperatures life cycle great northern begins egg non eggs artificially kept environment hatch hours hatching larvae inches length larvae found july september transitional phase larvae juveniles unknown juveniles find place shelter inhabit grow size sexually active adults spawn mating season species construction expansion subject ongoing research better understand behavior species unknown begins construction expands existing presumed lengthened widened continues grow age typically found sharing exhibited male female pairs tend habitat relative proximity species form schools grouping dense square kilometer southern coast square kilometer reported inhabited areas gulf_of_mexico square kilometer near provide home different species live area crustaceans predation predators poorly understood juveniles preyed prey adult sharks presumed predators evidence free swimming attacked sharks sharks listed predator studies 1980s concluded function predator avoidance disputed chased try swim predators entering seek shelter diet diet larvae unknown believed juvenile adults preference small benthic invertebrates staple crabs great northern consume squid atlantic herring human trash eaten including potato meat bones noted eat display characteristics reproduction fish spawn early spring late fall march november peak spawning occurs september mid-atlantic bight regions differences temperatures affect breeding time waters south spawning season occurs april june males grow faster reach larger size females fishing pressure cause males spawn smaller sizes younger age spawning behavior species unknown presumed female choosing male pair bonding exhibited assumed behavior serves eggs season estimated females spawn approximately days total times season depending size average female lay million eggs spawning season average female laying million eggs response fishing age sexual maturity dramatically affected median age sexual maturity males declined years years resulted males sexually mature females median age sexual maturity males risen years females species exhibit low sexually mature instead increasing age sexual maturity varied lesser extent male population years small percentage golden known having opposite non functional sex tissues male specimens cavity came tissue sperm study found gulf_of_mexico exhibited higher rate characteristics populations distribution habitat species abundant united_states territorial waters atlantic ocean extending north bank moving east coast united_states gulf_of_mexico continental shelf great northern reported abundant feet feet deep report differs stating species live ocean sediment feet feet deep temperature ranges great northern known dig occupy outer continental shelf flanks submarine clay substrate long life slow growth complex breeding system habitat vulnerable exploitation susceptible mass mortality events cold water intrusion fishing abundance strongly presence clay substrate soft clay enables fish create simply digging away clay substrate documented minimum temperature threshold golden temperature observations measurements obtained observations temperature plots indicate norm area florida gulf_of_mexico population conservation status decline age size sexual maturity great northern population occurring continental shelf mid atlantic bight smaller sizes younger ages maturity observed compared survey data 1980s recorded measurements showed larger population recent estimates age size maturity southern waters smaller previously reported late 1980s juvenile seen population surveys southern waters atlantic_ocean gulf_of_mexico declines population negatively affect organisms surrounding environment fact underneath continental shelf disappear putting end relationship organisms use tunnels shelter fishing regulations include catch limits gear restrictions prevent damage species habitat population different gear restrictions commercial recreational regulations imposed reduce harvesting response catch limit later increased october response increased population limits atlantic waters species measured weight currently pounds pounds hook line fishing | Great northern tilefish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
27017_Commonstingray | common common species family found northeastern atlantic_ocean mediterranean typically inhabits sandy muddy habitats coastal waters shallower burying sediment usually measuring common diamond shaped pectoral fin disc slightly wider long whip like tail upper lower fin identified plain coloration smooth skin row largest individuals predominant prey common dwelling crustaceans takes worms small bony fishes viviparous embryos yolk later milk produced mother females bear young twice year shallow water gestation period months common inflict painful rarely life threatening wound tail spine classical antiquity sting ascribed mythical properties species sought commercial fisheries taken large numbers utilized food liver oil population apparently range sufficient data assess taxonomy phylogeny documented classical antiquity common known ancient greeks ancient romans old common species great_britain 18th century fire fiery refer reddish color meat formal scientific description common authored father taxonomy tenth edition placed genus earlier references ray literature non names marina marina early accounts including incorporated information species consequently designation interests taxonomic stability enacted blue southern africa long regarded variant common common lacks blue markings species differs morphological characters led definitively recognized separate species distinction species similar mediterranean poorly understood valid requiring investigation published phylogenetic analysis species based morphology common reported basal member genus generally recognized belonging genus recently placed different genus distribution habitat common found mediterranean occurs significantly lower numbers northeastern atlantic_ocean southern norway western baltic_sea dwelling species found shore depth usually found deeper favors sandy muddy bottoms calm water encountered near rocky reefs tolerant low azores common abundant summer abundant winter suggestive seasonal shift range depth documented ray species description common reported reach width length width typical flattened pectoral fin disc diamond shaped slightly wider long narrowly rounded outer corners leading margins disc straight converge pointed slightly protruding snout trailing margins disc convex eyes smaller paired respiratory openings placed closely upper tooth rows lower tooth rows teeth small blunt arranged flattened surfaces like structures floor mouth tail slender whip like measuring approximately half long disc spine strong measuring long equipped venom base positioned distance tail second spine present spines regularly replaced new spines grow existing ones shed tail spine bears low fold short deep fold underneath body tail smooth save dermal denticles leading edge disk older individuals develop row bony species solid gray brown reddish olive green whitish dark fin margins young rays white spots biology ecology encountered singly social groups common appears sex degree active night tending bury sediment daytime feeds wide variety dwelling organisms including crustaceans cephalopods worms small bony fishes reportedly great damage beds study turkey found crustaceans comprised diet fish prey increasingly important age study coast turkey found important component shrimp followed pistol shrimp swimming crab cephalopods relatively important males fishes important females common observed closely following presence food possibly advantage individuals foraging success like common viviparous embryos initially sustained yolk later supplemented milk enriched proteins fat delivered mother numerous extensions called females bear litters pups year shallow waters following gestation period months authors generally reported summer september narrower july august mature rays known aggregate mid june july possibly reproductive purposes measure long males reach sexual maturity females oldest known individual wild years age species lived years captivity known parasites common include minimum human interactions aggressive common inflict wound tail spine ancient greeks romans greatly feared venom authors stating wounds roman naturalist elder natural history asserted spine capable killing trees piercing armor like arrow iron greek poet claimed touch venom dissolve stone greek mythology hercules said lost finger bite said armed son spear tipped spine accidentally father british zoologist fishes great britain ireland noted common eaten rank flesh welsh fishermen liver oil treatment burns injuries present day pectoral fins wings species sold smoked dried utilized source liver oil liver regarded french cuisine prepare dishes common caught incidentally commercial fisheries parts range beach nets habitat preferences ray susceptible small scale coastal fisheries industrial operations makes shark ray net catch surveys indicate common declined mediterranean northeastern atlantic result assessed species regions species listed common protected marine protected areas benefits european_union ban use coast | Common stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
27152_Reticulatewhipray | species family inhabits coastal waters south_africa taiwan australia favoring sandy habitats large species reaching width diamond shaped pectoral fin disc extremely long tail fin common scientific names refer ornate dorsal color pattern small close set dark spots lighter background large spotted coupled coloration age locality resulted great deal taxonomic confusion encountered resting daytime predator dwelling invertebrates bony fishes like viviparous developing embryos yolk later milk females bear litters pups summer following gestation period year southeast_asia parts indian_ocean meat skin purposes highly susceptible population large size habits low reproductive rate additionally threatened extensive habitat degradation consequently assessed species vulnerable taxonomy phylogeny published work late friend swedish naturalist described commonly known spotted variant called derived arabic word describes color pattern type specimen designated account formed basis subsequent writings named spotted ray distinct species published precedence later authorities regarded earliest available initially consequently modern sources valid specific epithet species authority included newly created genus type species closely related share range species similar size shape color pattern resulting long history taxonomic confusion recently starting described species complex containing plus species varies appearance range taxonomic comparisons required determine spotted color fact represent different species alternate common names ray include ray leopard names shared similar species description pectoral fin disc diamond shaped wider long leading margins straight snout outer corners angular juveniles disc wide long snout rounded corners eyes small immediately followed paired respiratory openings short wide curtain skin fringed rear margin present long thin nostrils mouth relatively small deep center lower jaw shallow furrows corners extending lower jaw row like structures found floor mouth upper tooth rows lower tooth rows pelvic fins small triangular tail whip like extremely thin measuring times long disc intact lacks fin usually spine located upper surface tail distance base adult rays wide band flattened heart shaped dermal denticles extend eyes tail spine increasing density age large pearl center tail spine covered small dorsal band denticles largely developed time juveniles coloration varies substantially age locality adults generally dorsal pattern numerous closely spaced dark brown spots yellow brown background past spine lighter bands sides underside pale markings juveniles yellowish tiny densely packed dark spots seven spots line rows spots sting large species reported reach disc width total length weight distribution habitat occurs widely range extending eastern south_africa westward coast indian southeast_asia reaching far taiwan north new_guinea northern australia southeast eastern mediterranean_sea suez_canal species common australian waters occurs shark bay brisbane dwelling nature generally encountered sandy flats near beaches coral reefs zone offshore waters deep sand flats warm season shifts slightly deeper patches cold season species tolerant low known enter swamps records fresh water southeast_asia represent preferred water temperatures biology ecology day generally inactive spends time resting sea floor buried sand western australia ray found resting singly small groups shallow water high tide lateral line extends tip extremely long tail giving advance warning approaching predators sharks prefers rest species longer tails grant superior predator detection mixed species groups settle tails pointing outward maximum predator awareness variety benthic organisms including crabs worms bony fishes western indian_ocean thirds diet consists fishes particular crustaceans making remainder contrast rays australian waters apparently known consume known parasites species include like viviparous developing embryos initially sustained yolk later supplanted milk enriched proteins produced mother females birth pups summer year long gestation period south_africa measure sexual maturation attained disc width approximately corresponds age australia measure males reported mature juveniles species differ birth size disc shape development spotting fact distinct adults species serve nursery area young rays human interactions fights strongly hook line popular recreational usually release alive species caught intensive commercial fisheries operating southeast_asia parts indian_ocean nets beach particular caught substantial numbers indonesian fishery targeting meat skin utilized species highly valued food fish applications chinese medicine tail sold listed vulnerable large size habitat preferences slow reproductive rate render susceptible specific data lacking significant declines overall ray catches documented range including pakistan habitat degradation threatens species indonesia malaysia cleared pollution destructive fishing practices taken toll australian waters offer refuge fishing pressure targeted commercially installation reduced mortality indications increasing illegal fishing australian territory indonesian vessels | Reticulate whipray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
27375_Nursehound | known large spotted greater spotted bull species belonging family found northeastern atlantic_ocean generally found rocks algae depth growing long robust body broad rounded head dorsal fins placed far shares range common closely related small spotted resembles appearance distinguished having larger spots nasal skin flaps extend mouth nocturnal habits generally hide inside small holes day members species benthic predator feeds range bony fishes smaller sharks crustaceans cephalopods like reproduction females deposit large thick walled egg cases time march october securing eggs months hatch marketed food european countries names including rock rock salmon valued rough skin called assessed population mediterranean_sea declined substantially taxonomy scientific description published tenth edition gave specific epithet latin type specimen designated moved species genus common came old belief english fishermen shark attends smaller relatives come distortion word nurse time distribution habitat found northeastern atlantic southern norway sweden including british isles mediterranean_sea occur far south mouth west african records represent west african range particularly offshore islands small local populations limited exchange found zone depth common dwelling species prefers quiet water rough rocky terrain including sites cover mediterranean favors algae covered coral description length measure shark broad rounded head stout body tail eyes oval shape thick fold skin lower rim membrane unlike small spotted large flaps skin reach mouth upper jaw tooth rows teeth center lower jaw tooth rows teeth teeth shaped smooth edged anterior teeth single central posterior teeth additional pair lateral rear jaws teeth progressively smaller angled larger lateral pairs gill slits small pectoral fin bases dorsal fins placed far body larger second originates bases pelvic fins pectoral fins large males inner margins pelvic fins merged apron caudal fin broad nearly horizontal indistinct lower lobe skin rough covering large upright dermal denticles small black dots covering sides interspersed brown spots varying shapes larger pupil grayish brownish background pattern highly variable individuals ages white spots brown spots expanded body dark series faint present underside plain white biology ecology primarily nocturnal spend day inside small holes rocks swim deeper water night hunt sharks squeeze hole individuals seek local area tracking study single immature observed use different succession period days consistently returning number days moving occupy hide predators avoid harassment mature facilitate captivity sharks tend rest groups individuals comprising particular group changes frequently species common small spotted feeds variety benthic organisms including bony fishes herring smaller sharks small spotted crustaceans particular crabs crabs large shrimp cephalopods given opportunity shark adults consume relatively bony fish cephalopods fewer crustaceans juveniles known parasites species include major dog eggs piercing case yolk life history like members family known breeding grounds include river estuary england number coastal sites particular adults shallow water spring early summer mate night eggs deposited march october single female produces year estimates actual number eggs laid range eggs mature released time egg enclosed thick dark brown case measuring long wide corners allow female secure egg cases usually eggs north_sea atlantic months hatch southern mediterranean months hatch length hatching britain france newly hatched sharks grow rate day prominent saddle markings sexual maturity attained length corresponds age years growth rates remain constant species lifespan years human interactions generally harmless humans 19th century british naturalist noted formidable teeth sharks fish able defend enemy seized throws body round arm holds reversed action body surface enemy rugged spines skin like animals bear severe surface torn wounds shark displayed public bred captivity rough skin called polish wood smooth arrows barrels raise hairs beaver hats replacement valued pound worth liver source oil cut bait crab traps meat species marketed fresh dried considered coarse quarters united_kingdom species sold names rock rock salmon france sold skinned beheaded resembles salmon species processed fins dried exported asian market european waters commercial production species led france followed portugal caught set fixed nets total catch tons reported northeastern atlantic impact fishing activities difficult assess species specific data generally lacking species susceptible small spotted larger size fragmented distribution limits recovery potential depleted local stocks evidence numbers declined significantly albania upper numbers fallen 1970s declines led list | Nursehound | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
27687_Leopardcatshark | leopard leopard species family endemic coastal waters south_africa abundant waters deep favors rocky reefs beds sandy flats growing length leopard stout body dorsal fins placed short head tail extremely variable color pattern individuals ranging white black covered diverse patterns black spots lines color pattern changes age forms location specific suggesting presence multiple distinct local populations past distinct color forms described different species mainly nocturnal habits dusk leopard hunts small benthic bony fishes invertebrates shallow water daytime generally rests inside caves groups species documented spawning squid spawning grounds reproduction proceeds year round females produce rectangular light colored egg time structures sea floor small harmless leopard captivity exhibited public caught commercial recreational killed pest listed species numbers declining heavy human activity occurs native waters possibly fragmented nature distribution merits caution local population taxonomy highly variable color pattern leopard historically known multitude names issue scottish physician zoologist listed descriptions new genus containing species shark german assigned sharks genus der furnished descriptions listed names description american zoologist described characterized large black spots subsequent authors recognized names based pattern variants leopard resolving identity proved especially problematic confirmed synonym species valid scientific leopard considered attributed responsible description specific epithet refers like type specimen long female collected cape good hope common names shark include distribution habitat leopard inhabits temperate subtropical waters south_africa west mouth east old certainly erroneous records mauritius madagascar given color pattern diversity species range likely fragmented number small local populations south african coast dwelling nature leopard commonly encountered zone depth reported deep portion continental slope species favors rocky reefs forests sandy flats beaches description leopard smaller species head snout short slightly flattened somewhat pointed snout tip split tiny openings skin central lobe forms slender reaches past mouth horizontally oval eyes equipped rudimentary membranes protective placed high head thick ridge running mouth wide arched short furrows corners extending jaws upper teeth exposed mouth closed tooth rows upper lower jaws respectively teeth narrow central pair small lateral adult males slightly curved females body compressed tail dorsal fins set far dorsal fin originates rear pelvic fins larger second originates anal fin base bases pectoral pelvic fins equal pectoral fins large broad pelvic fins lower adult males inner margins pelvic fins partially fused form apron caudal fin short broad indistinct lower lobe ventral notch near tip upper lobe thick skin covered dermal denticles shaped crown posterior points mounted short stalk background color leopard ranges white glossy jet black white black abrupt transition striking pattern black markings variously combining small large spots complete incomplete short long lines extend belly named forms typical leopard like broken lines large round spots salt pepper densely packed dots completely black upper surface irregular stripes spots sharks intermediate forms color pattern affected development sharks large black spots age tend break smaller spots eventually merge lines form appears type pattern carried adulthood color pattern related geographic location salt pepper forms apparently restricted waters leopard reaches maximum known length maximum known weight males grow slightly larger females biology ecology slow swimming leopard generally spends day resting inside caves groups night moves shore actively forage small bony fishes cephalopods crustaceans worms fishes important prey type followed cephalopods cape rock shark observed attacking octopus seizing tearing twisting motion like close relative shark temporarily abandon nocturnal habits advantage daytime mass squid occur year round peak october december sharks lie egg masses heads hidden sudden female squid descended sea floor attach eggs leopard apparently year females produce eggs time egg protected rectangular capsule long light brown olive color thinner walled shark corners capsule bear long enable female secure underwater structures eggs hatch approximately half months shark measures long males females begin mature sexually long respectively corresponding age years source reports maximum lifespan years source gives years predators leopard include larger sharks marine mammals fish consumed shark threatened ring tail covering head behavior performed eggs heavily preyed animals pierce outer covering extract yolk species known larvae nostrils mouth gills human interactions common range leopard harmless humans popular subject public small size attractive appearance trade supports minor fishery targets species shark regularly caught incidentally commercial recreational invariably discarded despite edible fishing mortality likely high line gear point kill hooked sharks seeing steal bait presently lacks sufficient information assess leopard notes habitat heavily impacted human activity possible distribution shark small distinct populations additional investigation monitoring | Leopard catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
28004_Bignoseshark | shark shark species requiem shark family distributed worldwide tropical subtropical waters migratory shark deep waters edges continental shelf typically found depths night surface shallower water shark plain colored grows length long broad snout prominent nasal skin flaps tall triangular upper teeth pectoral fins long straight ridge dorsal fins hunting close sea floor shark feeds bony fishes cephalopods viviparous meaning embryos sustained term connection females bear litters pups month gestation period despite size shark lives deep pose danger humans caught incidentally commercial fisheries parts range meat fins skin liver oil presently lacks information assess global conservation status species fishing pressures range cause concern given slow reproductive rate declined northwestern atlantic taxonomy phylogeny shark expert described shark issue scientific journal later authors regarded genus synonym specific epithet derived latin deep refers shark habits type specimen immature female long caught reef florida keys april alternate common species shark originally florida fishery workers species described phylogenetic studies published based morphology placed shark group centered shark shark group consists large triangular toothed sharks ridge dorsal fins study based sequences upheld resolved ridge backed group shark found sister species shark forming group branches distribution habitat records world indicate shark probably distribution tropical subtropical waters atlantic_ocean occurs delaware bay brazil mediterranean_sea west_africa indian_ocean known south_africa madagascar red_sea india pacific_ocean recorded china australia hawaii ecuador reportedly common florida bahamas west_indies rare brazil mediterranean shark found near edge continental shelf upper continental slope generally swimming close sea floor depths young sharks venture water shallow night time captures species close surface suggest perform vertical migration moving deep water upwards coast night northwestern atlantic shark conducts poorly documented seasonal migration spending summer east_coast winter gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea individual sharks recorded traveling distances description heavily built shark long broad blunt snout nostrils preceded developed triangular flaps skin moderately large circular eyes equipped membranes protective mouth broadly curved lacks obvious furrows corners upper teeth number rows tall broad triangular edges erect jaw center increasingly oblique sides lower teeth number rows narrow erect extremely fine pairs gill slits moderately long long wide pectoral fins pointed tips nearly straight margins dorsal fin originates roughly rear pectoral fin bases fairly tall shaped blunt apex long free rear tip second dorsal fin relatively large short free rear tip positioned slightly ahead anal fin high ridge present dorsal fins caudal crescent shaped notch origin upper caudal fin margin caudal fin large lower lobe strong ventral notch near tip upper lobe dermal denticles closely spaced non overlapping skin shows oval horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth coloration gray bronze faint pale stripe flank white green gills tips fins pelvic fins darker obvious young sharks males females grow long respectively species possibly reaches length maximum weight record biology ecology shark feeds mainly dwelling bony fishes including fishes including cephalopods turn juveniles potentially fall prey larger sharks like requiem sharks species viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk depleted yolk sac converted connection mother delivers females bear litters pups seven typical following gestation period approximately months single litter males reported occur august september mediterranean september october madagascar measure long males females mature sexually long respectively average age active individuals years human interactions large dangerous shark seldom comes contact humans preference deep water species deep set fisheries particularly targeting parts range regularly taken cuban waters produce liver oil southeast_asia meat consumed fins shipped shark fin soup shark commercially united_states listed fishery management plan atlantic sharks australia listed shark overall inadequate population fishery monitoring species considered concern given slow faces widespread heavy fishing pressure evidence numbers recently declined furthermore shark occurs international waters single stock affected multiple fisheries listed highly migratory species agreement highly migratory fish stocks far led significant conservation measures iucn assessed shark northwestern atlantic specific data lacking suspected declined commonly shark known decline shark numbers resulting fishing represent decline shark numbers species assessed concern australian waters faces significant threats | Bignose shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
28089_Porcupineray | ray ray rare species family member genus found tropical west_africa favors sand coral rubble habitats waters depth large heavy bodied species reaching width ray nearly circular plain colored pectoral fin disc thin tail fin uniquely family lacks spine adult ray defend large sharp found disc tail diet ray consists mainly benthic invertebrates bony fishes sea floor viviparous developing embryos milk produced mother ray long valued rough skin leather ornamental purposes cover sword shields caught incidentally coastal fisheries handled carefully commercial significance limited fishing led species declining parts range listed vulnerable taxonomy german marcus described ray work based partial dried skin obtained mumbai india placed genus named meaning latin work described west african form later authors regarded synonymous names published simultaneously uncertainty priority works ray specific epithet placed ray new genus use referring butterfly rays later year replaced names derived ancient greek tail naked unarmed referring lack tail sting common names species include black spotted ray rough skinned ray ray ray species ray currently recognized distribution habitat ray widely distributed uncommon compared share range found continental periphery indian_ocean south_africa southeast_asia western australia including madagascar sri_lanka eastern mediterranean_sea suez_canal pacific_ocean range continues indonesia new_guinea north philippines east fiji south eastern australia species found eastern atlantic_ocean guinea dwelling nature ray found close shore depths inhabits sandy flats coral rubble beds near reefs enters water description pectoral fin disc ray evenly oval wide long thick center giving appearance tip snout rounded barely protruding small eyes closely followed larger narrow nostrils skirt shaped curtain skin posterior margin curtain strongly fringed mouth mouth bears floor prominent furrows corners area mouth including curtain heavily covered tooth rows jaw teeth small flattened pairs gill slits located underside disc pelvic fins small narrow thin rapidly tapering tail equal disc length cylindrical cross section fin tail spine unlike members family dense patch flattened heart shaped dermal denticles covers center disc extends tail larger individuals additionally numerous tall sharp entire upper surface disc ray plain light dark gray brown tail tip white large species grows long reach biology ecology ray observed lying open inside caves known form groups reef diet consists primarily worms crustaceans bony fishes feeding deeply excess sediment visible long distance away parasites documented ray include ray viviparous developing embryos sustained term milk mother forests serve important habitat juvenile rays males females mature sexually respectively human interactions despite having sting ray capable injuring humans sharp reportedly bold tolerant approached closely underwater tough skin ray form leather called historical uses particular cover melee weapons extremely rough texture prevented battle example japanese deemed species skin acceptable covering sword cover shields skin chinese dyed ground yield pattern native inhabitants dried portions ray tail like tool presently ray caught incidentally nets beach skin continues highly valued meat utilized places red_sea liver eaten seasonal dish economic importance ray limited difficult handle multi species coastal fisheries catch ray largely resulted dramatic decline local extinction likely range potential additional threats species include habitat degradation coastal development food supply result assessed vulnerable | Porcupine ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
28156_Viperdogfish | shark rare species shark family extant member genus found pacific_ocean southern japan species inhabits upper continental slopes migrate vertically shifting waters deep day upper waters deep night slender black shark reaching length recognized narrow triangular jaws spaced like teeth dorsal fins dermal denticles crowns numerous light concentrated ventral surface feeding mainly bony fishes captures prey protruding jaws teeth impressive allows swallow relatively large fish skeletal muscular structure head shows unique features support feeding mechanism unlike sharks shark gives birth live young yolk gestation litter size probably fewer pups small numbers caught incidentally purse iucn presently lacks sufficient data assess conservation status species taxonomy specimens immature males caught southern japan designated measured long collected depth second measured long collected depth shark described new species genus researchers article gave generic derived greek triangle jaw specific honors captain originally assigned family time members order aside rough sharks morphological study placed species subfamily recognize separate family phylogeny evolution position uncertain morphological molecular phylogenetic data generally support subdivision consisting consisting phylogenetic analyses variously placed closer clade basal depending morphological characters nuclear dna markers mitochondrial dna markers based molecular clock thought originated million years ago larger evolutionary radiation genera genus represented time period extinct species teeth recovered age strata southwestern france fossil teeth virtually identical modern known northeastern venezuela dates late early description slender cylindrical body moderately flattened head short blunt snout large oval eyes narrow elliptical nostrils nearly vertical slits jaws long narrowly triangular head teeth like widely spaced anterior teeth upper seven lower tooth rows occur single tooth row upper lower jaw teeth largest decline size corners mouth mouth closed upper tooth overlaps lower lateral teeth gill slits seen fifth pair longer fins small thin pectoral fins rounded lobe like dorsal fins positioned pectoral pelvic fins dorsal fin bears slightly spine second dorsal spine longer anal fin absent caudal lacks upper lobe caudal fin larger lower notch trailing margin skin excluding fins densely covered irregularly arranged dermal denticles swollen shape crown black distinct darker markings underside markings contain large numbers tiny light producing found sparsely scattered rest body translucent patch upper fins translucent tip caudal fin upper lobe largest known male long weighs largest female long weighs distribution habitat specimens collected relatively small area northwestern pacific_ocean japan number specimens recovered predatory fishes caught specimen caught located northwest northwestern day species caught close upper reaches continental slopes depths night caught surface depth water deep pattern suggests performs vertical migration spending day deeper water rising surface night daily movement relate feeding biology ecology feeds primarily bony fishes notably genera takes crustaceans long jaws slender teeth adapted cutting contrast short jaws saw like lower teeth sharks suited meat prey seized rapid extension jaws shark consume fish close long species lacks muscle normally responsible pulling jaws forward biting jaw instead effected bone articulated skull manner allows swing forward unique arrangement serves increase distance shark jaws size vertically horizontally known predators include like members family species viviparous developing embryos sustained term yolk adult females functional functional recorded female specimens contained mature related black number mature female slightly greater number resulting embryos suggests litter size males females mature sexually roughly long respectively human interactions economic value caught commercial purse targeting species effect fishing population unknown result iucn listed | Viper dogfish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
28240_Onefinelectricray | electric ray electric ray cape common little known species electric ray family native south_africa benthic fish found shallow coastal bays sandy muddy bottoms small species reaches length nearly circular pectoral fin disc short muscular tail supports large caudal fin identified single dorsal fin located large pelvic fins dorsal coloration yellowish brown like members family electric ray defend strong electric shock produced pair kidney shaped electric organs head feeds mainly worms likely gives birth live young presently lacks information assess conservation status species caught incidentally fisheries south_africa impacted pollution coastal development taxonomy electric ray described german naturalist 13th edition species printed copies book original spelling probably modern regard error etymology cape good hope far reasonable later sources consistently officially fix specific epithet spelling require decision refer type specimens german naturalist created new genus species separating electric rays known time basis curved single dorsal fin later species assigned description pectoral fin disc electric ray wider long circular shape large kidney shaped electric organs visible beneath skin head eyes small protruding larger lie closely small finger like projections nostrils placed close long skirt like skin reaches mouth small mouth nearly straight surrounded prominent furrows teeth tiny pointed pairs small gill slits underside disc large broad pelvic fins convex margins originate beneath pectoral fins adult males single rounded dorsal fin positioned pelvic fins short thick tail skin fold running terminates large triangular caudal fin rounded corners symmetrical soft skin completely devoid dermal denticles species varies yellowish brown brown parts tail upper surface yellowish underside white yellow brown fin margins grows long individuals size rare distribution habitat electric ray common eastern western cape provinces south_africa range extends central single specimen recorded bay second unconfirmed sighting bay historical record species madagascar dwelling nature electric ray mainly inhabits bays sandy muddy bottoms found waters shallower recorded deep biology ecology relative small size electric ray deliver extremely powerful electric shock defend predators include shark muscular tail pectoral fins diet species consists mainly worms reproductive biology electric ray documented presumably viviparous like electric rays males mature sexually long females mature long human interactions shock produced electric ray painful substantially dangerous humans utilized economically ray frequently caught south african waters habits negatively affected water pollution coastal development listed species lack specific data noting vulnerability fishing habitat degradation merit concern | Onefin electric ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
28468_Sicklefinlemonshark | lemon shark lemon shark lemon shark species requiem shark belonging family widely distributed tropical waters closely related better known lemon shark americas species identical appearance stout bodied sharks broad heads dorsal fins nearly equal size plain yellow tinged coloration common suggests lemon shark differs american counterpart having shaped fins large species grows long generally inhabits water deep variety habitats coral reefs slow moving predator feeding mainly bony fishes lemon shark seldom travels long distances individuals found year round certain locations like members family species viviparous females giving birth pups year following gestation period months potentially dangerous humans known respond vigorously normal circumstances lemon sharks cautious tend retreat approached iucn assessed species vulnerable low reproductive productivity rate movement limits capacity depleted stocks recover india southeast_asia species severely depleted exploitation meat fins liver oil taxonomy phylogeny lemon shark described german naturalist des fishes red sea australian moved species newly formed genus type specimen designated long individual caught red_sea saudi_arabia specific epithet derived latin meaning sharp meaning teeth lemon shark referred shark indian lemon shark lemon shark simply lemon shark based dna evidence lemon shark thought diverged sister species million years ago closure separated lemon sharks indian_ocean atlantic ancestral lemon shark species teeth occur united_states pakistan morphological molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest grouped reef shark shark occupying intermediate position evolutionary tree basal genera derived distribution habitat range lemon shark extends south_africa red_sea including mauritius madagascar continuing eastward coast indian southeast_asia extending far north taiwan philippines far south new_guinea northern australia species found numerous pacific islands including fiji french species likely central pacific island significant levels genetic lemon sharks australia french apart suggest little occurs regional coastal continental shelves lemon shark occurs zone depth species favors waters common bays sandy flats outer reefs individual venture open water filmed documentary white death vicinity sperm whale juvenile lemon sharks found reef flats water shallow dorsal fins exposed western_australia known nursery juvenile lemon sharks frequent open areas water deep areas covered description lemon shark robust body short broad head snout rounded wedge shaped small nostrils bearing triangular flaps skin eyes small short furrows present corners mouth thirteen usually tooth rows occur jaws including tiny teeth jaw upper teeth large rising broad base notch teeth increasingly angled corners mouth lower teeth resemble upper teeth narrower erect teeth sharks long finely fins especially dorsal pectoral lemon shark shaped similar american lemon shark dorsal fin positioned closer pelvic pectoral fins second dorsal fin nearly equal size located slightly forward anal fin ridge seen dorsal fins pectoral fins long broad originating space fourth gill slits anal fin strong notch rear margin pit cavity forward caudal fin oriented large dermal denticles overlapping bear horizontal ridges coloration plain yellowish brown gray lighter yellow fins species maximum known length typically exceed biology ecology sluggish species lemon shark usually seen cruising sea lying unlike requiem sharks capable actively pumping water gills approach surface pursuit food shark seldom long distance movements study found tagged sharks later recaptured initial location study found local sharks year round residents island visited occasionally lemon shark diet consists shore dwelling including herring sea occasionally cephalopods crustaceans older individuals known consume species preyed larger sharks known parasites include lemon sharks documented resting cleaner open mouths stop long seconds access mouths gills members family lemon shark viviparous developing embryos sustained connection formed depleted yolk females birth usually pups year shallow nursery areas following gestation period months unlike american lemon shark evidence indicates species returns site birth reproduce occurs october november madagascar january french mating females takes place time embryos develop months gestation possess external gills young born length juvenile sharks grow slowly rate year sexes attain sexual maturity length human interactions apparently attacks humans attributed lemon shark formidable size teeth regarded potentially dangerous certainly species known defend quickly vigorously touched provoked alarmed agitated shark persistent adversary case shark forced swimmer seek refuge atop coral head hours giving observations divers normally shark shy hesitant approach presented bait shark away enters visual range young sharks reportedly aggressive adults lemon sharks main attraction daily shark feeding shark captivity displayed public iucn assessed lemon shark globally vulnerable harvested anchored floating beach nets meat sold fresh dried human consumption fins shark fin soup liver oil processed lemon shark highly susceptible local slow reproductive rate limited movements southeast_asia shark scarce pressure expanding fisheries assessed endangered iucn widespread habitat degradation including pollution blast fishing coral reefs poses additional threat survival species region lemon shark parts india thailand reported indonesian markets recent years despite historically abundant australia lemon shark taken small numbers intentionally listed concern | Sicklefin lemon shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
6_GregorianTower | tower italian tower winds italian round tower located connects villa palace tower built design architect credited building palace mainly promote study astronomy calendar reform commissioned pope gregory known tower winds tower called stages progressive development occurred established tower great value astronomical observations provided essential confirmation need reform julian calendar early history stage building tower recorded credited pope pope directive build tower suitable location vatican equip greatest best instruments time design effected series meetings experts appointed reform julian calendar use verify proposed reforms jesuit mathematician expert committee suggested new system observations metres tower built museum library flanked instrumentation observation sun rays falling consisted line designed form circular marble plate centre embellished scientific designs tower remains today undergone improvements centuries second stage second stage construction 17th 18th centuries tower charge vatican librarian involved clergyman earlier gave approval placing latin inscription entrance upper tower implemented plans enhance instrumentation system tower observatory original observatory set second level tower agreement instrumentation apart normal devices meteorological magnetic equipment small transit clock noted instrumentation facilitated recording occurrences eclipse appearance satellites mercury transit addition patronage pope observatory added strategic locations feet long fortification walls thousand years old highly respected knowledge physics biology hebrew language charge observatory carried continuous meteorological observations twice day programme observation records seven years published balance data manuscript form preserved subsequent death observatory tower discontinued instruments moved observatory established considered suitable making observations vatican stage revival observatory tower initiated approval pope high quality instruments partly generous donations automatic recording instruments richard paris inch inch transit instrument observatory gift inch long pope observatory father joined observatory upgraded modern instruments year second tower built metres away main overlooking vatican gardens south west border built diameter metres lower wall thickness metres bear load inch photographic newly paris father rodriguez expert held post director pope designated second tower seat newly established vatican observatory decision required altering roof provide flat terrace astronomical observations fourth stage fourth stage involved problem communicating towers time pope plans tower historical tower record carry observations second tower linking towers fortified wall metres iron bridge spanning gap west end bridge inch installed east end bridge barracks camera attached photograph sun new inch visual called erected second tower result modifications original library moved old meteorological seismic instruments shifted observatory new housed rooms building new machines recording plates recorded observations published explanatory notes series stars charts printed silver paper features tower floors floor famous room room initially open pope urban viii enclosed subsequently decorated long sequences painted flemish artists paul today tower paintings called residence queen sweden newly converted catholicism room modified additions gave current delicate sophisticated fixed ceiling created papal association calendar reform consisted straight line white marble running floor north south direction intended measure height sun noon according seasons year observations provided essential confirmation need reform julian calendar contrast complex mechanism attached ceiling measure strength direction wind soon stopped functioning instrument led tower tower winds ancient observatory athens called tower winds source inspiration interior walls ceiling hall richly decorated cases hills roman countryside religious themes buildings surrounding area naval jesus storm forth | Gregorian Tower | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
101_KrakdesChevaliers | des french pronunciation arabic castle syria important preserved medieval castles world site inhabited 11th century settlement troops dispatched result known meaning castle given count tripoli knights remained possession fell known coined 19th century began rebuilding castle finished earthquake damaged castle order controlled number castles border state founded crusade des important acted center administration military base second phase building undertaken 13th century concentric castle phase created outer wall gave castle current appearance half century described golden age peak housed garrison large garrison allowed extract tribute wide area fortunes knights took turn worse sultan captured siege lasting days supposedly way forged letter grand master caused knights surrender renewed interest castles 19th century led investigation architectural plans drawn late 19th early 20th century settlement created castle causing damage fabric inhabitants moved castle given french state carried program clearing restoration syria declared independence assumed control today village called exists castle population nearly des located approximately kilometres west city close border lebanon castles din recognized partially damaged syrian civil war extent damage unknown reports hasty repairs etymology modern arabic word castle known fort derives earlier fortification site called meaning fort called confusion fortress probably version word knights took control castle known alternatively introduced 19th century location castle sits atop metre high hill east syria gap gap kilometres away 12th century route strategically important gap connects cities tripoli north castle lies south lebanon surrounding area fertile streams abundant rainfall compared states land suitable farming limestone peaks tripoli suited defensive sites property granted included towns plain separating tripoli control region castle vulnerable expeditions city proximity caused knights problems regard defending territory meant close raid castle command plain knights important base area history according 13th century arab historian established settlement site future castle castle arabic castle site strategically located southern edge mountain range dominated road tripoli building castles muslims chose elevated sites hills mountains provided natural obstacles january journey jerusalem crusade company came attack garrison forerunner following day marched castle found deserted briefly occupied castle february year abandoned continued march jerusalem permanent occupation began prince took control site early castle substantially different extant remains trace castle survives site origins knights unclear order probably emerged jerusalem started religious order cared sick later looked pilgrims holy land success crusade capturing jerusalem donated new property levant hospital john early donations newly formed time order extended holdings states evidence suggests order king jerusalem granted newly built castle order papal bull indicate order hiring people defend pilgrims military orders offered protection pilgrims count tripoli granted order property county according historian effectively established tripoli property included castles expected defend tripoli des given castles borders state allowed order dominate area order agreement stated accompany knights order campaign belonged entirely order present split equally count order peace muslims permission des center administration new property undertaking work castle elaborate fortifications levant acquiring site began building new castle replace fortification work lasted earthquake damaged castle arab source mentions destroyed castle chapel replaced present chapel emerged victorious din battle near drought conditions prompted sign year truce muslims tripoli included terms raids christians muslims territory frequent ventured area unwilling meet open battle retreated relative safety fortifications capturing castles secure control area retreated able damaged lands battle disastrous defeat guy king jerusalem captured discovered crusade ordered execution captured knights importance orders defending states battle castles fell muslim armies following losses order focused attention castles tripoli led army attack seeing castle decided defended instead marched castle failed capture earthquake struck event castle 13th century work period building gave current appearance stone circuit built earlier structure castle inner court ward circuit walls surrounding inner court pre dated current outer walls trace discovered half 13th century characterized golden age strongholds came threat garrison soldiers dominated surrounding area effectively center remained hands major inland area remain constantly control period passed area stop castle probably donations king hungary visited proclaimed castle key christian lands impressed castle gave yearly income marks master brothers uncle noted chronicler jean died buried castle chapel main contemporary accounts relating muslim origin tend emphasize muslim success overlooking setbacks suggest knights forced settlements pay tribute order situation lasted long successors proximity muslim territories allowed offensive role acting base neighboring areas attacked garrison making raids muslim control castle soldiers took attack des acted base expeditions refused pay tribute unsuccessful expedition force demonstrated importance fortunes took turn worse muslim army estimated number men ravaged countryside castle order finances declined sharply master hugh complained area previously home people stood deserted order property produced little income noted point order left east muslim sultan egypt following overthrow incumbent ruler went unite egypt syria result muslim settlements previously paid tribute longer felt intimidated ventured area des allowed men animals fields castle received news year eighth crusade led king louis france left cairo avoid confrontation louis died returned deal marched castle sultan captured smaller castles area including march army arrived time sultan appeared scene castle blockaded forces days arabic accounts siege contemporary present siege peasants lived area fled castle safety kept outer ward soon arrived erected powerful siege weapons later turn castle probable reference walled suburb outside castle entrance records days later line defences fell rain interrupted siege march immediately south forces captured triangular possibly defended timber march attackers undermined tower southwest corner causing collapse army attacked breach outer ward encountered peasants sought refuge castle outer ward fallen handful garrison killed process retreated formidable inner ward days conveyed letter garrison supposedly grand master tripoli granted permission surrender letter garrison sultan spared lives new owners castle undertook repairs focused mainly outer ward chapel converted mosque added interior later history driven european familiarity castles declined 19th century interest buildings renewed detailed plans european researcher scientifically study castles holy land published work sur les monuments architecture des included plans drawings major castles syria including instances drawings inaccurate record features lost visited castle february visited 19th century village people established castle renewed damaged site underground rubbish tips places destroyed fellow architect attempted clear general assigned soldiers help left march work resumed returned years later culmination work castle publication des detailed plans survey widely praised described brilliant military historian finest account history single medieval castle written historian early suggestions castle taken french control november des given control french state cared des villagers moved paid million compensation following years programme cleaning restoration carried force workers finished key tourist attractions undertaken similar work tower lions castles work despite restoration archaeological excavations carried syria lebanon established ended declaration syrian independence castle din owned syrian government castle residents built houses outside fortress village called developed roughly muslim residents benefit economically tourism generated site syrian civil war syrian civil war began voiced concerns war lead damage important cultural sites reported castle shelled august chapel damaged castle reported damaged july siege 18th august clearly damaged destruction unknown recaptured castle village rebel forces march extent damage earlier mortar hits remained unclear architecture writing early 20th century popularly known lawrence remarked best preserved wholly admirable castle world castle forms fitting commentary account buildings syria castles europe provided accommodation owners centers administration levant need defence paramount reflected castle design kennedy suggests castle scientifically designed fighting machine surely reached great buildings like des des classified spur castle site 13th century expansion fully developed concentric castle similar size layout castle built late cited sister castle main building material limestone facing fine mortar barely noticeable outside castle entrance walled suburb known trace remains south outer ward triangular intended build stone walls towers unknown defended time siege suggested surrounded timber south castle spur stands connected hill siege engines approach level ground inner defences strongest point cluster towers connected thick wall inner ward knights undertook building programme site castle defended stone curtain wall square towers projected slightly main entrance towers eastern gate northwest tower center courtyard surrounded vaulted chambers lay land dictated castle irregular shape site natural defences typical location castles steep slopes provided defences sides bar castle defences concentrated phase building incorporated later castle construction 13th century new walls surrounding inner court built followed earlier walls narrow gap west south turned gallery defenders missiles area walls supported sloping provided additional protection siege weapons earthquakes large round towers project vertically accommodation knights garrison peak southwest tower designed house rooms grand master knights defences walls inner longer survive places extend entire circuit absent southern face area inner court outer walls narrow accommodation east defences weakest open filled acted moat water supply castle north end small courtyard chapel southern end raised rest courtyard vaulted area beneath provided storage acted shelter missiles lining west courtyard hall knights probably built 12th century interior dates 13th century delicate decoration sophisticated example gothic architecture probably dating chapel current chapel probably built replace destroyed earthquake east end original chapel housed small south wall survive original chapel later chapel barrel vault design considered contemporary standards france bears similarities built divided roughly equal bays runs round chapel point vault ends wall begins oriented roughly east west metres long metres wide main entrance west second smaller north wall castle early 13th century entrance moved south wall chapel lit windows west end east bay south central bay east end large window second chapel discovered outside castle main entrance longer survives outer ward second phase building work undertaken began early 13th century lasted decades outer walls built major construction site lending current appearance standing metres high outer circuit towers projected strongly wall towers inner court square plan project far wall towers 13th century outer walls rounded design new contemporary castles rounded towers technique developed france richard extension southeast lesser quality rest circuit built unknown date probably added north wall arrow slits walls towers distributed minimize dead ground castle crowned walls offering defenders way projectiles enemies foot wall cramped inside box unusual complex comparable features castles bore similarities muslim work contemporary defences citadel unclear imitated date added unknown provide evidence military ideas muslim christian armies defences accessed wall walk known opinion historian defences outer wall elaborate developed latin east structure brilliantly designed built fighting machine outer walls built 13th century main entrance enhanced vaulted corridor led outer gate northeast corridor turn halfway length making example bent entrance bent entrances byzantine innovation particularly complex example extended metres length murder holes allowed defenders shower attackers missiles going straight ahead following turn emerge area castle circuits walls access inner ward passage followed round despite predominantly military character castle sites art form preserved medieval discovered later plaster white wash decayed painted interior exterior main chapel chapel outside main entrance longer survives writing historian noted time little investigation provide comparison remains found chapel painted masonry rebuild mold smoke moisture difficult preserve nature red blue inside chapel means difficult assess exterior chapel depicted presentation jesus temple | Krak des Chevaliers | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
278_McAllisterTowerApartments | story residential apartment skyscraper san_francisco california property owned operated law tower includes mixed use offices floors art styled sky room view 24th floor conceived unusual combination large church hotel construction building brought architectural dispute initially designed style investors fired firm hired changed little design resulting lawsuit won nearly half damages asked building opened william taylor hotel extra construction expenses congregation greater financial risk church hotel concept prove popular profit years church left losing investment late 1930s building housed known lounge world war 1970s served government offices reopening university housing offices home law students families tower sited block administrative center law prominent building district history church hotel skyscraper began plan formulated reverend merge largest congregations san_francisco sell churches properties combine assets build hotel initial bought property streets hired architectural firm miller design chosen designer new hotel intended dry serving alcoholic city named methodist episcopal street preacher missionary formed methodist church san_francisco large church named simply temple methodist beginning designed story step skyscraper brick framed steel lines completed main decorative theme neo gothic expressed strongly gothic arches formed main street level entrance church great hall large worship area located second fourth floors seat smaller chapel designed grand pipe organ installed controlling pipes stained glass window placed feet sanctuary representing faith love hope tall narrow panels assembly halls combined hold attendees theatrical athletic events guest rooms tower apartments intended bring steady flow visitors source profit church tallest building san_francisco tallest hotel pacific_coast decades dispute architectural firm miller fired project replaced miller sued alleging design little changed original months hotel church opened january miller won favorable court decision dedication church pipe organ took place august combined congregation satisfied new place worship eventually costing million million current value building completion required rounds new financing investors order overcome expenses unfortunately congregation idea hotel church didn attract number guests venture failed turn profit church housed theater george performance works experimental multi media theater troupe utilized foot high vaulted ceiling projections november debt accumulated protective committee property buying temple methodist congregation lost investment asked leave skinner pipe organ removed sold los_angeles rebuilt hall piece stained glass window removed exhibited eventually making way california installed morris chapel building refurbished church floor area given parking coffee shop built floor lobby new enterprise opened noted completing view lounge area 24th floor large oval bar plate glass windows sides provided view city wrote luxurious bar april prototype west new_york referring manhattan opened half years earlier federal offices beginning direct american involvement world war government bought building converted federal offices officer spaces army department passport agency induction center run local draft board high vaulted ceiling great hall worship center hidden dropped ceiling war moved offices building federal groups moved offices newly built federal building golden gate avenue later named occupancy low moved offices 1960s local required appear late 1960s offices located lower floors building vietnam war hastings college law bought building prominent district began years refurbishment redesign calling tower units modernized residential use law students building opened combination compact studio units larger bedroom apartments taking total floors building home law students families referred tower hastings residents faculty block law school main building old sky room spectacular degree view reopened james honor alumnus class prominent san_diego trial lawyer space student study day alcohol allowed available special events evenings floors building hold offices apartments residential level contains compact fitness center fourth floors contain classrooms offices political action groups legal assistance organizations 22nd 23rd floors hold publishing headquarters number scholarly journals great hall remains refurbished judged need substantial repair improvement including major architectural engineering work college plans create seat performing arts venue great hall | McAllister Tower Apartments | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
446_BathAssemblyRooms | designed younger set elegant assembly rooms located heart england open public visitor attraction designated grade listed building georgian era bath fashionable architects elder son younger laid new areas housing residents visitors assembly rooms built early 18th century new venue balls concerts gambling envisaged area queen square circus submitted proposal rejected expensive younger raised funding construction started opened grand ball hub fashionable society frequented nobility time bath stone building rooms arranged shape main function rooms complex foot long ballroom largest georgian interior bath tea room card room rooms crystal decorated fine art 20th century cinema taken restored bombed burnt second world war restoration undertaken sir reopening owned operated bath public functions basement building provides home history areas bath undergone development stuart period development increased georgian times response increasing number visitors spa resort town required accommodation architects elder son younger laid new quarters streets squares identical gave impression scale classical gold bath stone construction city obtained limestone mines owned development time consisted new residential areas away old city centre speculative development elder lived houses circus consists long curved designed elder form circular space theatre intended civic functions games games clue design inspiration rome spectacular bath built designed younger gay street links circus designed elder completed son younger heart georgian city wood pump room associated designed local builder responsible buildings city including consisted buildings built overlooking large ballroom added known building known constructed lasting demolition building york street devastated fire rebuilt lasting demolition road improvements site known architect designed arched bridge spanning prototype original unused design bridge venice adam submitted plans new rejected costly younger raised funding construction use investment plan named banker credited france combines features group lottery pays agreed sum fund receives members die shares participants value increases death member scheme wound construction started completed grand opening held formed hub fashionable georgian society city venue described noble elegant kingdom originally known upper rooms lower assembly room city closed soon upper rooms opened served newly built fashionable area included circus queen square people gather rooms evening balls public functions simply play cards mothers bringing daughters bath social season hoping marry suitable husband charge events quickly meet eligible men currently city concert attended ladies gentlemen members nobility present season ran october june balls week held addition range concerts events scenes feature novels lived bath parents sister novels set bath published mention long dressing enter ball room till late season room crowded ladies allen repaired directly card room left enjoy mob sir walter daughters earliest party rooms evening lady waited took station fires visited bath occasions gave public readings assembly rooms mentions papers published ball room long card room octagonal card room passages voices sound feet perfectly dresses feathers lights music band commenced music soft tiny footsteps clear merry laugh low gentle pleasant hear female voice bath polish born debut young younger played series concerts concerts late 18th early 19th centuries organised 20th century changes took place ballroom cinema owners building restored interior designer april raids england following raf raid assembly rooms bombed burnt inside cessation hostilities europe restored sir work completed ballroom ceiling repaired collapsed architecture limestone building slate roof rectangular projecting entrance extension rear interior laid shape larger ball room tea room octagonal end rooms crystal decorated pictures artist ballroom capacity people feet long nearly feet wide ceiling feet high holds people location banquet attended bbc television series great british menu feet long feet wide named shape room feet originally held organ musicians gallery added bar current use today rooms owned operated bath main rooms available hire private functions concerts including ones basement building provides home known collection started gave collection city bath focuses fashionable dress men women children late 16th century present day objects earliest pieces shirts gloves building popular location feature films television series set georgian period bbc location filming adaptation | Bath Assembly Rooms | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
618_SeeleyG.MuddChemistryBuilding | chemistry building chemistry building chemistry laboratory classroom building campus town new_york square foot building stood north end cluster science buildings site school chemistry laboratory completed cost million college received money fund bequeathed california professor structure replaced hall chemistry included elements designed energy efficient notably large wall glass blocks designers hoped heat building reviews structure positive opened critics praising way form complemented nearby older buildings aspects building evaluated fair poor condition building demolished spring science center project replaced open green space history chemistry building campus town new_york built feet college main building laboratory free standing chemistry structure women college stood years construction replacement hall chemistry granted million construction new chemistry building california based professor trustee number west_coast schools lifetime donated million higher education institutions death established million building construction universities colleges stipulation institutions requesting grant provide half funds projects prominently displayed buildings receiving funding cost building originally reported million estimate grew million ultimately come million project completed college planned cover costs paid million development fundraising program spanned entirety 1980s ground broken new building october ceremony presided president smith previously selected engineer aid school constructing environmentally friendly chemistry building design progressed identified need hire architects design building alongside boston selected named building constructed site stood initially tried placed south site deemed proximity school shakespeare gardens building instead placed southwest hall chemistry renamed completed consisting buildings built actually feet alignment served project structural engineers served general contractor despite youngest completed academic building report report found components structure fair poor condition structure slated demolition spring college project included construction new building renovations new england building physics chemistry department began summer demolition followed exterior facade elements windows indoor walls cut away building frame dismantled concluding april cleared site open green space features chemistry building designed style structure exterior walls constructed limestone brick surround regular glass blocks inches thick lengths ranging inches brick limestone walls faced west north east southern face primarily glass feature designed efficient energy use sunlight hit wall air rose building heated pumped aided operation structure north wall designed resistant cold air building plain outer walls material possible warm air inside structure possible winters containing square feet stood stories tall second floors lies partially ground contained laboratory space floor consisted communal teaching spaces like classrooms offices offices floor lit designed purpose students passing lab spaces building spite reported architecture students taken passing building instead going building deep blue colored report evaluating condition context buildings found far interesting important post modern building contemporary review architecture commented responds variety levels context sacrificing unique powerful identity praised building placement fellow structures issue architectural record scale structure beneath sympathetic existing buildings mass larger appropriate role gateway central campus went positively comment building aesthetics saying eye feast drawn minimal outdoor maximum effect public areas crisp glass block glass clear deep tones pretty feast banquet architecture noted instances work sloppy painting praised building bare bones nuts bolts interior functional environmentally friendly report found glass walls function particularly poorly passive heat control system noted structure expressive ambitions marked strong compact busy building makes bit tour force awarded place competition run design | Seeley G. Mudd Chemistry Building | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
672_RochdaleTownHall | town hall town hall victorian era municipal building england widely recognised finest municipal buildings country recorded designated grade listed building town hall functions ceremonial headquarters houses local government departments including borough civil registration office built gothic revival style cost million inaugurated governance september architect winner competition held design new town hall foot clock tower topped wooden statue dragon destroyed fire april leaving building years new foot stone clock tower style manchester town hall designed erected art critic described building possessing rare picturesque beauty stained glass windows credited finest modern examples kind building came attention adolf_hitler said admired wished ship building brick brick nazi_germany united_kingdom defeated second world war history developed increasingly large populous prosperous urban mill town industrial revolution newly built rail canal network numerous factories resulted town remarkable wealthy merchants january electorate constituency petitioned grant charter incorporation municipal corporations act constitute town municipal borough limited political autonomy elected town council comprising mayor oversee local affairs petition successful charter granted september newly formed local authority suggested plans build town hall conduct business site abandoned 17th century house known wood proposed months later april arranged buy site outskirts town centre plans shelved lengthy negotiations increasing land prices january scheme resumed new budget wood surrounding area cleared unknown legal requirement authorities inhabitants design competition find neat elegant building held offered winning architect prize cross entries received chosen born radical liberal statesman laid foundation stone march construction complete cost increased expectations projected town hall built textile towns following municipal corporations act built gothic style setting foundation stone building completion revisions additions original design money inventory extra expenditure escape critics cost building increased year year combination work public criticism high cost aimed mayor oversaw work town hall ultimately celebrated source pride completion prompted celebration transformed derelict huge romantic gothic plaza opening ceremony september performed mayor instrumental changes building design dry found foot high recommendation contractors engaged rebuild demolished clear way replacement rumoured section wooden tried speed process matches april blaze discovered despite efforts volunteers local fire brigade minutes discovery fire entire including statue dragon destroyed cause fire established fire service criticised taking longer respond blaze based miles south despite based town hall given task designing foot stone replacement work clock tower built yards east original shows similarities manchester town hall designed tower opened inscribed plaque commemorates fire january height great depression united_kingdom called guard town hall protest unemployment hunger born actress singer comedian granted borough contribution entertainment ceremony went town hall balcony receive cheers good wishes thousands people packing streets fully understood came attention admired adolf_hitler suggested visit hitler staying half brother liverpool military intelligence information nazi lived brought building attention hitler admired architecture believed wished ship building brick brick nazi_germany german occupied europe encompassed united_kingdom broadly avoided german bombers second world war features location grid reference centerpiece located town hall square south situated wooded town hall town hall square opposite town hall statue dated war memorial bright born member parliament birmingham known campaigns repeal corn laws opposition slavery united_states war art gallery local studies centre exterior layout frontage principal entrance town hall face comprises arches buttresses main entrance stone lions sides bear shields carrying coats arms town hall feet wide feet deep faced industrial pollution building described rich example domestic gothic architecture carved foliage exterior recalls style architecture influenced perpendicular period medieval town halls continental europe building likened manchester town hall manchester railway station products architectural movement stained glass windows designed described finest modern examples kind end frontage octagonal staircase words exterior stone building roughly symmetrical shaped plan broken self contained segments central great hall transverse wings end variously debating chambers corporation rooms trade public hall south east wing house courts north west wing mayor rooms north east tower access main entrance central façade extends bays great hall accounts seven sides bays rise storeys flank round headed arcades left right single storey height sit plain windows decorated clock tower present clock tower stone built replace destroyed fire designed similar style earlier works clock tower stone laid borough councillor october tower declared complete june golden jubilee queen_victoria contains bells ring hour minute intervals design original tower elaborate feet higher successor feet tall tower rises stages including headed clock stage decorated small stone completes composition interior murals council chamber depict drove industrial revolution great hall adorned large signing artist painting dirty responsibility decoration interior given butler incorporated floor tiles manufactured decorated local insignia royal coat arms united_kingdom stone leads great hall decorated stained glass glass windows town hall considered finest example work butler medieval style great hall described room great simplicity roof flanked statues angels design resembles westminster hall heritage status function town hall listed grade october buildings defined exceptional interest considered internationally important february grade listed buildings listed buildings grades grade listed buildings listed buildings grades majority local government functions place municipal offices building town hall continues cultural ceremonial functions instance civil registry formal ceremonies | Rochdale Town Hall | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1105_HalifaxCentralLibrary | halifax central library public library halifax nova scotia corner spring garden road queen street serves flagship library replacing spring garden road memorial library new central library discussed library administrators decades approved regional council architects joint venture local firm mitchell denmark chosen international design competition construction began later year prominent downtown site parking lot half century new library opened december highly popular gathering place addition book collection significantly larger library new building houses wide range amenities including auditorium community rooms striking architecture characterised fifth floor entrance plaza central crossed building transparency relationship urban context library won lieutenant governor design award architecture history planning spring garden road main library opened considered inadequate library administrators decades report mentioning replacement building published expansion built quickly assessment noted spaces self contained study space comfortable reading areas presently focus public complaint services cramped crowded mid-1990s municipalities halifax amalgamated new regional library board created merged libraries agreed new central library needed serve new halifax regional library system site remain present downtown area cited numerous problems original building addition small size square metres technological improvements hampered poor difficulty laying cable mid floor locations accessibility poor numerous stairs levels elevator problems building included leaks windows lack system inadequate climate control ceilings low lack numerous services found modern libraries following merger new library board undertook extensive planning new facility hope new central library commemoration anniversary city library board commissioned architectural study released recommending new central library approximately square metres concluding renovation existing library result significant cost savings lead efficient building furthermore recommended building new library different site order avoid costly temporary relocation study considered different sites new library recommended lot queen municipal parking lot projected cost construction short million prices recommendation new library echoed needs assessment master plan study overall library system central library identified priority library board terms capital development implementation recommended study found agreement survey respondents library located downtown halifax core region anticipated area growth regional plan following demolition nearby planning public consultation began spring garden road queen street joint public lands study order determine future vacant public lands area lot directly prime intersection closely considered site new central library justice centre consolidating courthouse facilities city site occupied army commandant house 19th century demolished remained parking lot 21st century june regional council voted approve principle designation property corner spring garden road queen street site central library initiate negotiations acquisition land province negotiations concluded january resulted land swap municipality acquired queen site province exchange queen george streets lands plus million recognition higher value owned land august regional council voted approve library project principle direct municipal staff develop financial plan project april council passed motion advance library project federal fund financed projects jointly local governments resulted million contribution federal government architect selection public architects new library chosen international competition design contract worth million architectural teams partnership local non local firm winning scheme joint venture danish firm selected march teams library governance stated sought involve people possible public consultation process new central library suggested coast weekly newspaper emphasis public involvement reaction negative public response proposed redesign partial destruction hurricane juan early planning undertaken public consultation phases public meetings workshops held following selection design architects final design unveiled architects fifth meetings november final public event held pier november war memorial issue spring garden road memorial library named status war memorial displays commemorative artefacts including books remembrance containing names thousands residents gave lives world war second world war korean war page turned book remembrance day display building contains plaque reading building erected memory gave lives defence country faith courage sacrifice remember residents voiced concern closure building war memorial effectively disappear local author historian questioned term memorial carried new building proposed halifax memorial library appropriate wartime sacrifices pushed aside forgotten worried fate historical artefacts display resident suggested concerns given consideration public consultation process library management responded war commemoration incorporated local history section library remembrance books joined recognizing died conflicts following korean war stated elements existing wartime display flags standards transferred admiralty house books remembrance display glass case local history room construction opening construction began archaeological dig undertaken evaluate remains land originally purchased duke kent based city order command british forces north_america subsequent british commanders took residence house built described residence hosted members visits colony destroyed fire rebuilt british left early 20th century structure demolished acquired site remained parking lot half century meaning foundation older structures preserved asphalt stands contrast site door deep foundation rendered site insignificant addition foundation residence archaeological dig uncovered numerous small artefacts including china nova scotia penny construction library began shortly following excavation blasting underground car park foundation poured library hosted tour journalists officials levels government halifax mayor stated new library simply nice important critical future city city succeed need invested knowledge economy need ensure citizens access forms learning total cost building million million came federal government million provincial government remainder million municipality municipal contribution primarily generated sale lots library site library completed late following transfer materials library street closed august opened public saturday december estimated visitors enjoyed day performances festivities weeks operation saw visitors collectively checked items design reception library storey structure comprising square metres space designed accommodate book collection cent larger spring garden memorial library crossed stairs spans interior height structure main lobby children collection concentrated lower floors upper floors designated quiet areas rooftop terrace seating offers broad view downtown south end design said resemble stack books garnered international attention featured cnn eye new buildings building topped list high design libraries compiled covered numerous architecture websites best halifax awards ranked annually readers coast library voted best thing happen halifax past year best effort improve halifax structural civil engineer awarded engineering better canada award work library building world building year award civic community category world architecture festival singapore selected library receive award merit lieutenant governor design awards architecture award presented awards jury commented doubt new transform discussion contemporary architecture halifax building past years real catalyst local public architectural conversation halifax program location reconstructed way locals visitors interact building filled knowledge architect stated library sees average visitors daily huge increase patronage spring garden road memorial library programme library fully wheelchair accessible multiple elevators public use computers dedicated computer lab wireless internet conference community rooms automatic belt system links book drops dedicated room handled books july library open design central location enables host community events festivals year operation served venue major annual halifax events including word street hosted duke edinburgh award ceremony november attended building houses café spaces ground level fifth floor patrons café access rooftop area housed portion building overlooking spring garden road living room designed indoor public space views civic square ground floor café corner building nearest intersection opens earlier rest library concession operate spaces won café herring cove beat second cup uncommon grounds holds year contract option additional seven years ground floor space main café offerings herring cove location smaller upstairs café serves light plans hold art related panel discussions library year artwork following request proposals seeking signature public artwork incorporated new library painter alumnus awarded commission proposal produce miniature paintings medium density cut size old library catalog index cards worked curator door ended producing total paintings divided installations ground floor comprises paintings main reception paintings eye colour books leaning living room fifth floor smaller installation titled book shelf paintings library cards paintings cover variety themes subjects including landscapes portraits abstract pieces history libraries artist joked grey landscapes remind stay indoors nova scotia read said portraits staff spring garden road halifax north memorial libraries photographed painted subsequently recognized subjects stated library commission biggest installation date auditorium ground floor houses seat auditorium serves reading space use performances library ceo stated space complement recording studio geared young people planned library people music place perform auditorium named paul hall following million donation family honour late businessman philanthropist government funding covered cost building donations expanding book collection purchasing new computers special equipment hall fitted seats acoustic ceiling video screen professional sound lighting installations hall boasts grand piano donated local philanthropist musician environmental building design aims achieve certification incorporating energy water saving design features harvesting water building management use local species landscape design automatic lighting control low interior finishes improve indoor air quality green policy seeks reduce exposure occupants library supports use public transportation active transportation virtue central location dense district served numerous bus routes providing bike parking programming floor transportation library accessible public bus transit located spring garden road served numerous halifax transit bus routes routes provide service midnight daily route provides service minute | Halifax Central Library | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1119_OneTimesSquare | times square times square known broadway simply times tower story foot metre skyscraper designed located 42nd street broadway new_york_city tower originally built serve headquarters local newspaper new_york_times gave area known times square times stayed building years moving new building west 43rd street despite times leaving building times square remained major focal point times square annual new year eve ball drop festivities ball remained atop tower year round introduction electronic news street level following sale times square advertising location advantage prime location square building interior remains vacant aside major tenant occupies lower levels exterior features large number traditional electronic billboards large revenue ads pull times square considered valuable advertising locations world building history building site originally completed serve new headquarters new_york_times officially moved building january paper owner successfully persuaded city surrounding area known square newspaper times square help promote new headquarters times held new year eve event december welcoming year fireworks display set roof building midnight event success attracting spectators continued annually replaced display thought spectacular event lowering lit ball building midnight patterned use time balls indicate certain time day ball drop held times square day attracting average million spectators yearly years moved times square times moved corporate headquarters west 43rd street served home times moved nearby eighth avenue leaving times square times maintained ownership tower november electronic news known colloquially known introduced near base building originally consisted light display controlled chain system inside building individual letter elements form type loaded frames spell news headlines frames moved letters triggered electrical contacts lit external upgraded use modern led technology headline displayed announced victory day presidential election display major news headlines era content later expanded include sports weather updates evening august famously announce japan surrender world war packed crowd times square times sold building advertising executive sign designer sold building greatly modified building facade million renovation replacing intricate granite elements marble facing building sold investor million swiss based investment group later sold tower investment group led promised renovations building including possibility north face signage displays following sale building times operated inconsistent basis news outlets shut entirely revived newsday operated december newspaper declined renew lease believing didn sign financially publishing company operated period beginning december role june sony operated exterior tower alongside use advertising news frequently producers late night talk late david_letterman display live feed studio screen cost saving measure sony declined renew lease space leading subsequent removal june frequent use late producer jokingly considered removal sad sad day new_york billboards owners times square filed bankruptcy protection march times square sold financial services firm million new owners felt cost effective house new tenants tower cost extensive renovation required order suitable tenants compared relatively small rental revenue limited floor space brought instead decided market tower location advertising capitalize prominent location square entire exterior times square modified add grid frame mounting billboard signs times square electronic billboards installed cup billboard steam effects added tower later accompanied animated sign october new foot video screen sponsored introduced tower feature video advertisements community service announcements december new display operated nbc known introduced replacement sony base tower sold times square million related sale revealed billboards tower generating net revenue million yearly representing profit growing tourism high traffic times square area yearly average million pedestrians alongside prominence media coverage new year festivities seen wide audience yearly annual revenue signs grew million year london valuable public advertising space world despite primarily advertising times square continued house tenants ground level floors late 1990s retail store filled floors early floors occupied pop store known november chain opened new flagship store space renting lease valued million yearly introduced new digital sign building grand opening designed constructed led square foot sign runs sides building contains million surpassing nearby sign largest led sign times square electrical room tower basement currently serves vault storage items relating new year eve celebrations times square including ball prior spare parts signage memorabilia operated cup billboard smoke effects effect famously times square billboards sign cup billboard replaced billboard featuring chevrolet branded clock resulting bankruptcy organization chevrolet clock removed eventually replaced current display august replaced operator sponsor screen times square year deal deal came alongside announcement official sponsor times square new year eve festivities news corporation 21st century fox replaced nbc operator sponsor screen sony returned times square replacing screen new high definition led display december took sponsorship screen times square year lease upgrades began upper portion times square including installation new high definition led displays known redesign roof accommodate larger new year eve ball year round fixture building beginning advertising displays times square currently include display display featuring photos posted users facebook twitter display screens tower contract display times | One Times Square | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1215_5thAvenueTheatre | 5th avenue theatre 5th avenue theatre referred 5th avenue 5th landmark theatre building located seattle washington hosted variety theatre productions motion pictures opened building land owned original campus operated venue nationally touring broadway original shows non profit theatre located fifth avenue historic skinner building listed seat theatre resident home 5th employs actors musicians directors designers technicians stage hands box office staff administrators making largest theatre employer region non profit theatre company supported individual corporate donations government sources box office ticket sales 5th season programming includes seven shows year mix locally produced musical theatre classics bound broadway shows national touring musicals established tradition testing ground new musicals debut broadway launching hits wedding singer theatre hosts variety special events offers education outreach programs school age children adults reaching students professional performers audiences year architecture located skinner building historic office block ranging stories retail shops ground level theatre surrounded sides entry facing namesake avenue addition auditorium original seating capacity theatre contains grand entry hall featured tea room addition waiting room women lounge interior design 5th avenue theatre modeled reproduce features historic known beijing landmarks norwegian artist executed design based visit china published illustrated account travels china ornate historical chinese style theatre distinguishes exterior skinner building street entry viewer preview interior design ceiling plaster representations wood beams carved painted scheme decorated dragons flower patterns carved cloud shapes screen light fixtures create indirect lighting effect viewer approaches wooden brass entry doors original central free standing box office replaced current box office located entry renovation original imperial guardian lions commonly called dogs lions originally located outside entry moved inside renovation interior architecture theatre excellent imitation chinese wooden temple construction story rectangular lobby features red columns wrapped plaster rising roof structure painted beams supporting canopy bamboo imitated plaster original pair guardian lions male guard second level gallery serves theatre balcony addition imperial guard lions original light fixtures decoration remain intact decorative details continue seat auditorium highlight focal decorative feature octagonal sculpted imperial chinese dragon springs large glass hangs dragon mouth reference chinese symbol dragon claim puts size twice size model based throne room opening night program spoke imposing feature great dome symbolic themes borrowed chinese legends motifs chinese poetry sphere surrounded glowing cloud red welfare blue rain green symbolic plaque black flood gold prosperity great dragon guardian genius place presence multiplied varying forms structure huge beams surrounding supporting dome dragons emperor emblem fire pursuit jewel rendered shape disc rays symbolic dragon motif repeated radial theatre imperial dragon accompanied symbol empress chinese phoenix called japanese personal symbol empress repeated theatre prominently relief false screened organ pipes addition symbols orange lotus flowers appear theatre highly decorated arch safety curtain maintain chinese design influence decorative features building 5th avenue theatre contained notable technical features originally built ascending orchestra pit independent organ platform allowed musicians raised main stage height orchestra pit level basement ventilation system controls building allowed air washed prior introduction venue outlets seat significance preceding hollywood 5th avenue theatre called largest authentic example traditional chinese timber architecture decoration outside asia addition association architect notable works include nationally known old important buildings art style add significance added november history planning construction president general manager inc believed seattle place growing importance motion picture industry consequently place invest long term arthur company absorbed competing chain theatres sought expansion large holder theatre company stock debt sat board directors developer known promoted establishment theatre district like developed theatre built los_angeles california planned skinner building theatre owned arthur company complete development architect joined world war house architect designed skinner building 5th avenue theatre creating 5th avenue theatre joined colleague office san_francisco construction began october construction taking months costing million grand opening theatre celebrated grand opening september opening unit program included film live performances opening program included silent film young april stage presentation popular local musician composer returned portland oregon accompanying opening night wallace theatre seattle motion picture house opening night marked festivities outside theatre seven blocks downtown seattle theatre closed street car automobile traffic lured free street car bus rides thousands people packed fifth avenue street reported doubtful friday night seattle history saw people circulating downtown streets night density center activities street cars diverted street outside theatre street carnival took place living moniker theater magic sign wonderful time night sky banks lights illuminated streets outside theater shot roofs nearby buildings additionally dance bands placed closed intersections provide entertainment giant screens project words sing orchestrated fifth avenue theatre estimated crowd people participated events decline restoration following grand opening theatre served venue film following decline movie palace 1970s economic recession advent television movie complex development suburbs crowds theatre struggled stay open forced close doors nearby theatre variety use possibilities proposed theatre including chinese restaurant movie theater office building shopping center city seattle unable protect theatre designated landmark unique position site original territorial university grounds owned state washington business leaders formed non profit million loan save theatre family active patron theatre architect oversaw restoration efforts changes renovation vertical marked theatre presence removed orchestra pit auditorium seating rebuilt dressing rooms moved technical systems updated furniture fixtures interior signage retained paint carefully restored original renovation suitable live performances filled seattle need touring broadway musical venue renovation work completed federal state local funds june marked theater rebirth new chapter seattle arts community grand opening gala renovated theatre actress christened stage kiss declared 5th national treasure beginning july 5th presented annie touring broadway musical appear theatre sold ran weeks total performances 5th avenue theatre continues thrive assistance generous donors volunteers history renovation 5th avenue theatre seattle established theatres established resident non profit theatre company february earthquake 5th avenue theatre time actors stage musical theatre suffered minimal damages structural damage earthquake repairs included removal replacement plaster ceiling supports repair numerous cracks damaged decorative plaster pieces ceiling contractors install tall reach highest interior ceiling stories time area reached years lowered repair maintenance repair work provided services seismic upgrades skinner building november new vertical similar sign removed renovation installed possible donation daughter broadway producer early 5th avenue promoter new sign features design inspired earlier theatre interior uses led lights energy conservation includes revolving 5th sign 5th genesis renovation non profit successfully operated venue touring broadway shows united_states went economic shortage touring shows venues like 5th consequently country broadway houses went unused extended periods time 5th remained open years reduced staff community events local promoters situation forced theatre merely presenter touring musicals non profit established resident theatre company dubbed 5th produce musicals locally theatre company establishment 5th yearly season programming included shows national touring musicals locally produced musical theatre classics bound broadway shows musical theater performances fall spring season attract subscribers average ticket sales tickets annually 5th ranks nation largest musical theater companies musical company employs actors musicians directors designers technicians stage hands box office staff administrators making 5th largest theatre employer region non profit theatre company supported individual corporate donations government sources box office ticket sales partnership executive director 5th collaborative partnership existed 5th houston theatre stars young served executive director partnership produced seasons musical theater including national tours self produced musicals october 5th avenue self produced musical presented starring 5th 5th avenue theatre production open broadway april produced cooperation houston august 5th partnership ended joined 5th resident producing artistic director launching new era collaboration leading musical theater companies producers country broadway testing ground creation 5th 5th established tradition testing ground new musicals debut broadway 5th produced pre broadway world premiere years sought partner developing broadway musicals notable musicals shown seattle audiences 5th avenue theatre prior success broadway include nominated won tony awards nominations film adaptation premiered 5th july days prior nationwide release 5th role musical success broadway testing ground tradition continued season pre broadway world memphis went win tony awards winning memphis winning including season premiered catch premiered broadway spring season premiered christmas story musical based film recently premiere based disney film successful 5th avenue theatre performed musicals lone star love originally scheduled broadway poor reviews announced premiere musical adaptation later replaced buddy buddy holly story community outreach programs theatre hosts variety special events offers number education outreach programs school age children adults reaching students professional performers audiences year example 5th avenue high school musical theatre awards evaluate honor performances student actors stage hands washington state high school productions end school year tony awards style ceremony held includes high profile performances nominees acceptance speeches award recipients awards ceremony useful scouting event colleges looking recruit talent drama departments productions season | 5th Avenue Theatre | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1310_AmberRoom | amber room amber room russian german polish world famous chamber decorated amber panels backed gold leaf mirrors located catherine palace near saint_petersburg originally constructed 18th century prussia amber room disappeared world war recreated room lost considered eighth wonder world construction amber room took place prussia room designed german baroque sculptor danish amber worked room work continued amber masters danzig amber cabinet remained palace given prussian king ally russia room expanded renovations covered square metres contained tonnes amber amber room looted world war brought reconstruction display current whereabouts remain mystery efforts undertaken rebuild decades work russian donations germany reconstructed amber room inaugurated catherine palace near saint_petersburg history creation amber room begun purpose installed palace residence frederick urging second wife concept design room drafted fabricated master danish court king denmark help amber masters danzig originally intended installation palace complete panels eventually installed berlin city palace amber room remain berlin city palace long admired visit king frederick son presented room peter gift forged russo prussian alliance sweden original berlin design amber room reworked russia joint effort german russian peter daughter decided amber treasure installed catherine palace family typically spent summers 18th century renovations room covered square metres contained tonnes amber room took years construct evacuation world war shortly beginning german invasion soviet_union world war responsible removing art treasures tried remove amber room years amber dried making impossible room amber amber room hidden mundane attempt german forces seizing attempt hide known piece art failed german soldiers amber room hours supervision experts october room reached storage display town castle november newspaper announced exhibition amber room castle days orders given hitler january ordered movement looted possessions allowed administration team transport cultural goods priority amber room moved charge civil administration final months war abandoned post fled city leaving general command august heavily fire bombed royal_air_force suffered extensive damage artillery advancing final occupation april popular culture fictional music box amber room plot device seasons usa television series white collar amber room central plot device novel amber room reconstruction soviet government decided construct replica amber room process years require russian german experts amber original drawings old black white photographs attempt duplicate original amber room included shades amber original panels fixtures adorned room major problem lack skilled workers amber carving considered nearly lost art form financial difficulties plagued reconstruction project start solved donation million german company work russian completed new room dedicated russian president german chancellor anniversary city saint_petersburg near berlin miniature amber room fabricated original berlin miniature collector copy original east prussian amber architecture amber room piece art extraordinary architectural features carvings amber panels gold leaf mirrors highlighted light additional architectural design features include statues angels children unique features singular beauty original amber room dubbed eighth wonder world modern estimates room value range million million disappearance mysteries war amber room seen public reports occasionally surfaced stating pieces amber room survived war claimed spotted famous room loaded board left january promptly torpedoed sunk soviet submarine italian stone mosaic set stones decorated amber room found germany possession family soldier claimed helped pack amber chamber mosaic came hands russian authorities reconstruction effort separate teams german lithuanian announced located amber room german team pointed silver lithuanian team believed amber treasure buried suggestions turned hold amber room lengthy investigation british investigative journalists concluded amber room likely destroyed castle heavily damaged bombing royal_air_force castle completely burned later soviet remaining walls documents revealed assessment soviet report written head soviet team charged locating amber room following war report stated dates correspond end finished april surrender german garrison years later publicly voiced contrary opinion believed pressure soviet authorities want seen responsible loss information retrieved archives revelation remaining italian stone found burned debris castle levy concluded report reason soviets conducted extensive searches experts concluded destroyed wanted know soldiers responsible destruction levy assessed soviet government found theft amber room useful cold war propaganda tool russian government officials denied conclusions senior researcher palace reportedly stated impossible let amber room destroyed report public lieutenant charge rifle platoon battle said probably people saw amber room time explained city burning artillery denied allegations burned city purpose saying soldiers burn city stay variation theory present day residents parts room found castle world war amber room allegedly good condition admitted time blame fall nazis preserve story access ruins castle allowed world war suddenly restricted including historical archaeological surveys despite academic protests worldwide soviet premier ordered destruction castle making research known resting place amber room impossible recent years search amber room continued different locations including near germany printed fall hitler fortress city battle publishing isbn world famous treasures lost found isbn lucas james days collapse nazi germany isbn catherine levy adrian amber room story greatest hoax isbn austin guide ultimate isbn german yale_university isbn online year hunt russian missing amber room discovery germany daily_mail retrieved february brief history amber room retrieved february amber room hunt makes lake attraction scotland sunday retrieved february discoveries delight russian art experts retrieved february catherine palace retrieved february regarded men dies prison los_angeles_times retrieved february greed glory lost treasure guardian retrieved february inside million room incredible story amber gold living space belonged catherine great revealed daily_mail retrieved february mystery retrieved february nazis amber room telegraph retrieved february german roots retrieved february restoration amber chamber coming end retrieved june russia headlines retrieved february famous pieces art stolen nazis retrieved february amber room history figures facts mysteries russian retrieved february amber room long lost treasure retrieved february amber room retrieved february | Amber Room | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1385_RoanokeBuilding | building building tower originally tower addition simply building lumber exchange building building listed national_register_of_historic_places located loop community area chicago illinois united_states address located southeast corner madison street illinois madison street building sits site building known major block served national_weather_service weather forecast official climate site replaced major block great chicago fire current building incorporated frontage buildings east original site major block building listed national_register_of_historic_places tower addition december named december incorporates lands original building story major block building designed sat location great chicago fire fire replaced major block eventually known building major block stood seven story building spread foundations designed length feet south street width feet commonly published illustration building shows story building june january original building served chicago location national_weather_service weather forecast official climate site building mentioned die heartbreak referred wealthy residence building office building current building original current building current building designed phases design floors built floors added built originally sixteen story high later renamed design rock original floor building late chicago school commercial building incorporated arches fourth floor floors added original rank arches disappeared building uses dark designs vaulted ceiling marble wall lobby contribute described classical entrance lobby entrance uses contrasting white black marble tower addition building built current story height addition adjacent tower east madison street frontage entire building contains square feet story tower added east original structure site west madison tower early example use setbacks uses ranks paired windows tower built bronze bells installed set original composition called norse tomorrow quarter hour largest pounds inscribed honor current building city example building style portuguese gothic architecture according press release city announcing landmark promotion building ornamentation derived portuguese gothic building modernized 1950s went renovation evoke original ornamentation building frontage original building plus farewell hall built west madison street building hosted offices law firm today building leased small service industry firms second floor tenant arranges travel trips tours non profit organizations building undergoing renovation lobby façade elevators exterior lighting recent listing renovation feasible making building eligible federal tax credits reduced property taxes building qualified landmark class tax status makes eligible years reduced property taxes economic incentives repair rehab historic buildings order perform renovation owners took million loan property according form announcement listed lumber exchange building tower addition listing building tower | Roanoke Building | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1499_WoodstockLibrary | library branch southeast portland oregon united_states library origins date people neighborhood established reading room fire station soon deposit stations packing turned shelf hold books collection began children books housed public school station replaced sub branch library offering books adults children reference works services available regular branches collection moved larger facility branch offering additional resources services library occupied series temporary locations 1920s construction began permanent library building dedicated june following year fourth community library built mid-1990s library maintained regular maintenance capacity strained public use grew new technologies demanded additional shelf space released adopted neighborhood plan included policy improve branch services county adopted million bond measure branches upgrade technology system given multiple issues existing building including structural problems non compliance building codes determined reconstruction necessary library demolished january current square foot building completed like quality received multiple awards design addition offering county library catalog contains million books periodicals materials library houses collections chinese spanish employs chinese speaking staff early history began distributing books neighborhoods outside downtown portland reading room established neighborhood fire station building later year recognized branch deposit stations containing packing turned shelf holding books set fire stations private homes received deposit station collection children books housed public school outlying service areas deposit station replaced sub branch library supplying reading material adults children reference works library services offered regular branches collection moved larger facility west 44th september library achieved branch status offering collection services comparable branches branch threatened closure employees received month salary increase funding sources helped additional expense county libraries branch closed november november response flu 1920s library occupied series temporary locations rented library resources services heavily unemployed residents great depression world war people requested information ranging foreign victory gardens jobs 1950s responding population changes rise automobile use divided county regions single class branch offering extended operating hours services deposit stations smaller branch libraries eliminated merged house larger collections original building decided consolidate branches struggled operate rented spaces years construction permanent library building located 49th avenue began new library measuring square feet dedicated june following year fourth community library built president wrote organization annual report community response fine example adequate extension agency accelerated use principle excellent strong book collections strategically placed provide economical satisfactory extension branch service library received regular maintenance refurbishment 1970s mid-1990s including repairs following small fire capacity strained video collections demanded additional shelf space public use continued grow released adopted neighborhood plan included policy enhance branch objectives included promoting use upgrading facility services improving pedestrian access strengthening cultural educational role community voters passed million bond measure branches upgrade technology system determined building reconstruction necessary given multiple issues including electrical lighting mechanical structural problems mold growth walls underneath non compliance earthquake engineering americans disabilities act codes cost analysis revealed reconstruction effective repairing existing structure additional factors included data communications upgrades need meeting space closed january demolished soon building materials recycled salvaged reuse current building current building intersection commercial street tree lined residential street 49th links measuring square feet opened march branch county library system undergo complete reconstruction architects referred served project architect project manager construction administrator building architectural features designed engineering firm contractor services provided inc designers mind like quality library open light inviting said goal create feeling availability focus books people library collection housed single large room level outside building exposed steel roof feet high supported pairs slender steel columns lined windows column options chose columns designed shape built steel angles measuring inches columns provide distribution loads protecting structure wind earthquakes lateral need supporting walls library features person capacity meeting room hosting community events charge come served basis building houses original artwork including work entrance line poem titled open door doors exterior includes steel panels words depicting history books librarian new facility addition offering county library catalog million books periodicals materials library houses collections chinese spanish employs chinese speaking staff self stations radio frequency identification gates installed july current building received design awards awarded merit award quality structural engineering presented regional design awards program noted library rigorous poetic structure outstanding harmony smallest scale details basic design concept building received portland chapter simple elegant design presented award library quality lighting design director libraries said recognition library users love building pleased architectural community applauded library model project library branch reconstruction region libraries designed built include library community role years buildings hosted numerous activities clubs events programs according adopted neighborhood plan library enhance village center role community gathering place recent examples include appearances actors authors clown conversation circles non native english speakers crafting cultural celebrations groups mobile zoo neighborhood organization meetings storytelling library hosted town hall meetings served ballot drop site elections | Woodstock Library | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1608_DunsterWorkingWatermill | known restored 18th century situated close grounds somerset england grade listed building mill stands site mill recorded book present building constructed closed restored grind flour equipment powered wheels owned operated tourist attraction private company history time book mills called site present mill 17th century mills converted mill present mill built replaced mills added mill ground corn world war animal feed closed restored working order winning conservation award mill grind wheat flour cafe opened buildings wagon house stables restoration work completed funded owned leased private company run tourist attraction entrance charge applies visitors site visited tourists year produces tonnes flour year second restored collapsed wheel replaced architecture machinery storey building slate roof south east stone wall contains wrought iron gates arched gateway grinding equipment powered pair wheels transfer power crown wheel series belts drives grinding stones sack lift doorway floor allow material hoisted building adapted machine flour produced | Dunster Working Watermill | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1632_TokyoTower | tokyo tower tokyo tower communications observation tower located district tokyo japan metres second tallest structure japan structure tower inspired tower painted white international orange comply air safety regulations built tower main sources revenue tourism antenna million people visited tower opening story building located directly tower houses museums restaurants shops departing guests visit observation decks story located metres smaller special observatory reaches height metres tower acts support structure antenna originally intended television broadcasting radio installed tower broadcast signals japanese media outlets japan planned digital television transition july problematic tokyo tower height high adequately support complete terrestrial digital broadcasting area taller digital broadcasting tower known completed february construction large broadcasting tower needed region japan public broadcasting station began television broadcasting private broadcasting companies began operating months following construction transmission tower communications boom led japanese government believe transmission towers soon built tokyo eventually city proposed solution construction large tower capable entire region furthermore country postwar boom 1950s japan searching monument symbolize global economic powerhouse founder president tower owner operator originally planned tower taller meters highest structure world plan fell lack funds materials tower height eventually determined distance stations needed transmit region distance kilometres renowned designer tall buildings japan chosen design newly proposed tower looking western world inspiration based design paris france help engineering company claimed design withstand earthquakes twice intensity earthquake wind speeds kilometres hour mph new construction project attracted hundreds traditional japanese construction workers specialized construction high rise structures broke ground june day laborers worked tower constructed steel scrap metal taken tanks damaged korean war metre antenna place october tokyo tower tallest tower world taking title metres despite taller tokyo tower weighs tons tons towers surpassed tokyo tower height structure tallest artificial structure japan april new tallest building japan opened public december final cost billion million tokyo tower billion planned antenna telecommunications brightly colored accordance time aviation law tower frequented tourists today tower constitutes clear reference point center chaotic skyline forming strong landmark night day maintenance years tower process takes months functions tokyo tower main revenue sources antenna tourism functions radio television broadcasting antenna support structure tourist destination houses different attractions million people visited tower total opening late tower attendance steadily declining million attendance rising recently attracting approximately million visitors year area tourists visit reaching tower story building stationed directly tower visitors eat shop visit museums galleries elevators depart floor reach observation decks story price ticket visitors board set elevators second floor reach final observation deck broadcasting tokyo tower member utilized organizations broadcasting purposes structure originally intended broadcasting television radio installed accommodate tower broadcasts analog television digital television radio digital radio stations use tower antenna include general tokyo analog educational tokyo tokyo tokyo analog television tokyo channel analog television channel analog analog analog japan currently employs analog digital broadcasting july television broadcasting digital tokyo tower reliable broadcasting antenna completely digital broadcasting tower tall transmit higher frequency waves needed areas surrounded forests high rise buildings alternative new metre tall tower called tokyo opened tokyo tower appealing commercial broadcasters plan stations new tower officials drafted plan extend digital broadcasting antenna metres cost approximately billion million plans realized tokyo tower expected stop digital radio waves exception continue broadcast tower radio stations continue utilize tower broadcasting tokyo area tower planning director pointed possibility tower backup tokyo depending broadcasters want need tip antenna damaged march result earthquake july tokyo tower height meters antenna repaired damage sustained earthquake attractions located base tower story building known floor includes reception hall person capacity tower restaurant convenience store shop floor main attractions elevators serve direct ride second floor primarily food shopping area addition standalone restaurants second floor food court consists restaurants including mcdonald fourth floors house tourist attractions floor home museum houses life size figures photo panels memorabilia depicting interesting records opened displays wax figures imported london figures display range pop culture icons beatles religious figures jesus christ gallery named lounge specialty stores located floor tokyo tower trick art gallery located building fourth final floor gallery displays optical including paintings objects visitors interact roof building small amusement park contains small rides hosts live performances children weekends holidays visitors use roof access tower outside approximately steps alternative tower elevators leads directly appearance tokyo tower requires total litres gal paint completely paint structure white international orange air safety regulations tower 30th anniversary lighting tower light located corner extended base antenna spring invited lighting designer visit tower opening years earlier tower annual ticket sales dropped significantly bid tower establish important tourist attraction symbol tokyo hired redesign tokyo tower lighting arrangement unveiled new lighting arrangement required removal outlining light installation tower frame dusk midnight entire tower lamps october july cover tower orange color july october lights changed metal lamps tower white color reasoning change seasonal reasoned orange warmer color helps offset cold winter months conversely white thought cool color helps hot summer months occasionally tokyo tower lighting changed specific unique arrangements special events tower specially lit annual events entire tower illuminated pink light october highlight beginning tower variety special lighting arrangements christmas new year eve tower lights midnight year number displayed observatory mark arrival new year special japanese events cause light tower ways alternating sections tower lit blue help celebrate opening world cup japan alternating sections tower lit green day commemorate 50th anniversary japanese irish relations occasions tokyo tower specially lit correspond corporate events example half tower lit green correspond japanese premiere matrix different sections tower lit red white black commemorate day sales tower uniquely lit new millennium reprising role designer december spent million create new nighttime illumination scheme titled diamond veil celebrate tower 50th anniversary arrangement featured lights seven colors equally distributed towers faces employing specialty lighting tower plays important role second international white band day september tower completely lit bright white light resulting white ring represented white band referenced day floors windows exterior utilized display words numbers tower employed unique lighting commemorate terrestrial digital broadcasting available region december displayed characters terrestrial digital broadcasting recently observatory displayed tokyo stress tokyo olympic bid primitive images hearts displayed observatory windows tokyo tower named brothers older brother wears blue wears red born december celebrate 40th anniversary tokyo tower popular culture popular culture immediately locate scene paris france tokyo tower way tokyo anime manga magic knight sailor moon tower frequently japanese giant monster film genre location climactic battles king king escapes frequently destroyed rebuilt based popular manga series film nostalgic view life construction tokyo tower japanese culture lifestyle television aired featuring episode tokyo tower | Tokyo Tower | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1637_MundoPerdido,Tikal | spanish lost world largest ceremonial complex dating period ancient maya city northern guatemala complex organised large astronomical complex consisting pyramid aligned platform east supported temples complex rebuilt times course history architectural style influenced great metropolis valley mexico including use form early classic period twin city served royal complex given archaeologists large plaza centred lost world pyramid ceremonial platform west divided clearly areas referred area lost world pyramid closed south structures range adjoining structures divide plaza seven temples east north plaza principally structures smaller structures low plaza lies west lost world pyramid centred structure low platform low plaza closed north second largest structure complex complex surface area approximately square metres archaeologists major discoveries 1970s investigated partially restored principal structures complex architectural complex built period abandoned history underwent phases construction date classic construction phase produced new version lost world pyramid evidence recovered dates earliest years occupation middle prior remains represent rubbish structures complex began form end structures started added series artificially surfaces platforms gradually complexity height structures increased lost world pyramid form oldest architectural complex late causeway built unite causeway runoff canal fed end late temples built early classic beginning early classic plaza expanded westwards order lost world pyramid centre complex western extreme construction phase led achieving final surface area square metres structures times match architectural styles developing city small platform added early classic surface platform possesses series holes supported banners platform covered large pit contained bodies seventeen victims including men women children possibly sacrificed ceremony platform 4th century version built north second half 4th century tombs built offerings tombs included vessels representing high artistic technical quality offerings tombs identify deceased members elite members line ruling dynasty lost power political late 4th century included kings entry establishment new political order city focus royal rites shifted 4th century 6th century use architecture notable 5th century form applied structures western limit complex south 6th century 7th century fifth version built new summit shrine late classic 7th century significant changes including new version temple faced away version sealed version built making temple highest structures new version created new axis complex breaking primary axis associated ancient group complex relationship old solar cult marking major change ceremonial use complex time twin pyramid complex came use demonstrating major internal reorganisation city late classic access complex gradually restricted closing access points new structures included use causeway linked complex new palace complex built northern section developing 7th 8th centuries marked important change use dedicated purely ritual activities construction palace indicates permanent complex elite group apparently involved way administration city continued serve important burial site 8th 9th centuries final version received elite status possibly members royal family judge extremely high quality associated offerings dated second half 8th century reign terminal classic went general decline parts city apparently abandoned continued centre vigorous ceremonial activity evidence continued activity complex includes collections artefacts significant construction activity main late classic structures fitted new benches change access routes complex took place activity concentrated northern portion closest water supply minor changes time greatest residential activity took place vaulted palace immediately east temple structures activity included complex construction projects indicates elite residence immediately prior complete abandonment city construction activity form structural strengthening took place structures northern sector including structures ritual activity continued half early classic placed temple large population remained residence north sector evidenced quantity differing gender age interred inside collapsed buildings casual graves usually accompanied offerings generally bone artefacts dense occupation north sector included elite activity continued years abandonment rest linked nearby water supply continued ritual activity temple iii northern portion continued use rest complex partially abandoned occupation came end traces activity recovered limited finds structure north modern history carried investigations lost world pyramid prior work undertaken included test trenches summit west south sides tunnels excavated metres pyramid interior recovered surprisingly early fragments led complex focus later investigations wide ranging programme investigations instigated newly formed september operation carried clearing forest lost world pyramid late year main phase investigations ran test pitting surveys continued lost world pyramid excavated restored soon work started adverse weather conditions resulted severe damage structures including collapse east face lost world pyramid northeast corner temple north wall structure structures archaeologist divided complex clearly areas referred area lost world pyramid closed south structures range adjoining structures divide plaza seven temples east north plaza principally structures smaller structures low plaza lies west lost world pyramid centred structure low platform low plaza closed north second largest structure complex recently defined complex area divided north east defined relationship lost world pyramid south structures south lost world pyramid original core astronomical complex east lost world pyramid observation point original temples markers plot sunrise course history underwent seven distinct construction phases earliest dating end period lost world pyramid structure known great pyramid dates late structure focus complex currently stands approximately metres high maximum width base metres lost world pyramid massive construction projects undertaken pyramid accessed west flanked giant masks final version structure east west sides extended additional north south sides climbing far eighth levels structure massive buildings late construction masonry blocks measured metres long pyramid periodically rebuilt history common rest complex version visible fifth version dating built tallest structure entire city stepped levels pyramid vertical panels style early appearance second half 3rd century built fifth construction phase pyramid masks adorned sides building eroded possible determine anthropomorphic traces painted final version pyramid reveal point exterior structure painted blue red versions lost world pyramid larger previous version built directly centred preceding version necessity maintaining plaza area pyramid led destruction previous version east face time new version superimposed older version phase earliest version pyramid built end middle raised metre deep natural terrain earliest phase construction survived entirety believed possessed stepped levels sides measured metres north south stood metres high phase second version dates late time adult males interred offerings summit platform pyramid lacked associated offerings presence dental decoration suggests deceased members elite investigating archaeologists consider deceased offering construction newer version pyramid second version pyramid possessed stepped levels measured metres north south stood metres high phase version built formal layout version measured metres north south stood metres high construction version temple damaged underlying second version covered completely version radial pyramid stepped levels raised upper platform built stone blocks finished upper platform rounded corners lower levels pyramid sloping sided form fourth vertical sided form fifth level greater height supported weight giant masks flanking central ascend upper sixth level pyramid possessed auxiliary climbed lower levels flanking central ascended fifth level modified form enclosed giant masks auxiliary central upper platform metre high bench accessed steps east west sides version pyramid high quality construction complex architectural detail fine quality covering burial discovered interred upper level fourth version pyramid accompanied number offerings phase fourth version pyramid built larger scale built stood metres high measured metres represented greatest leap volume successive versions pyramid radial pyramid auxiliary temple stepped levels archaeologists determine exact number destruction wrought summit construction fifth final version possessed giant masks fifth stepped level method construction employed weight dispersed shorter sides stone blocks fourth version pyramid structurally weak required periodic reinforcement architects soon realised error architectural techniques construction fourth version fourth version remained use relatively short period time replaced fifth version phase fifth final version lost world pyramid built excavated found poorly preserved poor quality structural construction sides subsided number places final version pyramid levels stood metres high pyramid measured metres central axis narrowed metres measuring corner corner measurements massive construction project fifth version pyramid started levels ninth level added 4th century tenth level late 4th century early 6th century flanked large panels metre bench summit faced west breaking long tradition incorporated pyramid ancient group large slab slate measuring metres high metres wide metres thick found embedded bench highly eroded erected pyramid late classic large quantities early late classic fragments found pyramid demonstrating continued importance structure preserved limestone model architectural complex recovered upper east pyramid originally deposited represented number model match known architectural group east platform divides complex structures numbered north end joins south range earliest examples architecture platform began final form versions temples built basal platform 5th century platform huge structure northernmost structure adjoining version building built 4th century early version platform supporting building possessed single chamber building decorated elaborate decorated anthropomorphic figures central figure believed archaeologists represent deity structure north end east range structure rooms flanked structure north structure south earliest structures built east platform end late structure double platform provides access plaza seven temples structure possesses remains giant masks facade dated late classic period found building version building raised east platform end late period temple rooms arranged central chamber smallest particularly notable presence giant masks doorway example known late maya world masks placed inside building practice common late classic period analysis masks suggest early form spirit protector city closely associated warfare royal tomb installed structure transition late early classic periods structure known temple spanish largest temple complex new version temple superimposed preceding version 7th century new version faced away possessed single room faced adjacent plaza seven temples east version sealed new version built time highest structures version structure level platform access interrupted vaulted niche architectural style prevalent time base niche adorned sculpted facing forwards flanking profile structure structure possessing rooms temples built east platform end late period structure structure possessing rooms northern sector temple temple structure second largest building located north west plaza northwest lost world pyramid directly north platform pyramid projecting rises summit shrine possessed vaulted chambers roof ceilings roof collapsed chambers prior archaeological exploration ruined building currently stands metres high summit shrine roof intact taller investigated prior exploration summit shrine served jaguar remains prey shrine badly damaged multiple pits excavated interior chambers distinct construction phases evident exterior pyramid version pyramid built half 3rd century built forerunner style levels stood metres tall sides measured metres base featured vertical painted black flanked rose angle projected metres pyramid base construction phases took place early classic phases supported masonry superstructure phases similar consisting mainly increase size building phase basal surface area square metres base phase covered area square metres increased square metres fourth construction phase second phase construction took place 4th century local variation style included framed pyramid upper level extend faces structure stepped levels phase construction maintained previous versions variant stepped levels fourth version pyramid stepped levels fifth phase construction building took place involved construction new previous version older level stepped pyramid sides retained pyramid base measured metres widened covering pyramid heightened metres addition style levels resulted base height metres new summit shrine built possessing vaulted rooms elaborate roof construction phase took place time temple built major temples slightly earlier shrine final version access chamber metres wide pyramid served important function elite excavated pyramid males female accompanied extremely high quality offerings offerings include objects crafted shell mother pearl inscribed anthropomorphic imagery associated finds sufficient quality possible deceased members royal family dated reign ruled terminal classic minor changes temple chambers structural reinforcement temple poorly preserved inside temple rooms inscribed graffiti likely date time palace range palace complex laid form northern portion ranges east south west ranges connect corners form single extended palace central courtyard area square metres courtyard open north palace furnished important information regard occupation palace built late classic platform gradually developed construction palace buildings 7th 8th centuries structures housed multiple vaulted chambers structures decorated faced buildings opened interior courtyard year history complex palace group buildings entire complex serve uniquely ceremonial purpose structure east range palace complex incorporates south range west range structure closing addition benches construction new sections multiple completely abandoned soon continuation complex construction activity indicated elite residents inhabiting palace time structures structure western border complex modelled style 5th century structure western extreme 5th century built style structure low platform situated metres west lost world pyramid platform access sides sign having supported superstructure details sides platform suggest construction influenced platform dates beginning late classic structure south range building styled 5th century monuments broken half found inside temple east west axis running lost world pyramid monument sculpted faces deliberately broken ancient times moved inside temple order save shows half person identified ruler costume features columns king depicted governed 4th century king standing bound captive captive appears noble retains clothing celebrates event appears moved relation ceremony possibly moved temple king celebrate changing year maya cycle link placed directly important late 4th century elite tombs continued evidenced presence offerings burial elite burial interred coated chamber rear chamber tomb looted discovered archaeologists trench cutting bench floor shrine chamber burial chamber measured metres metres high chamber contained bones adult male aged years old bones disturbed likely laid north south orientation broken remains debris dated tomb late 8th century burial located chamber heavily looted extent possible determine scattered human remains people belonged burial bones belonged children young adult females fragments offerings identified burial interred central chamber looted discovered archaeologists prior collapse ceiling summit shrine pyramid protected section tomb remains adult male artificially deformed skull laid north south orientation head north offering included plate plate painted figure dancer vessel bearing images human figures jaguar burial immediately burial burial interred rear temple deceased young adult male aged years old artificially deformed skull buried near surface lying position remains oriented north south date accompanied offering burial interred immediately beneath burial temple chamber measured metres remains adolescent female lying head north lying layer mixed blue green accompanied rich offering offering included mother pearl jade bone shell shell crafted shell jade pectoral crafted form anthropomorphic face bowl vessel decorated human figures lengthy text black bowl plate decorated burial vaulted tomb constructed placed structure deceased interred east west axis running centre transition late early classic periods tomb elite status earliest royal burial offerings removed 6th century temple time offerings chamber shrine offerings included plates legs painted designs plates astronomical significance burial dates inserted upper level version lost world pyramid metres summit metres including summit bench laid large rock lying face downwards deceased young adult male aged years aligned north south skull south traces found bones body accompanied vessels blades flint bones worked bone artefacts burial offering location east west axis high status offerings associated open possibility deceased member elite interred burial stepped platform second version lost world pyramid prior fourth platform completed deceased adult male aged years old found lying extended southeast northwest orientation bones preserved certain degree skull badly fragmented evident artificial taken place upper teeth fitted decoration crescent shaped hollow held decoration deceased items shell jewellery burial interred time burial deceased adult male aged years old lying face northwest southeast orientation remains poorly preserved upper decorated deceased accompanied jewellery offerings burial interred low platform associated version lost world pyramid deposited near bedrock metres platform offerings remains young adult male years old laid right hand position east west orientation head lying west remains associated pieces worked stone traces red paint burial dated burial offering construction fourth version lost world pyramid buried depth metres associated offerings remains probably female lying face oriented north south head pointing northwards remains poorly preserved probably date early 1st century | Mundo Perdido, Tikal | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1713_Jahanpanah | persian fourth medieval city delhi established delhi address constant threat built fortified city meaning persian refuge world fort built 14th century establishments lying city fort survived reasons offered situation stated rule shifted capital came delhi soon ruins city walls road isolated patches near nearby locations sections seen fort walls large built store rooms stack provisions mystery city complex years later day excavations revealing large number monuments villages colonies urban expansion delhi urban development village wealth ruins scattered enclosed suburbs park south delhi branch smaller housing colony developments north south direction outer ring road complex east west direction road road located road important landmark etymology etymology consists persian words world shelter refuge world history son built constructed new city earlier cities gates remains city fort large ruins leave ambiguity physical status built structures survived partially housed destroyed nearby structures scattered rubble masonry walls chronicle period lived delhi complex urban area military remaining area consisted palace structures like etc reasoned wished unified city comprising fortification encompassing cost considerations forced abandon plan halfway chronicle stated palace built outside fort limits city area residence palace located fortified area literal meaning hindi victory platform grand palace audience hall beautifully painted wooden canopy columns described longer exists fort acted safe haven people living continued act centre government strange reasons shifted capital returned short period fort modest size built hills south provided protective massive boundary city fort smaller predecessor fort fort similar design archaeological survey india evaluation status fort conservation recorded gates south east south west inside separated bailey citadel consisting walls gates lay palaces fort known later day development gates southeast southwest fort chambers lower level east west gates grain upper floors fortifications built linking city walls thickness extended length smaller fortress called built distance citadel army camps seen ruins primary attention infrastructure particularly water supply city thought structure tank seven built stream flowed city structure called existing non functional near boundary walls similar structures built delhi covering water supply needs entire population remnants city lie scattered mute reminder ancient glory old city overall layout plan size inner courtyard measuring said patterned iranian design planned iranian architect majestic building heart city pride place played pivotal role serving administrative centre treasury mosque large proportions serving social community hub surrounded market area unusual layout arch covered passages deep bay prayer hall west construction mosque credited sources view built prime minister rule builder close vicinity view built proximity probably dated year died support second view said chronicler period till departure delhi recorded monument mosque considered architectural masterpiece pictures gallery gates covered passages east main gate south directions west wall style tapering flanking central high opening covered big dome entire west wall arched openings wall depicts projections prayer hall modest decorative carvings columns walls bland eastern gate approach road level flight steps negotiate raised unique mosque built layout stone seen arcades northern entry raised entrance probably linked mosque palace work mosque walls lasted centuries tiles fixed locations mosque occupation existence till 17th century later period occupied mosque cleared lane entry north interpreted approach sultan family attending prayers mosque building layout plan dimensions square dome categorized tower palace typical structure octagonal plan built rubble masonry massive battered sloping walls east west southern directions raised platform door ways cardinal direction purpose unusual structure ruins described palace multiple chambers large public audience hall famed palace interpreted serving observation tower monitor activities troops place presented place relax enjoy scenic view inclined path monument walkway leading apartments sultan large openings living rooms floor leading treasury level platform outside building apartment rooms small holes equally spaced seen holes fix wooden pillars hold temporary pavilion cover process people presence sultan formal involving entry semi public places private chambers audience hall debate palace cited existing reign time palace conclusive plausible hypothesis stone hall palace built tower adjoining stone buildings surely built archaeological excavations carried unearthed treasures buildings date occupation monument reign saint rule beginning 16th century excavations revealed wooden pillar bases attributed close building seen unique architectural façade openings sides interpreted annex building based underground passages seen adjoining structure purpose dome built known located north highly dilapidated state pictured needing urgent attention restoration view heritage monument status present occupied residential complex families built famous builder prime minister reign seven built architectural style built visible decorations appear intricate built rubble masonry mosque seven arched openings frontage bays depth wise crowned sequence low typical architectural style east village period buildings seen distinguishing monument area surrounding scattered gates graves large area little distance place tomb emperor period credited building number mosque village present day large city notable structures notable structures acres area close vicinity present day following built tomb saint lived 14th century disciple saint delhi dome tomb built red sandstone considered small size replica gateway tomb pointed arch marble bands called stolen roof tomb climbing iron called western wall apart structures walls mosque compound wall tomb features arched hall thought built 14th century 15th century fairly preserved condition period tomb seen nearby away opposite tombs noted preserved squared tomb tomb building raised columns screens façade large dome creating drum sixteen faces ceiling tomb decorated plaster arches design conservation measures archaeological excavations fort walls junction eastern wall excavations revealed rough small stones foundations followed face exterior wall ground presently involved conservation activities wall providing environmental improvements lighting area cost modern location ruins concentrated present suburbs delhi crossing press road urban village ancient city walls seen locations east near main approach road complex passes crossing distance outer ring road crosses road crossing crossing locations reached diversion road opposite delhi gallery | Jahanpanah | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1885_34MontaguSquare,Marylebone | square square address london ground floor basement flat leased beatles member mid-1960s location miles abbey road studios beatles recorded known people lived address including british member parliament daughter lady emily square named highly regarded london society late 18th century paul_mccartney recorded demo songs looking worked compositions including help converted flat studio avant garde label recording spoken word albums manager later lived whilst living composed wind cries mary months john_lennon rented flat taking photograph cover album police raided flat looking drugs landlord property sought injunction prevent illegal sold lease february unveiled blue marker plaque site making english heritage building historical interest history occupants designed built houses square named yorkshire born social reformer patron arts literary critic writer lived nearby death august square example regency terrace residential architecture popular 19th century communal garden located centre surrounded iron use limited residents built square tall buildings originally intended use family homes instead apartments victorian writer especially talking architecture square twin built economical modern builders dispose profit wish live near great banker lived father book local index list stock cited living according journals living house aged died address march 5th daughter royal blood english model actress girlfriend lived close 1960s lease leased flat shortly marriage consisted ground floor lower ground floor cellar basement original house entrance gained walking steps leading lower ground floor door door ground level ground floor suite bathroom pink bath sunk floor bedroom sitting room kitchen bathroom bedroom sitting room original fireplace resident square lord welcomed saying journalist distinguished square sure welcome distinguished gentleman lady located house place august embassy spokesperson complained beatles fans wall messages meant wall shall french took world war says language young people use worse heard trenches lived suggested group members houses near july bought retained lease flat rented flat fool employed apple painting london designing psychedelic clothes beatles cream rented flat asked install recording equipment including reel reel tape machines planning use demo studio recordings spoken word albums house far abbey road studio beatles recorded parents house street london living time recorded demo version looking square late march worked composition moved flat supposed studio defended stating times recorded apple label discouraged people interested believing working exclusively time recording friend visited apartment strange position playing host expensive apartment fixing drinks lean green silk sitting room later gave flat remained sub let december month today lived lower ground floor composed wind cries mary argument cooking skills months shared apartment bassist played psychedelic band unfortunately effects threw walls forcing lent flat pop stars friends years needed place stay london mother law stayed square home visited daughter started relationship wife son moved flat june living months returning preferred live square isolated lived square flat months white album recorded visitors remembered flat state dirty plates cups clothes newspapers magazines floor couple living diet champagne heroin experimental album recorded notorious nude cover photos taken square apple employee set camera photograph left pregnant stay heroin addiction october flat raided sgt remembered answered door female voice said message apple office opened door saw female men dressed plain clothes panicked closed door thinking beatles fans window person window holding search warrant read knowing point police officers raid consisted seven police officers police dogs played time refused open window later accused justice crime inside flat police searched room thoroughly supposed accompany whilst according law summoned pointed case asking replied shown grams case reporter told coming weeks believe cleaned house lived apartment stupid went damn house arrested pleading guilty possession long fined note november arrested conspiracy course justice alleged committed convicted sentenced years imprisonment raid landlord sought injunction february forbidding family live allowing music instruments played appealed compromise offered family member live flat finally settle case sold lease february legacy music label owner bought flat beating rival bid considered opening music museum decided rent instead week author miles contended square clearly candidate blue marker plaques buildings historical interest saturday october people unveiled blue plaque square john_lennon musician songwriter lived beatles biographer started unveiling ceremony group gathering said honoured blue plaque thank english heritage john way particular flat memories interesting history john year grateful commemorating john particular london life spawned great music great art davis commented think highly amusing plaque considering happened mentioned drugs bust plaque great | 34 Montagu Square, Marylebone | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
1960_ElielSaarinen'sTribuneTowerdesign | tower design tower design tower terms describe unnamed design modernist skyscraper created finnish architect submitted chicago_tribune architectural competition new headquarters winning entry neo gothic tower built entry came second place influential design number future buildings background prominent tower competition held design new headquarters chicago_tribune major metropolitan newspaper attracted entries place awarded design new_york architects neo gothic building completed awarded second place design constructed observers felt simplified soaring setback tower appropriate entry novel modernist design influenced subsequent architectural projects veteran architect designed skyscraper arrive noteworthy design took starting place upward sweep gothic architecture advanced sense primary design principle said logical construction portion design reflect larger goal years old submitted design year moved finland chicago area contributed overall design chicago university_of_michigan skyscraper designs built instead found success incorporating vision competition winner adopted skyscraper style subsequent projects design emulated contemporary architects later architect reception architect offered high praise design said building indicated future direction old sullivan named stylistic successor chicago architects vocal praise pond said design far best contest entry devoid superficial featured winning entry free conventional forms projected design american said hand spirit skyscraper rid suppressed desires leaps freedom sky director art consultant curator chicago offer modern views influence design notes setback architecture implemented new_york_city related building height sunlight design understood embodiment trend points tower competition entry american architect having modernist features dramatic setbacks pronounced exterior argues design better example ornamentation entry gained honorable mention cash award buildings influenced following buildings observed influenced design | Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
2371_RockNRollMcDonald's | flagship mcdonald restaurant located chicago illinois famous mcdonald locations world busiest united_states restaurant museum located section community area neighborhood chicago city blocks west tourist attraction opened present building opened restaurant maximum occupancy times standard patron seating capacity site rock roll exhibit building adjacent restaurant small upstairs mcdonald museum display building features lane mcdonald drive relatively luxurious café flat screen green roof restaurant franchise restaurant address new building redeveloped reopened april flagship restaurant museum lane drive mcdonald location lane drive reopening coincided 50th anniversary illinois restaurant opened april location corporation kicked celebration 50th anniversary franchise celebrities attendance elton_john time demolition location 3rd busiest united_states 12th world early 90s busiest united_states expected increase sales revenue rankings 3rd united_states 12th world renovation redevelopment restaurant priced higher chicago area mcdonald order interior includes numerous display flat screen expensive italian lighting second floor includes coffee bar serving pay homage museum display music decade chain business 2nd floor designed compete serving italian building features pair foot arches stories worth windows weigh pounds apiece cash register stations complement patron capacity times normal mcdonald capacity restaurant walls glass husband operated mcdonald locations past years addition perimeter trees building green roof gardens levels lower visible inside upper roof visible surrounding high rise buildings customer access trash cans tourist thank languages restaurant separate preparation lines white meat red meat giant kitchen demolished building faced ohio street new building rotated degrees face ontario street tourist pedestrian strip restaurant sung cult chicago musician song entitled rock roll mcdonald song featured movie super size museum south rear half upstairs portion series displays early mcdonald photos including fast food giant striped uniforms arranged decade going mid-1950s mcdonald opened accompanied pop culture artifacts pet rocks early cell phones track tape players section floor entitled chicago featuring events organizations originated chicago neighborhood restaurant museum rock roll exhibit parking lot occupy entire block bounded north south west north clark street east neighborhood community area building situated near theme restaurants street cafe rock roll exhibit display rock roll memorabilia focusing mainly elvis_presley exhibit separate structure lot exhibit includes set beatles statues reminiscent abbey road album cover gallery | Rock N Roll McDonald's | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
2391_DeltaCountyCourthouse | historic story courthouse building city cooper texas united_states building located functions meeting place county government building houses county records county courthouse built cooper courthouse built replace original great depression new courthouse built helping community grow building remained virtually unchanged history background delegates paid attention northeastern portion state especially increasing need creation new counties region time total counties located region compared presently convention originally met write new state constitution members quickly tried shift focus issues convention county boundaries presented proposals creation new counties region called delta established july proposals counties passed creation development established held election october members county commissioners board chosen election cooper established county seat newly formed county courthouse established county government constructed county seat courthouse built town square confederate union veterans civil war planted trees square courthouse symbolize end conflict building stories tall designed architects price approximately equivalent newly incorporated city cooper passed bond equivalent begin construction new story brick courthouse construction new courthouse underway original courthouse destroyed fire construction second courthouse completed economy local cotton crop failed county economy slow recover finally reaching steady level late 1930s began working improving items projects demolition existing courthouse construction new new courthouse built cost equivalent courthouse designed architect building constructed modern architecture style stories tall present courthouse constructed blocks west previous building site closed site courthouse surrounded brick roads constructed courthouse home location usage present courthouse located blocks west center city cooper building property half city block bordered dallas avenue south north 2nd street east small west courthouse located slightly south geographic center courthouse serves offices county government including county judge commissioners court county clerk sheriff justice peace court houses county historical records | Delta County Courthouse | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
2405_OneMeridianPlaza | plaza story high rise office building philadelphia pennsylvania united_states feet tower designed completed building demolished result damage fire began february fire began 22nd floor oil soaked ignited blaze control hours philadelphia firefighters fought blaze struggled lack power skyscraper insufficient water pressure building firefighters died alarm fire heavy smoke efforts inside eventually abandoned fears structure collapse fire brought control reached 30th floor floors automatic installed held fire started burning finally brought control day started blaze seriously damaged building destroying floors damaged neighboring buildings years fire sat vacant damaged right center philadelphia business district building caught litigation owners insurance company pay owners repairs demolition proceed businesses near high rise closed moved city sued owners building lawsuits settled building declared total loss began dismantled time demolition tallest destroyed building world building story high rise office building designed construction feet tower began completed approved occupancy built corner 15th street philadelphia pennsylvania million high rise built adjacent philadelphia faced street rectangular feet long feet wide contained square feet floors mechanical floors structure underground levels building structure composed steel concrete facade granite curtain wall roof eastern connected building adjacent point plans build structure south share elevator banks high rise came plans mainly site having owner northwest corner property bronze sculpture called designed abstract sculpture damaged fire built philadelphia enforcing building code distinction high rises buildings philadelphia adopted new codes required automatic systems new buildings time construction built service levels ground plans place automatic placed building november floors completely protected floors installed floor renovations request tenants building owners plans install floors renovated high rise originally known named developed building joint venture high rise tallest building built philadelphia early 1930s sold share property known plaza moved offices building pennsylvania earlier year subsequently sold building joint venture partners bought property million dutch pension fund paid million enter partners percent stake building plaza bank bought renamed replaced lead tenant major tenant square feet plaza corporate headquarters fire february fire began 22nd floor building saturday night people building time engineer security guards workers vacant office earlier day workers left pile soaked oil floor oil generated heat set fire nearby smoke cover entire floor time fire alarm went fire established fire alarm sounded building engineer went 22nd floor investigate elevator reached 22nd floor engineer found heavy smoke heat prevented reaching elevator controls needed return lobby engineer escaped security guard lobby recall elevator fire safety controls second security guard 30th floor alarm went ground floor lobby guard returned alarm monitoring service called alarm initially went confirm fire called came street saw smoke coming building alarm company alerted fire department fire engine unit arrive scene reported seeing heavy smoke flames windows firefighters started fighting fire grown flames breaking windows building problems firefighters began experiencing problems reached fire time firefighters reached 11th floor building lost power heat blaze damaged electrical cables emergency generator began producing electricity despite efforts restore power building electricity entirety event forced firefighters work darkness aid elevators addition provided power neighboring basement eventually shut water accumulation basement firefighters directing water streams building aid elevators firefighters hampered discovered pressure relief adjusted installed building allowed psi pressure pressure relief giving psi discharge pressure sufficient fight fire hours fire technician adjust arrived scene area building cleared pedestrians personnel falling glass debris falling debris dangerous firefighters cross perimeter building enter leave high rise lines stretched building damaged falling debris struck debris seriously injured tending lines lost firefighters second hour fire spread 23rd 24th floors heavy smoke building captain firefighters assigned level firefighters went center staircase 22nd floor soon heavy smoke 30th floor attempts direct firefighters radio soon captain requested permission break window ventilation followed message captain permission break window given search rescue effort initiated search teams sent lower floors searched 30th floor find missing firefighters teams moved upper levels team got lost 38th floor ran air self contained breathing apparatus team rescued search team placed roof helicopter rescue attempts continued helicopter operations suspended heavy smoke thermal drafts caused blaze helicopter crew searched exterior building february helicopter spotted broken window 28th floor located area seen street rescue team sent spot found missing firefighters unconscious air firefighters brought medical set 20th floor attempts unsuccessful firefighters pronounced dead scene 1st box alarm assignment box 15th engine engine water supply engine line duty deaths company ladder battalion chief battalion chief 2nd alarm assignment engine engine engine engine ladder ladder battalion chief lobby officer battalion chief division deputy chief air unit 3rd alarm assignment engine water supply engine water supply engine battalion chief chemical unit chemical unit 4th alarm assignment engine water supply engine engine engine water supply engine water supply chief air unit 5th alarm assignment engine engine engine engine ladder car chief department light wagon 6th alarm assignment engine engine engine water supply engine trailer 7th alarm assignment engine engine engine water supply 8th engine water supply engine engine ladder battalion chief battalion chief car 9th alarm assignment engine engine engine engine ladder tower ladder battalion chief chief 10th alarm assignment engine engine engine engine ladder 11th engine engine reserve engine reserve 12th engine reserve engine reserve engine engine water supply engine engine water supply ladder rescue reactivated company incident battalion chief battalion chief division deputy chief fire end fire going sixth hour spread 26th floor inadequate water pressure coming firefighters stretched building help fight fire taken fire technician arrived fix water pressure improved streams fire floors contained hours fire firefighters able control fire 22nd 24th floors fire control 25th 26th floors spreading upwards structural damage observed inside building firefighters structural engineer led fears damaged floors collapse order evacuate building issued fire commissioner building completely evacuated evacuation fire suppression efforts left water streams directed building neighboring centre square fire spread stopped reached 30th floor fire affected floor automatic extinguished fire 30th floor prevented continued spread contained automatic running fuel fire declared control fire lasted nineteen hours destroyed floors killed firefighters injured called brought engine companies ladder companies specialized units firefighters fire caused estimated million direct property loss fire february city officials determined danger collapse structural damage horizontal steel beams floor sections fire damaged floors extreme fire exposure beams twisted cracks appeared concrete floors overall structure stable able support weight building thermal expansion steel frame caused granite panels building facade streets buildings plaza closed story story shops chestnut street damaged falling debris sat unused years demolished neighboring called plaza experienced extensive water damage forcing closure building bank building reopened month later rest tower remained vacant years roads building closed months fire including portion philadelphia major streets removal real estate market sudden relocation building tenants offices philadelphia took square feet real estate market city office vacancy rate percent end months fire vacancy rate lowered percent december mayor signed law requiring building feet tall taller installed estimated buildings city affected law vacant years fire plaza stood middle philadelphia vacant fate building air building owners insurance company prepared proceed repairs control repairs cost partners proposing building 19th floor rebuilding fire claimed 19th level repaired cutting million repair costs owner million estimate proposed taking reconstruction partners spent million securing plaza spent month security guards utilities engineers building stood lawsuits behalf sixteen people businesses claiming losses result blaze filed shortly fire february million agreement reached workers businesses affected fire admitting liability million minus legal fees paid meant losses businesses workers surrounding damaged buildings declared year philadelphia_inquirer burned tower embarrassment city according editorial editorial said feeling worse seen background film philadelphia fire left area commercial void nearly major store area closed property values fell neighboring property owners owner damaged buildings waiting decision future building going development plans city philadelphia sued partners saying environmental hazard demolished repaired city mayor afraid partners settled money leave building march partners settled receiving million legal issues settled announced building dismantled announcement demolition city dropped lawsuit owners unable building building density area partners began eighteen month million process building early process began owners hoped buy property damaged portion structure removed hope soon abandoned process finished time demolition tallest building destroyed currently seventh ranking twin towers singer building original new_york chicago liberty street new_york replacement site bought site converted parking lot construction new building held feud neighboring site chestnut street chestnut street site morris building smaller buildings sat feud chief executive chestnut street developer began settled dispute march construction story replacement residences began residences opened january memorial unveiled october skyscraper honoring firefighters died fire memorial features plaques names | One Meridian Plaza | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
2412_HillsboroCivicCenter | government built mixed use development downtown oregon united_states development includes city hall county seat located west portland oregon covering acres total square feet complex total stories main structure makes building tallest city tied addition government offices includes retail space public residential housing complex built city government functions roof design complex began construction beginning completion building awarded certification second city hall united_states earn distinction environmentally friendly technologies include occupancy sensors ventilation monitors carbon dioxide levels determine activate high performance exterior glass reduce heat loss solar panels generate electricity history plans acre complex began city comprehensive plan development plans teams developers architects submitted city october plans included designs public library branch residential units retail space new city hall formal design proposals submitted early project designed consolidate city government anchor redevelopment downtown core downtown included plan turn area zone hours activity day instead businesses closing city county governments closed additionally conference space planned accommodate use city county governments private groups april selected developer project scoring higher council appointed committee formed rate developer proposals losing construction complex began june old grain store site demolished room center total buildings torn room complex redevelopment site plans called retail space housing units library branch library section built library branch open site designed complex serving general contractor structural engineering services engineering completed civil engineering project handled building finished january city officials employees moving buildings end march public grand opening held july officially open center total cost public portion project million construction totaling million prior completion city leased space downtown buildings including county public services building held city council meetings later coffee shop added tenant retail space restaurant space building leased restaurant scheduled open april plaza renamed tom hughes civic center plaza honor mayor mayor building constructed architecture civic center modern glass building stone base brick highlights main buildings civic center housing government offices plaza building housing retail space surrounding structures contain river victorian style benches additionally designed large windows facing north order reflect giant trees located street washington county courthouse trees dating 1880s total stories tall building tied tallest building standing feet tall inside building features high ceilings floor large open public space daylight exterior views present offices city hall awards won award state oregon magazine general contractor municipal headquarters oregon meet energy needs sources development project aimed attaining silver certification united_states green instead project awarded leadership energy environmental design gold certification environmental second gold rating given city hall city hall earned distinction seventh building oregon earn level certification contributing factors leading award included construction construction waste recycled non wood wheat board walls additionally solar panels installed building generate power use building city purchasing additional power power sources funded building energy efficient comparable buildings environmental friendly amenities include occupancy sensors ventilation monitors carbon dioxide levels determine activate high performance exterior glass reduce heat loss infrared bathroom fixtures use recycled building materials items amenities use built city blocks downtown complex total square feet complex northern plaza designed create outdoor seating dedicated tom hughes civic center plaza buildings civic center serve backdrop increase space accommodate crowds people connects government portions complex unit residential component development south water features including fountain square foot ground floor coffee shop square foot space square feet designed library branch remain open future government use government areas square foot conference center city council chambers includes seat auditorium civic center hosts seasonal weekly farmer market saturdays marketplace features vendors utilizing center plaza area plans restaurant square foot space city services site include city planning office city recorder municipal court houses office mayor site twice monthly city council meetings | Hillsboro Civic Center | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
2459_32OldSlip | old slip old slip known skyscraper new_york_city completed building floors stands home global real estate ground floor houses new york city fire department engine company ladder company history building site originally held public gold united_states melted damaged coins damaged paper money square feet property auction beginning million winning bid new_york developer million sale established valuable government estate sold public auction office building demolished built floor building stands today naming old slip property purchased property million august sold million largest sales record office building like buildings old slip battered storm waters hurricane sandy contrast region building designed resist powerful earthquake structure prone flooding year building market value declined million renovation effort began add improved flood barriers pumps systems better ward future storms architecture building considered sides granite silver glass base way stepped transitions eventually resulting octagonal entirely glass curtain wall floor sizes range square feet totaling square feet consists interior floor lobby elevators service parking garage beneath structure ground level rear building feature privately owned arcade urban plaza | 32 Old Slip | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
2649_OneRinconHill | hill residential complex apex hill san_francisco california united_states complex designed solomon associates developed consists share common podium taller tower hill south tower completed stands stories feet tall shorter tower marketed tower hill completed reaches height feet stories contains high speed elevators special features moving residents effectively large water tank designed help skyscraper withstand strong winds earthquakes contain total residential units building site located right western approach san_francisco oakland bay bridge contained clock tower clock tower demolished shortly city approved hill project construction lasted stopped brief periods time seismic concerns construction accident neared completion generated controversy concerning view high architectural style description location complex acres parcel apex neighborhood site bounded west street exit ramp north approach bay bridge interstate east 1st street entrance ramp south developer architect solomon associates chicago architectural firm designed complex developer complex headed developer headquarters san_diego projects stories hill complex developer second project san_francisco south residential complex near hill park according developer total cost hill project million rising million architecture complex consists buildings joined base row rise corner harrison streets respectively floors sloped hill site lobby floor 1st street entrance sixth floor floor levels underground 1st street entrance tallest residential towers west mississippi_river location near apex hill elevation feet gives apparent height feet making biggest additions san_francisco skyline years north tower south tower hill complex bear resemblance chicago building similar height south tower designed solomon associates architectural style buildings hill complex late modernist sides facing southeast northeast northwest linear glass similar design shorter curved aluminum glass faces northeast hill project contain oval shaped crown housing mechanical equipment crown contains band led remain lit night led light little energy lifetime hours lights signal weather like lights john tower boston crown red warmer weather forecast blue crown signifies cold weather expected soon green means percent chance rain amber indicates weather remain unchanged weather beacon crown began lighting december earthquake engineering support story tower hill south tower massive foot thick pile foundation embedded deep rock engineers view rock suspicion massive structures golden gate bridge foundations rock largely rising foundation concrete core large tall columns steel reinforced concrete called core attached columns diagonal steel restrained designed dissipate energy earthquake controlled behavior type advanced seismic system performs manner similar shock concrete steel risk strength loss note controlled rocking system features vertical post runs height building reinforced concrete shear wall core technologies hill south tower applied united_states water tanks building large tuned holds gallons litres water weighs pounds similar tank located basement purposes liquid screens tank control flow water counter sway powerful pacific winds reach hurricane force elevators freight passenger elevators elevators second fastest city san_francisco second california street tied mission street elevators travel ground floor 61st floor mechanical level seconds speed passenger traffic flow means elevators travel vertical feet minute elevators artificial intelligence control systems figure passenger traffic patterns dispatch elevators handle passenger needs accordingly elevator shaft cylinder filled hydraulic oil stop falling elevator injuring passengers inside residences entire project provide foot towers total units units located contains units height towers offer spectacular surrounding landscapes different floor plans financially reach citizens residing san_francisco units vary greatly price million depending view size unit range project opened sales office june opening buyers placed deposits south tower units selling rumored cost million build units hill sold unfinished building time residents began moving february history prelude triangle section clock tower owned union built site circa plan city changed neighborhood raised height limits second version hill proposed response changes height increased stories second version project approved city august construction hill clock tower razed way construction towers months san_francisco approved project construction began groundbreaking ceremony november second tallest tower construction san_francisco july construction accident july metal construction deck collapsed utc injured fell feet stories feet deck sending men hospital men released afternoon kept hospital leg broken places broken ankle broken shoulder progress completed september residential floors ready residents april luxury units sold occupancy rate low profits far developers initially refused pay million development fees spent rent subsidies job training programs community development area developers finally agreed pay city remaining north tower scheduled begin construction summer completed originally construction supposed commence january later developer mentioned construction going start march construction firm wasn selected time march developer said construction going start following worldwide financial crisis late summer fall project developers announced construction second tower indefinitely hold improving economic conditions city construction started tower october residents moved august north tower later renamed harrison criticism prices set critics noted hill complex expensive total initial development cost million average development cost unit units total approximately developer contributed total million funds like order address concern | One Rincon Hill | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
3456_GrandPalace | grand palace grand palace thai complex buildings heart thailand palace official residence kings later thailand king court royal government based grounds palace present monarch currently resides royal villa palace grand palace official events royal ceremonies state functions held walls palace year palace popular tourist attractions thailand construction palace began order founder moved capital city successive reigns new buildings structures added especially reign king king government longer permanently settled palace moved residences abolition absolute monarchy government agencies completely moved palace shape palace complex roughly rectangular combined area square metres surrounded walls situated banks river heart today district grand palace bordered road north road west road east thai road south single structure grand palace numerous buildings halls set open gardens eclectic styles organic development additions rebuilding successive reigning kings years history divided quarters temple public buildings including gardens quarter grand palace currently partially open public museum remains working palace royal offices situated inside history construction grand palace began order having seized crown king king intent building capital city new decided seat power city west river east new capital city turned artificial island canals dug east island given previous royal residence palace constructed king new palace built rectangular piece land west island south north river west location previously occupied chinese community king ordered relocate area south outside city walls area known today desperate materials short funds palace initially built entirely wood structures surrounded simple log june king crossed river permanent residence new palace days later june king held abbreviated coronation ceremony monarch new years king began replacing wooden structures masonry rebuilding walls forts gates throne halls royal residences rebuilding included royal chapel come house find material constructions king ordered men upstream old capital city destroyed war burma tasked removal bricks find removing temples began taking materials forts walls city end completely old royal palaces bricks ferried barges eventually incorporated walls grand palace initial construction grand palace reign king carried labour final completion ceremonial halls palace king held traditional coronation ceremony layout grand palace followed royal palace location organization divisions separate courts walls gates forts palaces featured proximity river location pavilion serving landing stage barge corresponded old palace north grand palace large field called open space royal ceremonies parade ground similar field purpose road running north leads palace residence second king grand palace divided main courts separated numerous walls gates temple court functions access clearly defined laws traditions situated northwestern grand palace royal offices state northeast temple royal chapel home housed important state apartments ceremonial throne halls king situated southern end complex reserved females housed king reign total area grand palace expanded southwards walls previously area home offices palace officials expansion increased area palace square metres square metres new walls forts gates constructed accommodate enlarged compound expansion palace remained walls new construction changes inside accordance tradition palace initially referred royal palace similar old palace reign grand palace official documents change elevation prince king younger brother title second king proclamation title described royal palace supreme great palace title given order distinguish palace second king palace palace described glorious palace period absolute monarchy grand palace country administrative religious centre main residence monarch palace seat government thousands inhabitants including servants ministers palace high walls extensive forts guard posts mirrored walls grand palace envisioned city city reason special set created govern inhabitants establish hierarchy order 1920s series new palaces constructed king use included modern constructed residences began replace grand palace primary place residence monarch court gradual palace complete growth state meant government grown size finally moved grand palace premises despite grand palace remained official ceremonial place residence stage set elaborate ancient ceremonies monarchy end absolute monarchy came revolution ancient system government replaced constitutional monarchy today grand palace centre ceremony monarchy serves museum tourist attraction grand palace situated northwest palace northeast occupied temple entering main gate temple located left public buildings located right buildings include headquarters information centre grand palace principal private secretary important buildings inside court include important meetings office building housing departments main office located small museum called gate opens directly unto main portal historically court referred literally served seat royal government ministerial offices theatre stables king elephants barracks royal guards royal mint arsenal government agencies workers vacated site buildings converted use temple temple known formally royal chapel situated walls palace incorrectly referred buddhist temple fact chapel features temple living quarters monks built temple constructed accordance ancient tradition dating royal chapel grounds royal palace famed kept grounds temple temple surrounded sides series walled seven different gates like ancient royal temples complex separated living quarters kings walls buildings structures diverse purposes differing styles reflecting changing architecture reigns kings despite buildings adhere strictly classical thai architecture establishment temple dates founding grand palace largest important court situated central grand palace important residential state buildings located court considered main grand palace fronted road cuts right east west court divided groups throne halls quarter group group buildings located roughly centre heart grand palace traditional thai style building group enclosed low wall residential sleeping kings considered important set throne halls entire grand palace buildings face north arranged public reception hall ceremonial halls middle residential halls inter connected royal king taken place walls building group construction began order king original buildings included later king carried major constructions including throne hall extensions later reign added king renamed buildings meaning meaning great royal residence carried major renovations spent reign residing buildings king later added arch ways north west walls called gate respectively king added extensions eastern western sides hall buildings original plan remain occasional renovations important rest complex closed public gate central entrance hall central doorway reserve exclusively use king enter doors gate guarded chinese style statues including mythical warriors lions gate topped thai style covered chinese brief northernmost forward building buildings important throne hall constructed thai style royal audience chamber receiving foreign ambassadors conducting important state businesses ceremonies large throne hall stands high base roof covered green orange tiles decorated mural depicting hindu god main central door reserved use royalty enter adjacent doors hall rows square columns left right adorned thai floral designs ceiling decorated glass mosaic stars hall flanked seven throne shaped like boat pavilion middle elevated pavilion represents centre buddhist hindu throne decorated coloured stones figures throne giving royal audiences throne sits called throne topped massive important symbol thai different tiers represents king power prestige extends directions cardinal directions sub cardinal directions final ninth tier represents central direction descending earth giant usually deposited important royal seven currently situated vicinity grand palace situated throne palace throne multi layered squared platforms seat middle throne royal audience king reign annual birthday celebrations royal throne king received british envoy years sent india lord hastings negotiate trade treaty directly rectangular shaped hall ceremonial functions hall important religious state ceremonies held main venue royal performed beginning king reign coronation ceremony held king hall private reception hall living space king hosted meetings closest ministers trusted death hall converted ceremonial space long rectangular hall decorated rich murals depicting scenes buddhist hindu mythology hall houses situated eastern hall unusually shaped wooden throne form octagonal decorated golden topped white seven umbrella coronation ceremony king holy water prior ceremony kings gone ancient ritual hall western throne chair akin european counterparts high tables sides throne topped royal umbrella throne main coronation ceremony king presented objects thailand king crown presented objects reminding duties responsibilities king presented king include great crown victory apart setting important ceremonies hall houses figure figure created reign king safety exists nation worship golden figure depicts standing deity dressed royal wearing crown holding sword right hand figure inches tall housed chinese style cabinet middle hall facing south figures scale depicting hindu gods figure daily today religious ceremonies held worship figure times great crisis situated centre buildings hall built reign king primary apartment sleeping quarter monarch inner grand palace residential hall formed identical rectangular buildings inter connected middle section residential hall reception room sections east west divided personal apartments king east section primary monarch hall divided rooms golden screen northern room contains bed originally belonging king bed hangs umbrella southern room contains dressing chamber hangs umbrella west section multi purpose hall minor ceremonies audiences reign king iii hall converted bedroom death storage place weapons monarch thailand kept built entirely palm leaves later replaced tiles tiles reign king tradition kings allowed sleep hall crowned required sleep nights literally bed prior coronation king concealed modern toilet installed near king spent nights near end life died king vii king spent nights respective accordance tradition small king receive sitting small platform doors platform leading royal apartments rear south rear hall flanked residential halls reserved members royal called east hall west apart grand state buildings minor structures surrounding structures include smaller halls sides throne hall aside wall northwest built raised platform hall chamber king arriving departing palace elephant elephant mounting platform west mounting platform north structure open pavilion walls covered rich murals added later king iii entrance situated east lined steps leading throne hall hall structure grand palace exterior decorations golden blue glass mosaic depicts angels carrying sword southeast thai style pavilion constructed reign king outdoor audience chamber pavilion constructed use especially birthday celebrations king originally king european style building constructed purpose display gifts foreign nations building dilapidated king replaced chinese style pavilion dismantled rebuilt present pavilion measures metres decorated figures white mosaic background southwest structure built reign king pavilion traditional thai pavilion raised platform inside king pavilion sitting supervising construction projects measuring metres pavilion portable moved different sites wooden decorated carvings glass mosaic floral design chinese western influences columns glass mosaic inner platform decorated black glass mosaic platform single panel teak measuring metres pavilion strengthened given marble base northeast hall size hall appear constructed concurrently accordance ancient tradition hall built use monks create holy water palace ground evening practice discontinued reign king vii financial reasons currently ritual practiced buddhist holy days monks hall divided rooms northern room prayer ritual room monks including built walls religious texts southern room storage room images religious artifacts times war weapons enhanced holy water special ceremony weapons special distributed soldiers battle result function windows doors hall decorated depictions ancient weapons image hall east connects small thai style building attached short corridor hall houses important valuable images figures including representing reign relics reportedly kept located west connected corridor symmetry hall contains small containing ashes royal ancestors originally named changed king installed valuable ancient images king king images installed carried extensive renovations interior exterior group buildings composed major minor halls structured similar scheme north south building groups contrasts greatly styles group palaces situated centre groups group work king foreign architects 19th century reign king area expansive garden later named left garden twin right garden gardens gardens named according location left right buildings reign king iii new residential pavilion called constructed mother new residence composed low lying buildings king expanded residence gave consort buildings king born lived child king ascended throne decided build new group throne halls replace old structures phase construction began final phase king resided palace gradually moved new palace north grand palace king occasionally stayed palace preferred residences country reign king vii buildings dire need renovations economic constraints renovated work carried architectural graduate des paris works seen today present reign king buildings dilapidated needed demolished altogether new halls constructed replace site hosted different residential halls left completely reconstructed moon structures lie grand recently rebuilt rooms opened public state functions carried changing guards occurs courtyard hours situated northernmost group throne hall forms façade entire building group throne hall throne hall throne hall constructed eclectic style blend thai european specifically renaissance styles lower structure european upper thai styled green orange roofs trip singapore java present day indonesia king brought architect design construct throne hall construction began king wanted entirely european structure insistence chief minister king decided add thai roofs king personally supervised raising final central building throne hall completed centenary grand palace new throne hall given meaning literally seat throne constructed building group rotated shape plan parallel buildings running east west axis intersecting hall axis running north south northerly end structure throne hall buildings hidden throne hall consists stories seven major axis central pavilion roof extensions taller larger sides owing mix thai european styles exterior decoration mixture orders follow strict classical lines thai roofs decorated green orange titles throne halls order new building blend existing skyline external gates throne hall decorated emblem middle floor windows western style coat arms semi circle central hall portrait king western lower half thai roof compared western lady clothed victorian costume wearing thai crown symbolism emphasis superiority thai architecture crown head west lower half body stylistic innovation artistic coincidence supposed convey significant political message resistance western sovereignty style perspective building internal political struggle ideas led king traditional ruling led early ministers interior upper middle floors state floors turn divided reception rooms throne rooms galleries complete royal portraits monarchs including second king specifically east gallery buddhist images religious images west reception rooms state guests foreign dignitaries parts throne hall libraries rooms ashes kings viii queens housed european inside hall initially belonged proved big residence eventually gave king gifts throne hall structure thailand electricity installed insistence prince lower floor ground floor reserved servants currently museum displaying old weapons inside main hall throne room situated centre chair raised platform throne flanked seven throne topped royal umbrella throne depicting fiery emblem dynasty throne king important state occasions welcoming foreign diplomats missions room king welcome foreign dignitaries heads state president bill_clinton pope recently king welcomed world leaders inside room asia pacific economic cooperation summit held wall throne room decorated paintings depicting important scenes history thai foreign relations east wall hang paintings called queen victoria receiving king ambassador king receiving ambassador king versailles west hangs king receiving british envoy sir napoleon iii receiving ambassadors situated hall east built separate wing hall encompasses original area king born lived child previously king area set aside small tree garden currently hall set small reception venue situated opposite hall west hall wing built hall divided state rooms king reception room council room hall 12th july king stated ministers intention abolish slavery massive square shaped structure group halls built king hall host foreign guests dignitaries reign king building run king ordered demolished construction new hall began interrupted asian financial crisis construction eventually resumed april new throne hall built raised platform composed inter connected buildings forming internal rooms function new hall use important state functions june hall welcomed royal representatives worldwide celebration 60th anniversary throne included ruling monarchs royal crown princes group group situated westernmost main buildings area dates reign king contains oldest existing grand palace entire throne hall group contained walled paved courtyard similarly groups buildings built embellished refurbished successive reigns building formed single axis north south public throne hall residential halls surrounding lesser functional halls pavilion king court initially construction grand palace king ordered location copy built ancient throne hall located old palace destroyed years earlier new throne hall given construction began finished hall king celebrated coronation ceremony entire hall struck lighting burnt ground place king ordered construction new hall different design result disaster king predicted dynasty years foundation prophecy recorded diary princess reign reading years later king remarked years short princess inadvertently dropped prophecy present minds people months dynasty anniversary celebrations revolution carried revolution replaced absolute monarchy monarchs constitutional monarchy constitution ceremonial residential divided new halls held inside hall king death hall official lying state custom remains kings queens high ranking members royal family placed hall official mourning period entrance building group gates northern end wall gates decorated chinese floral patterns open public dominates group throne hall built symmetrical plan roof topped tall hall considered ideal thai traditional architecture aspect exterior decoration throne hall symbolism hall build shape tall mountain represent mythological centre universe divided sections lower section base formed seven superimposed layers layer representing level heaven accordance buddhist middle section shape bell flattened create sided shape represents ashes interred section similar depicting tapered lotus crystal drop signifying escape cycle supported sides symbol represents mythical creatures forest surrounding decorated figure riding figure king association hindu deity according legend descended heaven human form help mankind suffering deity represents ideal qualities king throne hall stands high base convex concave layer according thai beliefs resembles lion foot lion symbol family alludes royal heritage unusual feature throne hall small porch projecting building porch stands echoes larger building high base throne surrounded praying deities reign king throne king appeared vassal states later certain ceremonies doors hall situated sides throne interior walls throne hall painted lotus design arranged geometric pattern lotus seated praying deities common thai motif associated holy places ceiling octagonal shape section directly decorated glass mosaic stars impression heavenly interior panel door window depicted standing deities facing holding weapons guards king thickness walls allow spaces wall decorated decorated murals depicting trees chinese style arms plan contains different use different royal functions included mother pearl throne stands centre hall intersecting points arms square shaped throne entirely mother pearl dating reign king saved throne hall burnt throne topped umbrella eastern mother pearl bed match mother pearl throne bed king personal bed kept inside longer transferred bed form high platform layers small steps leading royal ceremonies carried throne hall member royal family seat southern government officials sit north buddhist monks east funeral west times throne bed images mother pearl throne half throne southern wall throne hall opens like window hall style throne similar porch outside throne built reign king order palace women attend important ceremonies window screen separating men arriving outside located directly residential palace built king main royal apartment time residential use palace declined eventually ended hall ceremonial venue throne hall built traditional thai style rectangular shape east west south sides hall surrounded columns outside surrounding hall gardens reign king meeting hall members royal family functions hall provided venue ceremonies individuals awarded state orders decorations member royal family hall conjunction main venue state open pavilion built platform east wall group pavilion built king pavilion king change entering premises pavilion king royal mounting platform pavilion considered finest qualities thai traditional architecture proportion style detail smaller replica pavilion exhibited pavilion built layout northern southern ends longer roof topped tiers making seven supported opposed traditional eastern depicts hindu god standing foot raised holding sword left hand right hand raised blessing columns pavilion decorated gold silver glass mosaic floral pattern capital columns form long lotus located southern end eastern wall closed rectangular building built council chamber use king ministers trip europe king installed queen regent presided council meetings tradition repeated regent presided council king briefly entered monk occasionally building king private audiences peculiar characteristic building projecting roof line feature common period closed pavilion situated western wall group pavilion built king room building thai style rectangular shaped hall walkway leading floor mount miniature model mythical built reign king miniature mountain setting important ceremony called ancient rite passage performed royal prince princess age thirteen ceremony lasting seven days festivities involves bath cutting traditional hair royal child act king hair later thrown river offering purpose miniature palace summit ceremony place lower mountain populated stone sculptures miniature mythical animals mount situated walk way area considered opened public garden situated easternmost middle court considered separate state buildings throne halls garden present form king contains royal residences religious buildings years structures built demolished kings garden created behest king private retreat called changed right garden embellished garden transformed pleasure garden inhabitants greatest change area occurred reign king entire garden turned new residential palace palace composed buildings styles sizes king use buildings complex named building group east west axis reception halls east residential halls west buildings built combination thai western styles principal building group european style grand audience chamber king receive foreign missions buildings included king primary residential hall observatory hall reign king building group dilapidated eventually demolished names halls later assumed new royal buildings example new throne hall palace king area turned private garden use gave garden present new garden contained old buildings new additions small lawn south western corner called turtle garden layout garden remained unchanged present day largest structure garden located northernmost end storey residence constructed reign king new palace built site old king demolished new palace intended gift prince originally named construction finished prince died age completed palace handed heir ascended throne later gave palace present supervision foreign architects german modern building grand palace designed accommodate carriages exterior walls embellished elaborate plaster designs triangular semi circular decorated floral motifs palace distinctive roof covered dark grey slate tiles façade building main central emblem crown prince architectural style exterior decoration building entirely western interior decorations entirely thai central hall situated dome decorated murals god depicted thai style thai inscriptions composed king accession throne king occasionally stayed palace king vii stayed palace nights coronation king palace main place residence return thailand switzerland december lived palace younger brother later king mother princess morning june palace bore witness mysterious unexplained death gunshot king later refurbished palace added extra wing extending south currently palace open public serves official guest house visiting entourage southeast guest houses use entourage state visitors small pavilion built wall garden buildings pavilion style roof decorated glass mosaic pavilion built king monument father king completion ashes king moved housed pavilion death king ashes moved image hall currently pavilion houses images located southern eastern end garden thai style style seven tiers built reign king house metal statues predecessors cast hall royal lives previous monarchs commemorated later king statues removed temple compound public april ceremony worship inaugurated ceremony continues performed annually removal statues left vacant small open pavilion wood built king pavilion situated northern edge lawn south palace pavilion decorated flame motif black bear insignia king king pavilion place rest seat garden parties hall situated centre garden religious building shrine image called brought built purpose king built grey stone tier green title roof pillars running outside open gallery religious ceremonies performed past referred simply literally inside occupies southernmost grand palace complex area reserved exclusively use king queens minor wives women called forbidden women harm general populace inhabitants court king children multitude ladies waiting servants king royal drawn ranks royalty nobility usually daughters rulers tributary states royal ended practice reign king refused household ended officially king vii early 20th century outlawed practice took consort queen time inhabitants court finally disappeared decades historically town complete divided narrow streets shops government schools warehouses laws law courts exclusively controlled women royal women men special repair work doctors admitted eyes female guards king sons permitted live inside reached ceremonies sent outside palace education currently inhabitants buildings purpose entire court closed public population varied different periods accounts large queen consort household women ladies waiting usually recruited noble families minor servants minor wife consort fairly large household increase significantly gave birth king child elevated rank consort mother royal lady separate establishment size proportion rank status accordance palace law altogether population numbered nearly inhabitants populated small low lying structures surrounded gardens ponds course late 19th century new residential houses constructed space resulting conditions buildings remain constructed reign king western styles residences vary size divided categories small royal houses distributed inhabitants accordance rank stature court surrounded separated rest grand palace second set walls parallel ring palace walls punctuated set gates connects outside entrance gates strictly monitored main building groups built residential halls situated south boundary middle inner court residential spaces king focal point palace life lives palace women inside immediately residential halls large royal high ranking queen surrounding smaller belonging belonging princess consort finally lower end southernmost row houses low ranking residences functioned facto secondary layer surveillance edges governed series laws known palace laws literally palace maintenance law laws dated times deal hierarchy status women deal behaviour conduct order discipline inhabitants enforced regiment female guards guards described prince tough looking head body known inside command officials officials specific responsibilities concerning life responsibilities included duties concerning discipline maintenance buddhist images guarding gates inner treasury expenditure main duties accompany men admitted area remain left controlled traffic court like regular soldiers person importance passed streets ran ahead cleared way night patrolled streets lamps behalf wives death women man punishment met young nobleman minor wife having affair children king born inside detail birth royal child recorded including time birth later court cast ceremonies concerning birth rites passage child performed walls birth royal child announced succession women proclaimed news streets waiting inside women outside men carry official proclamation shell child prince struck times children live respective mothers educated special schools court women inside level freedom outside life inside life easier outside provided women usually entered palace girls remained inside rest lives girls assigned certain duties pages grew older wives mothers household look reign king women palace time allowed leave required obtain permission strictly physician wrote evidence freedom unhappy surroundings opponent tell book english published set inside defensive walls walls grand palace constructed reign king later reign king grand palace walls extended south cannon replaced guard houses given names northern wall measures metres east metres south metres west metres total metres gates outer walls inside palace gates labyrinth inner walls demolished outer walls small forts eastern wall facing road throne halls located north eastern wall opposite temple small rectangular pavilion built wall palace pavilion roof tiers covered tiles exterior decorated black glass mosaic pavilion built king viewing platform observe royal religious going road pavilion time main shrine figure moved current shrine situated south eastern wall grand palace hall sits eastern wall built king imitation walls originally called sung high pavilion entirely wood open air structure reign king iii new structure built brick mortar new structure renamed hall king audiences public view military new structure consists stories lower western style level thai design central pavilion wooden balcony king royal family granting public audiences roof central pavilion topped tier style decorated glass mosaic hall wings stretching north south large windows exterior later reign king entire structure refurbished finally given present gates grand palace gates literally door walls massive gates built brick mortar topped style gates painted white gigantic red doors outer gates given names starting north west clockwise direction east wall south wall west wall forts walls grand palace seventeen forts originally later additions small structures usually small cannon forts given names north wall corner fort east wall wing corner fort south wall corner fort west wall museum temple despite main artefacts grand palace temple complex museum located outer middle court sits opposite building constructed present location reign king king ordered mint enlarged long building destroyed fire needed rebuilt structure rectangular plan columns stems leaf capitals building renaissance style plaster lower exterior walls brick upper windows semi circular french windows sides new royal mint department constructed outside palace walls old mint building left vacant building converted use royal guards barracks later royal guards officer club anniversary year founding building grand palace building selected site new museum established princess hold certain architectural elements replaced artefacts images donated grand palace general public ground floor museum displays varied selection artefacts included certain architectural elements removed buildings grand palace different renovations stone images chinese statues included figures thai literature stone figures date reign king iii later moved museum prevent damage central hall bones white elephants elephants actually white certain special characteristics pinkish cream eyes white elephant important symbol monarch possessed greater prestige belief animal common south east asian cultures upper floor rooms display artistic precious objects main hall architectural models grand palace representing grand palace reign king reign king numerous images commemorative coins doorway leading main hall small mother pearl seating platform known located platform informal audiences dates time king end main hall stands throne believed date brought king monk walls hall different images style purchased king room right displays seasonal robes left main hall screen depicting king gods screen kept saved fire apparently hands king rest upper floor displays art model images | Grand Palace | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
3497_RiverviewTheater | neighborhood movie theater howe neighborhood minneapolis minnesota designed theater built theater owners bill building subsequent theater new style returned lobby area heavily renovated updated remains surviving single screen cinemas minneapolis area typically shows second run films special programming early 2000s consistently recognized best movie theaters area history lithuania born brothers bill came minnesota early 1920s got involved movie business purchasing neighborhood theaters great depression initiated publication greater called theater building received permit build new theater minneapolis years spite protests theater managers designed architectural firm built style opened december showing june bride single screen theater utilized stadium seating making earlier movie theaters years later called construct minnesota theaters america considered author masterpiece pleased results industry receipts turned reflect successful terrace model occurred years theater initial construction new lobby space intended reflect living room included separate lounge amenities ample tables chairs panels imposed light wood graceful modern lamps stunning inside theater space little changed stage seating remaining single screen theaters minneapolis area end 1980s left left parkway theaters new single screen theaters opened owners installed new seats allowed greater leg room space patrons contemporary status located minneapolis howe neighborhood seats patrons typically shows second run films ticket concessions cheaper suburban events shown including midnight movies sporting events film festivals political events barack_obama inauguration productions operator nearby seat uses screenings large accommodate theater won award award year lobby remains largely unchanged renovation cited july guide 6th isbn dave november twin cities picture century isbn larry isbn | Riverview Theater | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
3572_LiverpoolTownHall | liverpool town hall liverpool town hall stands high street junction street castle street water street recorded designated grade listed building described list finest surviving 18th century town halls authors series refer magnificent scale consider probably suite civic rooms country outstanding complete example late georgian decoration administrative building civic suite lord mayor council chamber local government administration centred nearby municipal buildings town hall built design replacing earlier town hall nearby extension north designed added following fire hall largely rebuilt dome designed built minor alterations subsequently streets surrounding site altered initiation notably viewed castle street south appears centre water street ran junction street west east axis continuous built junction town hall visible originally aspect structures removed years expose building position ground floor contains city hall remembrance liverpool servicemen killed world war upper floor consists suite decorated rooms variety events functions conducted tours building arranged general public hall licensed weddings history recorded town hall liverpool probably building replaced building slightly south present town hall town hall stood pillars arches stone exchange merchants traders carry business building present town hall began site slightly north predecessor foundation stone laid september architect described outstanding architects day completed opened ground floor acted exchange council room offices upper floor ground floor central courtyard surrounded dark confined merchants preferred business street outside building large square dome town hall bombarded striking seamen liverpool seamen revolt act american_civil_war captain walked steps town hall november letter present mayor surrendering vessel british government improvements began extension north designed buildings close west north sides demolished prepared plans west façade wood square dome demolished plans new dome central courtyard new dome built hall seriously damaged fire north extension significantly damaged wood original building building reconstructed new dome added work supervised foster completed dome central courtyard replaced hall containing staircase added south construction decoration interior completed attempt blow town hall aborted south face rebuilt extended northern extension enlarged form lord mayor chair room ground floor commemorate military men liverpool died world war building damaged restored end second world war restoration carried architecture exterior town hall built stone slate roof lead dome plan consists extending south rectangular extension north extension slightly narrower rest building projecting building storeys basement stonework basement lower storey south face overlooking castle street bays central bays occupied rounded arches ground floor pairs columns upper storey surrounding balcony east west faces bays original building plus additional bays north extension middle bays original bays project slightly forward roof north face higher main building face bays central bays floor pairs columns standing roof statues dating statues moved upper storey windows faces panels containing carvings relate liverpool foreign trade dome stands high drum supported columns base dome clock faces supported lion summit dome statue representing feet high designed interior ground floor main door south face leads entrance hall floor tiles include depictions arms liverpool liver bird room east large wooden fireplace containing 17th century flemish carvings groin vaulted ceiling murals painted depicting events liverpool history brass containing names liverpool entrance hall chairs held city rear ground floor extension walls seat people adjacent wall panels bearing names military men lost lives world war murals painted centre ground floor staircase hall described series great architectural spaces liverpool broad staircase rises pairs columns half landing narrower flights climb upper floor ground floor staircase display holding city silver half landing statue dated hanging wall portrait queen elizabeth_ii sir staircase dome carried rises height feet interior base dome inscribed liverpool motto paintings dated depicting scenes dock labour upper floor rooms floor designed entertainment connecting doors allow complete circuit floor middle room south building central reception room circular ceiling style designed room leads balcony overlooking castle street door right leads west reception room vaulted ceiling contains marble brass cast iron fittings room leads dining room occupies west building described room building room plaster ceiling compartments decorated dogs capitals contain paintings pairs room circuit small room leads large ballroom occupies north extension measures feet feet ceiling feet high room shorter walls massive mirror south wall niche musicians semi dome white marble hanging ceiling finest georgian europe feet high contains pieces cut glass crystal weighs ton floor maple sprung dance floor east hall occupied small ballroom known east reception room music room room surrounded end shallow north wall musicians suspended ceiling 19th century completing circuit east reception room similar style west reception room rooms contain number portraits america consul current use surroundings city council meets seven weeks conduct business city town hall open general public month conducted tours place hall licensed weddings addition providing venue ceremony catering facilities supplied reception meal catering available events functions immediately north town hall paved square known surrounded sides modern office buildings square nelson monument celebrating achievements grade listed building earliest surviving public monument city gallery | Liverpool Town Hall | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
3610_AltesStadthaus,Bonn | administration building built french occupation forces world war designed munich architect construction completed building recently served public library administration building renovated extended house learning german der accommodate community college library location architecture designed building impressive entry point city north erected remained city walls opposite occupies residential palace prince cologne site south curved section south defines remaining garden space old toll house parts old fortifications accessible public 1980s new access route created courtyard trees planted late 1990s small park turned playground arranged rectangular internal main section faces roof framed storey turrets main entrance southwest corner building bridges low arched openings building intended nucleus future development centre construction tax office corner built building new city administration building built main floor section facing rebuilt house library course restructuring interior walls replaced columns east wing building demolished way department store history world war housed primarily demolished section building summer mayor speaker germany group city council announced plans sell relocating library community college city museum new building near station retail space announcement sell building sparked fierce public debate time coalition strongly disagreed plan party held meeting october director accused plan selling public property value cultural heritage end october citizens group formed promote creation house learning german der group demanded existing building library kept renovated session november planning committee city council charged staff examining large scale retail damaging architectural landmark report presented end december recommended reuse modified internal space housing library creation additional usable space total approximately lowering floor street level modifying areas changing external appearance building characteristic government buildings 1920s particularly ground floor changes upper floors remained largely original condition recommended january city announced agreed house der building extended accommodate january city council voted accept plan members voting cost necessary renovations expected exceed million architectural contest concluded october entry architecture firm berlin chosen adjacent office building demolished site extension erected incorporate new main entrance work planned completed | Altes Stadthaus, Bonn | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
3766_LathropHouse(VassarCollege) | college known officially dormitory built campus town new_york constructed designed boston based brick stands stories tall houses students grade gender history residential dormitory built campus town new_york college built period rapid construction spanning older seminary style model housing single large hall college residents lived case main building quickly popularity favor smaller individual houses project began opening continued followed erection completed construction paid funds unlike paid gift dormitory named charter trustees carries daughter julia graduate class student space moved spite initial disagreement members house years earlier idea proposed moved basement dedicated space early 1990s point replaced jewish kitchen moved newly acquired jewish house street college architecture features designed boston architectural firm responsible design neighbor design buildings difficult template set way strong consultant design college recommended new area built formation order provide greater sense allen disregarded advice instead opting place long rows buildings bias ultimately placed north strong east stands stories tall additional basement level dormitory style brick building elements trim roof vermont slate rise chimneys built brick capped multiple framed wood include painted topped coat building unlike neighboring strong house currently capacity students students houses students grades live single rooms room doubles room triples shared members hall | Lathrop House (Vassar College) | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
3855_SmallsParadise | paradise paradise called small paradise paradise confused nightclub harlem new_york_city located basement seventh avenue opened owned time known harlem night clubs owned african american integrated major harlem night clubs admitted white patrons person african american celebrity entertainment limited stage danced charleston roller delivered orders customers known club floor shows unlike harlem clubs closed open night offering breakfast dance featured floor beginning years owner night club sold club relation later owned renamed known musicians white african american appeared club years came evening engagements jam paradise band club responsible promoting popular dances charleston madison twist paradise longest operating club harlem closed building site early history owned small venue harlem primarily local residents opened basement office building seventh avenue envisioned night club exclude neighbors attractive new lived city downtown area arranged lavish gala club opening october attended people prohibition effect patrons able bring liquor purchase liquor club opening day music provided musicians remained house band years members johnson band included performing paradise orchestra heard russian promptly hired musicians european tour chocolate revue revue opened berlin band performing revue year orchestra left revue perform europe south_america player band played paradise sunday jam johnson band finished nightly performance musicians habit drop paradise engagements evening came paradise jam house band joy like large successful night clubs harlem inn regularly showcased featured club permanent staff commissioned original music stage productions night club paradise major harlem night spot owned african american racially integrated clubs admitted white patrons person african american celebrity previously success attracting racially mixed quality entertainment danced balancing drinks sang floor shows beginning opening dance charleston serving guests patrons served drinks roller paradise cover charge stayed open longer including patrons reserve seat club paying yearly fee regular visitors harlem night clubs found food better paradise inn night spots shut doors began breakfast dances floor dancers jazz band paradise celebrated fourth anniversary began arrangement twice weekly broadcasts club ownership club organized gala charity events held paradise proceeds donated help harlem community memorable gala featured bill robinson inn appearances event permission clubs management time club tenth year business greatly expand paradise floor space moving club bar upstairs continued expand club street level opening room early 1930s female singer band arranged audition band young hopeful paradise girl asked key sang replied know audition unsuccessful try professional singer jazz musician frequent visitor new victor recording contract need record playing house band paradise recruited paradise recorded rhythm young enjoyed atmosphere paradise worked civil rights activist doctor celebrated birthday paradise february banquet sponsored originally held new_york era pro mccarthy group circulated newsletter labeling connected dinner pro communist canceled banquet held paradise new ownership founder long time owner sold club popular disc jockey late known early rock roll like contemporary organized rock roll shows held new_york area theaters held grand opening gala club december attended prominent people music industry special guest baseball star began broadcasting radio program club shortly ownership chamberlain late 1950s paradise trouble lost substantial business basketball star wanted night club able purchase business partner purchasing club chamberlain spent hours day paradise celebrity host learning night club business renamed venue big paradise changed club style music jazz rhythm blues economic reasons performers big paradise chamberlain began booking african american played big december paradise place african american baseball players gather time owned chamberlain ownership place african american basketball players meet number white jazz musicians regularly performed club alongside blacks jazz guitarist recalls began playing club teenager late 1950s play morning clubs closed join breakfast dances renew popularity paradise played role madison night club burst popularity early 1960s came later dance twist tuesday nights exceptionally slow club looked way bring business came idea hold twist dance contests tuesday evenings club weekly contest started december paris night club visited big paradise shortly contest began learn twist dance paris club beginning came crew film twisting night spot broadcast journalists foreign newspapers visited photos file news stories delegates united_nations found way night club tuesday night contest participating contest patrons dance professionals twist club mama provide lessons tuesday night twist contest brought patrons downtown entertainment years king curtis played chamberlain royalty business political figures big paradise saw guests year weekly twist contest began club continually capacity tuesday evenings closed people turned away week necessary reservations author novel country appeared print publisher held twist party baldwin favorite night club guest list included baldwin friends literary figures despite fact town celebrities invited guest list crashed party twist group students arrived new_york hoping musical impression auditioned big paradise turned owners believed music genre funk way days later group received big asking able fill minute performance cancellation club night performance agreed play big engagement extended substantially group winning praise club talent manager invitation play big singer guest big paradise began female vocalist onstage vocalist challenged jackson asking better jackson accepted dare singing don play jackson public appearance singer hired engagement weeks stepping stage early 1970s necessary big paradise club patrons night spot illicit activities drug dealing night club cleared engaging undesirable activities changes entertainment policy brought acts like built preferred dance disco beat dance club known new paradise version paradise offered music dancing craft shows political speeches club longest operating night club harlem fallen vacant closure undergone transition jazz disco club prior club demise brought dance floor structure purchased nonprofit corporation affiliated planned completely building add floors plans building lease structure years house lease space restaurant school opened traces wiped renovation popular culture photographer writer frequent patron harlem night clubs years guest sugar cane club paradise novel heaven based observations harlem night life referred novel book published employees offended portrayal harlem bar night club permanently paradise band club hired star film short called smash baggage entire group credited paradise individual names film plot involved group decided hold benefit minute film shot station recording musicians playing group produced records paradise subject film happened harlem produced plot revolves singer drawing record crowds singer receives draft notice begins auditions try replace star vocalist little known young man following tries audition turned away young man ardent fans persuades audition actor plays role albums recorded paradise cool blues jimmy smith live small paradise live small paradise king curtis | Smalls Paradise | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
3875_LondonRoadFireStation,Manchester | london road fire station manchester fire station manchester england opened site bounded london road street street south street designed baroque style red brick cost build grade listed building addition fire station building housed police station ambulance station bank court gas meter testing station fire station operated eighty years housing families horse drawn replaced vehicles years opening visited royalty recognition brigade wartime efforts war training centre centre equipped record emergency calls fire station expensive maintain council reorganisation decline set building headquarters brigade replaced fire station closed largely unused despite redevelopment proposals placed served compulsory purchase order fire station owner announced intention sell building opening possibility redevelopment nearly years construction considering replacement fire station man sub committee set recommended site newton street designed fire stations belfast referred architect world fire service appointed chief asked opinion proposal parker reported site newton street unsuitable submitted plans fire station site bounded london road street street south street parker proposal bay fire station site double size proposed newton street choice london road influenced proximity development warehouses princess street parker convinced city council choose proposals newton street competition prizes equivalent organised design new fire station competition drew interest country attracting entries winning entry team local architects design based closely parker initial plans fire station described fire magazine finest fire station round world construction started fire station built cost equivalent million building foundations built manchester superstructure built cost faced red brick common choice early 20th century buildings manchester resisted pollution acid rain caused local industry notable manchester buildings era making use include known main building victoria building exterior featured models representing functions building justice fire water building stained glass windows interior decorated bricks similar public buildings era city victoria similarities suggest influence adoption standard design newly created operation building opened september lord mayor manchester addition fire station building housed police station ambulance station street south branch bank corner london road street court gas meter testing station london road court gas meter testing station replaced proposed public library gym fire station contained flats families single facilities included laundry gym room children play areas complex contained stables horses pulled fire workshop electric bells lights alert alarm poles response suspended allow horses quickly electric doors fire station designed bays wide fire station fire arrived years opened building featured foot tower ventilation system designed prevent horses stalls entering living quarters fresh air drawn fire station tower circulated building air reached end circuit stalls extracted building system meant air building replaced minutes second world war basement converted air raid shelter extension built yard provide space control room fire services london road headquarters recognition fire fighters efforts king visited fire station war reorganised restored headquarters brigade fire station serving city centre fire service training centre established time ambulance station closed converted fire brigade workshops control room country equipment record emergency calls interior building refurbished exterior cleaned year fire station opened result condition building celebrated golden jubilee october decline end 1960s maintenance increasingly expensive building design ill suited modern fire plans replace fire station hold pending formation building grade listed year replacement precipitated relocation brigade headquarters new facility reorganisation london road headquarters brigade division station control room responsible divisions covering city manchester reorganisation meant number reduced remained station control room london road closed replaced single control room brigade headquarters year following establishment reorganisation city police station building closed closure left ground floor street tenants bank section firm fire brigade workshops vacated building time construction work began million acre replacement old london road fire station brought fire service left london road new fire station closed building sold redevelopment sale building mainly storage whilst planning applications convert hotel varying degrees success court vacate premises building placed steep decline momentum building fire station owner act february developers proposed building hotels transform music arts venue backed plans refused rule compulsory purchase order owner act building branded plans proposed turning building company headquarters bed hotel fire station museum planning application promised march work carried february building watertight autumn proposal convert building hotel appointed draw plans convert building hotel produced city council lost faith hotels commitment redevelopment city council concerned state fire station limiting regeneration area including proposed government complex railway station site city council set deadline july progress redevelopment proposal july convert fire station hotel storey tower courtyard promised planning application october city council chief executive recommended issuing meeting city council january approved request million cover costs associated fire station acquisition responded new proposal february rendering unnecessary submitted application turn fire station bed star hotel june praised proposed conversion decided continue city council issued august despite plans approved september council continued pursue bids development partner january objection led public inquiry april november confirmed rejected despite guarantee inquiry proceed development plans letter english_heritage said proposed scheme future wanted return rejected tower plan english_heritage city council expressed disappointment city council offered buy building market value february public meeting formed persuade council attempt second group organised online petition fundraising events public meetings online survey discover locals views art exhibition public engagement history published outcome freedom information act request council surveying building issuing urgent works notices november applied extend planning despite objections applications approved technical grounds december council considered applying second time september confirmed intention december meet early received grant locality community assets difficult ownership programme pay public outreach work april met head council urban regeneration team praised campaign announced immediately meeting decided sell building london road fire station market expected offers million restoration expected cost million acquired november | London Road Fire Station, Manchester | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
4226_AT&TPlaza | plaza plaza plaza plaza public space hosts cloud gate sculpture located millennium park park built celebrate millennium located loop community area chicago illinois united_states sculpture plaza jointly referred plaza opened summer initial unveiling sculpture grand opening weekend park donated million naming right space plaza place view christmas holiday season plaza hosts christmas details lying lake michigan east loop west chicago yard mid-19th century northwest corner north monroe street east michigan avenue south street west columbus drive rail yards parking lots available development city millennium park today millennium park trails navy pier chicago tourist attraction plaza located adjacent north south boeing galleries plaza sculpture sit atop seat million park opened november surface plaza concrete plaza composed square feet concrete inches inches thick history plaza originally named plaza corporate sponsor donated million sculpture hosting plaza naming rights time park officially opened merged plaza called plaza acquired subsequently changed plaza changed originally estimated weigh short tons long tons impossible estimate thickness steel compatible desired aesthetics final piece weighs short tons long tons care taken supporting roof sits strong bear weight large retaining wall separating chicago train tracks garage travels restaurant supports sculpture weight wall rest garage foundation required additional piece erected june construction shell began large tent pictured left erected piece order shield public view activities annual christmas began plaza following thanksgiving weekly sing led choral groups including chicago mass choir choir elevation plaza prime viewing location jazz music concerts held summer located west plaza adjacent michigan avenue slightly west | AT&T Plaza | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
4349_CouncilHouse,Perth | storey office building perth western australia located government house city central business district metre building designed opened queen perth hosted british_empire history served headquarters built modernist style building subject vigorous public debate heritage value parties consider building important example modernist architecture city whilst consider ugly conflicting views led animosity 1990s refused heritage list property instead recommended demolition despite city perth opted tower headquarters following building admitted state prior site history site originally home colony governing building came known building designed august asked prepare plans public offices site tender accepted maximum specified payment delayed february stood metres occupied building moved chamber adjoining new perth town hall returned building newly formed took chamber 1890s building taken building continued public offices additions building 1930s included second storey contained room offices senior public servants showing age building eventually described rat infested hell hole based perth town hall moved offices site chosen site new home immediately south public offices building stood building building taken abc radio studio competition construction news perth hosting british_empire launched international competition design new building brief competition design creative building marked perth time building ready time opening commonwealth games designs entered competition including melbourne architectural firm smart jury assessing competition entries included architect described plan remarkably simple solution complex problem declared winners competition abc moved new premises site taken construction begin buildings demolished way redevelopment excavations construction building foundations started october concrete pour occurred november building completely finished time perth hosted november builders rushed finish ground eighth 10th floors time foreign dignitaries entertained reception areas following games fit building finished march march queen elizabeth_ii officially opened unveiling metre tall ceremonial plaque set granite original london performed cost million building perth use complete window order reduce heat entering building height windows building internal external sun breakers building opened activities moved bailey plans complex included extension westwards sites supreme_court plan construction elliptical auditorium called public suite plan build dropped completion design bailey building eventually built opposite 1990s refurbishment heritage listing building continued serve headquarters completion vacated allow removal building steel frame council moved office space building commissioners appointed state oversee break voted demolish building time refurbishment costs estimated run million plan demolish building extend right site broader plan entitled perth city people included sinking riverside drive housing supreme_court roof suggested council offered incentive million significant public debate ensued building kept prominent fight save building included architect said date step older heritage buildings surround heritage minister refused place building despite calls decision stunned despite recommendation demolition late newly formed city perth feasibility study carried refurbished feasibility study carried bailey partners son original designer cost study indicated building economically refurbished december council unanimously agreed press ahead refurbishment plans removing building underground car park rear site decision helped fact interest rates time low cheaper service loan pay rent time refurbishment expected cost million new bay car park rear building required removal new_zealand pine estimated years old described opposition disgrace undermine heritage value concern expressed refurbishment cause building lose heritage value interiors contract building won construction company july price million architect refurbishment building stripped bare bones tiny tiles coating building distinctive fins removed repaired surface refurbishment involved construction new lord mayoral space reception area eleventh floor plant level enclosure ground floor previously partially open elements replacement gold venetian feature building past city perth moved february placed unused floors lease refurbishment widely considered qualified success building restored western australian state election resulted change government including change heritage minister restored building finally placed interim heritage list heritage minister march heritage minister resisted nomination 1990s attacked decision list building left wing supporters recommended november listing building ahead building entered permanent entry december design reaction constructed concrete steel frame lifts service rooms located eastern end fire escape western end level houses distinctive circular features wood restored largely original state 1990s refurbishment contrast levels building building completely clad glass led criticism excessive air conditioning costs glass exterior building shaped white superimposed alternating pattern building coated fine mosaic tiles newly enclosed floor building levels ground building favourite creation designer called important example modernist architecture perth state modernist icons building described demonstrating modernist aspirations school warmth described reflecting perth time city confidence consciously promoting world modern city architects described building simultaneously elegant heavy introducing poetry repetitive system sun big facade sides building divided public years branding building considered classic example 1960s architecture important reminder perth past unique building suggested said building built having built wrong place led lighting outside building fitted led lights officially turned april located roof window structures bulkheads able individually computer controlled coloured lights installed cost million | Council House, Perth | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
4439_EntrancewayatMainStreetatRoycroftBoulevard | main street boulevard main street boulevard suburban residential subdivision built main street new_york state route hamlet new_york town marker represents american rural areas occurred transportation related land development edges urban areas consists variety half height wall formations featuring wall boulevard median intersection main street added national_register_of_historic_places december history developed mill erected town born time main street main link buffalo main street displaced main western new york later adjacent railroads built street car system ran main street buffalo daily stage coach service began main street continued displaced electric track ran miles main bailey avenue route new_york east stops included main street drive drive early 20th century estate era gave way residential subdivision era subdivisions took urban flavor area main paths migration began acres north main street october taylor location today lane road running east west connecting interstate known points westward neighboring hamlet downtown buffalo located large residential areas trees grass 1920s built subdivisions flanking wide central median situated blocks east new york state route main street northeast branch library located main street median serves way traffic sit south corners junction intersection architecture completed featured element nearly semi circular random stone half walls axis symmetry degree angle main street wall central end square posts approximately feet height poured concrete caps original post metal glass contemporary street lamp projecting center quarter points arc stone ornamentation running portion wall continuous cast place cap shaped degree angle forms attached quarters height posts past repairs included incompatible stone mortar patches paving grassy median convex concave sides respectively according august application state disrepair lacking visible base having tilt opposite sides boulevard roadways central feature flanking structures random stone posts half height walls oriented parallel angular boulevard lengths central wall end post distance main street walls shaped longer length extending boulevard having short length main street walls capped square stone posts corners marked wall height stone opposite concrete parallel free standing stone post west fair condition east vertical alignment poor condition east distinction retaining original cast concrete cap circular north end post presumably held original lamp post painted white south end post piece white cap resembling non original end posts set structures legacy remain original location retain original design setting continue mark entrance subdivision entrance pedestrian traffic originally designed purchased land subdivision marked construction street plot plan designed civil engineers buffalo county engineer role development subdivision added national_register_of_historic_places december | Entranceway at Main Street at Roycroft Boulevard | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
4455_FireStationNo.23(LosAngeles,California) | los_angeles california fire station downtown los_angeles built operating fire station headquarters residence fire chief opened spawned political ornate interior expensive imported materials leading called years operation station closed department began replacing older stations new facilities 1980s popular filming location motion pictures filmed station include movies mask history construction controversy june city los_angeles announced plans build story fire station heart wholesale manufacturing district serve fire department headquarters projected cost station placed station opened september final cost controversy arose cost use expensive materials including chief living quarters considered elaborate richest engine house west new_york maybe ornate world los_angeles_times reported follows interior man beast fire department interior sort soulful legion blue civil service graduates spell hypnotic visitor starts floor leave building unusually narrow structure feet wide feet deep stretching entire distance fifth main floor arcade connecting fifth stalls horses brick walls white pressed steel ceilings feet floor extravagant floor living quarters described chief palace chiefs drew attention access floor private elevator moves upper haven floor covered french glass mirrors vermont marble polished oak floors private slide pole massive brass bed private roof garden big chiefs times reported notice carefully heart log chosen grain placed gives appearance real flames certainly reception room engine house chief apartment reported cost times noted quarters finest country referred effort offered sarcastic speculation house captain expected wear evening dress clock unveiling ornate fire station set political civic storm called waste funds critics contended station houses built cost amid outcry city fire commissioners denied knowledge fire house luxurious newspapers reported commissioners approved plans operation remained active opened manned firefighters horses original equipment included horse wagon chief vertical tube boiler company major fire old took hours station served department headquarters home fire chief including chief chief scott wife lived floor later recalled station early days remember horses knew bell ring come stand nice life remember trying wax floors couldn came helped lot floor space know fire station closed november began replacing older stations newer stations modern facilities time closure men worked attended ceremony building mustered service museum historic status station declared time declaration los_angeles_times called fire stations library congress survey concluded station interior beauty added national_register_of_historic_places controversy restoration 1960s 1970s station deteriorated surrounding neighborhood city station street people stole copper brass mid-1970s concerns raised building hazard proposed tearing announced plans restore rooms condition turn station museum city_council placed station control fire department provided city funds creating museum officials fire department set nonprofit organization called raise funds build museum sufficient funds raised projected cost museum million critics questioned wisdom building museum row city settled different location hollywood fire station subject controversy los_angeles_times ran word page article reporting alleged city funds nonprofit charged restoration station plans fire department museum shifted location years earlier continued live banking fees film television producers station house shooting location times reported chief told city agencies continued operations failed turn income required city law investigations times revealed filming fees paid cash american artist leased building found right sub lease property short periods long notified landlord notably money replace missing brass fire poles period fixtures missing fees accounted museum collected fees use city fire stations shooting locations city chose new location fire department museum chief use funds collected museum controversy came light angry official wrote memorandum complaining donations referring donations filming location occupied building year vacancy popular filming location motion pictures television productions commercials music videos los_angeles_times wrote finely restored interior turn century architecture old downtown los_angeles filming locations town producer called great raw architectural space lot major motion picture filmed station german director followed years later station production location interior scenes headquarters station new_york exterior shots success helped station shooting location productions including little china mask lost highway | Fire Station No. 23 (Los Angeles, California) | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
4456_BritishLibrary | national library united_kingdom largest library world number items grade listed building library major research library holding million items countries languages formats print digital books manuscripts journals newspapers magazines sound music recordings videos play scripts patents maps stamps prints drawings library collections include million books substantial holdings manuscripts historical items dating far legal deposit library receives copies books produced united_kingdom ireland including significant proportion overseas titles distributed programme content acquisitions british library adds million items year occupying kilometres new shelf space library non public body sponsored media sport located north road london railway station railway station document storage centre reading room near miles east british detached library department continued host separated reading room building museum library moved purpose built building london historical background created july result british prior national library provided bulk holdings new library alongside smaller organisations folded functions previously exercised taken responsibilities library absorbed holds sound video recordings million discs thousands tapes core library historical collections based series donations acquisitions 18th century known foundation collections include books manuscripts sir sir king library king donated king years collections dispersed buildings central london places lending centre situated arch trading estate newspaper library north west london initial plans required demolition integral seven acre streets immediately museum library situated directly opposite long hard fought campaign led decision overturned library instead constructed site road railway station main collection housed single new building collection british overseas newspapers housed july library announced moving low use items new storage facility yorkshire planned close newspaper library ahead later similar facility site january april material moved delivered british library reading rooms london request daily shuttle service construction work newspaper storage building completed newspaper library closed november collection split boston spa sites library document supply collection based site collections housed yorkshire comprising low use material newspaper collections total material library holds library previously book storage depot south east london longer use new library designed specially purpose architect large includes pieces public art large sculptures bronze statue based study largest public building constructed united_kingdom 20th century middle building storey glass tower inspired similar structure containing printed volumes pamphlets manuscripts maps collected december new storage building opened new facility costing million capacity seven million items stored bar coded containers retrieved robots miles temperature humidity controlled storage space friday april head content strategy announced starting weekend library begin saving sites british website book online newsletter blog bid preserve nation digital memory amounted million sites containing billion web pages library material publicly available users end ensure technological material preserved future generations despite internet building grade listed august legal deposit traced copyright act established principle legal deposit ensuring libraries great_britain ireland entitled receive free copy item published distributed britain libraries oxford cambridge trinity college library dublin scotland wales automatically receive copy item published britain entitled items specifically request publisher learning published task centrally agency terms irish copyright law recently copyright related rights act entitled automatically receive free copy book published ireland alongside trinity college library dublin library library libraries constituent universities scotland wales entitled copies material published ireland formally requests chris mole introduced private member bill act act extends united_kingdom legal deposit requirements electronic documents selected websites library holds include materials languages asia north north east africa library reading rooms library open genuine need use collections permanent address wishes carry research apply reader pass required provide proof signature address historically wishing use specialised material unavailable public academic libraries given reader pass library criticised admitting numbers undergraduate students access university libraries reading rooms library replied admitted long legitimate personal work related academic research purpose majority catalogue entries found explore british library library main catalogue based collections western manuscripts large reading rooms offer hundreds seats filled researchers especially easter summer holidays british library reader pass holders able view reading room library site yorkshire hard copy newspaper collection september access available legal deposit collection material necessary visitors register reader use material available online makes number images items collections available online online gallery gives access images medieval books handful exhibition style items format includes facility turn virtual pages documents catalogue entries large number illuminated manuscript collections available online selected images pages growing number database significant british provides free online access sound recordings commercial secure electronic delivery service started cost million offers million items including journal titles million patents million reports conference proceedings researchers library patrons worldwide previously unavailable outside library copyright restrictions line government directive cover percentage operating costs fee charged user service longer profitable led series try prevent losses started signed agreement microsoft number books live search books project material available readers closed books currently available british library catalogue amazon october launched management business studies portal website designed allow digital access management research reports consulting reports working papers articles november million newspaper pages 18th 19th centuries available online project scan million pages years archive free search charge pages electronic collections explore latest iteration online catalogue contains nearly million records search view order items collections search contents library website library electronic collections include electronic resources number available remote access registered reader pass holders legal deposit libraries signed memorandum understanding create shared technical infrastructure implementing digital library system developed anticipation regulations extension act include non print electronic publications april storage located london edinburgh linked secure network constant communication automatically replicate self check repair data complete crawl domain based added annually contains internet archive collection policy system based france domain annually exhibitions number books manuscripts display general public sir open seven days week charge manuscripts exhibition include arthur king arthur captain cook journal history england stories room devoted solely asian items addition permanent exhibition frequent thematic exhibitions covered maps sacred texts history english language law including celebration anniversary business british library received grant million change reading rooms centre opened march holds arguably comprehensive collection business intellectual property material united_kingdom official library collection divided main information areas market research company information trade journals free charge hard copy online approximately subscription registered readers access collection million patent specifications countries collection dating collection includes official patents trade marks law reports material litigation information copyright available hard copy online staff trained guide small medium enterprises use range resources currently entrepreneur residence ambassador establishment british library absorbed based near yorkshire established site housed world war royal ordnance factory closed changed renamed known abbreviated holds million items including international journal titles conference proceedings million million official publications north american million articles held downloaded immediately collection supports research development overseas international industry particularly industry provides material higher education institutions students staff members public order items public library library offers find services assist researchers hard find material april launched new online ordering tracking system enables customers search available items view detailed availability delivery time information place track orders manage account preferences online sound archive holds million discs tapes collections come world cover entire range recorded sound music drama literature oral history wildlife sounds stretching years online catalogue updated daily possible listen recordings collection selected library based library launched new online resource british library sounds makes recordings available online higher education general public newspapers library holds complete collection british irish newspapers partly legal deposit legislation required newspapers supply copy edition newspaper library london editions national daily sunday newspapers complete total collection consists bound volumes containing tens millions newspapers titles shelves earlier dates collections include comprising 17th century newspapers featuring nearly million pages newspapers late 18th early 19th centuries section holds extensive collections non british newspapers numerous languages newspapers section based buildings considered provide inadequate storage conditions improvement closed sold redevelopment physical holdings divided sites high use periodicals rare items collections bulk collections stored new purpose built facility significant growing proportion collection available readers recently form year programme newspaper archives commercial partner subsidiary began launched november dedicated newspaper reading room opened april including facilities consulting digital materials exists hard copy material retrieved moving image services launched october moving image services provide access nearly million sound moving image items supported data million sound moving image recordings services copyright reasons accessed collaboration mirror archive june recording bbc national regional broadcast output includes million catalogue records playable programmes unlike include broadcasts broadcast news making air recordings daily radio news broadcasts seventeen channels including bbc itv channel_4 cnn france russia today china programs come subtitles searched greatly enhancing value collection research tool index learning teaching produced database television radio broadcasts million records growing million year cover channel broadcast repeat collections held collections established donation collection steadily developed comprise major collections number smaller ones encompassing wide range disciplines collections include postage revenue stamps postal essays covers entries stamp material specimen issues postal history materials official private posts etc countries periods extensive display material collections exhibit best permanent display diverse classic stamps material world approximately items sheets viewed display frames sheets collection material covers world available students researchers collections library actively literature subject makes british library world prime research centres head curator highlights collections highlights selected include diamond world earliest dated printed book printed dynasty major portion world second oldest manuscript bible greek 4th century early manuscript bible illuminated book gospel book oldest western binding copies latin bible printed germany giant medieval early illuminated gospel book produced germany bible illustrated tours 9th century copies sole surviving manuscript copy poem richly illustrated late medieval book hours owned duke important medieval bulgarian manuscript english translation personal copy original manuscript manuscript alice adventures ground given consortium american recognition britain courage facing hitler america came war collections manuscripts foundation collections foundation collections brought form initial manuscript holdings cotton manuscripts manuscripts manuscripts named collections named collections manuscripts include limited following manuscripts manuscripts king manuscripts manuscripts royal manuscripts collection manuscripts additional manuscripts additional manuscripts series covers manuscripts named collections contains manuscripts donated purchased bequeathed library numbering begins series considered continuation collection manuscripts numbered chief executives sir chief executive dame present | British Library | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
5185_Beckford'sTower | originally known tower architectural built neo classical style outside bath somerset england tower attached designated grade listed building adjoining grade listed gardens special historic interest england tower built rich novelist art collector critic designs completed library retreat acting providing views surrounding countryside building base tower housed drawing rooms library extensive grounds house crescent planted create following death tower lands donated parish burial ground created converted chapel house tower damaged fire public appeal funds restoration cemetery closed year site bought carried extensive renovation home museum collection displaying furniture originally tower paintings prints objects illustrating life writer collector patron arts history overlooking city bath completed wealthy local resident design bath architect english novelist art collector patron works decorative art critic travel writer politician reputed stage life richest england sold large art collection john moved bath bought crescent place west joining storey arch thrown bought nos crescent located end pleasure gardens called ran house crescent way north tower monument library retreat habit ride tower view progress gardens works walk crescent breakfast tower strong shipping wished built tower feet higher admitted famous landmark drunken farmers way home market choice best works art books prints rich sold double adjoining houses crescent bath tower long narrow room tower fitted paintings subjects marble virgin child stood light hidden contents tower sold day sale rooms death younger daughter wife 10th duke hamilton removed books greatest treasures tower sale failed reach reserve tower sold local turned beer garden eventually purchased daughter gave surrounding land parish cemetery enabled return body tomb near tower originally wished self designed tomb massive polished pink granite bronze plaques stands cemetery surrounded oval ditch quotation gothic novel enjoying precious gift heaven man hope lines poem prayer eternal power grant obvious clouds bright essence dying hour scarlet drawing room converted chapel serve cemetery rector gave repair tower stonework similar money repairs upper tower condition stonework deteriorating described dilapidated unexplained fire destroyed interior house turned cemetery chapel local fire brigade managed stop fire reaching wooden stairs tower rector established appeal funds restoration stairs tower unsafe appeal public funds restoration started declared chapel redundant plans drawn new owners tower create flats museum established tower owned managed subsidiary tower restored designated grade listed building ground floor tower available rent holiday home architecture standing feet high tower stages stage tower square small windows terminates second stage plain square piers forming openings arches tower topped based temple tower winds athens octagonal cast iron roof supported columns stone spiral staircase leads wooden stairs leading summit base tower pump sent warm air structure tower building ground floor scarlet drawing room housed kitchen offices floor held crimson drawing room sanctuary library cemetery grounds house crescent tower series gardens laid known nearest crescent garden plantation conifers plantation quarry garden garden entering tunnel track tunnel lead tower garden specialist planting included encourage bird species including old quarry walled garden fruit vegetables designed byzantine entrance gateway grounds bronze later added surrounded original tomb removed world war replaced gardens surrounding stone walls metres high grounds donated local parish death consecrated cemetery known burial plots laid grid pattern extended addition tomb cemetery burial site notable people bath including field family founded anne wife sir feminist writer cemetery closed maintained local council museum tower home museum collection displaying furniture originally tower alongside paintings prints objects illustrating life writer collector patron arts visitors climb spiral staircase restored experience views surrounding countryside | Beckford's Tower | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
5207_FraserMansion | mansion mansion building 20th street intersection connecticut avenue 20th street street neighborhood washington construction mansion served private residence restaurant boarding house recently home building currently location office mansion listed national_register_of_historic_places design construction early use mansion designed architectural firm marshall early eclectic arts style serve home new_york merchant building stories tall basement levels attic constructed red brick pink granite entrance porch deck roof interior planned central open large central halls floor constructed cost times cost typical washington home time building served residence death widow sold mansion pennsylvania congressman took residence beginning march exterior alterations windows adding window architects rogers designed terrace entrance house near window redesigned garden wall mansion remained ownership wife death restaurant lower floor mansion began operation tea house boarding house located upper levels facility converted restaurant renamed mansion sold restaurant renamed later mansion home mansion sold million following million restoration renovation fine dining restaurant floor opened served continental european american dishes leadership chef opened cafe alongside according nation restaurant seated people inside outside modeled things restaurant featured eat bar unlimited sunday traditional bermuda drink tradition sauce menu proposed apartment building proposed construct seven story unit apartment building parking lot mansion time property residential permitting restaurant property owner claimed restricted requiring board multiple times changes business process considered costly time consuming additionally claimed commercial unable obtain realistic commercial loan fund maintenance costs granted expand commercial use building floor permitting private business club second floor club opened floor apartment general manager proposed design building approved determined plans included underground parking apartments restaurant cause increase parking traffic problems area community opposed building construction nearby resident described proposed apartment building area people neighborhood associations opposed building expressing concern new building hotel denied plans use building hotel office building proposed require new building residential purposes second required future owners mansion required submit plans building review proposed split property allowing residential use building requiring changes parking restaurant apartment building despite proposed community groups vowed continue fight proposal bankruptcy attempted sale fight building claimed bankrupt unable develop property filed chapter bankruptcy october restaurant closed trying pay creditors attempted sell mansion initial asking price million later reduced million number looked mansion purchased according real estate broker thought worth purchased property intention building church facility purchasing building purchased building assumed loans failure following purchase loans building subsequent auction purchased building million following million renovations building dedicated new founding church october chairman founding church relocated mansion nearby embassy building 16th street october mansion serves office | Fraser Mansion | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
5479_CrystalPalaceDinosaurs | crystal palace known series sculptures extinct animals including mammals london borough commissioned accompany great exhibition unveiled dinosaur sculptures world pre dating publication years varying degrees inaccurate modern standards models designed sculpted scientific direction sir representing latest scientific knowledge time models classed grade listed buildings extensively restored upgraded grade listed models represent genera extinct animals wide range geological ages include true mainly era mammals recent era history following closure great exhibition october crystal palace bought moved atop newly formed grounds surrounded extensively renovated turned public park ornamental gardens statues new man lakes renovation commissioned build life sized models extinct animals originally planned create extinct mammals deciding building advice sir celebrated biologist time set workshop site park built models models displayed islands acting rough timeline island era second models given realism making water level lake rise fall revealing different amounts mark launch models held dinner new year eve inside mould models benefited greatly public reaction strong allowed sale sets small versions dinosaur models priced educational use building models costly having cost cut funding planned models half finished scrapped despite protest sources including sunday newspaper observer progress reputation models declined american fossil hunter friends great injustice spoke angrily models models park fell disrepair years went process aided fire destroyed crystal palace models obscured foliage restoration animals carried time mammals island moved protected locations park exposed wear tear limestone cliff blown 1960s display totally renovated destroyed limestone cliff completely replaced large blocks limestone weighing long tons short tons rebuilt according small model number blocks replacements created missing sculptures badly damaged parts surviving models recast example animals legs modelled lead fixed bodies iron rods iron splitting lead open models elements classed grade listed buildings models extensively restored upgraded grade listed genera extinct animals represented park genera planned began build cut funding inaccurate map time shows planned locations era era represented park model rock exposure showing succession beds including coal measures limestone models based incomplete fossils found south_africa owen guess similar turtles evidence shelled recent complete fossils looked like era era represented park model rock exposure showing succession beds cretaceous models animals known fossils suitable vegetation living plants models cretaceous england resembles giant stereotype early ideas model depicted like armoured spines sides depiction large like beast long sharp spines owen noted accurately given restoration owen instructions necessarily present head model replica original head ground hill end lake models based fossils europe partly water shown land like seals owen supposed resembled better fossil evidence shows common sharks having dorsal fin fish like tail models tail flat straight backbone models eyes exposed bony plates owen large eyes great powers vision especially dusk models closely resemble basic models represent fossils original fossil found sussex wife like long slender climbing branch legs balancing tail lacking skull thumb bone nose horn nose horn particular repeatedly popular textbooks documentaries fun victorian actually owen commented horn doubtful models based owen guess lifestyle animals resembled frogs named greek frog smooth skinned based species based casts owen thought animals included ground models gigantic visually impressive park mascot working evidence fossils found england consisting mainly hip thigh bone rib owen animal believe standing like suggestion came late influence model models built cretaceous fossil discovered netherlands built head animal submerged model deep lake leaving body unseen crystal palace positioned odd place near secondary island originally visible path models represents species marine england flexible owen noted fossils germany scales feathers somewhat bird like conical teeth suggesting predatory surviving models rock originally owen correctly identified slender long thin jaws small eyes sediment found strictly marine era extinct found near paris models draw owen speculation like appearance thought related pigs models forming small herd species pleistocene built family unit male female adult male bore actual fossil long replaced moved island fallen disrepair place easily accessible original fragile irish accurate models recent geological age dying years ago able model living deer giant ground pleistocene south_america excavated fossils model built live tree subsequently grew broke model arm arm replaced later tree died model children zoo demolished models represent extinct thought like suffered wear tear models standing model longer looked like original 1960s models lying discarded bushes yards original site prior restoration bad shape removed store sources state models added later date illustrated london news illustration workshop shows background models great bird new zealand extinct extinct elephant like america planned islands completed literature popular culture novel begins description muddy streets character emphasized mention dinosaur popular work november weather mud streets waters newly retired face earth wonderful meet feet long like pioneer colour printing known crystal palace set grounds tall foreground opening wells novel ann visit sit presence green gold lake discuss future brief description surroundings impact characters children books reference dinosaur sculptures coming like including enchanted castle novel character lord mention monsters crystal palace children book don die illustrated tells story young boy lives near discovers models come life befriends names rock visit travel writer novel secret history novel narrator accidentally learns wife infidelity young son jack reveals visited company mother friend prolonged absence gathering material travel book title story novel monsters victorian girl visits fascinated prehistoric creatures line went sat plastic solo track winter self titled album children mystery fantasy features dream scene dinosaur models coming life | Crystal Palace Dinosaurs | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
5764_AlbanyCityHall | seat government city albany new_york houses office mayor chamber city traffic courts city services current building designed particular style opened place pine street rectangular half story building foot tall tower southwest corner tower contains municipal country albany city hall built dutch intersection broadway hudson avenue probably possibly earlier probably replaced larger building continued known location presented proposal unite british american colonies albany declared state capital new_york home albany city hall legislature opened capitol albany government moved legislature purchasing plot land eastern terminus eagle street capitol city government moved new city hall designed city hall destroyed fire new design commissioned building opened new city hall stands fine example richardson unique style architectural critics consider building designed high point richardson career building added national_register_of_historic_places september city halls albany multiple buildings dedicated seat city government history historians disagree details earlier structures built albany original city hall dutch city hall written built early evidence journals director suggests type building built site term office book history albany claim reports state building substantial time story structure lower floor built stone jail albany historian claims built sources agree stood northeast corner today hudson avenue broadway current site officially city hall incorporated albany city map albany clearly identifies northeast corner present day broadway probable new city hall built site historians claim growing tired increasingly cramped space city government able secure funds provincial government construct new city hall site building commonly known completely new structure english control new_york years describes new story brick structure adding substantial building predecessor new building largest building albany surpassed local dutch church stands today roof new structure topped claim original use years meaning replacement structure needed earliest disagreement idea new built site pennsylvania presented formal proposal unite british american colonies original intention unite colonies defense french north attempt independent auspices british crown adopted important precursor united_states_constitution month prior meeting franklin published join die political cartoon infamous graphical representation revolutionary war city hall home political arm local revolutionary movement took operation albany government eventually expanded power control time largest county colony extending far past current borders prisoners war jailed city hall alongside common criminals following war city hall occasional meeting place newly formed addition home city county governments jail courts local registry albany declared official capital state legislature city hall home state capitol opened effort public buildings away expanding waterfront new capitol located atop state street hill land current building stands city surveyor plan city set aside land public square included map depictions city hall new city jail located state albany city government moved legislature new capitol remained new city hall opened old eventually demolished fire city hall effort city county government functions state capitol city purchased plot land build chose spot edge public square eagle street eastern terminus later renamed land bought modern dollars design new city hall albany architect cornerstone laid mayor amid ceremony date event dispute building completed cost million modern dollars new city hall greek revival structure built white marble entrance porch supported columns roof dome interior simple little ornamentation length statue stood center upper hall court room hall relief view primitive canal boat distance opposite wall similar figure sir building destroyed fire february plans replacement city hall quickly developed current city hall following fire quickly secured commission replacement city hall limited competition architects architectural firms richardson frequent visitor albany prior years having lead architects state capitol budget limited richardson design came appointed public committee price granite substituted design new city hall design dates period typically regarded richardson architectural peak design similar designs unique style architectural historian described city hall richardson designs building nomination added albany city hall banded arches rhythmic bold expression materials corner placement tower characteristic features richardson work repeated followers building load bearing masonry design laid foot tall venetian style tower southwest corner topped roof main structure half stories tall west face bays wide exterior walls rhode_island granite massachusetts trim save bold placement tower prime example richardson disregard architectural known best tower designs building noted general simplicity design simple triple arch design elements façade limited windows quadruple arch balcony chamber building simultaneously noted general simplicity care small details especially intricate carvings flanked multiple tiers relief sculpture stone originally brought albany work capitol later hired details city hall elements exterior design representations interior functionality chamber located second floor entrance story height floor entrance hall tower essentially window meant city archive round staircase extends southeast corner tower access short tower building southeast corner originally meant transition city hall built jail complete bridge transport inmates straight cells jail court rooms city hall lack funds time building initial budget doubled ending million modern dollars including richardson devoted efforts building exterior report times union states wasn money richardson job thoroughly liked said writing wasn sufficient money right outside leave future generation finish interior interior finished city architects good years richardson built interior redesigned mayor office floor tower council chamber offices building second floor city clerk office second floor tower mayor office contains painting city mayor leadership added tower contained bells produce different notes notes double bells england financed public donations upwards people cost million modern dollars municipal united_states mayor restored included replacing bells adding notes repertoire bells weigh short tons largest bell feet inches diameter weighs pounds use plays multiple concerts week clock faces tower added 1920s possibly time added image city hall shows tower clock faces stonework shows obvious intent clock faces installed city hall added national_register_of_historic_places september | Albany City Hall | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
5824_TheExchange,Bristol | exchange grade listed building built corn street near junction broad street bristol england previously corn general trade exchange offices exchange underwent major building work including courtyard early 1900s moved building world war external clock tower removed roof lowered outside building bronze tables dating 16th 17th centuries known nails merchants carried business building clock showing mean time local time history exchange built carvings wood architect completed fire day destroyed fire unique surviving 18th century exchange building england finished exchange planned outward appearance grand structure admired exterior remains today largely built building centre sides central arched doorway cast iron lion head human animal heads trade royal coat arms displayed rear building symmetrical windows ground floor arches internally consisted spaces entrance corn street tavern storeys main entrance rooms designed centre exchange open court surrounded building storey range consisting arcade ground floor long floor room facing saints lane storey houses business trades persons frontage exchange avenue houses elements houses separate major programme building works undertaken design provided roof central court exchange new suite offices floor court internal alterations appear late 19th century possibly barry uncertain barry plans found extensive alterations 1900s moved exchange included provision lift basement floor major alterations central exchange alterations included replacement roof central court temporary roof lower level removal clock tower building internal rebuilding floors corresponding floors main entrance despite intended merchants types number directly involved guinea west indian slave trade business transactions inside main hall represents corners world including africa america wearing tobacco leaves outside building carvings african american asian european figures animals symbols bristol foreign trade including bristol slave trade mid- late 1960s exchange popular concert venue groups including rolling_stones cream played times main hall regular tuesday night club called established attracted singers including today exchange designated grade listed building owned city bristol building served variety purposes currently housing offices nails bronze tables located outside exchange corn street probably modelled mobile tables taken trade markets built 18th century tables called nails located walk covered area south wall remains narrow lane giving access commercial premises bronze nails flat tops raised edges prevent coins pavement convenient tables merchants carry business oldest pillar experts late second oldest given bristol merchant died remaining nails dated nails different times reflected varying designs nails bears rim wealthy merchant owned houses wine street small street mayor reign charles represented bristol parliament deals closed payment nails popularly supposed origin saying pay nail cash nail origin term disputed clock clock installed second minute hand later added time london local time bristol red minute hand shows black minute hand shows bristol time necessary following arrival railways required time country known railway time bristol officially adopted railway time september city west noon bristol old local time london standard time | The Exchange, Bristol | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
5870_FederalReserveBankBuilding(Seattle) | seattle known san_francisco served offices seattle branch san_francisco years building site subject recent redevelopment proposals including plan demolish building halted ruling ownership transferred auctioned million firm later announced plans build story mixed use skyscraper atop existing building scaled project floors building listed national_register_of_historic_places architecture design located half block west 2nd avenue madison street spring street modernist building consists stories street level composed structural steel reinforced concrete main facade facing 2nd avenue clad partially light gray indiana limestone basement exterior walls clad reddish brown granite small plaza 2nd avenue building main entrance setback street feet features finished polished granite serve basement floors building located street level housed vault measuring feet inch thick reinforced concrete walls steel doors southeast corner square foot vault tonnes long tons short tons material construction included circular staircase removed basement floors contained small parking garage secure truck lobby accessible shooting range use security personnel floor features public spaces building mainly lobby stands main entrance 2nd avenue small space floor occupied 1950s remained upper floors building contained open offices check processing areas employee amenities earliest surviving works seattle based architecture firm founded lead architect project firm founding partners building built withstand impact atomic bomb later resistant strong earthquakes designed modernist style building recalls pre war style solid features simple facade shares features federal building seattle built decade earlier bank building design described security visual weight standing modern surrounding financial district history seattle branch san_francisco opened spent decades leased space building downtown seattle plans permanent building drawn approved construction san_francisco board february site 2nd madison chosen proximity city financial district replace bank owned building built home frederick nelson department stores designed local architecture firm post war modernist style story steel frame building cost million equivalent million construct cornerstone building laid april marking beginning months construction opened january sharing new building building underwent minor alterations years use consisting routine maintenance upgrades exterior cleaned recommendation architect resulting limestone 1980s building roof windows replaced direction portions building renovated 1990s add new employee amenities including conference room earthquake february caused minor damage structure seismic completed september attacks building closed public access security features added surrounding perimeter announced plans seattle branch offices area acres owned boeing seattle building closed february vice chairman noting facility dedication old building longer adequate efficient operations meet security standards ownership building transferred april prepare possible sale proposed redevelopment development early 2000s elevated station madison street 2nd avenue proposed plaza ultimately built initial plan lawsuit preservation building vacated based developer negotiated deal purchase property million sale opposed local formed filed suit november halt proposed sale federal judge ruled favor group march finding followed proper federal disposal procedures surplus property february placed national_register_of_historic_places sought designate building seattle city landmark unable gain approval city second attempt city landmark nomination led began auction skyscraper proposal attempted dispose surplus federal property procedures november received compelling applications government agencies organizations public function public auction began december starting bid set million initially set end january late january bids rose near million forced auction deadline extended following month bidding closed february high bid million submitted undisclosed april announced winning auction firm announced plans build story office tower designed incorporating existing building skyscraper podium story winter garden separating historic building addition unsuccessful bids came proposed building elementary school downtown school years initially district applied july acquire property rejected tentative nature application school board later voted november submitting second application million cost year deadline renovations district allowed participate january auction submitted opening bid million drop auction price passed district final bid million homeless advocacy group proposed building downtown homeless shelter services center rejected lack funding december announced updated plans include additional stories housing bringing total height skyscraper feet stories fifth tallest building city skyscraper scheduled begin construction open april purchase paid cleaning building exterior plaza interior demolition fourth floors acquisition adam eve pair statues early announced foot tall adam displayed pedestal june announced scale plans facing opposition historic preservation groups alterations historic structure new proposed story addition square feet office space include story parts new structure illuminated night addition designed team son grandson respectively original architect | Federal Reserve Bank Building (Seattle) | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
6177_WaldenGalleria | enclosed shopping mall located town suburb buffalo new_york located east exit avenue new york state route comprises square feet retail space stores levels including food court movie theater anchors additional major stores including forever old navy cinemas mall owned managed syracuse new_york management firm developed opened initially featured national chains regional chain local chains sample major tenants chains 1990s way big box stores anchors lord taylor later additions existing mall property opening respectively recent renovation comprised extensive million renovation added new tenants new theater adding square feet retail history developed new_york based shopping center management firm built site near exit mall opened time mall featured anchor stores national chains regional chain chains sample opened late months rest mall additional anchor space originally built remained vacant chain decided open store credit restraints time story mall featured stores theater owned parent merged operations pittsburgh pennsylvania based year local chain moved nearby mall space originally planned owner mall sued chain claiming breach contract chain later declared liable damages mall subsequently torn rebuilt strip mall early 1990s finally sold theater complex general cinemas end year declared bankruptcy closing stores later year anchor stores added mall sample closed soon replaced household goods based retailer end year open space basement close years mid late 1990s york pennsylvania based department store chain acquired chain converting outlets later year december year old buffalo struck dump truck trying day work mall food court bus stop avenue incident sparked allegations buffalo african american community pyramid want people buffalo predominantly minority east easy access mall settling death claim prevent boycott mall bus stop soon moved point inside mall remains today closed upper level chain restructuring soon opening store upper level end year closed rest store lower level area bed bath store sporting retailer finish line opened largest stores space vacated years previous acquired chain closed stores nationwide corporate restructuring closure half converted home store half sat vacant shoe warehouse replaced closed point late 1990s converted home store year later store added mall store renamed dick following acquisition chain 2000s starting renovation plans announced mall initial plan called addition new story wing eighteen screen movie theater complex tenants proposal existing store converted mall space new store built immediately expansion plans came fruition general cinemas sold mall theater complex year later pyramid failed attempt theaters best buy store best buy opened store mall closed mall theaters days closing theater complex acquired reopened closed brands acquired renamed main store converted closed expansion closure ton plans announced expand new plans store demolished composed square feet new retail space mall existing theater complex located ton demolished newer larger theater complex opened end planned theater space opened new restaurants including factory china melting pot added new tenants urban coach january new stores announced join lineup opened small location announced open mall present day largest mall area busiest million annually canada united_states anchor stores new italian marble floors lounge areas lighting fixtures installed mall mall offers parking service currently old main entrances updated reflect newer addition mall mall newest additions include november mall involved controversy stores fined deciding open thanksgiving day mall owners threatened fine stores hour remain closed holiday november announced dave moving mall nearby fall square foot addition mall planned built lord taylor accommodate restaurant | Walden Galleria | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
6316_WallerHall | hall oldest building campus salem oregon united_states built story red brick structure added national_register_of_historic_places building twice fires interior rebuilt time went renovations built renaissance style architecture currently administration offices oldest university building west mississippi use located north end campus opposite oregon state capitol building state street designed shape greek cross measurements history background variety factors including deterioration main campus building dating need additional space university considered building new building designed specifically university beginning 1850s october board trustees school resolved begin process building new primary hall university reverend placed charge efforts raise funds needed building unsuccessful november board passed resolution calling new structure forming committee prepare plans december trustees authorized paid goal board met learned pledged board set building committee mainly efforts reverend hall built designs considered new building february vote board selected final plan called brick building stone foundation foundation rise level feet ground prevent moisture ground bricks construction construction new building began february excavation basement north section campus downtown salem july cornerstone building laid place ceremony president laid cornerstone hall ceremony included time capsule speech governor bricks construction fired campus clay excavated construction site order build foundation builders ordered bricks total construction project construction completed building named school marched old school building new began october total costs building occupation need approximately additional finish building building classrooms library rooms physical education attic early years structure housed chapel services school temporary accommodations students later years old school building burned december leaving building campus result departments housed building including moved hall moved portland remained permanent campus building building burned medical building art building built school buildings hall located campus september school brick building caught fire result fire floors building roof destroyed building built fire unlike original plans constructed style roof additionally square tower built lieu original included school bell construction academic hall hosted classes housing school chapel offices faculty renamed building honor reverend instrumental getting hall built december fire swept school break christmas second fire completely story building exterior walls remained intact roof square tower destroyed fire university rebuilt hall following year original plans included round omitted style roof square tower topping structure architect oversaw rebuilding design hall campaign launched university set raise reconstruction plus completing new hall adding central heating plant discussion hall 1980s structure dilapidated proposal called building replica site original school administrators opted hall november november square foot building went million renovation renovation addressed interior issues building including seismic upgrades event large magnitude earthquake renovations turned attic office suite school president renovations building university administration offices renovations completed cost million upgrading year old windows newer energy efficient models repairing brick fixing leaks installing painting slightly exterior red brick coloring architecture built renaissance style architecture red brick building designed proportions greek cross responsible proposing use cross shape building wings feet long feet wide west east north ends building originally building feet tall measured base building dome distance structure base feet basement building feet high floor feet high foundation stone roof composition second floors feet tall hall topping structure details include brick exterior circular interior currently houses alumni relations school business office human resources university office communications university relations president office administrative functions additionally building second floor seats cone chapel features dozen stained glass windows classic pipe organ chapel occasionally commencement ceremonies lectures concerts school sits north central campus directly opposite oregon state capitol structure oldest university building west mississippi_river use united_states university issued postal card featured image featuring painting eugene oregon cent historic preservation series timeline | Waller Hall | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
6562_NorthShoreTowers | building residential cooperative located neighborhood new_york_city borough queens near city border complex located constituent residential buildings sit acre property tallest structures queens floors towers constructed highest point land queens hill located feet sea level hill terminal glacial period complex contains apartments ranging studios bedroom apartments complex hole golf course power plant produces electricity independent local power companies community indoor shopping connects residential buildings retail units fitness centers include swimming pools tennis courts residential community new_york code history neighborhood built rural unnamed section acre land grant massachusetts settlers built created acres purchased country estate golf course replaced constructed queens rules restrictive long_island residents single home protested construction afraid dominate horizon highly anticipated big queens project new originally built filing attorney general office sought convert complex cooperative apartments time touted expensive conversion new_york_city history units complex successfully converted plan buildings considered individual units designed stop spread flames known evidenced fire caused cigarette seriously injured fire self contained resident noticed code error making online purchase investigation determined codes mistakenly charged sales tax instead new_york_city sales tax codes cross city line residents argued new_york_city receive tax dollars error corrected late energy independence complex self generating power plant produces electricity independent local power companies december capacity noted new_york_city entire city power lights visible northeast continued produce electricity unaffected resulted extensive media coverage self regard energy seeing news coverage ability produce power city tax collectors sent energy tax bills penn south manhattan tax bills million representing unpaid fuel taxes going years extremely controversial produce power mayor queens quinn manhattan city officials worked settling tax bills removing future energy taxes council speaker commented rewarded punished providing energy description amenities community private country club offers variety amenities residents guests premises security present gate guard booth dispatch office security patrols hours day site management company manages residential buildings manhattan maintenance staff staffed building described city meets suburbs given location eastern edge queens suburban feel february average unit towers sells offers areas dedicated recreational sport including hole par private golf course tennis courts basketball court court tables room card rooms health club includes indoor outdoor pools person fully equipped gym personal trainers classes steam rooms showers buildings compose connected indoor underground arcade residential units staff residential rooms square foot mall includes seat movie theater restaurant bank branch supermarket dry cleaner fruit flower shop spa beauty salon golf pro shop convention center catering hall library art gallery public lounge rooms courtyard garden bar children playground house television channels monthly newspapers independently published flu shots given residents fall leisure include day evening trips cultural events book clubs walking clubs photography clubs clubs concerts guest speaking events holiday dinner dances according new_york_times clubs developed board residents ground parking levels underground parking available able accommodate cars subterranean garage spots ground car wash detail repair service available residents underground parking lot service offers courtesy bus rides local shopping destinations express buses manhattan leave regularly buildings directors consists directors elected year terms buildings site election district voting united_states government elections house board elections premises regularly contracts outside election company occasions annual budget million general manager controller looking live north shore interviewed screening process notable visitors frequently events support raise awareness number important issues politicians running office visit campaigns attempt win jewish vote politicians campaigned spoke include congressman senator new_york_city mayor senator hillary_clinton new_york_city mayor senator congressman state state senator state new_york_city speaker city_council new_york_city new_york_city finance chairman new_york_city commissioner finance new_york_city police commissioner | North Shore Towers | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
6586_ChryslerBuilding | building skyscraper located new_york_city intersection 42nd street lexington avenue neighborhood feet structure world tallest building months surpassed tallest brick building world albeit steel frame destruction second tallest building new_york_city december raised foot pushing building position addition opened exactly level building height buildings pushed fourth position construction surpassed height fifth position park avenue completed building classic example architecture considered contemporary architects finest buildings new_york_city ranked ninth list america favorite architecture headquarters mid-1950s building built designed specifically car manufacturer corporation pay construction owned decided pay children inherit history building designed architect project ground breaking occurred september intense competition new_york_city build world tallest skyscraper despite frantic pace building built average rate floors week workers died construction skyscraper design beginnings van original design skyscraper called decorative jewel like glass crown featured base windows height topped stories glass wrapped corners creating impression tower appeared physically visually light floating mid air height skyscraper originally designed meters design proved advanced costly building contractor disapproved original plan design lease sold worked van redesigned skyscraper additional stories eventually revised tall chairman intended building headquarters architectural details especially building modeled automobile products like hood ornaments plymouth machine age 1920s construction construction commenced september total approximately bricks manually laid create non walls skyscraper contractors builders engineers joined building services experts coordinate construction prior completion building stood rival project wall street designed increased height project publicly claimed title world tallest building distinction excluded structures fully response van obtained permission meter long secretly constructed inside frame building delivered site different sections october section hoisted building dome lowered floor building remaining sections hoisted order minutes completion completion added height allowed building surpass wall street tallest building world tallest structure man structure stand taller feet van satisfaction accomplishments likely muted later refusal pay balance architectural fee year opened public surpassed height world tallest steel supported brick building november building height surpassed construction height feet property east building wall base tower rises runs slant manhattan street grid following property line commissioners plan land stands donated land originally leased unable raise money project building development rights land acquired contrary popular belief involved construction ownership building built designed corporation served headquarters mid-1950s project children ownership building changed times family sold building purchased owned lobby refurbished facade renovated building bought underwent restoration completed bought adjoining million equal million consortium banks estate negotiated year lease college continues land building deed stake building sold million equal million german arm atlanta based investment fund june reported negotiations buy economic interest interest building share retail structure door million july announced transaction completed owner building architecture building considered leading example architecture corners 61st floor eagles 31st floor corner ornamentation caps building constructed masonry steel frame metal building currently contains total windows inside banks elevators designed building declared building renowned recognized crown composed seven arches design crown groin vault constructed seven concentric members transitioning setbacks mounted steel pattern triangular vaulted windows transitioning smaller segments seven narrow setbacks facade crown entire crown clad metal steel developed germany krupp marketed trade german acronym meaning non steel building opened contained public viewing gallery floor closed public floor highest occupied floor building occupied office space management firm private occupied floor high space floors closed late 1970s floor stories building designed exterior appearance functioning mainly landings stories narrow low sloped ceilings useful holding radio broadcasting mechanical electrical equipment television station channel originally transmitted 1940s early 1950s moving years building transmission site moved 1970s currently commercial broadcast stations located building sets lighting decoration shaped lighting steel building added later groups mast arms directed building allows building lit colors special occasions representation building shown movies place new_york summer new_york asked architects builders critics engineers historians scholars choose favorites new_york towers came place placed building favorite buildings distinctive profile inspired similar worldwide including liberty place philadelphia tenants organisation gallery | Chrysler Building | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
6650_BrightonForum | brighton previously known complex serviced offices prominent elevated position area brighton english city brighton large gothic revival building architect brothers london greatly different uses construction edge brighton parish years trained anglican military base records office opened business centre office complex elaborate flint exterior finely detailed gothic style especially windows english_heritage listed grade architectural historical importance history ancient sussex fishing village 18th 19th centuries developed fashionable seaside resort brighton lay 19th century elementary education act provision primary level education established school boards year olds taught schools founded sponsored charities private churches church schools brighton anglican churches schools included christ church diocese established institute train female anglican schools brighton rest lanes ancient heart town april association space soon needed found site west road build larger college road ran village eventually london main north south routes brighton chosen site north built link formed northern edge brighton ecclesiastical parish municipal borough architects william commissioned design new building based london worked extensively sussex buildings designed separately county include sea church baptist church started work large corner site building ready later year local firm extended building rear north teachers continued trained college officially called training college world war approached institution closed building auctioned sold use wartime base operations war archives records office moved vacant building threatened demolition local campaign helped receive listed status offering degree protection building future secured bought converted complex serviced offices opened november later renamed listed grade english heritage march status given nationally important buildings special interest february buildings structures listed buildings grades city brighton architecture built high prominent corner position giving good visibility west south long southward views flint main building material augmented stone yellow roof laid tiles storey façade road shaped regular symmetrical seven bay plan seventh bays project forward centre fourth bay formed elevated entrance porch windows sides grouped single hood string course doorway arch topped rest ground floor larger arranged pairs small south facing walls pairs inward facing walls seventh bays sets paired windows placed distance apart floor level similar paired rise south walls seventh bays prominent light windows form pattern headed windows supported ornate floor level entrance porch light headed windows set arch shaped hood mould windows south plate eastern face road bays carriage arch north end bays headed windows simpler straight headed windows carriage arch headed floor west roof cross parallel perpendicular ridge | Brighton Forum | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
6746_StAnne'sPier | victorian era pleasure pier english seaside resort lancashire lies estuary pier designed completed earliest public buildings 19th century planned town pier originally intended venue resort visitors attractions later added changes estuary channels improve access left pier dry land ended steamer services liverpool tudor style entrance built early 20th century additions included style pavilion destroyed fire shortly town centenary floral hall burned originally feet long pier reduced feet demolition end english heritage designated pier grade listed building background planned seaside resort coast mouth lancashire developed 19th century largely anne land building company company formed leased land new town estate local family end 19th century pleasure piers common feature english seaside resorts 1870s piers nearby miles away wording land company original lease indicates pier probably planned beginning subsidiary anne sea pier formed company directors believed pier offer visitors better conditions fishing boating neighbouring resorts construction delay building new pier economic engineers inspected site construction began architect pier constructed cast iron columns wooden intricate decorative iron work deck columns sunk depth feet original structure feet long feet wide included band built glass iron construction cost took years pier opened june ceremony attended local dignitaries school children band opening featured launch named crew lost following year disaster wooden landing end pier extended shape engineering architecture firm new iron extension storeys high measured feet long feet wide addition pier feet length steamer services liverpool passing navigation preston dock act led river channels improve access changes estuary meant pier eventually left dry land resort steamer trade new entrance building constructed design built style red brick imitation timber framing work began pier add style pavilion seating capacity measured feet feet width pier increased feet additions undertaken opened april additions included floral hall adjacent end hall winter garden concert hall seating capacity built steel plate glass design attractions late 19th early 20th centuries developers keen attract refined market working class pier originally intended provide little facility resort visitors initially attractions band sweet shop pier hosted concerts music hall acts resident orchestra miss ladies orchestra subsequent pier orchestra artists performed pier include amusement arcade added pier occupies quarters length structure alterations later decade included addition restaurant replacement 1970s pier included crazy golf miniature zoo live theatre performances damage recent history holdings anne land building company including pier bought based london alterations pier new owners including addition house floral hall refurbished turned style beer garden centenary concert town held june attended anne princess royal night july known sultan palace destroyed fire december following pier bought family initially planned repair fire damage adjacent destroyed fire july deemed end pier demolished following protests demolition local council decided final feet retained protect character pier remains ruined landing exist pier enclosed ends uncovered stretch deck opens platforms small shelters length remaining intact structure feet pier 21st century attractions include amusement arcade shops end usually closed visitors english_heritage designated listed building september listed group structures includes monument pavilion shelters writes pier best pier design terms according pier regarded wrought iron work | St Anne's Pier | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
7279_BassMaltings,Sleaford | bass england large group disused houses originally owned burton trent constructed design largest group houses england designated grade recognising particularly important special interest predominantly agricultural county lincolnshire area major producer 1880s dried form forms key ingredient production beer town railway links attracted bass brewery company town use efficient techniques bass plant led closure despite rear late 20th century buildings fully occupied bass left fire caused severe damage derelict 1990s proposals convert buildings office retail residential space hold early lengthy delays planning permission withdrawal major investor history industry vacancy century area major producer 1880s stop railway lines connecting town boston lincoln qualities town desirable production crucial ingredient beer production brewers bass attracted town proposed new complex consolidate closer source reduce costs scaling production drilling revealed suitable water sources plans submitted years later acres land purchased work started complete company ran complex capacity second world war 1950s bass installed new efficient systems original burton trent plant making complex redundant paving way closure vacant space let businesses enormous complex partially occupied bass left vulnerable damage poorly maintained fires started resulting major damage space chicken property 1990s regeneration regeneration scheme announced supported converted residential retail business space public consultation took place participants supporting regeneration quarters asking cinema entertainment complex granted regeneration scheme came forward develop project years worked draw plans site regeneration protected historic exterior proposals submitted planning permission approved million development granted permission build million supermarket redevelopment converted retail office space alongside apartments refused grant permission link road connecting boston road site concerns closing level crossing loss trees lengthy stalemate served compulsory purchase order site announced early following year longer investing complex following series financial setbacks company known announced commitment converting parts site residential use leader stated plans effectively hold following withdrawal architecture constructed designs chief engineer built red brick welsh slate complex follows rectangular plan east west orientation central storey water tower flanked tower tall octagonal chimney identical design layout fed section moved floors eventually transported twin took place southern fronts consisted storey building bays spanning windows faces ranges projecting northwards bay section storeys formed floors frontage nearly total area complex believed largest type england architectural historians sir commented sheer little english industrial architecture equal scale building recorded designated grade listed building recognition importance example large scale industrial complex considerations form symmetry scale produced design high aesthetic quality combined clear functional expression represents importance english industry early 20th centuries large scale peak owing derelict state building placed english heritage risk register workers cottages path industrial site grade listed complex offices storage depot weigh offices walls mess rooms listed grade | Bass Maltings, Sleaford | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
7400_OneSouthBroad | south broad south broad known lincoln liberty building building story foot office tower philadelphia pennsylvania united_states art tower designed architect annex department store completed opened seven floors building located block main store intended rival european department stores size selection bought building converted offices banking space building bell tower decorated sides initials steel feet tall main tenant occupying half building banking space street level converted retail restaurant space containing square feet space south broad features story gallery lobby connects building adjacent south 24th 25th floors originally featured luxurious designed wife converted office use independent advertising agency tower houses ton largest world tribute son listed bell hourly sundays history late 1920s numerous high rises built businesses constructing department store direction president decided expand philadelphia store constructing new building contain store catering philadelphia gentleman directed buy property street land site century story high rises corner stood lincoln building originally called building south stood corner buildings demolished way lincoln liberty building completed intended partly house large men department store offices building cornerstone set october ceremony attended executives new_york_city paris london opened october blowing ringing building opening great depression said new building sign store faith economy improve intended rival european department stores size selection men store ordered worth merchandise largest store kind world early rumors men store close close store replacement tenant agree rent space new tenant ready store place 1950s men store relocated building street early 1950s needed expand larger space currently occupied november bank bought lincoln liberty building president said purchase building enable adequately efficiently support large scale industrial commercial expansion way city bank spent millions dollars building converting department store floors banking space changes addition sign bank initials bank officially opened called building january opening included turning rooftop weather indicator celebration anniversary birth building owned later parent company sold million building second largest tenant law firm left logan square resulting vacancy prompted owners building renamed south broad cost million renovations included elevators security safety systems converting lower floors retail restaurant space renovations took eighteen months south broad officially april sold south broad real estate investor million ninety percent occupied largest tenant gained office space tower merging merged negotiated lease set looking potential space deal stay south broad nearby properties building neighboring architecture south broad story feet art office tower south broad street pennsylvania designed architect skyscraper contains square feet space south broad originally ornate lower facade lot detail removed 1950s renovation renovations included addition granite black street level facade removed renovation replaced imported italian granite better match skyscraper original architecture renovation created new entrance building broad street leads story gallery lobby lobby expanded wall connecting lobby neighboring containing square feet 24th 25th floors apartment consisting outdoor rooms featured hardwood floors marble detailed cast plaster crown originally apartment wife died building completed wife lived briefly like ringing bell tower overhead floors converted office use creative agency firm modernized basic office space 24th floor preserving ornate materials rest space initials adorned building surrounding structure bell tower letters feet steel weighed pounds 1970s sign forecast weather lighting letters red indicate warming trend green predict opposite considered removing sign replace signage response expressed nostalgia philadelphia institution hoped sign stay stated sign integral building design significant city nearby building sign august letters removed building helicopter remaining removed following november bell tower ton bell cast commission honor father founder department store cast united_kingdom bell feet inches rim feet inches high largest bells world bell brought liner new_york_city conveyed philadelphia rail bell carried clearance inches tunnels train passed tuned low bass bell original home building block south broad hung feet street specially built tower building roof hung december bell new year eve year bell hour sundays bell originally intended swing tower south broad shook building hammer driven electric motor later installed currently rings bell ringing bell heard miles mistakenly assumed come city hall clock tower street conductor wrote bell finest sounds heard america europe russia june founder bell added tenants occupied seven floors skyscraper moved building years finally bought main tenant occupying half building tenants include law firms advertising firm nitrogen public relations firm consulting company advertising agency past tenants included law firm advertising public relations firm street level space converted bank bought building bank branch closed 1990s converted roughly square feet areas intended retail restaurant use restaurant opened corner late corner occupied borders moved story plus square feet space location occupied borders closed store story presently occupies site areas exceptionally beautiful store ceiling visible upper stories | One South Broad | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
7414_OregonCivicJusticeCenter | oregon civic justice center story library building campus downtown salem oregon united_states built library city salem building houses programs prior law school moving facility building adjacent purchased old library later selected program school gain use building university began renovations restore original layout facility accommodate needs modern education brick faced style structure community oriented programs law school relocated renamed center houses programs legal clinic school law review journal history october organized wife oregon governor serving president organization years later group started salem public library home later located high streets downtown salem city hall library collection totaling books time library group hired librarian salary month run library group explored options build stand library building funds provided providing funds building libraries world woman club purchased option buy property southwest corner winter state streets located state city park time group raised funds purchase land salem applied grant foundation city allotted foundation build library women club owned existing library land involved process organization able money rescinded november worked city increase maintenance fund library raised grant lobbying daughter law lot library assets city salem september new library opened property near construction structure completed furniture installed building completed structure included hardwood floors crown windows stories tall fireplace library cost build year operating expanded serve nearly patrons collection nearly books january small fire damaged room books library salem organized salem women club located downtown cottage street northeast moved lot adjoining library 1960s small library collection excess volumes needed larger facility public campaign build new library began library larger government center included city hall fire station purchased adjacent library building july salem public library vacated building moved salem new civic center located west old library located existing home old library turned organization youth center building legal center purchased old building million purchase included main building adjacent library total square feet continuing operations building years sale group left building spent million million originally planned old library building year time convert oregon civic justice center project began summer included removing swimming pool structure added south building adding new entrance library pool located renovations removed added upper portion main floor renovations included new heating cooling ventilation systems upgrades technology retaining historical look feel original building september building dedicated exactly years original dedication ceremony featuring sitting associate justice ceremony anniversary festivities featured oregon dignitaries chief justice president attended ceremony selected law school new tenants departments programs school submitted proposals use old library amenities style brick structure includes state street entrance north façade includes inscription public library roman type sheltered rigid metal north roof square shaped structure constructed metal tile stone architectural accents exterior building remains connected neighboring offices designed building owned inside main room conference room main floor includes large projection system remote feeds state capitol street painting displayed fireplace fireplace original structure conference room remainder interior building modern look glass enclosed offices surrounding open common area artwork owned university displayed area main floor story building second floor rests atop look basement small meeting room located small portion main floor programs center utilized connect college law larger salem community capacity center houses law school programs community outreach aspects include clinical law program school law journal programs chosen housed center having community outreach programs goal center create community atmosphere students faculty community large | Oregon Civic Justice Center | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
7512_UniversityMall(LittleRock,Arkansas) | arkansas university mall shopping center central arkansas operated approximately years closed university mall oldest enclosed shopping center metropolitan area located central site situated north interstate mall managed indianapolis based mall initially huge success popularity declined new retail outlets drew customers away departure anchor stores beginning bankruptcy left half building 1990s mall steadily declined retailers customers left popularity litigation involving deterioration building mall sold remaining tenants told vacate demolition began primary structure early prior associated buildings razed beginning december starting auto center auto center years automotive maintenance facility city history development developer indianapolis based real estate developer management company known company venture arkansas built shopping centers united_states landowners corporation listed developers inc developers included judge prominent attorney adviser smith wife daughter son law owned arkansas developers dissolved months announcement mall according newspapers time corporation owners mall property children original corporation owners mentioned later litigation property led closure sale smith told reporter got idea mall driving university avenue 1950s known street felt good buy called told good investment years managed acquire surrounding acres mall site included cemetery moved construction leased plans mall announced simon quoted saying site offered best potential seen city size mall complex comprised square foot square feet rest parking cars single level structure opened major department store sign lease new mall time big locally owned department stores downtown weeks later announced build stores property built square foot square foot store southeast corner mall marked return national store scale operation operated catalog store downtown years addition square foot warehouse took percent mall square footage store west end mall contained square feet free standing auto center marking largest department store state renovations mall underwent renovation renamed simply probably new mall simon planning mall reopening held march year news accounts special emphasis placed security program university mall drew thousands yearly known holiday displays programs favorite place including heart patients located university avenue october simon announced million expansion renovation university mall structure renovation handled started ending year later expansion add square feet existing square feet mall existing tenants said spend million expansion updated store added mall entrance second floor store enlarged expansion gave mall distinctive feature unusual coated tent like structure new referred let light reached stories high height sought construction expanded levels connected elevator new upper level walkway overlooking level square foot food court multi level parking garage built north mall grand day reopening held november television brought help celebrate electrical switch turned lights officially reopened renovated mall reopening featured elaborate centerpiece time mall stores expecting eventually house mall square feet space retail activity city eventually affect dallas unveiled plans convert open air park plaza shopping center enclosed mall directly street north university mall park plaza shopping center years old time landmark rapidly expanding area said completely rebuild total area increasing square feet including square feet new retail area plus new square foot store west end park plaza builders estimated work cost million created downtown announced initial tenants decade university mall plenty business succumbed effects dying downtown park plaza emerged best places shop decline real problems university mall started appearing 1980s tenants voiced concerns marketing efforts began closing stores went bankrupt closed stores leaving story square foot vacant building university mall site shopping traffic dropped dramatically afterward steady stream tenants began leaving property beginning simon property said occupancy university mall percent april departure report said percent mall vacant family limited partnership arkansas southern sued seeking injunction forcing simon undertake actions necessary restore mall good conditions land owners said entire mall state disrepair neglect claimed simon neglect maintain building driving away tenants decades team hired landowners document condition mall testified vacant space ceiling tiles dead december simon presented proposal mall build square foot mixed use facility retail office medical residential space news conference little rock regional chamber commerce building project potentially included half dozen individual structures including big box retailer west high rise residential buildings north medical office complex university avenue strategic communications assisting simon public relations campaign project said negotiations going plans apparently come pass june district judge ruled simon million repairs mall good condition pending sale property lawsuit dropped demolition october family limited partnership sold acres beneath mall acre convenience store corner dallas based led took loan million mortgage dallas purchased mall property million simon management issued deadline remaining tenants vacate mall midnight october reportedly planned demolish mall build open air shopping center called park avenue similar shopping center northeast property said knocking old mall planned build lifestyle center main street feel parts old university mall integrated park avenue parking deck possible level added basement saturday october shopping day mall locally owned retailers remained open paul shoes dress shop businesses relocated property slated long disputed potential site entire university mall property surrounded chain link fence following exit tenants demolition buildings outer parcels began december demolition primary structure starting january finishing march projected mixed park avenue development open site property mall target store parking lot anchors square feet opened expanded square feet september square feet opened march square feet opened september | University Mall (Little Rock, Arkansas) | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
7528_BurnhamPavilions | public sculptures millennium park located loop community area chicago illinois located purpose commemorate 100th anniversary plan chicago symbolize city continued pursuit plan architectural vision contemporary architecture planning sculptures privately funded reside millennium park designed temporary structures scheduled unveiled june endured construction delays construction team change led nationwide coverage delay publications new_york_times wall_street_journal skeleton public scheduled date work completed unveiled august van pavilion endured temporary closure wear tear august details june announcement constructed commissioned group civic leaders collaborated closely april designs unveiled set open june continue display south end october delays caused result manufacturing cause stay exhibit november additionally situated different park choices van somewhat controversial avant garde additionally local architects complained bit slight european architects chosen produce works serve focal points celebration scheduled focal point centennial celebration plan chicago celebration pavilion encountered manufacturer difficulty executing complex computer aided design pavilion pavilion woman win prize fabric shell fitted curving aluminum framework exceeding pieces frame composed individually bent pieces alike shell mere custom panels fabric expected centennial themed audio video presentation interior fabric walls opening originally expected delayed mid july themed presentation portrays chicago transformation result plan london based chicago trained filmmaker accompanied multi channel soundtrack created chicago experimental pavilion described resembling futuristic camping tent tension appearance fabric pulled twisted resulted elliptical structure strategic light pod like openings visitors experience diagonal lines structure reflection city plan envisioned grid streets chicago city center suburbs project physical complexity design fabric trade booth design company illinois worked nearly months numerous structural engineers plans construction begin example inclusion pound challenged dynamics lightweight structure centennial committee initiated discussions november time company requested month design assembly schedule company hired late february expected completion fell schedule july construction responsibilities passed design fabric images illinois based company anticipated opening delayed august new contract penalties delays date construction costs privately funded project change materials contractors difference compensated shift funds advertising budget unfinished work visible opening weekend june following monday completed eventually canvas stretched frame form structure resembled july fabric began formed aluminum shell remained tent construction expected completed august opening anticipated time weekend crowds cost tent weekend weekday opening allow officials better opportunity gauge wear tear structure visitors eventually amounted yards fabric fitted dozen workers opened public august rescheduled completion temporary exhibition pavilion city lend rent cities designed withstand snow loads chicago winter pavilion aluminum donated member fabric current pavilion original design greater emphasis incorporated hard surfaces wood aluminum committee sent original proposal bid way budget eventually submitted new cost conscious design cloth shell supported aluminum ribs different sizes pavilion inner walls planned serve projection surfaces film chicago gray previously commissioned temporary pavilion london pavilion success gallery added annual temporary year architects artists like attempted achieve success subsequent years created mobile temporary work displayed hong_kong tokyo new_york design summer olympics china chicago_tribune pulitzer prize winning architecture critic spoke pavilion august completion describing display structure space light arresting combination forms alien shapes plus dazzling video installation notes pavilion resembles shell openings like shark mouths daylight pavilion use sunlight limits dusk park closing minute video able seen pavilion inner surface felt pavilion succeeded viewer better future chicago manner like wary public likelihood damaging pavilion concerns born quickly required curb human nature pavilion referred pavilion composed parallel rectangular planes joined curving built steel frame skin glossy white starts familiar right angles graduates double curves bent situated raised platform hosts grid computer controlled led lights underside roof floor slab ramp entrance making accessible roof described floating eye like openings pavilion composed steel donated chicago based intended constructed recycled pavilion prove interactive environment millennium park feels pavilion designed like indoor museum works art outdoor sculpture avid fireworks spectators youthful multiple decline pavilion led closure week august related events plan credited guiding transformation city industrial center leading contemporary city wall_street_journal describes plan ambition urban planning describes chicago monumental manifestation plan unveiling june centennial celebration included concerts directed concert featured world premiere symphony chorus work entitled plans paired piano ongoing celebration includes lectures walking tours art exhibitions calendar year accompanied exhibit panels promote plan centennial celebration continuing opportunities pursue plan vision serve focal point public attention steer hundreds exhibits events activities chicago metropolitan area ground near host interactive touch screen public installation geared future metropolitan chicago region | Burnham Pavilions | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
7835_MainQuad(StanfordUniversity) | stanford_university commonly simply heart oldest stanford_university california collection connected buildings started completed damaged earthquake repaired severely damaged earthquake repaired remained beginning interiors buildings changed radically original purposes teaching research administration description built slight slope structure level ground elevated oriented slightly east north axis approach end mile long road palm drive leads main entrance university grounds lined palm trees southwestern campus end palm drive way loop large lawn called oval immediately perpendicular palm drive restricted official vehicles street lawn bicycle parking long sandstone originally built steps level main steps east steps hall building west steps building consists large courtyard surrounded connected buildings numbered clockwise additional connected buildings outer outer buildings create additional important entrance structure entrance east west entrances enter inner courtyard corners named clockwise history corner courtyard citrus trees engineering corner flowering cherry trees geology corner garden designed math corner engineering houses languages referred language corner respective disciplines corners gardens minor main inner courtyard large raised planting circles variety trees bushes open covered courtyard exterior entire structure main entrance east west year graduating class time capsule marks plaque walkway starting class right classes theirs later plaques reach nearly halfway western walkway west gatehouse time capsule plaque marking centennial opening university cornerstone building time capsule points interest hall building east history corner named family gave money early days housed university library originally built funds brother university founder uncle university named second story white statues corresponding building west math corner named president university statues original statues created franklin went missing renovation work found local sculptor installed buildings names building officially lane history corner named bill time building aka geology corner family building aka hall family families long connections stanford_university building named daughter died left university building named features sculptures grouping adjacent math corner casting sculpture statue consisting life sized figures commissioned 10th anniversary riots created piece public art dedicated lgbt rights originally intended installation new_york los_angeles statue proved controversial city second casting offered stanford accepted long term loan installed sculpture times years eventually accepted public art stanford new_york finally installed casting church building amy blue garden benches small dedicated memory daughter university president died aged scarlet fever garden memory university died age area named wife unusual acoustic properties church roses fountain designed created public spaces gardens stanford dedicated memory captain class killed november history architect created university master plan called university primarily housed inner outer design hired firm greatest american architect generation richardson died earlier year main associates carrying work firm group architects noted style features style including round low arches piers massive walls simple roofs prominent style adapted california mission theme primary building materials local yellow sandstone red tile roofs sandstone quarry california transported building site private railway spur hundreds laborers received sandstone cut size dressed finished skilled primarily italy installed embellished objections architects insisted main entrance large memorial arch enormously large approach arch built topped elaborate representing progress civilization america arch destroyed san_francisco earthquake rebuilt cornerstone laid building 19th birthday finished church time university opened completed entire structure severely damaged san_francisco earthquake restoration began immediately original features collapsed earthquake rebuilt huge entrance originally built masonry times earthquake damaged buildings language corner geology corner closed repairs years time spent negotiating paying repairs damaged repaired quickly private donations university recent buildings echo basic pattern buff colored walls red roofs arcades giving stanford campus distinctive look original university plan add additional buildings initially left right plan aside decades built west starting 1980s completed current use houses departments classrooms offices president administrative offices main courtyard university functions particular service held day main graduation ceremony graduation ceremonies annual alumni reunion dinner long standing tradition moon oldest form event stanford girl stanford woman kissed senior man light moon party kissing held moon school year university annual called stanford journal called sandstone tile named materials built | Main Quad (Stanford University) | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
7919_MarquetteBuilding(Chicago) | chicago building completed chicago landmark built designed architects building currently owned john located community area known loop illinois united_states building early steel frame day considered best examples architecture building originally reddish exterior somewhat decades loop noted cutting edge frame ornate interior built building received numerous awards honors designated chicago landmark june considered architectural masterpiece added national_register_of_historic_places august named january building preservation major focus completed extensive year restoration history building named father european chicago explored chicago region area winter season designed architects firm 1930s building downtown headquarters railroad companies removed building additional story added building continuous use office building construction owned acquired building death building headquarters bears lobby building connects designed west providing clark september attacks downtown buildings closed public eliminated warm dry indoor walking routes providing city blocks building architecture building features distinct elements earned honors national register historic place considered model architects trademark long horizontal bay chicago windows building large glass flanked narrow windows grid like window frames facilitated steel structure enables non load bearing masonry walls steel framed wave like façade horizontally banded brown building built central light court featuring ornate story lobby ensemble sculptures bronze building entry interior honors expedition relief panels main entrance sculptor different scenes trip region ending depicting burial revolving door panels feature carvings heads lobby decorated mosaic studio depicting events life exploration illinois native americans met chief designer art director contain panels glass mother pearl semi precious stones restoration preservation building championed john current owners began multi year renovation restoration exterior proceeded phases replacing 17th story windows match original windows cleaning restoring masonry restoring remainder windows restoration architect thomas directed work september commission honored landmark buildings businesses eighth annual landmarks ceremony award recognizes work involving notable improvements individual chicago landmarks buildings chicago landmark districts october foundation opened new interactive audio visual exhibit floor detailing history building contribution chicago architecture free exhibit open public run indefinitely additional sources chicago sculpture chicago chicago | Marquette Building (Chicago) | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
8406_JoffreyTower | tower high rise commercial real estate development northeast corner loop community area chicago illinois united_states permanent home ballet located immediately south directly street largest chicago second largest overall department store state street loop retail historic district address site chicago temple placement ballet building appears involved political dealings mayor chicago brother chairman board trustees building scheduled completion december finished september details building originally named nicknamed like ballet company named founder company acquired naming rights purchased square feet space fourth floors serve new permanent home floors include administrative offices plus seven state art rehearsal studios black box theatre building occupies southwest quarter block bounded west street east south north holds ballet company took possession originally anticipated december floors house retail tenants floors host residential foundation floors feet high story foundation green roof capped legs elevators compensate fact building typical lower level parking spaces improve views raising units building main largest rehearsal space named honor founder artistic director emeritus building originally scheduled completion december official renaming company accompanying completion january anticipated grand opening rescheduled occur summer grand opening events including performances sponsored july advertisements announced september opening night set opening events september building designed construction started completed september grand opening height structure feet including antennae september free performance served dual purpose grand opening weekend paying tribute september attacks victims events grand opening weekend included september black tie gala september tower tours september party fashion september event included auction items including pair diamond building safety issues august aluminum piece facade fell building injured pedestrian result damage required protective canopy erected entire building history building located site temple tallest building chicago demolition temple address housed story retail building failed previous plan replace small retail building site market hall tower proposed story european style food market apartments adjacent story foot tower failed plan subsequent story design administration proponent having permanent home order establish major chicago institution cost building building state lake supposedly city chicago held development project hostage developer agreed initiative delay tactic delay closing long cause developer file suit chairman board trustees cabinet member clinton administration heavy brother chicago mayor arts loving mayor loop establishing central theatre district tower blocks chicago theatres decorated central library ballet launched chicago capital campaign march raised million goal million construction costs purchase finalized million reserves state recently approved million grant construction costs estimated million fundraising include possibility million corporate donor acquire renaming rights entire building lesser amounts acquire naming rights specific spaces facility details released hard hat preview launch include following dedicated entrance elevators street lobby box office selling tickets company events black box theater space serve primarily company rehearsal space lighting booth fully seating double intimate showcase open rehearsals works progress unused studio rented visiting dance companies additional rehearsal studios high ceilings use classes starts school site activities related extensive outreach school programs locker rooms dressing rooms showers wardrobe laundry lounge physical therapy areas artistic executive staff offices green roof cover building chicago administration performers previously separate buildings rented square foot rehearsal studio state street leased july administrative offices company creative leadership dancers administration technical staff guest artists students united roof creating streamlined operations efficient accomplished organization new space nearly doubles current space new permanent state art facilities enable recruit retain elite dancers simultaneously attract world class performers guest artists collaborators planned space allows company present repertoire mount additional length extend apprentice program launch additional provide young dancers opportunity train present new works occupancy opened square feet retail store floors october location transformation state street retail student housing theatre district filed bankruptcy november closed state street location january years operation occupied property announced space operate level opening location developed story square foot flagship location unveiled dignitaries chicago mayor illinois governor january selling range amenities far typical features included cigar international order self serve frozen juice bars fine stations investment business strategy combat induced declining margins school residents building residents | Joffrey Tower | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
8604_PavillondeFlore | paris france stands southwest end near royal originally constructed reign corner pavilion north east pavilion entirely redesigned rebuilt highly decorated second empire neo baroque style famous sculpture exterior triumph flora added central south facade time destroyed fire north facade similar south facade added pavilion currently location central paris french connected directly adjacent renamed october geographic coordinates metro access history larger plan devised reign king connect long wings north south ends running south connected constructed east west reached terminated time known large river pavilion cornerstone pavilion laid design traditionally assigned thought designed adjacent western section design eastern section traditionally assigned extended south work grand design abandoned following assassination time building completed 19th century second long gallery matching constructed west east north end north end expanded finally completing king danced ballet royal february possibly located floor pavilion suggested came use earliest known written mention today names years apartments located structure french revolution french revolution renamed house equality new meeting point committees period committees occupied referred contemporaries palace nation time notable included famous french public principal renowned body forming facto executive branch france reign terror run group centralized trials executions committee responsible deaths thousands executive body initially installed apartments situated floor gradually overtook offices governing body met twice day executions carried gardens structure use described follows sat opposite end river bank business awful body way corridors single lamp end room committee sat round table green cloth gay mirrors ruined country empire pope vii stayed building preparing crown emperor french residing pope received bodies state clergy religious corporations additionally emperor procession began second empire pavilion underwent significant structural alteration reign authorized complete demolition reconstruction supervision architect performed reconstruction added significant detail sculpture work noted example second architecture furthermore commissioned sculptor create piece evoke english flora roman goddess represents flowers spring structure formed corner combined complex destroyed insurrection fires set members revolutionary government briefly ruled paris march inflicted severe damage republic later ruins pulled french republic portions complex existence destruction affected aesthetic relationship seen structures axis served disguise fact slightly relative axe known seven kilometre straight line structures including place | Pavillon de Flore | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
8704_ChesterRows | consist covered floor entrances shops premises street level set shops premises entered going steps rows found main streets city unique precisely similar exists world dating medieval era rows built rubble remaining ruins roman buildings origin subject speculation places continuity rows blocked enclosure new buildings modern buildings retained rows designs constructed beneath buildings rows stone buildings rows timber today stone exist level rows little medieval fabric remains buildings containing portions rows listed recorded premises street row levels variety purposes shops offices restaurants meeting rooms city main tourist attractions description street level shops premises similar found towns cities premises entered going steps floor level shops premises set street continuous walkway storey overlaps walkway makes covered walkway constitutes known row street area shelves stalls display goods floors level rows commercial domestic purposes storage rows present greater lesser degree streets street street street upper bridge street continuous sides street short stretch east street originally rows lower bridge street blocked 17th 18th centuries ground floor buildings usually lower street level known architectural historian points strictly accurate description level floors buildings half storey storey level street origins rows built main streets leading originated settlement early development roman period main street street street lay east west axis joined main road south present day bridge street saxon period road north added called street evidence shows rows far 13th century unlikely originated record rows appears uncertain refers row recognised today earliest instance use term elevated walkway chester rows unique precise origins unknown subject speculation chester suffered series fires fire severe entire town walls destroyed suggested following fire owners ordered ground floors leading stone lined suggestion general undertaking citizens chester improve commercial potential property providing level access customers theory links rows debris left roman occupation chester rubble roman buildings fallen ruin alongside streets suggested medieval period buildings constructed debris buildings set street passed wheeled vehicles passed street time properties improved possibly 13th century excavated debris beneath buildings improved upper stories built overlapped lower storey providing covered walkway stalls shelves added street walkway display goods system rows developed places example corner street street building constructed walkway street thought apart relatively small number later buildings system rows reached extent medieval period medieval period rows gave access living accommodation doorway led hall usually right angles street cases portion hall separate shop cases hall shop storey hall solar room providing private accommodation residents cases hall larger shops frontage rows street level stone lined storage selling valuable goods hall level rows domestic accommodation normally kitchen separate building yard house yard disposal rubbish subsequent development rows continuous areas blocked lower bridge street originally continuous row building break sequence north end street public house known falcon 17th century town house family rebuilt maintaining section row civil war siege chester sir moved family country estate hall order increase size house gained permission row set fashion houses lower bridge street sections row later completely new houses constructed incorporate row built house chester designed style lawyer gained permission build new house lower bridge street resulted loss row building new house enclosed row home making additional room georgian era sections rows blocked especially commercial development north street designed street style arcade ground floor level continuing row floor built street row architects continued tradition maintaining rows designs examples include georgian booth mansion street street buildings modern style constructed street 1960s today stone exist vaulted dating 13th early 14th century finest bridge street bays built sandstone rubble plain rib plain ribs single bridge street having double arches falcon lower bridge street bays divided chambers street bays street nos having bays street bay row level medieval building usually built timber examples remain remain building known old arches consisting arches frontage shop stone probably earliest identified england building retains hall built stone according records buildings incorporate sections records buildings containing sections rows listed listed grade grade grade records uses premises street level rows shops uses include offices restaurants private dwellings building bridge street shops street row levels department store occupies street row levels storey street shop street level meeting rooms office street contains office heritage centre includes bridge street row lowest stage tower remaining example section row building walkway street street access rows improved scheme affects streets containing rows vehicles prohibited area unloading allowed major tourist attraction city unique nature attractive appearance covered shopping experience provide july announced considered new status sport | Chester Rows | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture – Buildings |
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