metadata

tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:43494
  - loss:TripletLoss
base_model: allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      This paper aims to address the impact of a person's motivation to study
      entrepreneurship on their subsequent levels of performance in terms of the
      generation of business ideas, while taking into account the effect of
      student team behaviour. The paper hypothesises that both intrinsic and
      extrinsic motivation as well as team behaviour influence the learning
      outcome and that team behaviour moderates the relationship between
      motivation and learning outcomes. A survey was used to generate data. A
      total of students, who participated in pre-programme, and post-programme
      surveys, provided the sample data. First, explorative factor analyses were
      employed to examine the latent variables. Second, hierarchical lineal
      regression analyses were carried out to test the proposed hypotheses.
      Results show that intrinsic motivation has a negative effect on the
      learning outcome while extrinsic motivation had a positive one. However,
      the team (and in particular the resources that become available)
      positively moderates the relationship between the intrinsic motivation and
      the outcomes.
    sentences:
      - >-
        During recent years, the development of professional competencies is
        more frequently linked with the processes of performance, evaluation and
        career development of the human capital. Their formation requires
        focused actions to improve particular knowledge, skills and abilities.
        The analysis of the status and trends in the professional competences of
        the human capital in the agricultural sector in Bulgaria reveals a
        number of opportunities for their effective use and management. The
        purpose of this article is to outline the professional competences of
        the human capital in the agricultural sector by analysing and presenting
        the trends in their development. The study covers the period between
        January and November . It is based on data from polls specially designed
        for the purpose of the analysis, direct contacts, corporate
        documentation, etc. The interviews are applied to specify the data and
        information. The issues and prospects for the development of
        professional competences of the human capital in agriculture are
        presented and rated according to the responses received.
      - >-
        Background: Phthalates are chemical compounds that have the tendency to
        migrate into food and beverages, thereby leading to negative health
        consequences. Aims: was to assess the knowledge of phthalates and
        practices relating to plastic use among adults residing in Jeddah, Saudi
        Arabia, with an emphasis on cheese wrapped in plastic materials.
        Material and Methods: A total of adult participants completed an online
        questionnaire consisting of three sections ) socio-demographic
        characteristics, ) knowledge-related phthalates, and ) practices related
        to plastic use. All collected data were verified and analyzed using the
        Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Our findings
        revealed that % of the respondents had poor knowledge regarding plastics
        and phthalates with gender being a significant factor (p= ). The usage
        rate of plastic material was found to be remarkably high with % keeping
        the purchased cheese either in its original plastic wrapping or placed
        inside plastic boxes. Moreover, % never viewed the safe plastic number
        before purchasing the food products. However Interestingly enough, the
        type of plastics did not influence participant's decision-making process
        when it came down to purchasing or consuming cheese ( % & %,
        respectively). Respondents who had poor practice represented up to %,
        while those with poor knowledge and practice constituted %. However, no
        significant link between these two factors could be established.
        Conclusions: Poor awareness levels concerning phthalates along with
        imprudent usage rates for plastics were observed among adults living
        within Jeddah city's boundaries; thus, appropriate interventions aimed
        at raising awareness need implementation so as minimize exposure risks
        associated with this issue. Keywords: Phthalate, Plastic use, Cheese,
        Knowledge, Practice, Saudi Arabia.
      - >-
        Aims: Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important cause of systemic
        insulin resistance and play a central role in the pathophysiology of
        gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to investigate the
        correlation between neutrophil(N) in first-trimester pregnancy and the
        development of GDM. Methods: women with GDM and women without GDM were
        included in this retrospective study. Demographic, pregnancy variables,
        white blood cell(WBC), neutrophil(N) counts, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte
        Ratio(NLR), clinical biochemical characteristics, delivery information
        were got from all subjects. Logistic regression analysis with forward
        stepwise selection were used to determine the independent risk factors
        for the development of GDM. Result: GDM patients had much higher level
        of blood glucose(BG), triglyceride(TG), fetal birth weight, WBC, N
        counts and NLR than women without GDM. There were significant positive
        association between N counts and -hour BG, hour BG, glycosylated
        hemoglobin(HbA0c), pregnancy body mass index(BMI), and homeostasis model
        assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR). Additionally, there were
        significant negative association between N and quantitative insulin
        sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)
        cholesterol. After adjusting confounding variables, we found N counts
        was an independent factor for the development of GDM (OR = ; %
        confidence interval, to ), regardless the history of GDM (OR = for
        without GDM history). Conclusion: N counts in first-trimester pregnancy
        is closely associated with the development of GDM in pregnant women.
        Disclosure T. Sun: None. F. Meng: None. R. Zhang: None. Z. Yu: None. S.
        Zang: None. J. Liu: None. M. Yang: None. Funding Shanghai Fifth People's
        Hospital Research Project Plan; Minhang District Natural Science
        Research
  - source_sentence: >-
      ABSTRACT There are many forms of alternative medicines for treatment of
      any type of ailment, applied kinesiology being one of them. It is a
      scientific technique in which claims to diagnose illness or choose
      treatment by testing muscles for strength and weakness. A widespread use
      of applied kinesiology in dentistry has resulted in a complete
      reevaluation and understanding of patient's overall health and well-being.
      Concepts of structural integration, selection of materials for
      restoration, adjunctive therapies, equipments used for joint vibration
      analysis, have been described in this article. Review of literature has
      shown positive response by many dentists for this natural type of
      medicine. This article presents a review in which applied kinesiology and
      its uses in dentistry are reviewed and analyzed. How to cite this article
      Singh DA, Ram SM, Shah N, Nadgere J. Applied Kinesiology: An Unexplored
      Path in Dentistry. J Contemp Dent ; ( ): - .
    sentences:
      - >-
        Abstract Anti-CD00 monoclonal antibodies are widely used in clinical
        transplantation to prevent acute allograft rejection. Although their
        effects on T lymphocytes have been extensively studied, their impact on
        human dendritic cells (DC) has never been reported. Furthermore, the
        role of the IL- in DC functions has not yet been fully elucidated. In
        this study, we confirm that the stimulation of human monocyte-derived DC
        with LPS strongly induced the expression of CD00 and that LPS-matured DC
        also expressed the and chain of the IL-0R. We also showed that adding
        anti-CD00 monoclonal antibodies to LPS induced a decrease in IL- , IL- ,
        TNF-, IL- , and IFN- production and an increase in IL- synthesis by DC
        compared with stimulation with LPS alone. Furthermore, we showed that
        these modifications diminished the T helper priming ability of DC and
        polarized the alloimmune response toward TH0. In contrast, humanized
        anti-CD00 monoclonal antibodies did not affect the up-regulation of
        CD00, CD00, CD00, HLADR, or CD00 induced upon LPS stimulation. Taken
        together, this study discloses some previously unrecognized effects of
        anti-CD00 monoclonal antibodies on DC that may contribute to their
        clinical efficacy. In addition, this study also shed some light on the
        role of the IL- in human DC activation.
      - >-
        It is argued that setting one over zero to the upthorn symbol, elsewhere
        used to denote bottom, as is done in common meadows, is conceptually
        meaningful for elementary mathematics. We consider the arguments in its
        favour, for the restricted context of use in elementary arithmetic, to
        be stronger than arguments supporting one over zero equals zero, as in
        Suppes-Ono division and variants of it sometimes used in the model
        theory of fields as a branch of mathematical logic, or one over zero as
        an unsigned infinity, as proposed by Riemann and used in the design of
        wheel arithmetic, or one over zero as positive infinity, as in
        transrational arithmetic.
      - >-
        ABSTRACT Background The aim of this study was to determine the
        prevalence and associated risk factors for development of
        musculoskeletal pain among the dental students of 0rd, 0th year and
        interns, at MGM Dental College, Navi Mumbai. Materials and Methods A
        valid and reliable close ended questionnaire was administered to
        students of 0rd year, 0th year and interns who met the inclusion
        criteria. A response rate of % was achieved. The variables included in
        the questionnaire were ( ) presence of pain, ( ) awareness regarding
        correct posture, ( ) areas of the body affected by pain, ( ) clinical
        setting, ( ) practices to reduce pain. Statistical analysis was applied
        using Chi-square test. Results In this study, we found a total of %
        prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among the dental students. Eighty-one
        percent were unaware of the correct posture for dental clinical
        procedures. Statistical significance was observed between different
        clinical activities and musculoskeletal pain when Chi-square test was
        applied. Maximum pain was observed in the hand ( %) followed by wrist (
        %) and lower back ( %). Sixty-three percent of the students having pain
        performed cervical flexions and torsions to improve vision of the oral
        cavity. Seventy-five percent of the students reported that they were
        uncomfortable with their current working stool. Five percent of the
        participants performed exercises after clinical practice of which none
        reported musculoskeletal pain. Conclusion Dental students are prone to
        development of musculoskeletal pain due to lack of awareness regarding
        correct posture, prolonged static postures, inadequate operating stools
        and lack of exercises. How to cite this article Madaan V, Chaudhari A.
        Prevalence and Risk Factor associated with Musculoskeletal Pain among
        Students of MGM Dental College: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J Contemp Dent
        ; ( ): - .
  - source_sentence: >-
      Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of
      various factors on the extent of thermal coagulation necrosis after
      radiofrequency (RF) tissue ablation using a cooled-tip electrode in bovine
      liver.Materials and Methods: RF ablation was induced by a monopolar KHz-RF
      generator (CC- ; Radionics,Burlington, Mass., U.S.A.) and an -G cooled-tip
      with single or clustered electrodes. The ablation protocol involveda
      combination of varying current, ablation time, power output, gradual or
      abrupt increase of this out-put, and pulsed radiofrequency techniques. The
      maximum diameter of all thermal lesions which showed a color change was
      measured perpendicular to the electrode axis by two observers who reached
      their decisions by consensus. Twenty representative lesions were
      pathologically examined.Results: With increasing current lesion diameter
      also increased, but above mA no further increase was induced. Extending
      the ablation time to minutes for a single electrode and minutes for a
      clustered electrode increased lesion diameter until a steady state was
      reached. Higher power levels caused larger lesions, but above W no
      increase was observed. Ample exposure time coupled with a stepwise
      increase in power level induced a lesion larger than that resulting from
      an abrupt increase. Continuous pulsed RF with a high current led to
      increased coagulation necrosis diameter.Conclusion: These experimental
      findings may be useful thermotherapy. The data suggest that all involved
      factors significantly affect lesion size: if the factors are better
      understood, cancer thermotherapy can be better controlled.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the levels of effect and safety of
        high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation (HIFU) for treating patients
        with advanced pancreatic cancer. Materials and Methods: Nineteen
        sessions of HIFU, with the patients under general anesthesia, were
        performed in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The change of the
        gray-scale of the target lesion was analyzed during HIFU, and MRI was
        performed before and after HIFU. We assessed the extent of coagulative
        necrosis, the change of pain and the complications after HIFU. The
        change of tumor size and the survival of patients were also evaluated.
        Results: The average size of tumor was cm in diameter. Eighty nine
        percent of the target tumors showed increased echogenicity. On MRI,
        necrosis of the entire target tumor occurred in % of the patients. After
        treatment, effective pain relief was noted in % of the patients. There
        were no major complications. No size increase of the treated tumor was
        noted during weeks of follow-up for patients. Six patients among
        patients who were available for follow-up are still alive and they are
        receiving chemotherapy. Six patients expired due to other disease or
        progression of metastasis. Conclusion: HIFU is a safe method without any
        major complications, and it is effective for inducing tumor necrosis and
        achieving pain control for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
      - >-
        Magnetic polyacrylic cation exchange resins NDMC and magnetic
        polyacrylic anion exchange resins NDMP were applied for the treatment of
        composite pollutants composed of Cu(II), Ni(II) and tannic. The most
        efficient method was the combined process of NDMC and NDMP(named as
        NDMC+NDMP). NDMC+NDMP method can remove Cu(II), Ni(II) and tannic from
        composite pollutants simultaneously, and the removal efficiency of
        Cu(II), Ni(II) and tannic reached %, % and %, respectively. Through
        further analysis of behaviors of pre-load experiments and simultaneous
        removal experiments, the results showed that there were two ways in
        simultaneous removal of heavy metal ions and DOM, including adsorption
        of Metal-DOM complex by magnetic particle and complexation between DOM
        and heavy metal ions loaded on solid phase, and the former was the main
        mechanism.
      - >-
        The African startup ecosystem has emerged as a dynamic driver of
        innovation and economic growth, addressing local challenges and
        contributing to global markets. However, African startups face unique
        hurdles, including funding constraints, infrastructural deficiencies,
        and complex regulatory landscapes. This paper explores strategies to
        build resilience among African startups by harmonizing regulatory
        compliance with business innovation. It highlights the importance of
        financial, operational, and cultural adaptability as key factors for
        sustainability, emphasizing the role of partnerships, technology, and
        supportive policy frameworks in fostering growth. Recommendations for
        policymakers include simplifying regulatory frameworks, promoting
        digital transformation, facilitating funding access, and fostering
        regional integration. By adopting a balanced approach to compliance and
        innovation, African startups can strengthen their capacity to navigate
        challenges and leverage opportunities, ultimately driving inclusive and
        sustainable development across the continent.
  - source_sentence: >-
      This study examined the effect of pictorial cues on Iranian
      pre-intermediate EFL learners' speaking accuracy and fluency. To do this
      study, Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners were selected out of students
      in a private English Language Institute. The selected participants were
      divided into two equal groups; experimental group and control group. After
      that, both groups were pretested by a speaking pre-test. The experimental
      group was taught through using the pre-speaking strategies as the
      researcher provided students with pictorial inputs. On the other hand, the
      students of the control group were taught through traditional speaking
      activities including repetition and over-learning. The treatment took
      sessions of minutes each under the guidance of the supervisor. In the
      first session, the participants were homogenized. In the second session,
      they were pretested. During sessions, students were taught by using
      pictorial input, and in the last session after the treatment the two
      groups took the speaking post-test. The results of paired t-test and
      MANOVA revealed that the experimental group had better performance on
      their accuracy and fluency post-test compared to their pre-test. The
      results also showed that the experimental group outperformed the control
      group on the accuracy and fluency post-test. Finally, implications arising
      from the findings and suggestions for further research were explained.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Toward the end of World War I and during World War II, whole-blood
        transfusions were the primary agent in the treatment of military
        traumatic hemorrhage. However, after World War II, the fractionation of
        whole blood into its components became widely accepted and replaced
        whole-blood transfusion to better accommodate specific blood
        deficiencies, logistics, and financial reasons. This transition occurred
        with very few clinical trials to determine which patient populations or
        scenarios would or would not benefit from the change. A smaller
        population of patients with trauma hemorrhage will require massive
        transfusion (> U packed red blood cells in h) occurring in % to % of
        civilian and % of military traumas. Advocates for hemostatic
        resuscitation have turned toward a ratio-balanced component therapy
        using packed red blood cellsfresh frozen plasmaplatelet concentration in
        a : : ratio due to whole-blood limited availability. However, this
        "reconstituted" whole blood is associated with a significantly anemic,
        thrombocytopenic, and coagulopathic product compared with whole blood.
        In addition, several recent military studies suggest a survival
        advantage of early use of whole blood, but the safety concerns have
        limited is widespread civilian use. Based on extensive military
        experience as well as recent published literature, low-titer leukocyte
        reduced cold-store type O whole blood carries low adverse risks and
        maintains its hemostatic properties for up to days. A prospective
        randomized trial comparing whole blood versus ratio balanced component
        therapy is proposed with rationale provided.
      - >-
        Purpose This article aims to explore recent trends in farmland rental
        markets using data for the state of Illinois. Trends in the types of
        rental agreements used and the relationship between the rental rate for
        those contracts, land values, crop revenues, production costs, and farm
        returns are examined. Design/methodology/approach Data from various
        sources and at different levels of aggregation for the state of Illinois
        are used to provide illustrations of historical trends in farmland
        rental agreements and rental rates, and how they are related to various
        market and industry factors. Focus is placed on the more recent period
        since characterized by high commodity price levels and volatility.
        Findings The majority of farmland in the Midwest is controlled under
        rental agreements which are increasingly of the fixed cash rent type.
        Rental rates have increased, but at a slower rate than farm returns.
        Average rental and interest rates imply that land values are consistent
        with the current market environment. Aggregate rental rates mask
        considerable variation in farmlevel rents, only a portion of which can
        be explained by differences in soil productivity. Given the current
        level of price volatility, the tenure position of a farm operation has a
        significant effect on downside risk exposure. Originality/value The
        illustrations provided in this paper should be of interest to
        researchers working in the area of farmland values and rental
        agreements, as well as to practitioners including farmers, landowners,
        and professional farm managers. The findings should motivate additional
        research and recognition of the importance of tenure position to the
        performance and risk exposure of grain farms.
      - >-
        This study investigates the blind spots in Sinclair and Coulthard's
        revised classroom discourse (CD) structure of Teacher's Initiation,
        Students' Response and Teacher's Feedback (IRF). The study suggests the
        Initiation ( ), Response ( ) and Feedback ( ) (IIRRFF) pattern which may
        be suitable for today's CD. This pattern permits equal contributions by
        classroom participants. The study adopts a quantitative method for data
        collection; a qualitative-descriptive research design and Information
        Processing Theory (IPT). Data were collected through a questionnaire
        distributed to English lecturers and students from three tertiary
        institutions in Nigeria. The results show a high percentage of
        participants who confirmed that Sinclair and Coulthard's IRF model has
        blind spots; % of the respondents agreed that the model may lead to a
        limited understanding of what is taught; % agreed that dual initiations
        and feedback are rejected in this model, and % strongly agreed that the
        model should be expanded to accommodate other fields of language
        learning. The study recommends that CD should be categorized into two
        major types: the teacher's utterances and the students' utterances. The
        IIRRFF pattern that allows teachers and students to have equal slots in
        every CD should be implemented. This will encourage students' full
        participation and interaction.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Abstract The movement toward open education is requiring educators to
      expand and update their practice in order to keep up with the new demands
      being placed on them. This study explored how educators can engage in
      meaningful learning opportunities, which will facilitate the creation of
      expertise and knowledge, through the use of open education resources
      (OER). The article describes the design of the instrument employed to
      measure workplace learning through OER activity of adult educators ( n = )
      and to report its internal reliability and convergent validity. Results
      indicate engagement with OER promote three levels of learning, each
      connected to the different types of knowledge educators require to
      integrate OER into their teaching practice.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Abstract We aimed to analyse postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD)
        incidence and risk factors in elderly adults who underwent surgery for
        oral malignancies. A total of elderly patients (aged years) were
        selected for expanded resection of oral malignancy and cervical
        lymphatic dissection at our institution from December to December .
        Participants were cognitively evaluated using the neuropsychological
        test scale day before and days after surgery to determine whether they
        had developed POCD. Based on whether POCD occurred days after surgery,
        patients were classified into the POCD and non-POCD groups. Logistic
        regression was applied to perioperative factors to analyse the risk
        factors for POCD onset. Seven days after surgery for oral malignancy,
        there were ( %) POCD morbidities. Multiple factor logistic regression
        analysis revealed that venerable age (odds ratio [OR] = , % confidence
        interval [CI] .000, P < ), low education levels (OR = , % CI .000, P <
        ), hypertension (OR = , % CI .000, P < ), dyssomnia (OR = , % CI .000, P
        < ), prolonged anaesthesia (OR = , % CI .000, P < ), and intraoperative
        hypotension (OR = , % CI .000, P < ) increased the POCD risk in elderly
        patients who underwent surgery for oral malignancies. Venerable age, low
        knowledge reserve, hypertension, dyssomnia, prolonged anaesthesia, and
        intraoperative hypotension are independent risk factors for POCD in
        elderly patients with oral malignancies.
      - >-
        Abstract OVERVIEW: This paper provides an overview of some fundamental
        aspects of electrochemical oxidation and gives updated information on
        the application of this technology to wastewater treatment. In recent
        years, electrochemical oxidation has gained increasing interest due to
        its outstanding technical characteristics for eliminating a wide variety
        of pollutants normally present in wastewaters such as refractory organic
        matter, nitrogen species and microorganisms. IMPACT: The strict disposal
        limits and health quality standards set by legislation may be met by
        applying electrochemical oxidation. However, treatment costs have to be
        cut down before fullscale application of this technology. Deployment of
        electrochemical oxidation in combination with other technologies and the
        use of renewable sources to power this process are two steps in this
        direction. APPLICATIONS: Effluents from landfill and a wide diversity of
        industrial effluents including the agroindustry, chemical, textile,
        tannery and food industry, have been effectively treated by this
        technology. Its high efficiency together with its disinfection
        capabilities makes electrooxidation a suitable technology for water
        reuse programs. Copyright ©️ Society of Chemical Industry
      - >-
        Abstract Predictors of academic success at university are of great
        interest to educators, researchers and policymakers. With more students
        studying online, it is important to understand whether traditional
        predictors of academic outcomes in facetoface settings are relevant to
        online learning. This study modelled selfregulatory and demographic
        predictors of subject grades in online and facetoface undergraduate
        students. Predictors were effort regulation, grade goal, academic
        selfefficacy, performance selfefficacy, age, sex, socioeconomic status
        (SES) and firstinfamily status. A multigroup path analysis indicated
        that the models were significantly different across learning modalities.
        For facetoface students, none of the model variables significantly
        predicted grades. For online students, only performance selfefficacy
        significantly predicted grades (small effect). Findings suggest that
        learner characteristics may not function in the same way across learning
        modes. Further factor analytic and hierarchical research is needed to
        determine whether selfregulatory predictors of academic success continue
        to be relevant to modern student cohorts. Practitioner Notes What is
        already known about this topic Selfregulatory and demographic variables
        are important predictors of university outcomes like grades. It is
        unclear whether the relationships between predictor variables and
        outcomes are the same across learning modalities, as research findings
        are mixed. What this paper adds Models predicting university students'
        grades by demographic and selfregulatory predictors differed
        significantly between facetoface and online learning modalities.
        Performance selfefficacy significantly predicted grades for online
        students. No selfregulatory variables significantly predicted grades for
        facetoface students, and no demographic variables significantly
        predicted grades in either cohort. Overall, traditional predictors of
        grades showed no/small unique effects in both cohorts. Implications for
        practice and/or policy The learner characteristics that predict success
        may not be the same across learning modalities. Approaches to enhancing
        success in facetoface settings are not automatically applicable to
        online settings. Selfregulatory variables may not predict university
        outcomes as strongly as previously believed, and more research is
        needed.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
  - cosine_accuracy
model-index:
  - name: SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
    results:
      - task:
          type: triplet
          name: Triplet
        dataset:
          name: 'specter 2 '
          type: specter_2_
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9548275862068966
            name: Cosine Accuracy
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9739080459770115
            name: Cosine Accuracy
      - task:
          type: triplet
          name: Triplet
        dataset:
          name: discipline tuned specter 2 019
          type: discipline-tuned_specter_2_019
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9740229885057471
            name: Cosine Accuracy

SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("m7n/discipline-tuned_specter_2_019")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Abstract The movement toward open education is requiring educators to expand and update their practice in order to keep up with the new demands being placed on them. This study explored how educators can engage in meaningful learning opportunities, which will facilitate the creation of expertise and knowledge, through the use of open education resources (OER). The article describes the design of the instrument employed to measure workplace learning through OER activity of adult educators ( n = ) and to report its internal reliability and convergent validity. Results indicate engagement with OER promote three levels of learning, each connected to the different types of knowledge educators require to integrate OER into their teaching practice.',
    "Abstract Predictors of academic success at university are of great interest to educators, researchers and policymakers. With more students studying online, it is important to understand whether traditional predictors of academic outcomes in facetoface settings are relevant to online learning. This study modelled selfregulatory and demographic predictors of subject grades in online and facetoface undergraduate students. Predictors were effort regulation, grade goal, academic selfefficacy, performance selfefficacy, age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and firstinfamily status. A multigroup path analysis indicated that the models were significantly different across learning modalities. For facetoface students, none of the model variables significantly predicted grades. For online students, only performance selfefficacy significantly predicted grades (small effect). Findings suggest that learner characteristics may not function in the same way across learning modes. Further factor analytic and hierarchical research is needed to determine whether selfregulatory predictors of academic success continue to be relevant to modern student cohorts. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic Selfregulatory and demographic variables are important predictors of university outcomes like grades. It is unclear whether the relationships between predictor variables and outcomes are the same across learning modalities, as research findings are mixed. What this paper adds Models predicting university students' grades by demographic and selfregulatory predictors differed significantly between facetoface and online learning modalities. Performance selfefficacy significantly predicted grades for online students. No selfregulatory variables significantly predicted grades for facetoface students, and no demographic variables significantly predicted grades in either cohort. Overall, traditional predictors of grades showed no/small unique effects in both cohorts. Implications for practice and/or policy The learner characteristics that predict success may not be the same across learning modalities. Approaches to enhancing success in facetoface settings are not automatically applicable to online settings. Selfregulatory variables may not predict university outcomes as strongly as previously believed, and more research is needed.",
    'Abstract OVERVIEW: This paper provides an overview of some fundamental aspects of electrochemical oxidation and gives updated information on the application of this technology to wastewater treatment. In recent years, electrochemical oxidation has gained increasing interest due to its outstanding technical characteristics for eliminating a wide variety of pollutants normally present in wastewaters such as refractory organic matter, nitrogen species and microorganisms. IMPACT: The strict disposal limits and health quality standards set by legislation may be met by applying electrochemical oxidation. However, treatment costs have to be cut down before fullscale application of this technology. Deployment of electrochemical oxidation in combination with other technologies and the use of renewable sources to power this process are two steps in this direction. APPLICATIONS: Effluents from landfill and a wide diversity of industrial effluents including the agroindustry, chemical, textile, tannery and food industry, have been effectively treated by this technology. Its high efficiency together with its disinfection capabilities makes electrooxidation a suitable technology for water reuse programs. Copyright ©️ Society of Chemical Industry',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Datasets: specter_2_ and discipline-tuned_specter_2_019
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	specter_2_	discipline-tuned_specter_2_019
cosine_accuracy	0.9548	0.974

Triplet

Dataset: specter_2_
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.9739

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 43,494 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 83 tokens mean: 232.13 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 83 tokens mean: 231.05 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 79 tokens mean: 226.87 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
Nowadays consumers are bombarded with different ads and the sheer abundance of advertisements causes marketers to be increasingly concerned with advertising effectiveness. Consequently, marketers and advertising companies exploring advertising effectiveness are always looking for more effective and newer communication media and evaluation methods of advertising effectiveness that technological development could provide. This study aims to incorporate AIDA model as hierarchy effect models for measuring the effectiveness of the TV advertisements for electric conservation in Isfahan city. Specifically this study aimed to evaluate the effects of TV advertisement on audience's attention, interest, desire for action and eventually changes made in conservation behavior of audience. The study revealed that the electric conservation TV advertisements were effective. In fact, TV advertisement was successful in taking attention of audience, creating interest and desire for action, and eventually ...	E-retailing is entering into the Indian retail scenario in a noticeable way and online grocery retailing holds a promise of acceptance by the Indian customers. This paper attempts to discover the market potential of online grocery retailing in India and consumers' perception towards its different aspects. Confirmatory factor analysis proposes that there are five underlying dimensions (convenience, value for money, variety, loyalty and ambient factors) governing the selection of mode for grocery purchase. Thereafter Binary-Logistic Regression has been employed to analyze the impact of these five broad perceptual dimensions upon the acceptance/rejection of online grocery retailing. The respondents accorded the highest importance to the factors value for money and convenience. The study suggested that issues like meeting customer expectations and preferences in terms of delivering value for money, quick and convenient purchasing, smooth delivery process, and reducing risk perceptions are ...	Conserved proteins preferentially expressed in synaptic terminals of the nervous system are likely to play a significant role in brain function. We have previously identified and molecularly characterized the Sap00 gene which codes for a novel synapse associated protein of kDa in Drosophila. Sequence comparison identifies homologous proteins in numerous species including C. elegans, fish, mouse and human. First hints as to the function of this novel protein family can be obtained by generating mutants for the Sap00 gene in Drosophila.Attempts to eliminate the Sap00 gene through targeted mutagenesis by homologous recombination were unsuccessful. However, several mutants were generated by transposon remobilization after an appropriate insertion line had become available from the Drosophila P-element screen of the Bellen/Hoskins/Rubin/Spradling labs. Characterization of various deletions in the Sap00 gene due to imprecise excision of the P-element identified three null mutants and three h...
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was notable in largely excluding agriculture whereas the World Trade Organization (WTO) brought agriculture into the world trade rules. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of trade on agriculture production and productivity, especially the changes between the GATT and WTO periods. Using a panel of countries from , this article derives not only spillover effects that were overlooked, but also provides more accurate productivity than was estimated with bias in literature for both periods. We find that trade hindered agriculture production and productivity in the GATT period but improved agriculture production and productivity in the WTO period.	Nigeria is arguably the largest importer of dairy products in Africa. Available statistics shows that up to % of the total dairy products consumed in the country are imported; and that about % of the entire dairy market is controlled by FrieslandCampina WAMCO (FCW). The purpose of this study is to examine the basis for the prevailing import orientation in the dairy industry since . Is the orientation traceable to operations of multinational companies or the institutional and governance challenges in the country? Using triangulated data collected from FCW official reports and other relevant sources, and a content analytical technique, the study finds that the problem in the industry is multifaceted. Central to the challenges are persistent institutional and infrastructural defects, as well as faulty integration designs adopted by FCW. Based on this, the paper recommends that reversing the current trend requires government's policies that dis-incentivizes importation. However, such polic...	Questionnaires were mailed to all persons who had been granted the B.S. degree in psychology at Iowa State University during the period to . After one follow-up letter, ( %) returns had been received, these coming from about twice as many males as fema0es.l Respondents were in different states, the District of Columbia, and Ontario. Iowa accounted for almost one-fourth, with Iowa and bordering states accounting for about one-half. The questionnaire called for information concerning advanced training and education, vocational experiences, extent of use of psychological training, membership in professional organizations, professional and/or trade publications read regularly, and relative value of the psychology courses taken. Additional comments were invited on the psychology program and the total undergraduate curriculum at Iowa State. Forty-five per cent (mostly males) had taken, or were taking, graduate work in psychology. This agrees with Gustav's ( ) findings but differs from Dole's...
As well as being the name of the physical symptom of shivering, shuddering, or goosebumps, the Greek word phrike names an emotion that is particularly associated with automatic responses to sudden visual or auditory stimuli. This makes it especially at home in a number of specialized (ritual and other) scenarios, and helps explain its recurrent role in the ancient Greek aesthetics and literary theory, a role that illustrates the importance of the visual and the physical in ancient theories of audiences' emotional responses to the portrayal of suffering in both dramatic performance and non-dramatic narrative.	Oedipus Tyrannos (Sophocles, BCE) is examined psychoanalytically considering the elements of the story as unfolding in such a way as to leave what Freud ( ) called, "gaps unfilled and riddles unanswered" in the history, that is to say, devoid of a truly complex portrayal of human motivation and feeling. The quality of innocence that is dependent on simultaneously knowing and not knowing, both external reality and the internal realities that accompany it, is lost during Oedipus' zealous investigation. Elements of the history, as Sophocles presents it, reveal gaps and riddles that become resolved as the play moves inexorably to its tragic conclusion, with the identification of Oedipus as the parricidal polluter. The solicitations of supernatural consultation from the Delphian oracle betoken a disowned knowing of a frightening or a shameful aspect of human nature without actually acknowledging that knowledge. As the investigation proceeds, the play devolves virtually into a play within a ...	Objcetive To study the advantages of treating large serious bed sores by gentamicin and infrared rays.Methods First clean the surface of the wound of the bed sores and trim the dead tissue and siuns.Then wash it with gentamicin liquid, light it with -watt infrared rays for minutes. Cover it with a wet gentamicin gauze, then bind it up with a vaseline gauze and dressing. Do this once a day.Results The treatment of bed sores by gentamicin and infrared rays could obviously shorten the treating time (P0.00),with high cure rate (P0.00) and low death rate (P0.00).Conclusion The gentamicin and infrared rays to treat bed sores can control local infections,accelerate the reproduction of the tissue and resumption,which is more effctive than the traditional treatment.

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.COSINE",
    "triplet_margin": 0.6
}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 2,174 evaluation samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 88 tokens mean: 231.0 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 87 tokens mean: 225.6 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 77 tokens mean: 229.89 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
In response to mounting community concern about the use of workplace agreements to erode employee conditions, the Howard Government has introduced substantial changes to the legal framework. These changes include a new Fairness Test and the rebadging of the two main institutions responsible for supervising agreement-making. This article outlines the main elements of these reforms and considers the extent to which the redesigned 'safety net' will offer protection to employees who enter into federal workplace agreements.	In Canada, the question of the meaning of the constitutional guarantee of freedom of association has been raised most frequently and persistently in the labour relations context The dual nature of the core labour rights and freedoms of collective organization, collective bargaining, and collective withdrawal of labour as both fundamental human rights and key components of economic policy makes it very difficult for courts to grapple with them in the constitutional context. The Supreme Court of Canada has been badly divided over the scope of collective activities by workers and unions protected by constitutional guarantees of freedom of association over the past years. Precedents have been overturned, and reasons that appeared in dissent subsequently figured in majority decisions. Changes in the composition of the bench as well as the economic and political climate have undermined the achievement of a principled consensus over the constitutional interpretation of section (d) in the cont...	It is shown that the presence of an arbitrary body buried near a dielectric highly rough random surface produces a remarkable enhanced backscattering peak in the angular distribution of mean scattered intensity. This is in contrast with the distribution that the dielectric rough surface yields in the absence of the body. In order for the peak to appear, the surface must be very rough and the contrast between the dielectric constants of the body and the medium in which it is immersed must be at least. We illustrate the results with a two-dimensional ( -D) calculation of a cylinder in front of a -D rough profile immersed in a dielectric medium. Different cases have been addressed in order to investigate the dependence of the backscattering enhancement on several physical parameters such as the width of the incident beam; the size, position, and optical constant of the buried cylinder; and the surface correlation function, as well as the difficult task of performing averages that resemble...
Issues surrounding white privilege have been in continuous debate. In Japan, the subject of white privilege is also not straightforward. Past research has been conducted about white privileged males in Japanese universities. We decided to take a different standpoint and examine the presence of white privilege in Japan through the alternative voices of non-Japanese Asian female university English teachers. By interviewing and analyzing their experiences and identities, we were able to examine incidences of white privilege that happened and influenced their lives as non-Japanese Asian female English teachers in Japan. We hope that our work generates interest and attention to the current gender and racial imbalance of native-speaker university English teachers in Japanan issue that directly or indirectly relates to all students, teachers, administrators and policy makers.	The study aims to explore the register variation in Chinese English and language variation between Chinese English and American English. A corpus-based and comparative methodology was used to analyse the discourse features of Chinese English in the use of the lexical items perhaps and maybe. The major findings of the study can be stated as follows: ) the more formal word perhaps is used more frequently than the informal word maybe in all the four genres in Chinese English. This shows that the text of Chinese English is generally in a more formal style. ) In the Chinese English text, the ratios of the standard frequency of perhaps to maybe are greater than those in American English in the all the four genres. This indicates that the text in Chinese English is generally in a more formal style than that in American English. ) In the Chinese English text, the informal word maybe is used less frequently than in the American English text. This is a sign that Chinese English is more formal th...	To present a case of a -year-old male patient with primary enuresis refractory to conservative treatment.Radiologic and urodynamic tests revealed posterior urethral valves that were treated by transurethral fulguration. The patient was cured of both enuresis and infravesical obstruction and remains disease-free years after the operation with no impact on his sexual function.Posterior urethral valves are very rarely diagnosed in adolescents and adults. Very few cases have been published in the literature. To our knowledge, the case described herein is the first case presenting with persistent primary enuresis.
Abstract Reduced temperature and increased bulk density associated with conservation tillage systems cause lower seed germination, seedling emergence, and early growth rates resulting in reduced plant stands. Prediction of the influence of soil condition on seed imbibition through simple soil measurements would help make agronomic decisions such as planting date and/or density. Our objectives were to evaluate the influence of soil waterfilled pore space on winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seed imbibition and to assess the possibility of describing the relationship through simple mathematical models. We measured the rate of water uptake by heatkilled wheat seeds at three levels of waterfilled pore space (WFPS: , , and ) and temperature ( T : , , and K) and two levels of bulk density ( b : and Mg m ) in a Sharpsburg silty clay loam topsoil. The model proposed in by Blacklow to estimate seed water content ( s ) after imbibing water for time t , s(t) = ( m + ot ) ( m s( ) ) e qt , was ...	Abstract Camellia oleifera Abel. is an important woody oil plant that could solve the disparity between the supply and demand of edible oil in China. Although numerous excellent clones have been developed and introduced to enhance production, the interactions between high yield clones and soil ecosystem sustainability remains poorly understood. The highyielding period of a C. oleifera plant is approximately yr; therefore, appropriate clone selection is crucial. We evaluated the differences between four major clones based on soil nutrient and microbial community structure, following cultivation for yr to infer the influence of clone selection on soil sustainable utilization. The results showed significant differences in soil nutrient status and rhizosphere microorganism populations among clones. The bacterial communities in the XL0 plots had the highest species richness. According to the results, clone XL0 was found to be suitable for sustainable cultivation considering the high organic...	AbstractIn the wake of the present effort to shape American education to produce large numbers of scientists and engineers, education in the arts is becoming an increasingly peripheral interest of the schools. The time that public school pupils have at their disposal is limited, and so is the money available for financing schools. To a public rightly concerned with these limitations, educators in the arts must be able to present convincing arguments to show that the arts are in fact worth teaching. And to this same public, weary and perhaps disillusioned with what it takes to be a chaos of relativistic aesthetic standards, educators must be able to say that taste is not wholly an individual matter, but that some standards do in fact exist and are available for teaching. Without being able to argue in some way for the importance of education in the arts and for the existence of aesthetic standards, educators who propose that the schools teach the arts are in effect asking the public to ...

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.COSINE",
    "triplet_margin": 0.6
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 12
per_device_eval_batch_size: 12
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
num_train_epochs: 1
warmup_ratio: 0.2
fp16: True
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 12
per_device_eval_batch_size: 12
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.2
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: True
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	Validation Loss	specter_2__cosine_accuracy	discipline-tuned_specter_2_019_cosine_accuracy
0	0	-	-	0.9548	-
0.0028	10	0.4852	-	-	-
0.0138	50	0.4828	0.4496	0.9609	-
0.0276	100	0.3925	0.3053	0.9667	-
0.0414	150	0.2343	0.1939	0.9675	-
0.0552	200	0.1748	0.1473	0.9718	-
0.0690	250	0.1333	0.1148	0.9726	-
0.0828	300	0.11	0.1008	0.9703	-
0.0966	350	0.1109	0.0944	0.9692	-
0.1103	400	0.0946	0.0918	0.9725	-
0.1241	450	0.1052	0.0897	0.9707	-
0.1379	500	0.0942	0.0836	0.9721	-
0.1517	550	0.0813	0.0870	0.9654	-
0.1655	600	0.091	0.0901	0.9691	-
0.1793	650	0.0942	0.0874	0.9690	-
0.1931	700	0.0825	0.0958	0.9617	-
0.2069	750	0.0971	0.0850	0.9733	-
0.2207	800	0.0872	0.0806	0.9702	-
0.2345	850	0.0801	0.0824	0.9682	-
0.2483	900	0.0851	0.0809	0.9695	-
0.2621	950	0.0914	0.0790	0.9708	-
0.2759	1000	0.0847	0.0799	0.9720	-
0.2897	1050	0.0895	0.0754	0.9717	-
0.3034	1100	0.0756	0.0802	0.9706	-
0.3172	1150	0.0814	0.0786	0.9694	-
0.3310	1200	0.0997	0.0744	0.9734	-
0.3448	1250	0.0943	0.0762	0.9730	-
0.3586	1300	0.0805	0.0782	0.9718	-
0.3724	1350	0.079	0.0748	0.9732	-
0.3862	1400	0.0818	0.0755	0.9737	-
0.4	1450	0.0671	0.0729	0.9734	-
0.4138	1500	0.0567	0.0737	0.9720	-
0.4276	1550	0.0747	0.0746	0.9726	-
0.4414	1600	0.0793	0.0735	0.9717	-
0.4552	1650	0.0812	0.0762	0.9739	-
0.4690	1700	0.075	-	-	0.9740

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
Transformers: 4.49.0.dev0
PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu121
Accelerate: 1.2.1
Datasets: 3.2.0
Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

TripletLoss

@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}