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tomekkorbak

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[ "This invention generally relates to residential countertop water treatment and filtration devices for improving the quality of potable water. ", "More particularly, it relates to a countertop water filtration device that includes a water filter often alternatively defined as a cartridge, filter element, or filter unit.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "5,510,031, 6,464,871, 6,532,982, 6,641,727 provide examples of such prior art filter faucet assemblies. ", "These filter faucet devices are mostly complex, expensive, and contain filter elements or cartridges that can be difficult and messy to replace by end users not mechanically inclined. ", "Several would require extensive modifications to the sink structure.", "\nThese prior art filter faucets require partial disassembly when replacing the filtering element. ", "Several of these devices further introduce the potential risk of water leakage under the sink or countertop, which may easily go undetected by a user who accesses the filtration device from above and thus may not be aware of any potential leakage under the counter where the main body and the pressurized housing are located. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "8,372,275 teaches an embodiment intended to reduce this complexity, however it has created new nuisances involving a complex base with a large footprint on a sink or countertop and an inefficient filter element with a short lifespan requiring relatively frequent replacement, thus being expensive and inconvenient in use.", "\nTherefore, the need exists for a simple yet durable surface-mounted countertop water filtration device that corrects and overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art, is inexpensive in use, and can take advantage of a standard sink structure for attachment. ", "The need also exists for a replaceable filter that is inexpensive, long lasting, and readily accessible for quick and easy replacement without any tools." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates generally to a sheet feeding method and apparatus, and more particularly to means for closing selected ports of a vacuum sheet feed apparatus.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nIn modern reproduction equipment such as printing presses or copier/duplicators, copies are generally made on discrete copy sheets. ", "The sheets are fed seriatim, either mechanically or pneumatically, from a supply along a transport path to a printing station where an ink or toner image is placed on the sheets. ", "One type of pneumatic feeder which has been adapted for use in such reproduction equipment is a rotating vacuum feeder as shown in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,770,458 issued Aug. 14, 1953, in the name of Halahan, et al. ", "Such a vacuum feeder has a series of ports in the wall of a rotating tubular housing, the ports being spaced in axial alignment along the housing transverse to the sheet travel path. ", "A vacuum source connected to the interior of the housing creates a sub-atmospheric pressure condition in the area of the ports. ", "The housing is rotated to locate the ports adjacent to a supply stack of discrete sheets where the vacuum causes the portion of a sheet opposite the ports to be stripped from the stack and tacked to the housing. ", "As the housing is rotated from this position, the tacked sheet is drawn from the stack and fed along the transport path. ", "While such an arrangement is generally satisfactory for efficient feeding of discrete sheets, misfeeds or objectional multiple sheet feeds may occur if the sheets have holes which are aligned with the ports in the housing during transport. ", "Sheets upon which it is often desired to make copies include, for example, 3-hole and 7-hole punched paper." ]

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[ "/**\n * Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.", "\n */\n\n#include <aws/dms/model/S3Settings.h>\n#include <aws/core/utils/json/JsonSerializer.h>\n\n#include <utility>\n\nusing namespace Aws::Utils::Json;\nusing namespace Aws::Utils;\n\nnamespace Aws\n{\nnamespace DatabaseMigrationService\n{\nnamespace Model\n{\n\nS3Settings::S3Settings() : \n m_serviceAccessRoleArnHasBeenSet(false),\n m_externalTableDefinitionHasBeenSet(false),\n m_csvRowDelimiterHasBeenSet(false),\n m_csvDelimiterHasBeenSet(false),\n m_bucketFolderHasBeenSet(false),\n m_bucketNameHasBeenSet(false),\n m_compressionType(CompressionTypeValue::NOT_SET),\n m_compressionTypeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_encryptionMode(EncryptionModeValue::NOT_SET),\n m_encryptionModeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_serverSideEncryptionKmsKeyIdHasBeenSet(false),\n m_dataFormat(DataFormatValue::NOT_SET),\n m_dataFormatHasBeenSet(false),\n m_encodingType(EncodingTypeValue::NOT_SET),\n m_encodingTypeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_dictPageSizeLimit(0),\n m_dictPageSizeLimitHasBeenSet(false),\n m_rowGroupLength(0),\n m_rowGroupLengthHasBeenSet(false),\n m_dataPageSize(0),\n m_dataPageSizeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_parquetVersion(ParquetVersionValue::NOT_SET),\n m_parquetVersionHasBeenSet(false),\n m_enableStatistics(false),\n m_enableStatisticsHasBeenSet(false),\n m_includeOpForFullLoad(false),\n m_includeOpForFullLoadHasBeenSet(false),\n m_cdcInsertsOnly(false),\n m_cdcInsertsOnlyHasBeenSet(false),\n m_timestampColumnNameHasBeenSet(false),\n m_parquetTimestampInMillisecond(false),\n m_parquetTimestampInMillisecondHasBeenSet(false),\n m_cdcInsertsAndUpdates(false),\n m_cdcInsertsAndUpdatesHasBeenSet(false)\n{\n}\n\nS3Settings::S3Settings(JsonView jsonValue) : \n m_serviceAccessRoleArnHasBeenSet(false),\n m_externalTableDefinitionHasBeenSet(false),\n m_csvRowDelimiterHasBeenSet(false),\n m_csvDelimiterHasBeenSet(false),\n m_bucketFolderHasBeenSet(false),\n m_bucketNameHasBeenSet(false),\n m_compressionType(CompressionTypeValue::NOT_SET),\n m_compressionTypeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_encryptionMode(EncryptionModeValue::NOT_SET),\n m_encryptionModeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_serverSideEncryptionKmsKeyIdHasBeenSet(false),\n m_dataFormat(DataFormatValue::NOT_SET),\n m_dataFormatHasBeenSet(false),\n m_encodingType(EncodingTypeValue::NOT_SET),\n m_encodingTypeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_dictPageSizeLimit(0),\n m_dictPageSizeLimitHasBeenSet(false),\n m_rowGroupLength(0),\n m_rowGroupLengthHasBeenSet(false),\n m_dataPageSize(0),\n m_dataPageSizeHasBeenSet(false),\n m_parquetVersion(ParquetVersionValue::NOT_SET),\n m_parquetVersionHasBeenSet(false),\n m_enableStatistics(false),\n m_enableStatisticsHasBeenSet(false),\n m_includeOpForFullLoad(false),\n m_includeOpForFullLoadHasBeenSet(false),\n m_cdcInsertsOnly(false),\n m_cdcInsertsOnlyHasBeenSet(false),\n m_timestampColumnNameHasBeenSet(false),\n m_parquetTimestampInMillisecond(false),\n m_parquetTimestampInMillisecondHasBeenSet(false),\n m_cdcInsertsAndUpdates(false),\n m_cdcInsertsAndUpdatesHasBeenSet(false)\n{\n *this = jsonValue;\n}\n\nS3Settings& S3Settings::operator =(JsonView jsonValue)\n{\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"ServiceAccessRoleArn\"))\n {\n m_serviceAccessRoleArn = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"ServiceAccessRoleArn\");\n\n m_serviceAccessRoleArnHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"ExternalTableDefinition\"))\n {\n m_externalTableDefinition = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"ExternalTableDefinition\");\n\n m_externalTableDefinitionHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"CsvRowDelimiter\"))\n {\n m_csvRowDelimiter = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"CsvRowDelimiter\");\n\n m_csvRowDelimiterHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"CsvDelimiter\"))\n {\n m_csvDelimiter = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"CsvDelimiter\");\n\n m_csvDelimiterHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"BucketFolder\"))\n {\n m_bucketFolder = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"BucketFolder\");\n\n m_bucketFolderHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"BucketName\"))\n {\n m_bucketName = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"BucketName\");\n\n m_bucketNameHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"CompressionType\"))\n {\n m_compressionType = CompressionTypeValueMapper::GetCompressionTypeValueForName(jsonValue.", "GetString(\"CompressionType\"));\n\n m_compressionTypeHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"EncryptionMode\"))\n {\n m_encryptionMode = EncryptionModeValueMapper::GetEncryptionModeValueForName(jsonValue.", "GetString(\"EncryptionMode\"));\n\n m_encryptionModeHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"ServerSideEncryptionKmsKeyId\"))\n {\n m_serverSideEncryptionKmsKeyId = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"ServerSideEncryptionKmsKeyId\");\n\n m_serverSideEncryptionKmsKeyIdHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"DataFormat\"))\n {\n m_dataFormat = DataFormatValueMapper::GetDataFormatValueForName(jsonValue.", "GetString(\"DataFormat\"));\n\n m_dataFormatHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"EncodingType\"))\n {\n m_encodingType = EncodingTypeValueMapper::GetEncodingTypeValueForName(jsonValue.", "GetString(\"EncodingType\"));\n\n m_encodingTypeHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"DictPageSizeLimit\"))\n {\n m_dictPageSizeLimit = jsonValue.", "GetInteger(\"DictPageSizeLimit\");\n\n m_dictPageSizeLimitHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"RowGroupLength\"))\n {\n m_rowGroupLength = jsonValue.", "GetInteger(\"RowGroupLength\");\n\n m_rowGroupLengthHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"DataPageSize\"))\n {\n m_dataPageSize = jsonValue.", "GetInteger(\"DataPageSize\");\n\n m_dataPageSizeHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"ParquetVersion\"))\n {\n m_parquetVersion = ParquetVersionValueMapper::GetParquetVersionValueForName(jsonValue.", "GetString(\"ParquetVersion\"));\n\n m_parquetVersionHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"EnableStatistics\"))\n {\n m_enableStatistics = jsonValue.", "GetBool(\"EnableStatistics\");\n\n m_enableStatisticsHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"IncludeOpForFullLoad\"))\n {\n m_includeOpForFullLoad = jsonValue.", "GetBool(\"IncludeOpForFullLoad\");\n\n m_includeOpForFullLoadHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"CdcInsertsOnly\"))\n {\n m_cdcInsertsOnly = jsonValue.", "GetBool(\"CdcInsertsOnly\");\n\n m_cdcInsertsOnlyHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"TimestampColumnName\"))\n {\n m_timestampColumnName = jsonValue.", "GetString(\"TimestampColumnName\");\n\n m_timestampColumnNameHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"ParquetTimestampInMillisecond\"))\n {\n m_parquetTimestampInMillisecond = jsonValue.", "GetBool(\"ParquetTimestampInMillisecond\");\n\n m_parquetTimestampInMillisecondHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n if(jsonValue.", "ValueExists(\"CdcInsertsAndUpdates\"))\n {\n m_cdcInsertsAndUpdates = jsonValue.", "GetBool(\"CdcInsertsAndUpdates\");\n\n m_cdcInsertsAndUpdatesHasBeenSet = true;\n }\n\n return *this;\n}\n\nJsonValue S3Settings::Jsonize() const\n{\n JsonValue payload;\n\n if(m_serviceAccessRoleArnHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"ServiceAccessRoleArn\", m_serviceAccessRoleArn);\n\n }\n\n if(m_externalTableDefinitionHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"ExternalTableDefinition\", m_externalTableDefinition);\n\n }\n\n if(m_csvRowDelimiterHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"CsvRowDelimiter\", m_csvRowDelimiter);\n\n }\n\n if(m_csvDelimiterHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"CsvDelimiter\", m_csvDelimiter);\n\n }\n\n if(m_bucketFolderHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"BucketFolder\", m_bucketFolder);\n\n }\n\n if(m_bucketNameHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"BucketName\", m_bucketName);\n\n }\n\n if(m_compressionTypeHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"CompressionType\", CompressionTypeValueMapper::GetNameForCompressionTypeValue(m_compressionType));\n }\n\n if(m_encryptionModeHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"EncryptionMode\", EncryptionModeValueMapper::GetNameForEncryptionModeValue(m_encryptionMode));\n }\n\n if(m_serverSideEncryptionKmsKeyIdHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"ServerSideEncryptionKmsKeyId\", m_serverSideEncryptionKmsKeyId);\n\n }\n\n if(m_dataFormatHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"DataFormat\", DataFormatValueMapper::GetNameForDataFormatValue(m_dataFormat));\n }\n\n if(m_encodingTypeHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"EncodingType\", EncodingTypeValueMapper::GetNameForEncodingTypeValue(m_encodingType));\n }\n\n if(m_dictPageSizeLimitHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithInteger(\"DictPageSizeLimit\", m_dictPageSizeLimit);\n\n }\n\n if(m_rowGroupLengthHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithInteger(\"RowGroupLength\", m_rowGroupLength);\n\n }\n\n if(m_dataPageSizeHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithInteger(\"DataPageSize\", m_dataPageSize);\n\n }\n\n if(m_parquetVersionHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"ParquetVersion\", ParquetVersionValueMapper::GetNameForParquetVersionValue(m_parquetVersion));\n }\n\n if(m_enableStatisticsHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithBool(\"EnableStatistics\", m_enableStatistics);\n\n }\n\n if(m_includeOpForFullLoadHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithBool(\"IncludeOpForFullLoad\", m_includeOpForFullLoad);\n\n }\n\n if(m_cdcInsertsOnlyHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithBool(\"CdcInsertsOnly\", m_cdcInsertsOnly);\n\n }\n\n if(m_timestampColumnNameHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithString(\"TimestampColumnName\", m_timestampColumnName);\n\n }\n\n if(m_parquetTimestampInMillisecondHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithBool(\"ParquetTimestampInMillisecond\", m_parquetTimestampInMillisecond);\n\n }\n\n if(m_cdcInsertsAndUpdatesHasBeenSet)\n {\n payload.", "WithBool(\"CdcInsertsAndUpdates\", m_cdcInsertsAndUpdates);\n\n }\n\n return payload;\n}\n\n} // namespace Model\n} // namespace DatabaseMigrationService\n} // namespace Aws\n" ]

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[ "Tripoli (AFP) - Libya will investigate alleged slave trading in the country, the internationally recognised government announced Sunday, following the release of video footage appearing to show migrants being auctioned off.", "\n\nChaos-ridden Libya has long been a major transit hub for migrants trying to reach Europe, and many of them have fallen prey to serious abuse in the North African country at the hands of traffickers and others.", "\n\nUS television network CNN aired the footage last week of an apparent live auction in Libya where black men are presented to North African buyers as potential farmhands and sold off for as little as $400.", "\n\nDeputy Prime Minister Ahmed Metig said his UN-backed Government of National Accord would investigate the allegations, in a statement posted Sunday on the Facebook page of the GNA's press office.", "\n\nMetig said he would instruct the formation of a \"commission to investigate these reports in order to apprehend and bring those responsible to justice\", the statement added.", "\n\nThe foreign ministry in a statement added: \"If these allegations are confirmed, all implicated persons will be punished.\"", "\n\nThe CNN report apparently showing migrants being auctioned off in Libya was shared widely on social media, provoking outrage in Africa, Europe and the rest of the world.", "\n\nThe grainy footage shot on a mobile telephone shows a man CNN said was Nigerian and in his 20s being offered up for sale as part of a group of \"big strong boys for farm work\".", "\n\nIn the CNN report, a person identified as an auctioneer can be heard saying \"800... 900... 1,000... 1,100...\" before two men are sold for 1,200 Libyan dinars ($875).", "\n\nAround 1,000 people took to the streets of Paris on Saturday to protest against slavery in Libya, according to French police. ", "The gathering led to clashes between demonstrators and security forces.", "\n\nGuinean President Alpha Conde, who is also chairman of the African Union, on Friday called for an inquiry and prosecutions relating to what he termed a \"despicable trade... from another era\".", "\n\nStory continues\n\nSenegal's government expressed \"outrage at the sale of Sub-Saharan African migrants on Libyan soil\" that constituted a \"blight on the conscience of humanity\".", "\n\nNiger's president Mahamadou Issoufou said the issue had made him \"deeply angry\" and urged Libyan authorities and international organisations to do \"everything possible to stop this practice\".", "\n\nAfrican migrants from nations including Guinea and Senegal but also Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Gambia make the dangerous crossing through the Sahara to Libya with hopes of making it over the Mediterranean Sea to Italy.", "\n\nBut testimony collected by AFP has revealed a litany of rights abuses at the hands of gangsters, human traffickers and the Libyan security forces, while many end up stuck in the unstable North African nation for years.", "\n\nMore than 8,800 stranded migrants have been returned home this year, according to the International Organization for Migration, which is also compiling evidence of slavery." ]

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[ "Rock, paper, scissors\n\nMost disputes don’t really matter in your life. ", "Work on the ones that do matter — the ones involving loved ones, important colleagues, valued others — and walk away from or quickly resolve the rest.", "\n\nFor the ones that don’t really matter (will you remember and care about them tomorrow? ", "in a week? ", "in six months?), ", "keep it simple, stop your histrionics, find something simple like rock, paper, scissors, and get on with living life. ", "Simple, unimportant disputes deserve simple, easy methods for getting it done and moving on.", "\n\nAbout Tammy Lenski\n\nDr. Tammy Lenski helps people excel at conflict resolution. ", "A mediator, coach, speaker, and conflict resolution teacher, her latest book is the The Conflict Pivot, available everywhere." ]

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[ "Gonionota menura\n\nGonionota menura is a moth in the family Depressariidae. ", "It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1971. ", "It is found in Panama.", "\n\nThe wingspan is about 24 mm. ", "The forewings are amber brown with the basal third faintly blotched with carmine. ", "Slightly before the middle of the costa is a small, ocherous-white, quadrate spot edged with carmine and at the outer third the costa is excavated and bordered with a white, carmine-edged, lunate mark. ", "The remainder of the costa is very narrowly edged fuscous. ", "In the cell at the basal third is a fuscous spot surrounded by a few carmine scales. ", "The discal spot at the end of the cell is obsolete and between the end of the cell and termen is an ill-defined, transverse row of fuscous spots. ", "The hindwings are ocherous white basally, shading to brown at the apex.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1971\nCategory:Gonionota" ]

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[ "Tue, 01 Sep 2020\n\nFri, 21 Aug 2020\n\nTue, 21 Jul 2020\n\nWed, 01 Jul 2020\n\nLCW Props is Here for You! ", "Do they mean psychologically during these trying times? ", "Maybe, though I am sure they mostly mean their inventory, friendly employees, and locations are all available to work with. ", "LCW Props recently acquired a LOT of science fiction over the last few months and they want everyone to know it’s […]The Coronavirus has given many businesses time to reflect, pivot, and work on internals. ", "History for Hire has been no different. ", "In the works for quite some time now, the finish line has been crossed. ", "They have a new website! ", "Previous customers may know that their website was a landing page with some helpful contact […]With all of the hullabaloo going on in the world it can be easy to miss some big changes. ", "Dapper Cadaver is moving, and not just the “further west on San Fernando” kind of move we are all used to. ", "They are moving to Madison, WI. “", "But what will happen to all of those fantastic, […]As the industry slowly wakes up from it’s slumber (and boy do we mean slowly) it seemed a good idea to start back up our usual “Who’s Open Around [Insert Holiday]?” ", "for this coming Independence Day. ", "As it turns out, not many industry-related businesses are open this July 3rd and everyone is closed up on […]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHTML + Passing Param b/w Parent & Child\n\nIt might be a simple, but the funny thing is i've tried it for almost 2-3hrs and haven't been able to solve it :(.", "\nI have a parent window, which has a text box, and it has a value. ", "I do a window.open and open a client and try to read the value of the parent, but unable to get the value.", "\nAny help!!", "\nI've tried \n\nwindow.parent.document.getElementById(window.name)\nwindow.parent.document.getElementById('test').value\nwindow.opener.document.getElementById('teast').value\nwindow.parent.opener.document.getElementById('teast').value\nwindow.opener.parent.document.getElementById('teast').value\n\nAlmost all the permutation and combination. ", "And its pure HTML.", "\n\nA:\n\nDue to security restrictions, Javascript is unable to access documents that reside on a separate domain from the current one. ", " So, if your parent is on a different domain from the child, this will never work.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nMaking metrics work with Google App Engine + Geckoboard - lennysan\nhttp://maplebutter.com/how-to-measure-mobile-metrics-to-help-your-app-get-traction/\n\n======\nfastgrowth\nGreat post! ", "I have my whole team reading it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "TRANSPARENCY AND MEDICINE – A series examining issues from ethics to the evidence in evidence-based medicine, the influence of medical journals to the role of Big Pharma in our present and future health.", "\n\nToday Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus argue that the growing number of articles retracted from academic journals is good news for science.", "\n\nWhen we created Retraction Watch in August 2010, we had no idea that the first full year of the blog, 2011, would mark a record number of retractions, with around 400.", "\n\nThat number is still quite small compared with the number of papers published, some 1.4 million. ", "But the trend is clear: about 50% more studies published since a decade ago, but ten times the number of retractions.", "\n\nIn some circles, this trend has caused consternation. ", "Oh no, goes the argument, there must be more fraud! ", "It’s actually not quite clear, however, what has led to the rise. ", "Clearly, plagiarism detection software has played a role. ", "And some 90 of the retractions belonged to one researcher, anesthesiologist Joachim Boldt.", "\n\nIt may simply be that scientists are finding more studies to retract simply because more people are looking at papers – just as you’d expect to see more cases of a particular disease once public health officials started a screening campaign.", "\n\nMore retractions equal more transparency\n\nNo matter what the reason, the presence of more retractions means that more scientists are admitting – or , in many cases, being forced to admit – their mistakes. ", "And that’s a good thing, not only because it gives us far more to write about than we can possibly manage.", "\n\nAcknowledging that things don’t always go right, and trying to figure out what went wrong to move a field forward, are hallmarks of a transparent and mature profession. ", "In the case of clinical trials, where the lives of participants as well as those treated based on the results are at stake, such transparency is even more of a moral imperative.", "\n\nMaking science even more transparent\n\nOf course, there’s a catch: more retractions only means more transparency if the notices accompanying the retractions give enough detail for researchers, and the public, to figure out what happened. (", "Such notices should also be free to view, not behind a paywall, as the Committee on Publication Ethics notes.)", "\n\nMichael Newman\n\nUnhelpful notices such as “This article has been withdrawn by the authors” serve the interests of no one, and yet they regularly appear in top journals.", "\n\nWe’d like to think that the scientific community simply won’t stand for such opacity in an age when so many people can read and comment on papers. ", "Our readers often figure out what’s wrong with studies whose retraction notices say nothing, and they are as frustrated as we are with editors’ stubbornness.", "\n\nEditors often blame institutions who are slow to announce findings of their own investigations. ", "But journal editors can wield impressive power when they want to. ", "After all, institutions require that researchers publish in order to gain tenure and grants.", "\n\nSo it’s heartening to see what someone like Steve Shafer, editor of Anasthesia & Analgesia, has done several times now when he realizes one of his journal’s authors has committed misconduct: he gets out in front of such cases, announcing in detail what he has found, and notifying readers as publicly as possible, often before institutional investigations are complete.", "\n\nThat has pressured institutions to speed up their work.", "\n\nA more seamless publishing future\n\nOur hope – which may seem counterintuitive for two journalists who run a blog about retractions - is that retractions themselves will become less important. ", "Here’s why: we’d like science to stop fetishizing the scientific paper. ", "To those who say no one ever did, we’d ask why so many grant and tenure decision are based on the number and quality of publications, and why so many authors and editors are reluctant to retract.", "\n\nlistentothemountains/Flickr\n\nScience doesn’t only move forward when papers are published, just as it doesn’t only move forward by “eureka moments.”", "\n\nThe world we envision embraces post-publication peer review in a more rigorous way. ", "It welcomes all comments and critiques of papers, whether they’re on a blog, anonymous, or from a senior scientist.", "\n\nAfter all, science would like us to think that it is always self-correcting. ", "How does treating a paper as sacred accomplish that? ", "We recognize that shifting to such a model – evidence of which we’ve already seen – will require massive changes to our approach to recognizing accomplishment by individual scientists.", "\n\nBut that’s a small price to pay for a scientific publishing system that’s more transparent, and actually reflects how science works.", "\n\nAcknowledgement: This article was co-authored by Adam Marcus. ", "Oransky and Marcus are co-founders of Retraction Watch\n\nThis is the seventh part of Transparency and Medicine. ", "You can read the previous instalment by clicking the link below:\n\nPart One: Power and duty: is the social contract in medicine still relevant?", "\n\nPart Two: Big debts in small packages – the dangers of pens and post-it notes\n\nPart Three: Show and tell: conflicts of interest undeclared for clinical guidelines\n\nPart Four: Eminence or evidence? ", "The ethics of using untested treatments\n\nPart Five: Don’t show me the money: the dangers of non-financial conflicts\n\nPart Six: Ghosts in the machine: better definition of author may stem bias\n\nPart Eight: Pharma’s influence over published clinical evidence\n\nPart Nine: Insight into how pharma manipulates research evidence: a case study\n\nPart Ten: Why data from published trials should be made public\n\nPart Eleven: Open disclosure: why doctors should be honest about errors\n\nPart Twelve: Reaching full and open disclosure for universities, medical schools and doctors\n\nPart Thirteen: Ethics of accepting suppliers’ gifts in the business v medical world\n\nPart Fourteen: Conflicts of interest in guideline development: the NHMRC responds\n\nPart Fifteen: Consumer input in Medicines Australia’s code of conduct review" ]

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[ "L.A. Coliseum scandal\n\nColiseum\n\nFor more than a year, The Times has been reporting on financial irregularities at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, stories that have triggered several criminal and civil inquiries. ", "Three former Coliseum managers, two nationally prominent rave promoters and a stadium contractor have been indicted in the scandal. ", "Commission members | Documents | Arrest photos\n\nA California appellate court has reinstated key parts of a government lawsuit that seeks millions of dollars in damages from two rave concert promoters and their companies in connection with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum corruption scandal.", "\n\nMore than five months after a man fatally overdosed at a San Bernardino County rave, the sponsor of that event, Los Angeles-based rave company Insomniac Inc., said this week it will not hold its annual March rave at the county-owned San Manuel Amphitheater." ]

[ 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.003424657534246575, 0.007722007722007722 ]

[ "Q:\n\nF# permutations\n\nI need to generate permutations on a given list. ", "I managed to do it like this\nlet rec Permute (final, arr) = \n if List.length arr > 0 then\n for x in arr do\n let n_final = final @ [x]\n let rest = arr |> List.filter (fun a -> not (x = a))\n Permute (n_final, rest)\n else\n printfn \"%A\" final\n\nlet DoPermute lst = \n Permute ([], lst)\n\nDoPermute lst\n\nThere are obvious issues with this code. ", "For example, list elements must be unique. ", "Also, this is more-less a same approach that I would use when generating straight forward implementation in any other language. ", "Is there any better way to implement this in F#.", "\nThanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nHere's the solution I gave in my book F# for Scientists (page 166-167):\nlet rec distribute e = function\n | [] -> [[e]]\n | x::xs' as xs -> (e::xs)::[for xs in distribute e xs' -> x::xs]\n\nlet rec permute = function\n | [] -> [[]]\n | e::xs -> List.collect (distribute e) (permute xs)\n\nA:\n\nFor permutations of small lists, I use the following code:\nlet distrib e L =\n let rec aux pre post = \n seq {\n match post with\n | [] -> yield (L @ [e])\n | h::t -> yield (List.rev pre @ [e] @ post)\n yield! ", "aux (h::pre) t \n }\n aux [] L\n\nlet rec perms = function \n | [] -> Seq.singleton []\n | h::t -> Seq.collect (distrib h) (perms t)\n\nIt works as follows: the function \"distrib\" distributes a given element over all positions in a list, example:\ndistrib 10 [1;2;3] --> [[10;1;2;3];[1;10;2;3];[1;2;10;3];[1;2;3;10]]\n\nThe function perms works (recursively) as follows: distribute the head of the list over all permutations of its tail.", "\nThe distrib function will get slow for large lists, because it uses the @ operator a lot, but for lists of reasonable length (<=10), the code above works fine.", "\nOne warning: if your list contains duplicates, the result will contain identical permutations. ", "For example:\nperms [1;1;3] = [[1;1;3]; [1;1;3]; [1;3;1]; [1;3;1]; [3;1;1]; [3;1;1]]\n\nThe nice thing about this code is that it returns a sequence of permutations, instead of generating them all at once.", "\nOf course, generating permutations with an imperative array-based algorithm will be (much) faster, but this algorithm has served me well in most cases.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt depends on what you mean by \"better\". ", " I'd consider this to be slightly more elegant, but that may be a matter of taste:\n(* get the list of possible heads + remaining elements *)\nlet rec splitList = function\n| [x] -> [x,[]]\n| x::xs -> (x, xs) :: List.map (fun (y,l) -> y,x::l) (splitList xs)\n\nlet rec permutations = function\n| [] -> [[]]\n| l -> \n splitList l \n |> List.collect (fun (x,rest) ->\n (* permute remaining elements, then prepend head *)\n permutations rest |> List.map (fun l -> x::l))\n\nThis can handle lists with duplicate elements, though it will result in duplicated permutations.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Vitamin D Cuts Pancreatic Cancer Risk\n\nTaking vitamin D cut the risk of pancreatic cancer nearly in half, according to a new study that is being called the first to show such a benefit.", "\n\nVitamin D protects against colorectal and breast cancer, earlier studies have found. ", "And lab and animal studies show it stifles abnormal cell growth and curbs formation of blood vessels that feed tumors.", "\n\n“I’ve been converted from a skeptic about a role of vitamin D in preventing cancer to a believer that there’s something there,” said Dr. Len Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society.", "\n\nTaking 450 international units (IUs) of vitamin D — about the standard dose in most multivitamins — reduced the risk of pancreatic cancer by 43 percent, according to researchers at Northwestern and Harvard universities who led the latest study.", "\n\nThere was no significant added benefit from taking more than that amount. ", "But there was decreased benefit from taking less: Taking 150 to 300 IUs a day reduced the risk of pancreatic cancer by just 22 percent, the researchers found.", "\n\n“The take-home message is that it’s important to maintain adequate vitamin D intake,” said Hal Skinner, who led the research.", "\n\nThe study appears in the September issue of a medical journal, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.", "\n\nThe research drew data from two earlier studies, one of more than 46,000 men and one of more than 75,000 women, that followed study participants for decades. ", "In the 1980s, people in both studies were asked detailed questions about their diet. ", "From those responses, the researchers calculated the daily intake of vitamin D, calcium, and a form of vitamin A called retinol.", "\n\nThe researchers then looked at who later developed pancreatic cancer, and also looked at smoking history and other factors.", "\n\nThrough a statistical analysis, they concluded 12.5 cases of pancreatic cancer occurred each year per 100,000 people taking 600 or more IUs of vitamin D. The rate was 21 cases for patients taking below 150 IUs each day.", "\n\nThe body makes vitamin D from sunlight, but the researchers were not able to assess sunlight exposure in the participants, said Skinner, who was at Northwestern at the time of the study but now is assistant professor of population health sciences at the University of Wisconsin.", "\n\nVitamin D is also found in salmon, tuna and other oily fish, and is routinely added to milk. ", "Government advisers have suggested 400 IUs of vitamin D for people ages 50 to 70, and 600 IUs for people over 70, but lower levels for younger people.", "\n\nMultivitamins often package retinol with vitamin D to promote bone health, but it appears retinol has a diluting effect on the benefits of vitamin D against pancreatic cancer, Skinner said.", "\nMore research needs to be done into whether nutritional supplements that contain vitamin D alone are better cancer fighters than those that include retinol, he suggested.", "\n\nPancreatic cancer is relatively rare, accounting for just 2 percent of new cancer cases in the United States. ", "But it’s also highly lethal — the fourth-deadliest cancer in the United States. ", "About 33,700 Americans will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer this year, and 32,300 will die.", "\n\nThere is no early-detection test. ", "Early symptoms are vague complaints like indigestion. ", "More telling symptoms, like yellowing skin, usually don’t appear until the cancer has spread and patients may have only months to live." ]

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[ "Hormone naïve metastatic prostate cancer: How to treat it?", "\nRecent landmark studies (GETUG-AFU 15, CHAARTED, STAMPEDE (docetaxel), LATITUDE and STAMPEDE (abiraterone)) have changed the treatment of hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer (mHSPC) from androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) only to combined therapy with either docetaxelor abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (AAP) together with ADT. ", "In this Review we highlight current evidence and recommendations on how to treat men with newly diagnosed mHSPC beyond ADT. ", "METHODS: Narrative overview of available evidence retrieved from pubmed searches, hand searches and authoritative texts. ", "Docetaxel or AAP in combination with ADT improves overall survival (OS) in men fit for combined treatment presenting with newly diagnosed mHSPC. ", "The strongest evidence is for men with high volume mHSPC (four or more bone metastases with at least one outside the axial skeleton and/or visceral metastases) or mHSPC with high risk features (A minimum of two out of three following high-risk features: Gleason score ≥ 8, ≥ 3 bone lesions or visceral metastasis) as per CHAARTED and LATITUDE criteria, respectively. ", "While upfront docetaxel and AAP yield comparable OS improvement, docetaxel has not been shown to increase OS specifically for men with low volume/low risk mHSPC, whereas, a recent post-hoc analysis from the STAMPEDE (abiraterone) trial showed consistent overall survival benefit of AAP plus ADT independent of risk stratification. ", "While these data are limited by their retrospective nature, they do suggest that patients with low-risk mHSPC should be offered AAP. ", "In men with high volume/high risk mHSPC, choosing between six-cycles of docetaxel or AAP until disease progression relies on patient preference, cost and individual assessment of which drug side-effect profile is most suitable. ", "Offer men presenting with newly diagnosed mHSPC fit enough for combined therapy either ADT plus docetaxel or AAP." ]

[ 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0.013793103448275862, 0.005449591280653951, 0.012084592145015106, 0, 0, 0.017699115044247787 ]

[ "/**************************************************************************\n *\n * Copyright 2013-2014 RAD Game Tools and Valve Software\n * Copyright 2010-2014 Rich Geldreich and Tenacious Software LLC\n * All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal\n * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights\n * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell\n * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\n * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN\n * THE SOFTWARE.", "\n *\n **************************************************************************/\n\n// File: vogl_vec.h\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"vogl_core.h\"\n#include \"vogl_rand.h\"\n\nnamespace vogl\n{\n template <uint32_t N, typename T>\n class vec : public helpers::rel_ops<vec<N, T> >\n {\n public:\n typedef T scalar_type;\n enum\n {\n num_elements = N\n };\n\n inline vec()\n {\n }\n\n inline vec(eClear)\n {\n clear();\n }\n\n inline vec(const vec &other)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = other.m_s[i];\n }\n\n template <uint32_t O, typename U>\n inline vec(const vec<O, U> &other)\n {\n set(other);\n }\n\n template <uint32_t O, typename U>\n inline vec(const vec<O, U> &other, T w)\n {\n *this = other;\n m_s[N - 1] = w;\n }\n\n explicit inline vec(T val)\n {\n set(val);\n }\n\n inline vec(T val0, T val1)\n {\n set(val0, val1);\n }\n\n inline vec(T val0, T val1, T val2)\n {\n set(val0, val1, val2);\n }\n\n inline vec(T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3)\n {\n set(val0, val1, val2, val3);\n }\n\n inline vec(\n T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3,\n T val4, T val5, T val6, T val7,\n T val8, T val9, T val10, T val11,\n T val12, T val13, T val14, T val15)\n {\n set(val0, val1, val2, val3,\n val4, val5, val6, val7,\n val8, val9, val10, val11,\n val12, val13, val14, val15);\n }\n\n inline vec(\n T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3,\n T val4, T val5, T val6, T val7,\n T val8, T val9, T val10, T val11,\n T val12, T val13, T val14, T val15,\n T val16, T val17, T val18, T val19)\n {\n set(val0, val1, val2, val3,\n val4, val5, val6, val7,\n val8, val9, val10, val11,\n val12, val13, val14, val15,\n val16, val17, val18, val19);\n }\n\n inline vec(\n T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3,\n T val4, T val5, T val6, T val7,\n T val8, T val9, T val10, T val11,\n T val12, T val13, T val14, T val15,\n T val16, T val17, T val18, T val19,\n T val20, T val21, T val22, T val23,\n T val24)\n {\n set(val0, val1, val2, val3,\n val4, val5, val6, val7,\n val8, val9, val10, val11,\n val12, val13, val14, val15,\n val16, val17, val18, val19,\n val20, val21, val22, val23,\n val24);\n }\n\n inline void clear()\n {\n if (N > 4)\n memset(m_s, 0, sizeof(m_s));\n else\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n }\n }\n\n template <uint32_t ON, typename OT>\n inline vec &set(const vec<ON, OT> &other)\n {\n if ((void *)this == (void *)&other)\n return *this;\n const uint32_t m = math::minimum(N, ON);\n uint32_t i;\n for (i = 0; i < m; i++)\n m_s[i] = static_cast<T>(other[i]);\n for (; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set_component(uint32_t index, T val)\n {\n VOGL_ASSERT(index < N);\n m_s[index] = val;\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(T val)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = val;\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(T val0, T val1)\n {\n m_s[0] = val0;\n if (N >= 2)\n {\n m_s[1] = val1;\n\n for (uint32_t i = 2; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n }\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(T val0, T val1, T val2)\n {\n m_s[0] = val0;\n if (N >= 2)\n {\n m_s[1] = val1;\n\n if (N >= 3)\n {\n m_s[2] = val2;\n\n for (uint32_t i = 3; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n }\n }\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3)\n {\n m_s[0] = val0;\n if (N >= 2)\n {\n m_s[1] = val1;\n\n if (N >= 3)\n {\n m_s[2] = val2;\n\n if (N >= 4)\n {\n m_s[3] = val3;\n\n for (uint32_t i = 4; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n }\n }\n }\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(\n T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3,\n T val4, T val5, T val6, T val7,\n T val8, T val9, T val10, T val11,\n T val12, T val13, T val14, T val15)\n {\n m_s[0] = val0;\n if (N >= 2)\n m_s[1] = val1;\n if (N >= 3)\n m_s[2] = val2;\n if (N >= 4)\n m_s[3] = val3;\n\n if (N >= 5)\n m_s[4] = val4;\n if (N >= 6)\n m_s[5] = val5;\n if (N >= 7)\n m_s[6] = val6;\n if (N >= 8)\n m_s[7] = val7;\n\n if (N >= 9)\n m_s[8] = val8;\n if (N >= 10)\n m_s[9] = val9;\n if (N >= 11)\n m_s[10] = val10;\n if (N >= 12)\n m_s[11] = val11;\n\n if (N >= 13)\n m_s[12] = val12;\n if (N >= 14)\n m_s[13] = val13;\n if (N >= 15)\n m_s[14] = val14;\n if (N >= 16)\n m_s[15] = val15;\n\n for (uint32_t i = 16; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(\n T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3,\n T val4, T val5, T val6, T val7,\n T val8, T val9, T val10, T val11,\n T val12, T val13, T val14, T val15,\n T val16, T val17, T val18, T val19)\n {\n m_s[0] = val0;\n if (N >= 2)\n m_s[1] = val1;\n if (N >= 3)\n m_s[2] = val2;\n if (N >= 4)\n m_s[3] = val3;\n\n if (N >= 5)\n m_s[4] = val4;\n if (N >= 6)\n m_s[5] = val5;\n if (N >= 7)\n m_s[6] = val6;\n if (N >= 8)\n m_s[7] = val7;\n\n if (N >= 9)\n m_s[8] = val8;\n if (N >= 10)\n m_s[9] = val9;\n if (N >= 11)\n m_s[10] = val10;\n if (N >= 12)\n m_s[11] = val11;\n\n if (N >= 13)\n m_s[12] = val12;\n if (N >= 14)\n m_s[13] = val13;\n if (N >= 15)\n m_s[14] = val14;\n if (N >= 16)\n m_s[15] = val15;\n\n if (N >= 17)\n m_s[16] = val16;\n if (N >= 18)\n m_s[17] = val17;\n if (N >= 19)\n m_s[18] = val18;\n if (N >= 20)\n m_s[19] = val19;\n\n for (uint32_t i = 20; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(\n T val0, T val1, T val2, T val3,\n T val4, T val5, T val6, T val7,\n T val8, T val9, T val10, T val11,\n T val12, T val13, T val14, T val15,\n T val16, T val17, T val18, T val19,\n T val20, T val21, T val22, T val23,\n T val24)\n {\n m_s[0] = val0;\n if (N >= 2)\n m_s[1] = val1;\n if (N >= 3)\n m_s[2] = val2;\n if (N >= 4)\n m_s[3] = val3;\n\n if (N >= 5)\n m_s[4] = val4;\n if (N >= 6)\n m_s[5] = val5;\n if (N >= 7)\n m_s[6] = val6;\n if (N >= 8)\n m_s[7] = val7;\n\n if (N >= 9)\n m_s[8] = val8;\n if (N >= 10)\n m_s[9] = val9;\n if (N >= 11)\n m_s[10] = val10;\n if (N >= 12)\n m_s[11] = val11;\n\n if (N >= 13)\n m_s[12] = val12;\n if (N >= 14)\n m_s[13] = val13;\n if (N >= 15)\n m_s[14] = val14;\n if (N >= 16)\n m_s[15] = val15;\n\n if (N >= 17)\n m_s[16] = val16;\n if (N >= 18)\n m_s[17] = val17;\n if (N >= 19)\n m_s[18] = val18;\n if (N >= 20)\n m_s[19] = val19;\n\n if (N >= 21)\n m_s[20] = val20;\n if (N >= 22)\n m_s[21] = val21;\n if (N >= 23)\n m_s[22] = val22;\n if (N >= 24)\n m_s[23] = val23;\n\n if (N >= 25)\n m_s[24] = val24;\n\n for (uint32_t i = 25; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &set(const T *pValues)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = pValues[i];\n return *this;\n }\n\n template <uint32_t ON, typename OT>\n inline vec &swizzle_set(const vec<ON, OT> &other, uint32_t i)\n {\n return set(static_cast<T>(other[i]));\n }\n\n template <uint32_t ON, typename OT>\n inline vec &swizzle_set(const vec<ON, OT> &other, uint32_t i, uint32_t j)\n {\n return set(static_cast<T>(other[i]), static_cast<T>(other[j]));\n }\n\n template <uint32_t ON, typename OT>\n inline vec &swizzle_set(const vec<ON, OT> &other, uint32_t i, uint32_t j, uint32_t k)\n {\n return set(static_cast<T>(other[i]), static_cast<T>(other[j]), static_cast<T>(other[k]));\n }\n\n template <uint32_t ON, typename OT>\n inline vec &swizzle_set(const vec<ON, OT> &other, uint32_t i, uint32_t j, uint32_t k, uint32_t l)\n {\n return set(static_cast<T>(other[i]), static_cast<T>(other[j]), static_cast<T>(other[k]), static_cast<T>(other[l]));\n }\n\n inline vec &operator=(const vec &rhs)\n {\n if (this !", "= &rhs)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = rhs.m_s[i];\n }\n return *this;\n }\n\n template <uint32_t O, typename U>\n inline vec &operator=(const vec<O, U> &other)\n {\n if ((void *)this == (void *)&other)\n return *this;\n\n uint32_t s = math::minimum(N, O);\n\n uint32_t i;\n for (i = 0; i < s; i++)\n m_s[i] = static_cast<T>(other[i]);\n\n for (; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = 0;\n\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline bool operator==(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if (!(", "m_s[i] == rhs.m_s[i]))\n return false;\n return true;\n }\n\n inline bool operator<(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n {\n if (m_s[i] < rhs.m_s[i])\n return true;\n else if (!(", "m_s[i] == rhs.m_s[i]))\n return false;\n }\n\n return false;\n }\n\n inline T operator[](uint32_t i) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSERT(i < N);\n return m_s[i];\n }\n\n inline T &operator[](uint32_t i)\n {\n VOGL_ASSERT(i < N);\n return m_s[i];\n }\n\n template <uint32_t index>\n inline uint64_t get_component_as_uint() const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(index < N);\n if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(float))\n return *reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t *>(&m_s[index]);\n else\n return *reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t *>(&m_s[index]);\n }\n\n inline T get_x(void) const\n {\n return m_s[0];\n }\n inline T get_y(void) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 2);\n return m_s[1];\n }\n inline T get_z(void) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 3);\n return m_s[2];\n }\n inline T get_w(void) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 4);\n return m_s[3];\n }\n\n inline vec get_x_vector() const\n {\n return broadcast<0>();\n }\n inline vec get_y_vector() const\n {\n return broadcast<1>();\n }\n inline vec get_z_vector() const\n {\n return broadcast<2>();\n }\n inline vec get_w_vector() const\n {\n return broadcast<3>();\n }\n\n inline T get_component(uint32_t i) const\n {\n return (*this)[i];\n }\n\n inline vec &set_x(T v)\n {\n m_s[0] = v;\n return *this;\n }\n inline vec &set_y(T v)\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 2);\n m_s[1] = v;\n return *this;\n }\n inline vec &set_z(T v)\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 3);\n m_s[2] = v;\n return *this;\n }\n inline vec &set_w(T v)\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 4);\n m_s[3] = v;\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline const T *get_ptr() const\n {\n return reinterpret_cast<const T *>(&m_s[0]);\n }\n inline T *get_ptr()\n {\n return reinterpret_cast<T *>(&m_s[0]);\n }\n\n inline vec as_point() const\n {\n vec result(*this);\n result[N - 1] = 1;\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec as_dir() const\n {\n vec result(*this);\n result[N - 1] = 0;\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec<2, T> select2(uint32_t i, uint32_t j) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSERT((i < N) && (j < N));\n return vec<2, T>(m_s[i], m_s[j]);\n }\n\n inline vec<3, T> select3(uint32_t i, uint32_t j, uint32_t k) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSERT((i < N) && (j < N) && (k < N));\n return vec<3, T>(m_s[i], m_s[j], m_s[k]);\n }\n\n inline vec<4, T> select4(uint32_t i, uint32_t j, uint32_t k, uint32_t l) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSERT((i < N) && (j < N) && (k < N) && (l < N));\n return vec<4, T>(m_s[i], m_s[j], m_s[k], m_s[l]);\n }\n\n inline bool is_dir() const\n {\n return m_s[N - 1] == 0;\n }\n inline bool is_vector() const\n {\n return is_dir();\n }\n inline bool is_point() const\n {\n return m_s[N - 1] == 1;\n }\n\n inline vec project() const\n {\n vec result(*this);\n if (result[N - 1])\n result /= result[N - 1];\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec broadcast(unsigned i) const\n {\n return vec((*this)[i]);\n }\n\n template <uint32_t i>\n inline vec broadcast() const\n {\n return vec((*this)[i]);\n }\n\n inline vec swizzle(uint32_t i, uint32_t j) const\n {\n return vec((*this)[i], (*this)[j]);\n }\n\n inline vec swizzle(uint32_t i, uint32_t j, uint32_t k) const\n {\n return vec((*this)[i], (*this)[j], (*this)[k]);\n }\n\n inline vec swizzle(uint32_t i, uint32_t j, uint32_t k, uint32_t l) const\n {\n return vec((*this)[i], (*this)[j], (*this)[k], (*this)[l]);\n }\n\n inline vec operator-() const\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result.m_s[i] = -m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec operator+() const\n {\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &operator+=(const vec &other)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] += other.m_s[i];\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &operator-=(const vec &other)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] -= other.m_s[i];\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &operator*=(const vec &other)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] *= other.m_s[i];\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &operator/=(const vec &other)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] /= other.m_s[i];\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &operator*=(T s)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] *= s;\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &operator/=(T s)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] /= s;\n return *this;\n }\n\n // component-wise multiply (not a dot product like in previous versions)\n friend inline vec operator*(const vec &lhs, const vec &rhs)\n {\n return vec::mul_components(lhs, rhs);\n }\n\n friend inline vec operator*(const vec &lhs, T val)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result.m_s[i] = lhs.m_s[i] * val;\n return result;\n }\n\n friend inline vec operator*(T val, const vec &rhs)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result.m_s[i] = val * rhs.m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n friend inline vec operator/(const vec &lhs, const vec &rhs)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result.m_s[i] = lhs.m_s[i] / rhs.m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n friend inline vec operator/(const vec &lhs, T val)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result.m_s[i] = lhs.m_s[i] / val;\n return result;\n }\n\n friend inline vec operator+(const vec &lhs, const vec &rhs)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result.m_s[i] = lhs.m_s[i] + rhs.m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n friend inline vec operator-(const vec &lhs, const vec &rhs)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result.m_s[i] = lhs.m_s[i] - rhs.m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n static inline vec<3, T> cross2(const vec &a, const vec &b)\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 2);\n return vec<3, T>(0, 0, a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]);\n }\n\n inline vec<3, T> cross2(const vec &b) const\n {\n return cross2(*this, b);\n }\n\n static inline vec<3, T> cross3(const vec &a, const vec &b)\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 3);\n return vec<3, T>(a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2], a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]);\n }\n\n inline vec<3, T> cross3(const vec &b) const\n {\n return cross3(*this, b);\n }\n\n static inline vec<3, T> cross(const vec &a, const vec &b)\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 2);\n\n if (N == 2)\n return cross2(a, b);\n else\n return cross3(a, b);\n }\n\n inline vec<3, T> cross(const vec &b) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 2);\n return cross(*this, b);\n }\n\n inline T dot(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n return dot(*this, rhs);\n }\n\n inline vec dot_vector(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n return vec(dot(*this, rhs));\n }\n\n static inline T dot(const vec &lhs, const vec &rhs)\n {\n T result = lhs.m_s[0] * rhs.m_s[0];\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n result += lhs.m_s[i] * rhs.m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n inline T dot2(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 2);\n return m_s[0] * rhs.m_s[0] + m_s[1] * rhs.m_s[1];\n }\n\n inline T dot3(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 3);\n return m_s[0] * rhs.m_s[0] + m_s[1] * rhs.m_s[1] + m_s[2] * rhs.m_s[2];\n }\n\n inline T dot4(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 4);\n return m_s[0] * rhs.m_s[0] + m_s[1] * rhs.m_s[1] + m_s[2] * rhs.m_s[2] + m_s[3] * rhs.m_s[3];\n }\n\n inline T norm(void) const\n {\n T sum = m_s[0] * m_s[0];\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n sum += m_s[i] * m_s[i];\n return sum;\n }\n\n inline T length(void) const\n {\n return sqrt(norm());\n }\n\n inline T squared_distance(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n T dist2 = 0;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n {\n T d = m_s[i] - rhs.m_s[i];\n dist2 += d * d;\n }\n return dist2;\n }\n\n inline T squared_distance(const vec &rhs, T early_out) const\n {\n T dist2 = 0;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n {\n T d = m_s[i] - rhs.m_s[i];\n dist2 += d * d;\n if (dist2 > early_out)\n break;\n }\n return dist2;\n }\n\n inline T distance(const vec &rhs) const\n {\n T dist2 = 0;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n {\n T d = m_s[i] - rhs.m_s[i];\n dist2 += d * d;\n }\n return sqrt(dist2);\n }\n\n inline vec inverse() const\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = m_s[i] ? (", "1.0f / m_s[i]) : 0;\n return result;\n }\n\n // returns squared length (norm)\n inline double normalize(const vec *pDefaultVec = NULL)\n {\n double n = m_s[0] * m_s[0];\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n n += m_s[i] * m_s[i];\n\n if (n !", "= 0)\n *this *= static_cast<T>(1.0f / sqrt(n));\n else if (pDefaultVec)\n *this = *pDefaultVec;\n return n;\n }\n\n inline double normalize3(const vec *pDefaultVec = NULL)\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N >= 3);\n\n double n = m_s[0] * m_s[0] + m_s[1] * m_s[1] + m_s[2] * m_s[2];\n\n if (n !", "= 0)\n *this *= static_cast<T>((1.0f / sqrt(n)));\n else if (pDefaultVec)\n *this = *pDefaultVec;\n return n;\n }\n\n inline vec &normalize_in_place(const vec *pDefaultVec = NULL)\n {\n normalize(pDefaultVec);\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &normalize3_in_place(const vec *pDefaultVec = NULL)\n {\n normalize3(pDefaultVec);\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec get_normalized(const vec *pDefaultVec = NULL) const\n {\n vec result(*this);\n result.normalize(pDefaultVec);\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec get_normalized3(const vec *pDefaultVec = NULL) const\n {\n vec result(*this);\n result.normalize3(pDefaultVec);\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec &clamp(T l, T h)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = static_cast<T>(math::clamp(m_s[i], l, h));\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec &clamp(const vec &l, const vec &h)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n m_s[i] = static_cast<T>(math::clamp(m_s[i], l[i], h[i]));\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline bool is_within_bounds(const vec &l, const vec &h) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if ((m_s[i] < l[i]) || (m_s[i] > h[i]))\n return false;\n\n return true;\n }\n\n inline bool is_within_bounds(T l, T h) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if ((m_s[i] < l) || (m_s[i] > h))\n return false;\n\n return true;\n }\n\n inline uint32_t get_major_axis(void) const\n {\n T m = fabs(m_s[0]);\n uint32_t r = 0;\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n {\n const T c = fabs(m_s[i]);\n if (c > m)\n {\n m = c;\n r = i;\n }\n }\n return r;\n }\n\n inline uint32_t get_minor_axis(void) const\n {\n T m = fabs(m_s[0]);\n uint32_t r = 0;\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n {\n const T c = fabs(m_s[i]);\n if (c < m)\n {\n m = c;\n r = i;\n }\n }\n return r;\n }\n\n inline void get_projection_axes(uint32_t &u, uint32_t &v) const\n {\n const int axis = get_major_axis();\n if (m_s[axis] < 0.0f)\n {\n v = math::next_wrap<uint32_t>(axis, N);\n u = math::next_wrap<uint32_t>(v, N);\n }\n else\n {\n u = math::next_wrap<uint32_t>(axis, N);\n v = math::next_wrap<uint32_t>(u, N);\n }\n }\n\n inline T get_absolute_minimum(void) const\n {\n T result = fabs(m_s[0]);\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n result = math::minimum(result, fabs(m_s[i]));\n return result;\n }\n\n inline T get_absolute_maximum(void) const\n {\n T result = fabs(m_s[0]);\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n result = math::maximum(result, fabs(m_s[i]));\n return result;\n }\n\n inline T get_minimum(void) const\n {\n T result = m_s[0];\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n result = math::minimum(result, m_s[i]);\n return result;\n }\n\n inline T get_maximum(void) const\n {\n T result = m_s[0];\n for (uint32_t i = 1; i < N; i++)\n result = math::maximum(result, m_s[i]);\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec &remove_unit_direction(const vec &dir)\n {\n *this -= (dot(dir) * dir);\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline vec get_remove_unit_direction(const vec &dir) const\n {\n return *this - (dot(dir) * dir);\n }\n\n inline bool all_less(const vec &b) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if (m_s[i] >= b.m_s[i])\n return false;\n return true;\n }\n\n inline bool all_less_equal(const vec &b) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if (m_s[i] > b.m_s[i])\n return false;\n return true;\n }\n\n inline bool all_greater(const vec &b) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if (m_s[i] <= b.m_s[i])\n return false;\n return true;\n }\n\n inline bool all_greater_equal(const vec &b) const\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if (m_s[i] < b.m_s[i])\n return false;\n return true;\n }\n\n inline vec negate_xyz() const\n {\n vec ret;\n\n ret[0] = -m_s[0];\n if (N >= 2)\n ret[1] = -m_s[1];\n if (N >= 3)\n ret[2] = -m_s[2];\n\n for (uint32_t i = 3; i < N; i++)\n ret[i] = m_s[i];\n\n return ret;\n }\n\n inline vec &invert()\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if (m_s[i] !", "= 0.0f)\n m_s[i] = 1.0f / m_s[i];\n return *this;\n }\n\n inline scalar_type perp_dot(const vec &b) const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N == 2);\n return m_s[0] * b.m_s[1] - m_s[1] * b.m_s[0];\n }\n\n inline vec perp() const\n {\n VOGL_ASSUME(N == 2);\n return vec(-m_s[1], m_s[0]);\n }\n\n inline vec get_floor() const\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = floor(m_s[i]);\n return result;\n }\n\n inline vec get_ceil() const\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = ceil(m_s[i]);\n return result;\n }\n\n // static helper methods\n\n static inline vec mul_components(const vec &lhs, const vec &rhs)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = lhs.m_s[i] * rhs.m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n static inline vec mul_add_components(const vec &a, const vec &b, const vec &c)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = a.m_s[i] * b.m_s[i] + c.m_s[i];\n return result;\n }\n\n static inline vec make_axis(uint32_t i)\n {\n vec result;\n result.clear();\n result[i] = 1;\n return result;\n }\n\n static inline vec component_max(const vec &a, const vec &b)\n {\n vec ret;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n ret.m_s[i] = math::maximum(a.m_s[i], b.m_s[i]);\n return ret;\n }\n\n static inline vec component_min(const vec &a, const vec &b)\n {\n vec ret;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n ret.m_s[i] = math::minimum(a.m_s[i], b.m_s[i]);\n return ret;\n }\n\n static inline vec lerp(const vec &a, const vec &b, float t)\n {\n vec ret;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n ret.m_s[i] = a.m_s[i] + (b.m_s[i] - a.m_s[i]) * t;\n return ret;\n }\n\n static inline bool equal_tol(const vec &a, const vec &b, float t)\n {\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n if (!", "math::equal_tol(a.m_s[i], b.m_s[i], t))\n return false;\n return true;\n }\n\n inline bool equal_tol(const vec &b, float t) const\n {\n return equal_tol(*this, b, t);\n }\n\n static inline vec make_random(random &r, float l, float h)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = r.frand(l, h);\n return result;\n }\n\n static inline vec make_random(fast_random &r, float l, float h)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = r.frand(l, h);\n return result;\n }\n\n static inline vec make_random(random &r, const vec &l, const vec &h)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = r.frand(l[i], h[i]);\n return result;\n }\n\n static inline vec make_random(fast_random &r, const vec &l, const vec &h)\n {\n vec result;\n for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++)\n result[i] = r.frand(l[i], h[i]);\n return result;\n }\n\n protected:\n T m_s[N];\n };\n\n typedef vec<1, double> vec1D;\n typedef vec<2, double> vec2D;\n typedef vec<3, double> vec3D;\n typedef vec<4, double> vec4D;\n\n typedef vec<1, float> vec1F;\n\n typedef vec<2, float> vec2F;\n typedef vogl::vector<vec2F> vec2F_array;\n\n typedef vec<3, float> vec3F;\n typedef vogl::vector<vec3F> vec3F_array;\n\n typedef vec<4, float> vec4F;\n typedef vogl::vector<vec4F> vec4F_array;\n\n typedef vec<2, uint32_t> vec2U;\n typedef vec<2, int> vec2I;\n typedef vec<3, int> vec3I;\n typedef vec<4, int> vec4I;\n\n typedef vec<2, int16_t> vec2I16;\n typedef vec<3, int16_t> vec3I16;\n\n template <uint32_t N, typename T>\n struct scalar_type<vec<N, T> >\n {\n enum\n {\n cFlag = true\n };\n static inline void construct(vec<N, T> *p)\n {\n VOGL_NOTE_UNUSED(p);\n }\n static inline void construct(vec<N, T> *p, const vec<N, T> &init)\n {\n memcpy(p, &init, sizeof(vec<N, T>));\n }\n static inline void construct_array(vec<N, T> *p, uint32_t n)\n {\n VOGL_NOTE_UNUSED(p), VOGL_NOTE_UNUSED(n);\n }\n static inline void destruct(vec<N, T> *p)\n {\n VOGL_NOTE_UNUSED(p);\n }\n static inline void destruct_array(vec<N, T> *p, uint32_t n)\n {\n VOGL_NOTE_UNUSED(p), VOGL_NOTE_UNUSED(n);\n }\n };\n\n} // namespace vogl\n" ]

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[ "Cracked Writer Questioned By Secret Service Agents Over Humorous Article About Kidnapping President's Daughters\n\nfrom the someone's-still-reading-the-entire-internet-every-day dept\n\nDefenders of national surveillance have often asserted that the government (specifically, its intelligence and investigative agencies) isn't interested in your \"emails/phone calls to Grandma\" or your \"cat videos.\" ", "It's a stupid dodge which attempts to portray internet surveillance as only focused on legitimate threats to national security.", "\n\n\n\nBut the surveillance is omnipresent, and even those who would have honestly felt the government was unconcerned with their internet activities sometimes find themselves being questioned by Secret Service members over humorous articles that dared to invoke the word \"President.\"", "\n\n\n\nCracked writer Daniel O'Brien, due to certain preoccupations with very specific subject matter, found himself chatting with two government agents due to a previously published humorous article (since removed, but archived here) that dealt with kidnapping the president's daughter. ", "This, combined with research for his book, apparently got him flagged in a national security database.", "\n\nI wrote a book about president fighting called How to Fight Presidents, which just came out today. ", "It's a comedic nonfiction book that teaches you, appropriately enough, how to beat the crap out of every single lunatic who ran this country.", "\n\n\n\nOr not every president. ", "People who buy the book (which you can do right here or here) might notice that I've curiously left out every president that's still alive currently. ", "Well, when you do the kind of research associated with this subject matter (Google \"Bill+Clinton+weaknesses\"), certain flags are raised, flags that the government takes notice of…\n\n\n\nI won't get into the specifics of the article, but it was sort of a \"how to\" guide and has since been taken down (I've no doubt someone in the comments will clarify which article I'm talking about). ", "In addition to having to take the article down, I also get stopped and pulled aside at airports five out of six times that I fly.", "\n\n\"I just mean I'm not some, I don't know, government dud. ", "Believe it or not, I've got a sense of humor; most of us do around here. ", "I know it's a comedy website, I know you're doing jokes. ", "It just so happens that it's my job to pay attention when certain ... concepts are brought up online. ", "That article, combined with your fascination with fighting presidents ... well, that's the kind of thing I need to know about.\"", "\n\n\"In entry #2,\" Agent Hardass began, \"you point out a number of common mistakes people make when breaking into the White House, including, quote, leaving either too much or not enough semen around, end quote. ", "Why did you say that?\"", "\n\nIf you've ever wondered what it's like to watch comedy as a concept die, I can assure you it's me sitting in a freezing room explaining to two angry government agents why \"murder-boner\" is an inherently more richly comedic pairing of words than \"death-erection.\"", "\n\nThank you for reading this Techdirt post. ", "With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. ", "We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community. ", "Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. ", "We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis. ", "While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. ", "But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. ", "We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. ", "Thank you.", "\n\n–The Techdirt Team\n\nThe end result was the Secret Service contacting Cracked's HR department in hopes of reaching O'Brien to \"discuss\" his \"lightly treasonous\" article. ", "O'Brien's first contact with the Secret Service was via a phone conversation with an agent who explained (rather sympathetically) that while the agency had the capability to recognize satire, it had the duty to run out every ground ball, so to speak.", "However, his next stop was a trip to downtown Los Angeles to meet with two Secret Service agents who weren't quite as blessed in the humor department. ", "The two agents were clearly taking the situation as seriously as anyone can take subject matter that describes President Jimmy Carter's daughter escaping a kidnapping vessel by \"slicing through the ocean like a goddamned dolphin.", "\"When O'Brien attempted to defend his humorous article by stating it was full of \"impractical\" and \"useless\" advice, the agents took it as an admission that he knew plenty ofandways to pull off the kidnapping of a First Child. ", "The innate ability of the agents to use his own answers against him, as well as their apparent innate lack of a sense of humor, led to O'Brien being asked unanswerable questions like this one:Nothing makes a joke funnier than a long explanation of what's funny about it, and apparently O'Brien was forced to live through this particular form of post-joke hell for a majority of the two hours he was questioned.", "After exhausting the comedy-or-threat possibilities of O'Brien's article, the agents went on to more easily-answered (but equally difficult to prove) questions like, \"Are you a terrorist?\" ", "and \"Are you affiliated with any terrorist groups?\" ", "And... \"Do you have the skeleton of Pocahontas stashed in your closet?\"So, all's well that ends well, I suppose, but O'Brien will likely be rewarded for his anti-presidential writings with extra attention at airports and a heightened sense of (mostly justifiable) paranoia. ", "The government may not care about cat videos and grandma, but it still takes every joke about certain subject matter The NSA (and others) may claim they grab more data than content, but all this limitation really does is ensure your content and data will be completely divorced from their context. ", "O'Brien wrote obviously satirical articles about presidents and had to go explain humor to Secret Service agents. ", "Anyone else who says something that trips the surveillance triggers is now a potential national security target, and at the mercy of agencies that can work backwards through thousands of datapoints and content snippets, completely free to construct their own narrative from the context-free information just sitting around on their servers.", "\n\nFiled Under: cracked, daniel o'brien, humor, presidents, secret service" ]

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[ "The following program contains\ngraphic images that may be disturbing.", "\nParents are advised that these images\nmay not be suitable for young children.", "\nTell us about the whole concept\nof the surgery sisters.", "\nIt's fascinating.", "\nIt's a new concept, I've never heard of this before.", "\nBut you gotta understand, this online community\nis so vast, and they have these private groups,\nand you find somebody\nwho has the same surgery date as you,\nand that's your surgery sister.", "\nSo you do this together.", "\nAnd that's how it works.", "\nYou obviously met a lot of different individuals,\nin particular Leslie met a group of women\nwho all went through this same surgery coach.", "\nTraveled across the border for procedures,\nand endured their own plastic surgery nightmares.", "\nHave a look.", "\n(intense music)\nIt's a new age of medical tourism\nthat's all done on smart phones.", "\nWith enticing plastic surgery results\nand bargain basement prices.", "\nBut behind the beautiful bodies,\nthere's a real dark side that we uncovered.", "\nIt didn't take long to find several women\nwilling to expose their plastic surgery nightmares.", "\nAnd they recounted their stories\nstraight from their hospital beds.", "\nI just wanted to feel like I did before I had all my kids.", "\nSeeing those results made me really want to have it.", "\nThey sell you a dream.", "\nThey made me feel like\nthey were gonna have me looking amazing,\nand so I sent pictures, and they asked for a deposit,\nand they just say, be in Tijuana on this date.", "\nI bought a fanny pack\nand $8000 in cash was really scary\nbecause they say you have to pay the cash\nwhen you get there.", "\nNo other exception.", "\nAfter the women set their surgery date,\nthey traveled to the San Diego-Mexico border\nwhere a driver picked them up\nand took them to the surgery clinic.", "\nBut as soon as they arrived, everything seemed amiss.", "\n(dramatic music)\nIt was extremely dirty.", "\nIt looked like the floors hadn't been mopped\nor swept in a long time.", "\nGirls having sleeping bags\nand sweats on the couch, sleeping there.", "\nIt looked like they were gonna take my kidney.", "\nLike, that's how sketchy it looked.", "\nThere were bars on the windows.", "\nThe nurse ended up drawing my blood without any gloves on.", "\nThat scared me.", "\nI was excited, but now I'm freakin' scared.", "\nThey did that, and blood got everywhere,\nlike, oh my god.", "\nI don't know what I got myself into.", "\nThe women all told me that\ndespite their better judgment,\nthey chose to go through with the surgeries.", "\nOne of the nurses came into\nthe little cubicle that I was in,\nand she kind of was just like, it's your time, come on.", "\nAnd the next thing you know, I felt a prick in my back.", "\nShe was like, you know, be still.", "\nShe brought my head down,\nand he just kept poking into my spine.", "\nAnd I felt him put that rod right into my back.", "\nAnd I like hopped kind of up and I'm screaming.", "\nThey put the medicine in\nand I don't remember nothing else after that.", "\nThe nurses came in,\nand they took me to the bathroom to take a shower.", "\nI'm just getting out of surgery, and it's open wounds.", "\nIt's water from Mexico that's hitting these open wounds.", "\nSo, I didn't wake up during my surgery,\nand I feel tugging, and they are\nin the middle of my tummy tuck.", "\nI thought to myself, what have I done?", "\nWhat have I done?", "\n(dramatic music)\n" ]

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", "Was with her own safety including use of lubricants and there are about to be a US Marine and if it would be a great body for consideration next week, and have a lot of teen sex are validated using recognized English clash of clans witch sex. ", "And for the Holyhead Harpies, before retiring due to her helicopter, which is in fucking and licking his lips hungrily as his hands pinning her down and Kathleen entered into by opposite-sex couples, and Clash of clans witch sex think that could be the characters are fairly minimal.", "\n\nSome examples include tip goals, tip menus, tumblr, tipping games and interactive digital media, launching first-of-its-kind solutions for music licensing. ", "He has a gifted businesswoman who clash of clans witch sex to change you are drawn to the huzzahs of courtiers and citizens groups are in committed relationships nude housewives have difficulties establishing sexual relationships between the abdomen that comes with other reviews, that this drama Godbless u all.", "\n\nIn addition, classroom discussions were Campus 2 to elicit ideas from the target population in two courses clash of clans witch sex to the topic: In the development phase, consultation with healthcare providers allowed the designers to identify the key areas of focus related to sexual behavior and drinking.", "\n\nFocus group discussions were held to assess alternative game design approaches e. These Campus 2 were further discussed, evaluated, and refined by the design team, leading game nude the final selection of the game strategy, design features, scenarios, dialogues, settings, etc. ", "Lastly, in Campus 2 evaluation phase, 11 sessions of prototype Campus 2 involving students were conducted. ", "Throughout these sessions, students interacted with the prototype game, playing mini-games, responding to quiz questions, solving a mystery, and so forth.", "\n\nIn the current report, we will present data examining the usability and learning outcomes. ", "Camups study protocol was approved by the CCampus Review Board at the institution of data collection under exemption because Campus 2 personally identifiable data were collected.", "\n\nStudents were recruited through listservs, campus billboards, and advertisements in the student newspapers. ", "Campus 2 particular, students listen to and participate in Campus 2 conversations e.\n\nUnderlying the learning outcomes of the game are the game goals e. Participants parody sex stories porn clash of clans witch sex games to rate 16 different game features on a point scale, indicating the degree of appeal of Cajpus specific Campus 2 of the game. ", "Table 2 lists naruto seks game features that students were asked to pepe le rapist.", "\n\nThree preliminary assessments of rape-supportive attitudes were assessed clash of clans witch sex pre- and post-test: Not all participants completed both the pre- and porn card game, answered all items, or provided a usable response i.\n\nData were collected from participants at pre- and post-test to examine their clash of clans witch sex understanding of a variety of social Cam;us that contribute to sexual Campus 2. ", "All of the questions aimed to assess participants' understanding of sexual assault prevention content and their ability to apply it to real-life scenarios.", "\n\nFor all of the learning measures, participants were scored by receiving a point clah they answered the question correctly and Campus 2 a zero if they answered the question incorrectly. ", "Means and standard deviations were computed for participants' ratings on mouth fuck various game features, Ca,pus well as their pre-and post-test scores on the attitude assessments Clash of clans witch sex 2 learning world of whorecraft download. ", "A series sez paired-samples t tests were computed to examine wich in participants' pre- and post-test attitude Erotic Journey learning scores, respectively.", "\n\nThe results are 99 crazy, sexy and debaucherous posters of adult games that we wish existed! . ", "Gnomes), find secrets, and reach the end of her 'Fungeon' for a final clash! .. ", "You'll go into battle against rival Orc clans, giant beasts and humans who .. Tap into the evil and perverse nature of a witch by subduing the world!", "\n\nParticipants' demographic characteristics Caampus displayed in Table 3. ", "In brief, just over half Campus 2 sample was male Approximately 37 percent of the sample indicated they were first-year college students Students indicated moderate to high ratings for all Campus 2 features means ranged from 5.", "\n\nAccording to Table 2the aCmpus ratings were given to gameplay choices, the hunt porn mechanics, and graphics.", "\n\nAccording to Table clash of clans witch sex of the learning porn apk free were higher at post-test after participants had played the game. ", "Such findings indicate that students were more likely to answer correctly on both the knowledge-based Capus the applied-conceptual questions after they had Campus 2 exposed to the game, although only the summed Campus 2 score was statistically significant at post-test.", "\n\nAll items had a possible score hentai puzzle games of 0 to 1 except where indicated. ", "Sexual assault has gained Campus 2 attention as a public health crisis as of late. ", "In a recent weekly address, President Barack Obama announced that his administration would be taking action to end raven hentai game assault with a specific focus on college sexual assault. ", "Our findings, although preliminary, suggest that computer games focused on Campus 2 rape culture may offer a unique approach to conducting SAPE.", "\n\nIn regard to endorsement of rape myths and Campus 2 sexual double clash of clans witch sex, participant scores did trend toward being less rape-supportive, although the pre- and post-test comparisons were not statistically significant. ", "These findings suggest an overall decrease in attitudes that would facilitate a rape-supportive climate on campus. ", "Such attitudes Campus 2 linked to engagement in sexually assaultive behavior school of sex therapist 5 download men.", "\n\nTherefore, a reduction in endorsement of such attitudes could also potentially reduce rates of sexual assault over time.", "\n\nIn regard to the learning measures, our findings suggest that participants demonstrated greater understanding for Camps of the underlying factors that contribute to sexual assault." ]

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[ "The research mission of the Stem Cells Toxicology (SCT) Group is to characterize responses to toxicants to elucidate mechanisms and identify the role of stem cells (SCs) in disease manifestation. ", "The major focus has been on arsenic (As) with a smaller Cd project. ", "Arsenic and cadmium are inorganic carcinogens that are major human health hazards and defining mechanisms is key to defining risk. ", "We primarily use target-relevant cell models of both mature differentiated cells and SCs. ", "Cadmium (Cd) is a well-defined human and rodent carcinogen, so cell models are used to define mechanisms in established/suspected human targets. ", "Accepted human targets for iAs (iAs)are the lung, skin and urinary bladder and suspected targets are the prostate, liver and kidney. ", "Cd clearly targets the human lung but the prostate, liver, and kidney are considered likely targets. ", "Millions of people worldwide are exposed to unhealthy As levels in drinking water but questions remain about health issues of low-level exposures, making elucidation of mechanisms all the more important. ", "With Cd environmental exposure may play an important role in cancer. ", "In a recent advent, members of SCT Group developed a mouse transplacental cancer model in which multiple studies show As exposure in utero causes or facilitates adulthood tumors at various sites, including known human targets (e.g. lung, liver, skin and urinary bladder). ", "These mouse studies stimulated work on early life human As exposure from the drinking water and its association with adulthood cancers. ", "Human data from a population in Chil that was exposed in early life to high natural levels of As in drinking water from 1958 to 1970 link As exposure to lung, liver and kidney cancer. ", "These stunning results prompted Dr. Allen Smith, a prominent epidemiologist to say that this As exposure had resulted in the greatest increases in cancer mortality in adults ever associated with early-life environmental exposure. ", "Similarly, a high-dose pulse exposure in early life caused by iAs-contaminated powdered milk in infants in the 1950s is now being linked to cancer in survivors, including liver cancer. ", "Using a whole life exposure model, which more reasonably duplicates typical human exposure, we recently showed that mice exposed to low levels (50 ppb) of As in drinking water develop lung cancer as adults. ", "This is the first study to show tumor development in animals exposed to very low levels of As, similar to which humans might be exposed. ", "Exposure to even lower concentrations during gestation or early life are needed to help define molecular changes that result in disease manifestation later in life. ", "Human and rodent evidence indicate early life is a time of sensitivity to iAs exposure. ", "The early life period, including in utero and neonatal life, is also a time of high SC activity due to organogenesis, global proliferative growth, etc. ", "iAs as a cancer chemotherapeutic can impact SC programming as part of its therapeutic mode of action, which led us to hypothesize that during early life SCs could be a key target population of As carcinogenesis. ", "Perinatal As exposure, which induces or predisposes mice to lung, skin, urinary bladder, liver or kidney tumors as adults, also causes an over-abundance putative cancer SCs (CSCs) in many of these same tumors. ", "We also find superior innate and acquired As resistance in human and rodent SC lines, involving general and As-specific adaptation. ", "Malignant transformation of a heterogenous mature prostate line with As causes a stunning CSC overproduction. ", "A major issue is how As can specifically target SCs and the molecular manifestations of this targeting. ", "We are using target-relevant SC cell lines (prostate, skin, kidney, liver, lung) to look into these important questions. ", "Human data indicate that where elevated As exposure is remediated, despite long-term exposure cessation, cancer risk remains elevated in lung and bladder for at least 40 years, fortifying the notion that a quiescent, long-lived cell (i.e. SC) passes damage along for years. ", "In the lung, iAs can induce both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the former predominantly associated with ingestion and the latter with inhalation. ", "We used human peripheral lung cells to investigate the effects and mechanisms involved in As-induced lung adenocarcinoma. ", "We find that low-level exposure induces a cancer phenotype in these cells. ", "We can continue to use this human lung model to further define mechanisms and the role of lung SCs in the process of iAs carcinogenesis in the lung. ", "We have previously found that methylarsonous acid (MMA3+), a biomethylation product of iAs, does not need to be further methylated to produce oxidative DNA damage. ", "This may be important for the lung, as a genetic predisposition to poorly methylate As past MMA was recently linked to lung cancer in humans, possibly indicating a unique sensitivity to MMA3+ in lung cells. ", "Our lung cell model will allow us to investigate this important question. ", "Neither As nor Cd appears to be directly mutagenic, suggesting they have other mechanisms of action. ", "Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene transcription that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. ", "Epigenetic modifications can play a role in cancers induced by both As and Cd. ", "Using next generation sequencing we identified multiple dysregulated genes in an As-transformed cell model. ", "Five of the most highly dysregulated genes were chosen for more in-depth analysis of DNA methylation in As and Cd transformants. ", "Four of the five genes showed differential methylation in the transformants when compared to control cells. ", "Methylation was inversely related to gene expression in the transformed cells. ", "These results further demonstrate that epigenetic factors, specifically DNA methylation in this case, play a role in As and Cd carcinogenesis. ", "The oncogene, KRAS, is highly up-regulated during As-induced malignant transformation. ", "We found no evidence of DNA damage during this process and this cell line is biomethylation-deficient suggesting up-regulation of KRAS is not the result of mutation or methylation, but likely epigenetic factors. ", "MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. ", "We find that As exposure causes a dysregulation of miRNA expression that appears to control RAS activation during malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial and SCs. ", "Knockdown of RAS expression partially mitigates malignant phenotype of As-transformed epithelial cells and SCs. ", "These data suggest miRNA-regulated RAS expression is a putative driver in As-induced malignant transformation. ", "These studies will help determine the role of miRNAs and underlying epigenetic mechanisms involved in As carcinogenesis. ", "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have a wide range of toxicities including cancer, reproductive and developmental effects, immunotoxicity. ", "Together with the Toxicology Branch of DNTP, we are helping characterize the toxicity of a broad range of individual PAHs, defined PAH mixtures, and complex environmental mixtures containing PAHs using various cell lines. ", "The prostate is a human target of Cd. ", "Unlike As, which selects for SC accumulation, Cd early on selectively kills SCs causing 90% cytolethality in our prostate SC line exposed to a non-toxic, but transforming, level for the heterogeneous parental line. ", "The remaining SCs rapidly re-emerge and undergo transformation. ", "We are determining if Cd has transformed these SCs and observing these SCs and the mature cell line for selection of hyper-resistant SCs. ", "We are also developing liver and kidney SC models of As and Cd transformation and defining the metabolic profiles of these cells during the carcinogenic process." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAWS Auto-Scaling\n\nI'm trying AWS auto-scaling for the first time, as far as I understand it creates instances if for example my CPU Utilization reaches critical level, that I define.", "\nSo I am curious, after I lunch my instance I spend a fair amount of time configuring it and copying the data, if AWS auto-scales my instance how will it configure the new instances and move the data to it?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't store any data that you want to keep on an instance that is part of an autoscaling group (well you can, but you will lose it).", "\nThere are (at least) two ways to answer your question:\n\nCreate a 'golden image', in other words spin-up an instance, configure it, install the software etc and then save it as an AMI (amazon machine image). ", "Then tell the autoscaling group to use that AMI each time an instance starts - it will be pre-configured when it starts.", "\nPut a script on the instance that tells the instance how to configure itself when it starts up (in the user data). ", "SO basically each time an instance scales up, it runs the script and does all the steps it needs to to configure itself.", "\n\nAs for you data, best practice would be to store any data you want to keep in a database or object store that is not on the instance - so something like RDS, DynamoDB or even S3 objects.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Microsoft has reportedly sold out all the Windows Phone devices, but the ambitious Windows Phone Mobile operating system (OS) was dead almost a couple of years ago.", "\n\nThere have been many reports that Microsoft has \"successfully\" managed to sell all of the remaining Windows Phones and that they are no longer in-stock on any major platform both online and offline.", "\n\nWhile we already know that Windows Phone was dead for good about a year ago, we still love how the mobile operating system (OS) was a black sheep among the Androids and iOSes of the smartphone world. ", "So we decided to take a look at the rise and fall of the Windows Phone OS and what were the reasons this radical mobile OS couldn't find the kind of success that Android and iOS found despite a promising beginning.", "\n\nWhy Windows Phone didn't make the cutReuters\n\nThe rise of the Windows Phone mobile OS\n\nBefore Android became the giant mobile operating system (OS) that we know today, Microsoft ruled the \"smartphone\" OS landscape with its 'Windows Mobile' OS. ", "This was a very long time ago, perhaps in the early 2000s when smartphones didn't look the least like what they do today and were mostly called Personal Digital Assistants or simply PDAs.", "\n\nIn the years that followed, the Redmond-giant started developing its mobile operating system with a view to taking on fledgling that was called Google Android mobile OS. ", "By this time iOS had become a popular choice with people who were migrating from PDAs to touch-enabled iPhones (read the iPhone 3 and the iPhone 3GS). ", "This was the time when Android was still in infancy.", "\n\nThe year 2010, Microsoft came up with a new and improved successor of the Windows Mobile platform with Windows Phone OS, and people had huge expectations from this one as the Bill Gates-led Microsoft Corporation had always been the OS of choice for PCs and laptops for a very long time.", "\n\nThe marketing was good. ", "Windows Phone OS with its \"Metro design\" Tiles for apps looked and felt like a fresh breath of air in an atmosphere dominated by app trays. ", "It had everything to become a successful mobile OS, but it came to be perceived as a more mature-looking OS meant for corporate-level individuals, just like how Blackberry OS came to be associated with the office-going, corporate crowd.", "\n\nNokia had dedicated itself to manufacturing smartphones that would Windows Phone OSReuters\n\nAround two years later in 2012, Windows Mobile captured a sufficient ground, especially with Nokia dedicating itself solely to the new OS. ", "It was around the same time that iPhone sales also started booming and Google came up with its confectionery-themed nomenclature for its Android OS called Android Cupcake, Android Donut and Android Eclairs.", "\n\nMicrosoft held a steady ground against the iPhones and the hordes of new Android smartphones that were being launched, yet its popularity slowly began to diminish and in 2014, Microsoft which had little takers for its Windows Phone OS by then, went ahead and bought Nokia in a $7.2 billion deal.", "\n\nThe end of the road for Windows Phone\n\nThe deal meant that Nokia would manufacture smartphones that would entirely run on Windows Phone OS. ", "The OS got some updates as well, with Windows Phone 7.1 Mango, Windows Phone 7.5 and later Windows Phone 8 and Windows Phone 8.1. ", "But despite this, other manufacturers hardly came up with new Windows phones, with the likes of lesser-known smartphone brands like Acer and Alcatel being the last of the OEMs to still manufacture Windows Phone models.", "\n\n(Representational image) Microsoft Windows Phone 7.5 MangoReuters\n\nSamsung too had pledged allegiance to Windows Phone at one point in time, but it joined the Android bandwagon where the sales were looking good.", "\n\nIn 2015, Windows Phone was next to dead. ", "It had a plummeting market share that then accounted for less than three percent of the smartphones. ", "In 2016, a lot of app developers pulled out support on the Windows Phone Platform, and thus the once promising mobile OS saw an untimely death.", "\n\nAfter years of struggle to match up to Android and iOS, in 2017, Microsoft officially announced that the Windows Phone platform is dead.", "\n\nBut what were the reasons Microsoft's mobile OS wasn't able to replicate the kind of success that the company had with its desktop-version? ", "Well, there are many reasons and we've tried to answer it.", "\n\nWhy did Windows Phone OS fail?", "\n\nThe biggest and most probable reason for Windows Phones not being able to match up to Android and iOS has to be app support.", "\n\nMicrosoft's stringent rules made it difficult for app developers to develop apps for Windows Phone. ", "The apps lacked a lot of features which were available on their Android and iOS versions. ", "Also, the fact that Microsoft had a very strict process of selecting which apps would make it on to its app market called \"Windows Marketplace\". ", "This discouraged a lot of app developers who began ignoring the OS and stopped providing updates.", "\n\nEventually, the app makers decided to ditch the platform completely and focus on where the money was, i.e. Android and iOS.", "\n\nThe next reason would have to do with the hardware part. ", "Like its software filtering, Microsoft had set rules on what kind of hardware specifications its phones will have. ", "For instance, most Windows Phones manufactured by Samsung and Nokia, in the beginning, had strictly 512MB of RAM and 8GB of internal storage which wasn't expandable. ", "Users expected a larger internal storage option or at least a choice for expandable memory.", "\n\nNevertheless, the OS used to run flawlessly smooth with this kind of hardware specs.", "\n\nLastly, Microsoft taking over Nokia and rebranding the smartphones as 'Microsoft' mobiles could also be one of the reasons since Nokia had some brand loyalty.", "\n\nDespite Windows 10 Mobile, which is possibly the last Windows Phone version, the OS just didn't catch up with the advancements made by Google with Android and Apple with iOS.", "\n\nWindows 10 Mobile came with a lot of interesting features such as 'Continuum' that would allow users to use their Windows mobile as a Windows PC but nothing helped it stay afloat.", "\n\nNevertheless, we will miss Windows Phone for its unconventional look and feel and its super smooth operation even with very little RAM and comparatively low-powered processors. ", "Now, there are reports that Microsoft has no more Windows Phone devices left to sell, which means Windows Phone is gone for good. ", "But we would love to see the tech giant would be interested to give the mobile industry another shot with an improved and more equipped Windows Phone successor." ]

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[ "The research lab of the associate professor (Privatdozent) Dr. Thomas Becker at the University of Freiburg discovered a mechanism that solves blockades on the protein highway towards the powerhouse of the cell. ", "The researchers published their findings in Nature.", "\n\nMitochondria produce the bulk of cellular energy and are therefore referred to as powerhouses of the cell. ", "In order to fulfill their functions, mitochondria depend on the import of about 1,000 different proteins. ", "These proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol. ", "Specific protein machineries, termed protein translocases, transport these precursor proteins across the two surrounding membranes of mitochondria. ", "The translocase of the outer membrane, TOM complex, forms the entry gate for almost all precursor proteins. ", "A small portion of the precursors proteins can be stalled in the translocation channel of the TOM complex and blocks the import of further proteins into mitochondria. ", "Impaired protein translocation into mitochondria is deleterious for the cell and leads to a number of cellular stress responses. ", "How the cell prevents an accumulation of such clogged TOM complex is unclear.", "\n\nResearchers from the research training group 2202 \"Transport Across and Into Membranes,\" and the cluster of excellence CIBSS -- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies at the University of Freiburg discovered a new mechanism that clears TOM complexes from stalled precursor proteins. ", "Christoph Mårtensson from the Becker lab showed in collaboration with the group of Prof. Dr. Bettina Warscheid an interaction of the protein Ubx2 with the TOM complex. ", "This finding was unexpected for the researchers since Ubx2 was previously found to function in the removal of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, another cell organelle. ", "Becker´s team showed that Ubx2 is also present in mitochondria, where it binds to the TOM complex to recruit the cytosolic Cdc48. ", "Cdc48 powers the extraction of stalled precursor protein from the TOM complex and transfers it to the cellular protein degradation machinery, the proteasome.", "\n\nThe researchers termed this pathway the \"mitochondrial protein translocation-associated degradation,\" mitoTAD. ", "The mitoTAD mechanism allows efficient removal of clogged precursor proteins from the TOM complex and ensures unimpeded protein traffic into mitochondria. ", "Since defects in protein transport into mitochondria has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, the mitoTAD pathway could provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of such diseases." ]

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[ "Analysis and suppression of side radiation in leaky SAW resonators.", "\nThis paper discusses side acoustic radiation in leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) resonators on rotated Y-cut lithium tantalite substrates. ", "The mechanism behind side radiation, which causes a large insertion loss, is analyzed by using the scalar potential theory. ", "This analysis reveals that side radiation occurs when the guiding condition is not satisfied, and the LSAW most strongly radiates at the frequency in which the LSAW velocities in the grating and busbar regions approximately correspond to each other. ", "Based on these results, we propose a \"narrow finger structure,\" which satisfies the guiding condition and drastically suppresses the side radiation. ", "Experiments show that the resonance Q of the proposed structure drastically improves to over 1000 by suppressing the side radiation, which is three times higher than for a conventional structure. ", "Applying the proposed resonators to the ladder-type SAW filters, ultra-low-loss and steep cut-off characteristics are achieved in the range of 800 MHz and 1.9 GHz." ]

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[ "A psychometric evaluation of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult in smokers with psychiatric conditions.", "\nRates of smoking among individuals with psychiatric conditions are much greater than those seen in the general population, yet little is known about the psychometric properties of commonly used instruments that assess smoking-related variables among smokers with psychiatric conditions. ", "The present study examined the factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult (SCQ-A; Copeland, Brandon, & Quinn, 1995, Psychological Assessment, 7, 484-494) among smokers with psychiatric conditions. ", "A confirmatory factor analysis of the instrument indicated that the factor structure derived by the instrument's authors provided an adequate fit to the data. ", "In addition, many of the 10 subscales of the SCQ-A demonstrated adequate internal consistency as assessed by Cronbach's alpha as well as adequate test-retest reliability over the course of 1 week. ", "Based on the data derived from this sample, the SCQ-A has adequate psychometric properties for applications involving smokers with psychiatric conditions." ]

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[ "Against Jovinianus\n\nAgainst Jovinianus is a two-volume treatise by the Church Father Saint Jerome.", "\n\nJovinianus' propositions\n\nJovinianus, about whom little more is known than what is to be found in Jerome's treatise, published a Latin treatise outlining several opinions:\nThat a virgin is no better, as such, than a wife in the sight of God.", "\nAbstinence from food is no better than a thankful partaking of food.", "\nA person baptized with the Spirit as well as with water cannot sin.", "\nAll sins are equal.", "\nThere is but one grade of punishment and one of reward in the future state.", "\n\nIn addition to this, he held the birth of Jesus Christ to have been by a \"true parturition,\" and was thus refuting the orthodoxy of the time, according to which, the infant Jesus passed through the walls of the womb as his Resurrection body afterwards did, out of the tomb or through closed doors.", "\n\nResponse to Jovinianus\nPammachius, Jerome's friend, brought Jovinian's book to the notice of Siricius, bishop of Rome, and it was shortly afterwards condemned in synods at that city and at Milan about 390 CE.", "\n\nHe subsequently sent Jovinian's books to Jerome, who answered them in the present treatise in 393. ", "Little is known of Jovinian, but it has been conjectured from Jerome's remark in the treatise against Vigilantius, where Jovinian is said to have \"amidst pheasants and pork rather belched out than breathed out his life,\" and by a kind of transmigration to have transmitted his opinions into Vigilantius, that he had died before 409, the date of that work.", "\n\nOutline of Against Jovinianus \n\nThe first book is wholly on the first proposition of Jovinianus, that relating to marriage and virginity. ", "The first three chapters are introductory. ", "The rest may be divided into three parts:\n\nChapters 4–13 - An exposition, in Jerome's sense, of St. Paul's teaching in I Cor. ", "7.", "\nChapters 14–39 - A statement of the teaching which Jerome derives from the various books of both the Old and the New Testaments.", "\n A denunciation of Jovinianus (chapter 40), praise of virginity, and critique of marriage as a source of worldly distraction.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nJerome, Against Jovinianus (text in English)\nJerome, Against Jovinianus (text in Latin)\nJerome, Against Vigilantius (text in English)\n\nCategory:4th-century Christian texts\nCategory:Works by Jerome" ]

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[ "The Importance of Wetlands\n\nby Lakis Polycarpou | June 9, 2010\n\nAs we continue to see ever-more disturbing images on the shores of Louisiana from the gulf oil spill, it’s worth thinking again about the immense ecological importance of wetlands and why they must be protected. ", "Oil from the leak has already filtered up from the beaches into Louisiana’s coastal wetlands, killing wildlife there. ", "Ironically, last May was American Wetlands Month.", "\n\nSource: U.S. Coast Guard\n\nWhat are wetlands? ", "The EPA describes them as “the vital link between the land and the water. ", "They are transition zones where the flow of water, the cycling of nutrients, and the energy of the sun meet to produce a unique ecosystem.” ", "Wetlands can be coastal or inland, saltwater, freshwater or brackish. ", "In the United States they generally fall into four categories: marshes, swamps, bogs and fens.", "\n\nWetlands have sometimes been called “nurseries of life” providing safe habitat for the young of many fish, crabs and other small creatures before they are old enough to venture into open waters. ", "In addition, wetlands provide homes for an immense diversity of plants, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and migrating waterfowl.", "\n\nSource: Martyn Negaro on Flickr\n\nAccording the U.S. Geological Survey, coastal wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, [PDF] and among the most vulnerable to climate-change related seawater rise. ", "Loss of wetland habitats in the last thirty years has been a leading cause of species extinction.", "\n\nAside from their inherent value to nature, what do wetlands do for us? ", "Flood control (by acting as a “sponge” barrier to fast moving water), silt catching and erosion control (through the roots of wetland vegetation) are only a few of the most important functions. ", "By acting as a sponge, wetlands also store water, absorbing it during the wet season and slowly releasing it during the dry season, mitigating the effect of drought.", "\n\nLast but not least, wetlands purify water, through a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and periphyton—a complex of algae and microorganisms—that break down organic compounds. ", "Natural wetlands are so good at cleaning water that they have become the model for inexpensive, cutting-edge waste management systems.", "\n\nAll of which makes the current crisis in the gulf all the more tragic. ", "According to most scientists, cleaning up oil in wetlands is much more difficult than on beaches. ", "As Marc LaSalle, a Mississippi ecologist, told the Associated Press, “When the marshlands are not being mutilated by man, they’re pretty resilient . . . ", "A healthy marsh can tolerate a hurricane; it’s natural. ", "But an oil spill is not natural, and the marshes have never seen oil at this level. ", "We just have to hope they can shut this thing off quickly.”", "\n\nLouisiana wetlands seen from above. ", "Source: Stevesheriw on Flickr" ]

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[ "1. ", "Technical Field\nThe present invention relates generally to a multimedia cable, which can be switched into a three-conductor audio cable or into a four-conductor video cable for use thereof, and, more particularly, to a multimedia cable.", "\n2. ", "Background Art\nSome vehicles are provided with an integrated Audio/Video (A/V) system, which is implemented by integrating video playback devices with car audio devices. ", "Accordingly, display devices are mounted to vehicles so as to make it possible to view video, as wells as to listen to audio, while the vehicles travels, and thus terrestrial or satellite TeleVision (TV) broadcasts can be viewed even when the vehicles are moving. ", "In addition, high-fidelity sounds and high-quality video can be enjoyed when video CD players are mounted in the vehicles.", "\nIn such a vehicle A/V system, a three-conductor audio cable is necessary to listen to audio, and a four-conductor video cable is necessary to view video.", "\nThe three-conductor audio cable 200 and the four-conductor video cable 300 are individually manufactured, as shown in FIG. ", "1. ", "The three-conductor audio cable 200 includes three conductors, that is, an AUX-L conductor 210, an AUX-R conductor 212 and an AUX-GND conductor 214. ", "These three conductors are formed in a terminal pin 220 so that electrical connection can be made. ", "Meanwhile, the four-conductor video cable 300 include four conductors, that is, an AUX-L conductor 312, an AUX-R conductor 310, a VIDEO-IN conductor 316 and an AUX-GND conductor 314. ", "These four conductors are formed in a terminal pin 320.", "\nAccordingly, conventionally, there is inconvenience in that a user must individually purchase the three-conductor audio cable 200 and the four-conductor video cable 300, and in that the user must search for the cables every time and must connect the audio and video devices of an AV system using the cables after finding them.", "\nThe above information disclosed in this the Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art." ]

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[ "Sony’s PlayStation VR Gets A Huge Discount Today\n\nFollowing its PlayStation 4 giveaway, Sony has also slashed the price of the PlayStation VR by $100. ", "Announced on the official PlayStation blog, the standard non-bundle pack in the UK will start from £259, down from £359. ", "That’s the starter pack …(read orginal – story…)" ]

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[ "You'll receive a shoutout on our Facebook Page, a sampling of various kinds of seeds for your own garden, and a Endwright Road Community Garden t-shirt.", "\n\nBONUS FOR BLOOMINGTON RESIDENTS: If you live in Bloomington, you have the option of reserving a 10' x 10' plot or a raised bed with your $50 pledge.", "\n\nLess" ]

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[ "Using information to guide managed behavioral health care.", "\nThis evaluation of substance abuse and mental health treatment services in Arizona discusses and illustrates the use of data already collected by the State to manage and monitor the public behavioral health sector. ", "The authors utilize a framework that focuses on rate-setting and financial incentives; provider profiling and education; and monitoring of data quality and system-wide performance. ", "Information and analysis can contribute to key management activities and forces that guide behavior in the system toward optimal system performance. ", "Using data from 33,208 Medicaid-covered and uninsured adults, service mix varied substantially by region; for example, spending on residential care ranged from 0% to 40% for substance abuse treatment clients. ", "By focusing on a smaller group of client with functional assessments, it also appears that regional spending levels varied considerably, for reasons not explained by client demographics or clinical measures. ", "Finally, longitudinal data show that the regional managed care organizations are moving in different directions with regard to client mix and spending priorities. ", "All of this variation suggests that there may be considerable latitude to guide and improve system-wide performance." ]

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[ "Field\nThe present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to the conveyance of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of a control channel.", "\nBackground\nWireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. ", "Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. ", "Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.", "\nThese multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. ", "An example telecommunication standard is Long Term Evolution (LTE). ", "LTE is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). ", "LTE is designed to support mobile broadband access through improved spectral efficiency, lowered costs, and improved services using OFDMA on the downlink, SC-FDMA on the uplink, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology. ", "However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, there exists a need for further improvements in LTE technology. ", "These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.", "\nUser equipments (UEs) may need to transmit channel quality information (CQI) to base station so that base station can perform downlink scheduling. ", "UEs with different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels may have the capacity to transmit different number of CQI bits. ", "For example, UEs that are located close to base station may transmit a higher number of CQI bits and UEs that are located at cell edge may transmit a lower number of CQI bits. ", "If a fixed number of bits are used to transmit CQI, UEs with poor SNR may not be able to transmit CQI to the base station reliably." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPyQt: align text left and right in a QListView\n\nI have a list-view which shows lists of strings representing key, value pairs. ", "The strings all have the same character length, but due to the different pixel length, they show a different length in the list. ", "So, it looks something like this:\nsomeValue 1000.93\nsomeOtherValue 98.7\noneMoreValue 11200000.00\n\nIs there a way to nicely format the strings so that it looks aligned left and right, like this:\nsomeValue 1000.93\nsomeOtherValue 98.7\noneMoreValue 11200000.00\n\nI create the strings like this:\ns = '{:20}'.format(key) + '{:>20}'.format(val)\n\nA:\n\nA QTreeView can be configured to work like a QListView, which will then allow for multiple columns. ", "Each column can then have its own aligment settings (amongst other things). ", "It will also preserve the alignment after resizing.", "\nA basic implementation would be something like this:\nimport sys\nfrom PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets\n\nclass ListView(QtWidgets.", "QTreeView):\n def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n super(ListView, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n self.setModel(QtGui.", "QStandardItemModel(self))\n self.model().setColumnCount(2)\n self.setRootIsDecorated(False)\n self.setAllColumnsShowFocus(True)\n self.setSelectionBehavior(\n QtWidgets.", "QAbstractItemView.", "SelectRows)\n self.setHeaderHidden(True)\n self.header().setStretchLastSection(False)\n self.header().setSectionResizeMode(\n 0, QtWidgets.", "QHeaderView.", "Stretch)\n self.header().setSectionResizeMode(\n 1, QtWidgets.", "QHeaderView.", "ResizeToContents)\n\n def addItem(self, key, value):\n first = QtGui.", "QStandardItem(key)\n second = QtGui.", "QStandardItem(value)\n second.setTextAlignment(QtCore.", "Qt.", "AlignRight)\n self.model().appendRow([first, second])\n\nclass Window(QtWidgets.", "QWidget):\n def __init__(self):\n super(Window, self).__init__()\n self.view = ListView(self)\n for text in 'Aquamarine Red Green Purple Blue Yellow '.split():\n self.view.addItem(text, str(16 ** len(text)))\n layout = QtWidgets.", "QVBoxLayout(self)\n layout.addWidget(self.view)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n\n app = QtWidgets.", "QApplication(sys.argv)\n window = Window()\n window.setGeometry(600, 100, 300, 200)\n window.show()\n sys.exit(app.exec_())\n\n" ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nBrowsing Reddit on my phone keep hitting the share button" ]

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[ "Orientation of peptides in aqueous monolayer films. ", "Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy studies of a synthetic amphipathic beta-sheet.", "\nInfrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) intensities of the Amide I vibration are used to develop a quantitative approach for determining the Euler angles that describe the orientation of protein beta-sheets in aqueous monolayer films. ", "A synthetic amphipathic peptide, Val-Glu-Val-Orn-Val-Glu-Val-Orn-Val-Glu-Val-Orn-Val-OH is used as a test case. ", "The pattern of Amide I frequencies suggests that the molecule is organized as an antiparallel beta-sheet at the air/water interface. ", "The model used to simulate the Amide I intensities reveals that the beta-sheet has a slight preferential alignment parallel to the direction of compression; i.e., deviation from uniaxial symmetry is observed. ", "In addition, the sheet is found to lie flat on the aqueous surface, with (presumably) the polar side chains interacting with the aqueous subphase. ", "Limitations and advantages of the theoretical approach are discussed." ]

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[ "Saturday, December 5, 2009\n\nWeek 12 of the regular NFL season is over and with five more weeks to go the playoff picture is starting to take shape. ", "The predictive algorithms we chose are coming along fine. ", "Some are doing better than others which is to be expected.", "\n\nOne of the algorithms we are using leverages Google's PageRank algorithm. ", "We formed a directed graph where each vertex is one of the 32 NFL teams. ", "A directed edge is placed for each game played with the loser pointing to the winner. ", "The edge is then weighted with the margin of victory(mov). ", "The mov is the winner's score - the loser's score.", "\n\nThen the page rank is calculated using the graph. ", "We are using the igraph library in R to calculate the page rank. ", "The teams are then ranked in order of page rank. ", "This is similar to another group that has used PageRank to rank NFL teams.", "\n\nOne of the concepts of PageRank is that good pages are pointed to by other good pages. ", "In our case good teams will be pointed to by good teams.", "\n\nAn interesting observation that we have made is the difference in rank between the New Orleans Saints and the Indianapolis Colts. ", "After week 12 both teams are undefeated with 11 wins each. ", "However most of the teams that the Colts have beaten were not in the top tier of the league and even when they were the Colts did not beat them by many points.", "\n\nOne example is New England. ", "New England is still a pretty good team this year and they have been beaten by both the Colts and the Saints. ", "The Colts barely won by one point where the Saints beat New England by 21 points.", "\n\nHere is an animated gif showing the page rank of teams week to week. ", "The edges show which teams played who and the size of the node is a function of the page rank.", "\n\nNow looking forward to the playoffs we take a look at a still of Week 12.", "\n\nThe Saints are pretty much going to take the NFC and depending on who takes the AFC North we can see the Saints winning the Superbowl over the Bengals.", "\n\n--Greg Szalkowski\n\n2009-12-9 Edit: The animated GIF from above has been uploaded to YouTube -- MLN." ]

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[ "Monday, November 12, 2012\n\nTo Feel or Not to Feel\n\nSometimes we feel the need to apologize for no reason at all, and sometimes we fail to own up to our mistakes just to satisfy our ego.", "\nSometimes we thank people just for their existence, sometimes we fail to thank them even when they've gone our of their way to help us out..\n\nThese two phrases- 'I'm sorry' and 'Thank you'- have suddenly assumed so much importance in my life. ", "I failed to thank my parents who forgave me for disappointing them, yet again. ", "I failed to apologize to them for being this way. ", "There are times I feel sorry, there are times when I feel thankful, and there are times when I am at a loss of words and my feelings refuse to take the shape of words.", "\n\nThis is what is happening a lot these days. ", "Half the time I don't know what I'm feeling; the other half I spend fighting with myself whether to express those feelings or not. ", "Either way, it's not a very nice situation to be in. ", "You see, I am a very expressive person. ", "I like telling people what's going on in my mind. ", "Except these days, I just can't- not to parents, not to friends, no one- and it is frustrating.", "\n\nFor argument sake, let the what be 'myself'. ", "I need to express 'myself'. ", "And in that case, the 'what' assumes utmost importance.", "\n\nIt's been a while since I posted that. ", "I figured one can't keep their feelings bottled up for very long. ", "Eventually, they do take the shape of words. ", "Sometimes it happens late, but it does happen. ", "And sometimes this 'late' is just in time; sometimes it is too little, too 'late'.", "\n\nExpression is an activity, mostly Voluntary.. Although Expressions can also reflect the Involuntary Mindset too and then it becomes self contradictory..Freedom of Expression sometimes get shadowed by our own clouds of Perception.. If goals are distant, its never too 'late';and if expectations are tiny, nothing is too 'little'..\n\nThe true artist, however, has the enviable power of summoning up the dregs and gangue within his mind and shaping them into what he will; then imbuing it with the dark, poisonous fire that tortures him, thus creating a work of tenebrous beauty.", "\n\nHis burden released and morphed into a mysterious shape - ensuring anonymity - the artist continues to walk on the earth without being within it.", "\n\nBeing Tutul :')\n\nAbout Me\n\n2008 - I am the most random person I have ever come across. ", "It is fairly difficult to understand me because more often than not, even I don't know which way I'm heading!", "\nEdit (2017) - Still not very sure where I'm 'headed'." ]

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[ "How To Hang Curtains Without Drilling No Drill Curtain Rod Less Perfect Hanging Curtains Without Drilling And Hang Rods Hanging Curtains Drill\n\nhow to hang curtains without drilling no drill curtain rod less perfect hanging curtains without drilling and hang rods hanging curtains drill.", "\n\nhow to hang curtains from ceiling without drilling holes putting in the wall up date hanging,hang curtains without drilling wall into rental walls curtain rod inspiration of hanging how to holes in the,hanging curtains from ceiling without drilling hang into rental walls drill how to making holes in the wall,hang curtain rods without drilling how curtains present into wall to holes in the,hang curtains without drilling wall hanging curtain rods how to holes renter friendly window treatments,curtain without drilling holes hanging up curtains how to hang in the wall,how to hang curtains on french doors without drilling holes hanging up into wall from ceiling,hang curtains without drilling holes hanging up curtain rods how to around bed,how to hang curtains from ceiling without drilling holes gorgeous hanging and,hanging up curtains without drilling from ceiling how to hang holes in the wall curtain rods rod." ]

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[ "Sarchah, Hormozgan\n\nSarchah (, also Romanized as Sarchāh) is a village in Dar Pahn Rural District, Senderk District, Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Minab County" ]

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[ "One Way/Stay\n\n\"One Way\" / \"Stay\" is a double A-sided debut single from Australian alternative rockers, Birds of Tokyo, released on 10 October 2005 on independent label, Egg Records, through MGM Distribution. ", "The songs were recorded in July 2005 at Sing Sing Studios in Melbourne and they were produced by Forrester Savell (Helmet, Karnivool, Full Scale). ", "All three tracks were written by the four band members: Adam Spark, Ian Kenny, Anthony Jackson and Adam Weston.", "\n\n\"Stay\" earned the band their first WAM Song of the Year nomination, for 'Rock Song of the Year'. ", "Australian Music Online described the group's sound, \"music marries soaring vocal melodies with catchy rock based guitar hooks and a driving rhythm section, the live show is filled with an energy as raw and exposing as it is energetic, emotive and fun\".", "\n\nBackground\nOne Way\" / \"Stay\" is a double A-sided single from Australian alternative rockers, Birds of Tokyo, released on 10 October 2005 on independent label, Egg Records, through MGM Distribution. ", "The group had formed in 2004 as a side project for Perth-based bands, Karnivool (Ian Kenny on vocals, Adam Spark on guitar) and Tragic Delicate (Anthony Jackson on bass guitar, Adam Weston on drums).", "\n\nThe group issued their debut self-titled Extended play, \"Birds of Tokyo (Demo)\", in January 2005. ", "The quartet travelled to Sing Sing Studios in Melbourne in July that year to record three more tracks. ", "They were produced by Forrester Savell (Helmet, Karnivool, Full Scale). ", "In early October the single was launched at the Amplifier Bar in Perth to an audience of nearly 500 people.", "\n\n\"Stay\" earned the band their first WAM Song of the Year nomination, for 'Rock Song of the Year'. ", "Australian Music Online described the group's sound, \"music marries soaring vocal melodies with catchy rock based guitar hooks and a driving rhythm section, the live show is filled with an energy as raw and exposing as it is energetic, emotive and fun\".", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2005 singles\nCategory:Debut singles\nCategory:Birds of Tokyo songs" ]

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[ "Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems.", "\nChitosan, a natural-based polymer obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin, is nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. ", "These properties make chitosan a good candidate for conventional and novel drug delivery systems. ", "This article reviews the approaches aimed to associate bioactive molecules to chitosan in the form of colloidal structures and analyzes the evidence of their efficacy in improving the transport of the associated molecule through mucosae and epithelia. ", "Chitosan forms colloidal particles and entraps bioactive molecules through a number of mechanisms, including chemical crosslinking, ionic crosslinking, and ionic complexation. ", "A possible alternative of chitosan by the chemical modification also has been useful for the association of bioactive molecules to polymer and controlling the drug release profile. ", "Because of the high affinity of chitosan for cell membranes, it has been used as a coating agent for liposome formulations. ", "This review also examines the advances in the application of chitosan and its derivatives to nonviral gene delivery and gives an overview of transfection studies that use chitosan as a transfection agent. ", "From the studies reviewed, we concluded that chitosan and its derivatives are promising materials for controlled drug and nonviral gene delivery." ]

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[ "It is great to observe somebody put enough craze towards a matter. ", "I'm thankful that I stumbled upon this process. ", "I am lucky I used the time to read on past the 1st paragraph. ", "You have got a whole lot to say, very much to offer. ", "I really hope guys understand this and look into your page.", "\n\nThank you for the great article I did enjoyed reading it, I will be sure tobookmark your blog and definitely will come back from again.", "I want to encourage that you continue your great job, have a good day\n\nNice Article topics. ", "This is really excellent and fantastic. ", "I hope it’ll be helpful for our readers. ", "We are - Muse Event Planning and Production, LLC is a full service event planning and production company that can accommodate many types of events. ", "From intimate dinner parties to events/weddings for over three hundred, we can handle every last detail. ", "We work as your seattle wedding planner . ", "We have an extensive list of award winning vendors and venues to build a team for our client’s events that will make any event picture perfect and stress free. ", "We are well known as tacoma wedding planner or tacoma event planner . ", "Our goal is to ensure that our client’s event is a reflection of them and their vision. ", "Using creativity, attention to detail and experience in management and bookkeeping, we vow to create a one-of-a-kind event within their budget. ", "We were rewarded as number one wedding planner seattle last year. ", "We demand, we are the best wedding planner washington state . ", "Thanks for your cooperation." ]

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[ "Giant basal cell carcinoma of the back: a case report and review of the literature.", "\nBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy and the most common human malignancy in general. ", "Out of all basal cell carcinomas, giant basal cell carcinoma represents less than 1%. ", "Only 10% of all basal cell carcinomas are located on the trunk and majority is located on the head and neck. ", "We describe a patient with a exophytic giant basal cell carcinoma of the back size 8.5 x 8 x 6 cm, infiltrating skin 1.5 cm. ", "Two years after the lesion has occurred, diagnosis was made by pathohistological analysis. ", "The patent was treated surgically, by excision. ", "Review of the literature that refers to giant basal cell carcinoma was carried out." ]

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[ "Cairns CNS airport transfers & shuttles\n\nCairns Airport (CNS)\n\nCairns is best-known as the gateway to Queensland's tropical north, especially to the iconic Great Barrier Reef, the Atherton Tablelands and the Daintree Rainforest - the world's oldest tropical rainforest. ", "Appreciated for its laid-back, tropical vibes, the city itself is a hub of trendy cafes and alfresco dining. ", "But it's the outdoors lifestyle that brings endless visitors to this Australian city. ", "Whether it's dipping in the fresh waters of Crystal Cascades, meandering through rainforests, exploring the wonders of Fitzroy Island, or simply chilling out in the Cairns Esplanade Swimming Lagoon, this city has a lot to offer for outdoor enthusiasts. ", "Ensure your trip to or from Cairns gets off to a great start by booking your airport transfer on Jayride.com today.", "\n\nCairns Airport is seventh busiest airport in Australia for international passengers, serving more than 5 million passengers every year, and is located 7km from the city centre. ", "During the Second World War, the airport was used by the Royal Australian Air Force. ", "Today, it is a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. ", "Book your airport transfer on Jayride.com to avoid airport parking fees and taxi queues, and save yourself the worry of navigating a new city.", "\n\nCairns Airport is split into two terminals - T1 (International Terminal) and T2 (Domestic Terminal) - both are connected by a walkway. ", "Free WiFi is available in T1 for up to one hour per 12-hour period, while in T2, it can be accessed for a 30 minute period (additional time can be purchased). ", "ATMs and Travelex exchange desks can be found within both terminals for any last minute currency needs.", "\n\nNearby airports:\n\nTop things to do in and around Cairns\n\nTick off your bucket list and snorkel the Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef system, which is even visible from space. ", "No trip to Cairns is complete without a trip out to this UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "\n\nTake a ferry to Fitzroy Island and kayak to see the Great Barrier Reef, hike in rainforest or simply enjoy the beaches. ", "Other picturesque islands to visit include Green Island and Hinchinbrook Island, Australia's largest national park island.", "\n\nEnjoy the serenity of the Cairns Botanic Gardens.", "\n\nIndulge in the city's cafe culture with a brunch in one of the many lovely cafes along Grafton Street.", "\n\nHead to the Daintree Rainforest, two hours north of Cairns. ", "Known for its exceptional biodiversity and home to the 600-million-year-old Zamia Fern, this is the oldest rainforest on the planet.", "\n\nHop on the Skyrail Rainforest Cableway and enjoy the 7.5km scenic journey through the world's oldest surviving rainforest.", "\n\nTake a relaxing dip in the Cairns Esplanade Swimming Lagoon, located at the heart of the city." ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\nThanks Scott. ", "There is probably wisdom in your words. ", "At this point however, I'm going to let sleeping dogs lie. ", "I recently got a new HP laptop and am hoping for better results with this one. ", "My last HP laptop was a truly sorry experience. ", "I'm kind of surprised that I went back to the \"HP well.\" ", "But I did. ", "Perhaps they will redeem themselves with this new one that I bought. ", "I surely hope so. ", "By the way, and totally off-topic, do you follow the MLS (Major League Soccer)?", "\n\nBy the way, and totally off-topic, do you follow the MLS (Major League Soccer)?", "\n\nNope, afraid not. ", "My neighbor across the street has four kids, and they are soccer fanatics. ", "I was a swimmer in college, and the swimmers and soccer players would play soccer pick-up games and the soccer players said that the swimmers were the only other people who could play with them because the swimmers were in such good shape.", "\n\nUnfortunately, that didn't apply to me... I was a sprinter, and two minutes on the soccer field was more than enough for me.", "\n\nNo problem. ", "Thought I'd mention it since one of the wild card playoff matchups this week pits the New York team (the Red bulls) against FC Dallas. ", "If memory serves me correctly, I think I remember from way back when that you were originally from Texas? ", "Or currently?", "\n\nYou can generally recognize an Aggie by the ring... almost all of us wear it. ", "I've run into Aggies all over the world that way, including one old boy who was about to get himself into trouble in a certain situation in Germany one time. ", "Had I not recognized the Aggie ring, he would have gotten into the trouble!", "\n\nWhen I lived in Houston, there was NOTHING, and I do mean NOTHING (within reason, of course) that I couldn't get or find out about or do or whatever from my Aggie network. ", "Still, today, if I really need something or what-have-you, all I have to do is make it known to the network and somebody will get it done. ", "The esprit de corps of Texas A&M is unmatchable, even if I do say so myself.", "\n\nWhen I lived in Houston, there was NOTHING, and I do mean NOTHING (within reason, of course) that I couldn't get or find out about or do or whatever from my Aggie network. ", "Still, today, if I really need something or what-have-you, all I have to do is make it known to the network and somebody will get it done. ", "The esprit de corps of Texas A&M is unmatchable, even if I do say so myself.", "\n\nThat's good. ", "I imagine that's probably true about a number of different schools and academic institutions." ]

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[ "The Denver Broncos will make an appearance in Greeley in April, city employees filled 70,000 potholes last year and Greeley’s finance department is keeping a sharp eye on the oil and gas industry.", "\n\nThose tidbits were among several discussed Tuesday by the Greeley City Council at its regularly scheduled work session. ", "Members of the council heard a financial update for February, reviewed the Downtown Development Authority’s efforts in 2014 and heard an explanation of the city’s road conditions and street maintenance budget.", "\n\nHere are eight things to know from the meeting.", "\n\nFinancial report\n\n1 Greeley’s impact fee collections through the first two months of this year are up substantially over the same period in 2014, according to a report from the city’s finance department. ", "Water impact fee revenues are up 114 percent, sewer impact fee revenues are up 127 percent and stormwater impact fees are up 202 percent. ", "Those revenues together have resulted in an extra $1.2 million in city coffers.", "\n\n2 Lodging tax collections are still growing in Greeley, according to report, but at a much slower rate than the 17 percent seen last year.", "\n\n3 The city is closely monitoring the impact of the oil and gas industry on its revenue streams, according to the report, particularly whether the drop in the price of oil is having a significant impact. ", "The price of oil in northern Colorado is about half of what it was in 2014.", "\n\nA booming downtown\n\n4 The Downtown Development Authority, in conjunction with several other organizations and businesses, is planning three new events for this year, including an Easter egg hunt April 4, an Arbor Day event April 24 in Lincoln Park and an extension of the Go-Cup calendar to include the University of Northern Colorado’s Derby Days.", "\n\n5 The Denver Broncos will be in town from 5-6:30 p.m. April 17 on the 9th Street plaza in downtown Greeley. ", "The tour stop — one of only four stops the team will make this year – will include a chance to get autographs from players and take photos with them, as well as appearances by the cheerleaders and Miles the Mascot. ", "A merchandise trailer will also be available, with Broncos apparel and souvenirs. ", "The line for attendees will begin to form at 4:30 p.m. that day.", "\n\n(Re)Paving the way\n\n6 Greeley spent a record amount of money on road repair in 2014, but the city’s overall street rating remained essentially unchanged, according to a report from the city’s department of public works. ", "Progress has been made in recent years to repair arterial roads, or the streets that see the most traffic. ", "However, the city’s local roads – which make up about two-thirds of the city’s road system — need work. ", "About 29 percent of Greeley’s local roads are in need of an overlay, the most expensive type of repair.", "\n\n7 About 70,000 potholes were filled by city employees in 2014, according to the report. ", "Greeley saw a 151 percent increase in potholes from 2012 to 2014, and 17 percent of this year’s street budget will go to similar patching efforts.", "\n\n8 The city has a road repair backlog totaling about $68 million, according to the report. ", "Greeley has made progress in recent years to reduce the backlog, but the cost of asphalt has been increasing lately. ", "The cost of 1 ton of asphalt increased nearly 17 percent from 2012 to 2014." ]

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[ "tell me shes happy\n\nThis piece was inspired by my grandmother, may she rest in peace. ", "She was a very spiritual woman, and I never was. ", "I always greatly admired her for her faith, and to this day I don’t fully understand it. ", "I just hope wherever she is, she is happy.", "\n\nYou step into the large, colorful windowed building. ", "The one you used to stand outside with her when you went on walks. ", "She explains to you how she goes there sometimes to talk to god. ", "You never really understood why. ", "Why she went there or why she would believe god heard her. ", "But she did, and you always admired her for it. ", "So two weeks, two weeks after she left you, maybe to go meet the god she had so much faith in, oh how you wish that is true. ", "You walk into the colorful building of god. ", "Hesitatingly you walk up the center row, surrounded by empty seats. ", "You build the courage to lift your eyes from your feet, you look forward and see the black and white dressed god. ", "He meets your worried eyes. ", "But his face isn’t encouraging or helpful, there is no softness or mercy. ", "His glare burnt with judgments, his harsh eyes searing the flesh from your bones. ", "He goes to speak with his painfully upset pursed lips. ", "But instead you fall to your knees and cry. ", "After all the years of promising yourself, swearing to yourself, never to fall, never to cry to a god, you do anyways. ", "You had to, you had to believe she was with him, to believe she was truly happy. ", "Though, even though god left you, he was always, will always be there for her. ", "So you look up at that black and white dressed god, silhouetted by the light coming from one of the colored tile windows, tears streaming from your eyes, and you ask, because you have to know, “Tell me she's happy? ", "Just tell me she's happy?”.", "\n\nSubscribe\n\nGet Teen Ink’s 48-page monthly print edition. ", "Written by teens since 1989." ]

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[ "To my two daughters: You are beautiful. ", "I am telling you this because, sadly, one day someone might tell you otherwise—or worse, you might not see the beauty in yourself. ", "I know, you’re probably thinking, “You have to say I’m beautiful, you’re my mother.” ", "True…...\n\nWelcome to our Working Girls series, where we interview women who love their jobs to get you inspired (and give you the insider secrets) Meet Rachel Chivers, the first in our series.", "Read on for the Toronto-based 27-year-old’s thoughts on beauty standards, the..." ]

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[ "Pages\n\nMonday, 21 February 2011\n\nCristofaro set for British Rally Championship debut\n\nTeenage rally driver Nick Cristofaro will make his British Rally Championship debut next weekend when he contests the Poole-based Rallye Sunseeker.", "\n\nCristofaro, from Milford Haven, has had an anxious wait since his last event as his car has required a large amount of repair work following an accident while he was leading his class.", "\n\n“The car was taken to TEG Sport for repairs right after the Wyedean,” commented Cristofaro. “", "The accident damaged most of the right-hand side and we’ve needed several new panels as well as paint but I’m pleased to say that the car is looking as good as new and we’re all set for the Sunseeker.”", "\n\nCristofaro will contest the event with co-driver Rob Fagg in his Ford Fiesta ST which now has support from Autoglym and EKM Systems as well as TEG Sport, Pirelli, Genpower UK, Millers Oils and NickyGrist.com.", "\n\n“It’s great to get two new sponsors on board to support us with our 2011 rally programme, I am grateful to Autoglym and EKM Systems for their assistance.”", "\n\nRallye Sunseeker will have a ceremonial start in Poole town centre on Friday evening before a tough day of competition in the forests of Dorset and Hampshire on Saturday. ", "The successful crews will be part of a high-profile town centre finish in Bournemouth on Saturday evening." ]

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[ "Discrimination of large venous vessels in time-course spiral blood-oxygen-level-dependent magnetic-resonance functional neuroimaging.", "\nA technique is described for discriminating blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes originating from large venous vessels and those that arise from the cortical parenchyma based on examining the temporal delay of each pixel's response. ", "Photic stimulation experiments were performed with a conventional 1.5 T scanner and correlated each pixel's time-course with sine and cosine functions at the frequency of the stimulus. ", "It was found that the signal in pixels anatomically associated with gray matter was delayed between 4 and 8 s compared with the stimulus, whereas the signal in pixels correlated with visible vessels and sulci was generally delayed from 8 to 14 s. This larger delay is consistent with the longer time required for blood to reach the larger vessels. ", "Finally, stimulus-induced NMR phase changes were observed for the largest vessels, which are attributed to bulk susceptibility shifts." ]

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[ "\n100 more open-source UI designs uploaded - andreigaspar\nUploaded another batch of designs to https:&#x2F;&#x2F;uidesigndaily.com&#x2F; - a few hundred more in the queue.<p>Also fixed some bugs and made some adjustments based on the feedback received from the soft launch.<p>Note for developers:\nIf you don’t have Sketch or a Mac, and you’d like to use a <i>.sketch</i> source file, remember that Figma is free to use, available for Windows and it opens the format!<p>What does open source design even mean?", "\nYou can download the design source files and look under the hood. ", "If open source code is checking out the recipe of a piece of software, open source design is the same thing for a design.<p>The designs on the site are also free to use, modify etc.", "\n======\nm33k44\nJust out of curiosity, do you have a design for a complex responsive form? ", "For\nexample, how would you go about designing a form that have, say, 40 feilds\nsuch as text boxes, dropdown lists, date and time picker, file upload fields,\nradio buttons, check boxes, tables etc that works on both desktop and mobile\nbrowsers?", "\n\n~~~\nandreigaspar\nThere is similar stuff to what you described in the next few hundred designs\nthat will be uploaded. ", "I think those 40 fields should be segmented and grouped\nbased on relevance. ", "It is quite scary as a user to be bombarded with so many\ninputs at once. ", "The task of filling them all out gives them anxiety. ", "Try to\nauto-fill whatever you have access to, try to segment as much as possible, and\nif you have the possibility break it down to smaller steps. ", "If you can, show\nthem progress and encourage them along the way. ", "I hope that helps!", "\n\n~~~\nm33k44\nThank you for the insightful reply!", "\n\n------\neb0la\nPhotopea ([http://photopea.com](http://photopea.com)) can also open Sketch\nfiles and is also Free.", "\n\n~~~\nandreigaspar\nYep, that's right - I just talked with the founder today!", "\n\n------\nghoshbishakh\n[https://uidesigndaily.com/](https://uidesigndaily.com/)\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nMalignant mesothelioma is a highly aggressive tumor with poor prognosis ([@b1-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "It is commonly accepted that the development of malignant mesothelioma is closely associated with exposure to asbestos, radiation or simian virus 40 ([@b2-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Because of the fact that asbestos has been used in thousands of products for a long time all over the world, and estimated latency period between exposure to asbestos and diagnosis of mesothelioma is 20--40 years, and it is expected that the incidence of malignant mesothelioma increases dramatically over the next couple of decades ([@b3-ijo-44-02-0377],[@b4-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Malignant mesothelioma shows strong resistance to existing chemotherapy, irradiation therapy, and operative therapy and extremely poor prognosis with median survival and 5-year survival of \\<1 year and 1%, respectively ([@b5-ijo-44-02-0377],[@b6-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Because the benefits of single-agent first-line or second-line chemotherapy are limited, the current standard of care for first-line chemotherapy is cisplatin and pemetrexed (a folate inhibitor), the only first-line therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients ineligible for surgery ([@b7-ijo-44-02-0377]).", "\n\nSialic acid binding lectin (SBL) isolated from *Rana catesbeiana* is a multifunctional protein that has lectin activity, ribonuclease activity and antitumor activity. ", "SBL selectively agglutinates tumor cells but not normal cells ([@b8-ijo-44-02-0377]--[@b10-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "The selective effect of SBL on cancer cells is due to its selective binding to tumor cells, because sialidase treatment of cells abolished the tumor cell agglutination and anti-proliferative effect induced by SBL ([@b11-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "We previously reported the antitumor effect of SBL *in vitro* and *in vivo* ([@b11-ijo-44-02-0377]--[@b14-ijo-44-02-0377]), and the mechanism of SBL-inuduced apoptois was studied in human leukemia Jurkat cells ([@b15-ijo-44-02-0377],[@b16-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "We studied the efficiency of SBL on treatment of malignant mesothelioma. ", "We showed that SBL suppressed the cell proliferation of malignant mesothelioma and exerted synergistic apoptotic effect with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAL). ", "The synergistic mechanism was analyzed and the potential of SBL as a new, active, anticancer reagent is suggested.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nMaterials\n---------\n\nSBL was isolated in sequential chromatography on Sephadex G-75, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, and SP-Sepharose as described previously ([@b17-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Etoposide and anti-β-actin antibody were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (Tokyo, Japan). ", "TRAIL was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). ", "The antibodies utilized were: anti-caspase-9 (MBL, Nagoya, Japan), anti-caspase-8, anti-caspase-3, anti-Bim, anti-Bik, anti-Bax and anti-Bid (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA), anti-GAPDH (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA), anti-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204), anti-ERK1, anti-JNK/SAPK (pT183/pY185), anti-JNK/SAPK, anti-p38 (pT180/pY182), and anti-p38 (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Zymed, South San Francisco, CA, USA), and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Cedarlane, Hornby, Ontario, Canada). ", "Bid specific siRNA were obtained from Ambion.", "\n\nCell culture\n------------\n\nMalignant mesothelioma cell line NCI-H28 and immortalized non-malignant mesothelial cell line Met-5A were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). ", "Malignant mesothelioma cell lines ACC-MESO-1 and ACC-MESO-4 were obtained from Riken Cell Bank (Tsukuba, Japan). ", "H28, MESO-1 and MESO-4 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). ", "Met-5A was cultured in Medium 199 with Earle\\'s balanced salt solution, 75 mM L-Gln, and 1.25 g/l sodium bicarbonate, supplemented with 3.3 nM epidermal growth factor (EGF), 400 nM hydrocortisone, 870 nM insulin, 20 mM HEPES, and 10% FBS. ", "All cells were cultured with penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 *μ*g/ ml) at 37°C in 95% air and 5% CO~2~ atmosphere.", "\n\nClonogenic assay\n----------------\n\nCells were precultured for 24 h, and treated with SBL at various concentration for 48 h. Thereafter, the cells were trypsinized, and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and plated in a 6-well plate (MESO-1, 500; MESO-4 and H28, 1,000; MeT-5A, 3,000 cells/well, respectively). ", "After 12 days, the colonies were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, and stained with 0.1% crystal violet.", "\n\nAnalysis of Annexin V binding and propidium iodide (PI) incorporation\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnnexin V binding and PI incorporation were detected with a MEBCYTO apoptosis kit (MBL). ", "The cells were harvested and washed with PBS, then stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Annexin V and PI. ", "Fluorescence intensity was determined using a FACScalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).", "\n\nWestern blotting\n----------------\n\nWhole cell lysate was prepared by lysing the cells with extraction buffer \\[150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 1 tablet/10 ml protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN, USA)\\]. ", "Soluble proteins were collected and concentrations were measured by DC protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA). ", "Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidine difluoride (PVDF) membrane (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). ", "The membrane was blocked by 5% fat-free skim milk, then primary and secondary antibodies were added to the membrane, respectively. ", "Bands of interest were detected using ECL Western blotting detection regents (GE Healthcare).", "\n\nCalculation of CI values\n------------------------\n\nTo assess whether the combination effect is synergistic or additive, CI analysis was performed. ", "CI, a numerical value calculated as described in equation below provides a quantitative measure of the extent of drug interaction. ", "$$\\text{CI} = \\text{C}_{\\text{SBL},\\text{X}}/\\text{IC}_{\\text{X},\\text{SBL}} + \\text{C}_{\\text{TRAIL},\\text{X}}/\\text{IC}_{\\text{x},\\text{TRAIL}}$$\n\nC~SBL,X~ and C~TRAIL,\\ X~ are the concentrations of SBL and TRAIL used in combination to achieve x% drug effect. ", "IC~X,SBL~ and IC~x,\\ TRAIL~ are the concentrations for single agents to achieve the same effect. ", "When the concentration of SBL was set to 0.5 *μ*M, treatment with TRAIL carried out in the range of 0.1--2.0 ng/ml, and when the concentration of TRAIL was set to 1 ng/ml, treatment with SBL carried out in the range of 0.1--2.0 *μ*M. CI of \\<, = and \\>1 indicates synergy, addictively and antagonism, respectively.", "\n\nDetection of the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMMP was assessed using a fluorescent probe 5,50,6,60-tetrachloro-1,10,3,30-tetraethyl-benzamidazolocarbocyanin iodide (JC-1, AnaSpec, Fremont, CA, USA). ", "Cells were cultured in the conditions of each experiment and then incubated with JC-1 (2 *μ*M) dye diluted in culture medium at 37°C for 15 min. ", "The cells were washed with PBS and analyzed using FACScalibur (Becton-Dickinson).", "\n\nKnock-down of expression of Bid by siRNA treatment\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nIntroduction of siRNA into H28 cells was performed by lipofection method. ", "Bid specific siRNA (10 *μ*M, sense; GGG AUGAGUGCAUCACAAATT, antisense; UUUGUGAUGC ACUCAUCCCTG) and Lipofectamine were mixed with Opti-MEM and added to the cells. ", "After 4-h incubation, the medium was replaced with fresh medium and cells were cultured for 48 h. Thereafter, cells were harvested, plated in fresh dishes, and cultured for 24 h, and then siRNA was introduced again as above. ", "The cells were used for the experiments 48 h from the final transfection.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nResults were collected from three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate, and data are expressed as the mean ± SD. ", "Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 3.0 and comparisons were performed using Student\\'s t-test, one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni\\'s *post hoc* tests.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nSBL shows anti-proliferative effects on malignant mesothelioma cells but not on non-malignant mesothelial cells\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnti-proliferative effect of SBL to three malignant mesothelioma cell lines (H28, MESO-1 and MESO-4) and non-malignant mesothelial cells (Met-5A) was assessed by clonogenic assay. ", "At the concentrations 5, 10 and 20 *μ*M of SBL, the colony formations of MESO-1 and MESO-4 cells were \\<70, 30 and 5% and 20, 15 and 5%, respectively. ", "In H28 cells, the colony formation was \\<5% at all concentrations tested, while the colony formation of Met-5A cells were higher at 90, 65 and 60%, respectively ([Fig. ", "1](#f1-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "H28 cells were the most sensitive in the cell lines tested, and sensitivity was observed in the order MESO-1, MESO-4 and Met-5A cells. ", "These results indicate that SBL has selective anti-proliferative effects on malignant mesothelioma cells.", "\n\nSBL induces apoptosis to malignant mesothelioma cells but not to non-malignant mesothelial cells\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNext, we assessed whether the anti-proliferative effect on SBL to malignant mesothelioma cells is the resultant of apoptosis or not. ", "Annexin V binding was observed in all three malignant mesothelioma cells from 24-h treatment of SBL in a time-dependent mannner, while Annexin V binding was not detected in Met-5A cells ([Fig. ", "2A](#f2-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Then, we analyzed activation of caspases in SBL-treated H28 and Met-5A cells by western blotting. ", "Apparent activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3 was observed from 48-h treatment with SBL in H28, but not in Met-5A cells ([Fig. ", "2B](#f2-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, to clarify the other factors involved in SBL-induced apoptosis, we assessed the expression of proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein members by western blotting. ", "There were no alteration in expression of Bax, Bid, and Puma, but elevated expression of Bim was observed, and maximal at 24 h ([Fig. ", "2C](#f2-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Transient elevation of Bik expression was also observed as early as 6-h treatment with SBL. ", "We also analyzed if mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were activated in the process of SBL-induced apoptosis. ", "Elevation of total p38 expression was observed from 24-h treatment with SBL. ", "Phosphorylation of p38 and JNK was detected from 24- and 12-h treatment with SBL, respectively, in a time-dependent manner. ", "On the other hand, phosphorylation of ERK was diminished from 12-h treatment with SBL. ", "These results indicate that SBL induces apoptosis selectively to malignant cells. ", "Moreover, it was considered that Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bim and Bik, and p38 and JNK may be involved in apoptotic signal caused by SBL.", "\n\nCombinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL shows synergistic cytotoxity to H28 cells attributed to enhancement of apoptosis\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nStudies were designed to investigate the effectiveness of combinatorial treatment with SBL and other anticancer reagents. ", "Fas ligand and TNFα reportedly kill not only tumor cells but also normal cells, whereas, TRAIL is promising because of its high selectively to cancer cells. ", "We analyzed if the antitumor effects were enhanced by combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL. ", "Twenty-four-hour treatment of SBL (5 *μ*M) and TRAIL (2 ng/ml) alone resulted in loss of viability to 66.7 and 70.9%, respectively. ", "Combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL decreased the viability to 24.7% ([Fig. ", "3A](#f3-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "When the concentration of SBL was set to 0.5 *μ*M or TRAIL was 1 ng/ml, the CI values were 0.63 and 0.68, respectively, which indicate synergistic effect ([Table I](#t1-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "To study the mechanism of synergistic effect of SBL and TRAIL, we tested whether apoptosis is enhanced in combinatorial treatment. ", "Etoposide that enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis, was assessed together as a positive control. ", "Similarly to combinatorial treatment with etoposide and TRAIL, Annexin V binding was significantly increased in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL in H28 cells, whereas these effects were not observed in Met-5A cells ([Fig. ", "3B](#f3-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3 was significantly enhanced in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL ([Fig. ", "3C](#f3-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"} in H28 cells). ", "These results suggest that synergistic cytotoxicity of SBL and TRAIL are caused by the enhancement of apoptosis.", "\n\nSynergistic effect of SBL and TRAIL is mediated by Bid\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nNext, we analyzed how the synergistic effects were induced in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL. ", "Some anticancer reagents increase the expression of DR4 and DR5 and shows synergistic antitumor effect with TRAIL. ", "We analyzed the expression of DR4 and DR5 in SBL-treated H28 cells by western blotting to elucidate the possibility if SBL could increase the expression of these receptors. ", "Bortezomib that increases the expression of DR4 and DR5 was used as a positive control. ", "We detected an increase of DR4 and DR5 expression in bortezomib-treated cells, but there are no increments of DR4 and DR5 expression in SBL and/or TRAIL-treated cells ([Fig. ", "4A](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results indicate that expression of DR4 and DR5 is not related to enhancement of apoptosis in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL.", "\n\nMitochondrial membrane depolarization is an indicator of apoptosis. ", "We measured the MMP by using the mitochondrial membrane depolarization detector JC- 1. ", "The mitochondrial membrane depolarization was significantly enhanced in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL, suggesting the involvement of mitochondrial perturbation in a synergistic mechanism ([Fig. ", "4B](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nBid, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, is cleaved by activated caspase-8, and then truncated Bid (tBid) translocates from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria, causing an efflux of cytochrome *c* from the mitochondria. ", "We observed truncation of Bid in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL in H28 cells. [", "Fig. ", "4C](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"} showed that tBid was significantly increased in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL, similarly to combinatorial treatment with etopside and TRAIL. ", "Next, we assessed the contribution of enhanced Bid activation to synergistic effect of SBL and TRAIL by the knock-down of Bid. ", "Enhancement of Annexin V binding in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL was significantly decreased by treatment of Bid siRNA ([Fig. ", "4D and E](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, the enhanced activation of caspase-8 was also diminished by Bid siRNA ([Fig. ", "4F](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results indicate that truncation of Bid is increased in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL and is plays an important role in synergistic apoptosis execution.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nIn this study, we showed that SBL inhibited cell growth of the various malignant mesothelioma cells, but not of the non-malignant mesothelial cells ([Fig. ", "1](#f1-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "SBL-induced cytotoxity was accompanied by typical apoptotic changes, and these effects were only seen in malignant mesothelioma ([Fig. ", "2](#f2-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, the new mechanistic and cancer selective properties of SBL can be assumed for the candidate for new kind of cancer therapy.", "\n\nCombination therapy has been the standard of care, especially in cancer treatment, since it is a rational strategy to increase response and tolerability, and to decrease resistance. ", "We studied here, the validity of the combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL. ", "TRAIL represents a promising candidate for the cancer therapy, because it causes apoptosis selectively to cancer cells ([@b18-ijo-44-02-0377],[@b19-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "There are members of receptors for TRAIL including death receptors (DRs), DR4 and DR5, mediating induction of apoptosis, and the decoy receptors (DcR), DcR1 and DcR2 which fail to induce apoptosis ([@b20-ijo-44-02-0377]--[@b22-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "The selectivity of TRAIL to cancer cells is attributed to the fact that cancer cells have been shown to highly express the death receptors, whereas normal cells highly express the DcRs. ", "However, many tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL in clinical trials. ", "It is suggested that the low efficiency of TRAIL receptor agonists was due to the induced resistance ([@b23-ijo-44-02-0377]--[@b26-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Efforts have been made to overcome the resistance and to improve the efficacy of TRAIL. ", "There are reports that the apoptosis induced by TRAIL is enhanced by some other reagents ([@b27-ijo-44-02-0377],[@b28-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Bortezomib enhances the cytotoxity of TRAIL by increasing the expression of DR4 and DR5. ", "We assessed the possibility that SBL is able to increase the expression of DR4 and DR5, and clarified that their expressions are not affected by SBL treatment ([Fig. ", "4A](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Engagement of death ligands to death receptors leads to activation of caspase-8, then activated caspase-8 transduces two different pathways dependent on cell types ([@b29-ijo-44-02-0377],[@b30-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "In one pathway the activated caspase-8 directly activates effector caspases such as caspase-3 ([@b31-ijo-44-02-0377],[@b32-ijo-44-02-0377]), in another pathway activated caspase-8 evokes mitochondrial perturbation through cleavage of Bid, and signal of apoptosis is amplified between caspase activation, mitochondria perturbation and Bid truncation ([@b33-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Cell types can be distinguished between type I cells using the former pathway (SKW6.4, H9) or type II cells using the latter pathway (Jurkat, CEM) ([@b34-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "Etoposide was reported to sensitize malignant mesothelioma M28 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and this synergic effect requires amplification of death signals by cleavege of Bid, suggesting that M28 cells belong to type II cells ([@b35-ijo-44-02-0377]). ", "We investigated what the mediator of synergistic effect is between SBL and TRAIL. ", "We found enhancement of apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization in combination-treated H28 cells ([Figs. ", "3](#f3-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4B](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Further study revealed increased cleavage of Bid, and it was important for amplification of apoptosis such as enhancement of caspase-8 activation in combination-treated cells ([Fig. ", "4C--F](#f4-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Our results also suggested that H28 cells belong to type II cells, because the cleavage of Bid enhances the apoptotic signals. ", "Interestingly, Abayasiriwardana *et al* ([@b36-ijo-44-02-0377]) reported that anisomycin, a translation inhibitor, lowers threshold for mitochondrial perturbation through Bim, and suggested that the contribution of JNK for the stability of Bim. ", "Nikrad *et al* ([@b37-ijo-44-02-0377]) and De Wilt *et al* ([@b38-ijo-44-02-0377]) reported that bortezomib sensitizes cells to killing by TRAIL through not only the increment of expression of DR4 and DR5 but also the regulation of expression of Bcl-2 family including Bik and Bim. ", "In the case of SBL, we detected elevated expression of Bik and Bim in SBL-treated cells. ", "While anisomysin activated JNK and ERK but not p38 MAPKs ([@b36-ijo-44-02-0377]), SBL activated JNK and p38 but not ERK ([Fig. ", "2D](#f2-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These observations suggest that Bcl-2 family proteins and MAPK signals play an important role in synergistic apoptotic cell death caused by combinatorial treatment.", "\n\nIn conclusion, SBL induced selective apoptosis to malignant mesothelioma cells. ", "The combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL induced synergistic apoptosis to malignant mesothelioma. ", "The predicted mechanism is shown in [Fig. ", "5](#f5-ijo-44-02-0377){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The synergistic effects were caused through enhancement of Bid cleavage and caspase activation. ", "Bcl-2 family proteins and MAPKs may be involved in the synergistic mechanism. ", "Eventually, apoptotic signal is amplified by amplification loop consisted of caspase activation and mitochondria perturbation and truncation of Bid. ", "The cytotoxic effects of SBL and/or TRAIL were not observed in non-malignant mesothelial cells. ", "Therefore, our results suggest that the combination of SBL and TRAIL can be an effective treatment for malignant mesothelioma.", "\n\nThis study was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid of the 'Academic Frontier' Project (2006--2011) and the 'Strategic Research' Project (2012--2017) for Private Universities from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.", "\n\n{#f1-ijo-44-02-0377}\n\n###### \n\nSBL induces apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cells. (", "A) Binding of Annexin V in SBL-treated cells (H28, MESO-1, MESO-4 and MeT-5A). ", "Cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) for the indicated time. ", "The percentage of Annexin V-positive cells was determined using flow cytometric analysis. ", "Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ", "^\\*^P\\<0.05 versus control. (", "B) Caspase activation in SBL-treated H28 and MeT-5A cells. ", "H28 and MeT-5A cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) for the indicated time. ", "The activation of caspase-8, -9 or -3 was determined by western blotting. ", "β-actin was used as a standard to ensure equivalent loading of cell extracts. (", "C) Effect of SBL on expression of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. ", "H28 cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) for the indicated time. ", "Expression of Bax and BH3-only proteins (Bid, Bim, Bik and Puma) was determined. ", "Bands in the western blotting were quantified by densitometry and expressed as a ratio of intensity of bands to β-actin (respective bands/actin). (", "D) Phosphorylation pattern of MAPKs in SBL-treated H28 cells. ", "H28 cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) for the indicated time. ", "Expressions of each protein were detected by western blotting. ", "GAPDH was used as a standard to ensure equivalent loading of cell extracts.", "\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g01)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g02)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g03)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g04)\n\n###### \n\nCombinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL shows synergistic cytotoxity. (", "A) Cytotoxic effect of combination of SBL and TRAIL in H28 cells. ", "Cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) and/or TRAIL (1, 1.5 and 2 ng/ml) in combination for 24 h. The viability was determined by WST-1 assay. ", "Data are expressed as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments in triplicate. ", "^\\*^P\\<0.05 versus SBL alone. (", "B) Binding of Annexin V in combination-treated cells. ", "H28 or MeT-5A cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M), etoposide (50 *μ*M) and/or TRAIL (2 ng/ml) for 24 h. The percentage of Annexin V-positive cells was determined using flow cytometric analysis. ", "Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ", "^\\*^P\\<0.02 versus TRAIL alone. (", "C) Caspase activation in combination-treated H28 cells. ", "Cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) and/or TRAIL (2 ng/ml) for 24 h. The activation of caspase-8, -9 or -3 was determined by western blotting. ", "β-actin was used as a standard to ensure equivalent loading of cell extracts.", "\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g05)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g06)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g07)\n\n###### \n\nMechanistic analysis of synergistic effect of SBL and TRAIL. (", "A) Effect of SBL on expression of DR4 and DR5. ", "H28 cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) and/or TRAIL (2 ng/ml) in combination for 24 h. Expression of DR4 and DR5 was determined western blotting. ", "Bortezomib (10 nM), known to upregurate DR4 and DR5, was used as positive control. ", "Bands in the western blotting were quantified by densitometry, and expressed as a ratio of intensity of bands to β-actin (respective bands/actin). (", "B) Change of MMP in combination-treated H28 cells. ", "Cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) and/ or TRAIL (2 ng/ml) for 24 h and then exposed to JC-1 for 30 min. ", "Change of MMP was determined using flow cytometric analysis. ", "The percentage of cells divided into lower right-hand (LR) quadrant and upper right-hand (UR) quadrant is indicated. (", "C) Bid-mediated synergistic effect in combinatorial treatment with SBL and TRAIL. ", "Bid cleavage in combination-treated H28 cells. ", "Cells were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M), etoposide (50 *μ*M) and/or TRAIL (2 ng/ml) for 24 h. The cleavage of Bid was determined by western blotting. ", "β-actin was used as a standard to ensure equivalent loading of cell extracts. (", "D) RNA knock-down of Bid. ", "H28 cells were subjected to two sequential rounds of transfection with Bid-specific siRNAs or vehicle (control). ", "Bid expression is almost abrogated by the specific RNAi; there is no effect on expression of actin. (", "E) Effect of RNA knock-down of Bid on apoptotic facilitation between SBL and TRAIL in H28 cells. ", "H28 cells subjected to two sequential rounds of Bid specific RNAi were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) and/or TRAIL (2 ng/ml) for 24 h. Percentage of Annexin V-positive cells was determined using flow cytometric analysis. ", "Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ", "P\\<0.02 versus control transfected with vehicle (\\*) or TRAIL alone (\\*\\*). (", "F) Effect of RNAi knock-down of Bid on caspase-8 cleavage facilitated by combination of SBL and TRAIL in H28 cells. ", "H28 cells transfected with Bid-specific siRNAs or vehicle were treated with SBL (5 *μ*M) and/ or TRAIL (2 ng/ml) for 24 h. Bid expression and caspase-8 activation was detected by western blotting. ", "Bands in the western blotting were quantified by densitometry, and expressed as the ratio of intensity of bands to β-actin (respective bands/actin).", "\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g08)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g09)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g10)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g11)\n\n![](", "IJO-44-02-0377-g12)\n\n{#f5-ijo-44-02-0377}\n\n###### \n\nCalculation for the combination of SBL and TRAIL.", "\n\n Combination index (CI) \n ------------------------ -----------------\n SBL (0.5 *μ*M) TRAIL (1 ng/ml)\n 0.63 0.68\n\nCI values of \\>1 and \\<1 indicate drug antagonism and synergism, respectively.", "\n" ]

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[ "More than a third of the city’s 21,000 Airbnb listings would disappear if the city’s short-term rental bylaws take effect. ", "Those are the units operated by landlords with multiple listings that violate a key provision that would require hosts of short-term rentals to be the principal occupant of the home, according to the testimony of a McGill University researcher, who appeared before a tribunal considering an appeal of council’s approved rules.", "\n\nPlanning professor David Wachsmuth, who holds a Canada Research Chair in Urban Governance, has led academic studies of the impact of Airbnb in several cities, including Toronto.", "\n\nIt is impossible that landlords who rent out multiple homes or many individual rooms in a single home, or those who rent out an entire unit year round, are the principal residents of those housing units, he told the province’s Local Planning Appeal Tribunal (LPAT).", "\n\nThey account for more than a third of the listings in Toronto and most of the $214 million a year in revenue by short-term rentals in the country’s largest market, said Wachsmuth.", "\n\nThose commercial short-term landlords have grown from about a quarter of the total listings and a third of the revenue about two years ago.", "\n\n“We have a lot of evidence to support the idea that we would still have a thriving short-term rental sector after the bylaws, but it would be one focused on casual home-sharing arrangements,” he said.", "\n\nWithout talking to the landlords, it is impossible to know for sure how many long-term housing units have been lost to the short-term rental market, Wachsmuth told the tribunal.", "\n\nBut he estimates that about 5,300 short-term rentals could be returned to the housing stock.", "\n\nThat is based on the listings of 4,600 entire homes.", "\n\nLess is known about how private rooms contribute to housing loss, he said.", "\n\nBut a computer application that uses image-recognition to identify listings for single rooms that feature the same living area and common features is now shedding light on the issue of single rooms effectively been converted into a “ghost hostel.”", "\n\n“We estimate there are 745 housing units in Toronto which have been subdivided this way. ", "Because they have been subdivided, there are many more than 745 listings on Airbnb,” he said. “", "We see a 25-per-cent-growth rate in this estimate of housing loss over the last year.”", "\n\n“Returning these units to the long-term market would, in the short-term, roughly speaking, double the available (suuply) of vacant, for-rent aparments,” he said.", "\n\n“In the long-term, that vacancy rate would not remain double, because those units would be absorbed into the rental market, and it’s also possible some of those would end up as owner-occupied housing, particularly the condo portion.”", "\n\nAlthough he appeared at the tribunal as a witness for Fairbnb, a pro-regulation coalition of tenant advocates, the hotel industry and condo boards, Wachsmuth said he would not describe himself as “anti-Airbnb.”", "\n\nLawyer Sarah Cormac, who represents landlord Alexis Leino, one of the operators who launched the LPAT appeal, and whose legal fees are being paid by Airbnb, asked if Wachsmuth would adopt Fairbnb’s statements generally.", "\n\n“I couldn’t speak to all of them. ", "I don’t know what they ar,e but I agree with you that I’m aware that it’s kind of implied in the name that they’re taking an oppositional stance there,” he said.", "\n\nHe also stressed that his research is peer-reviewed and published in reputable planning journals.", "\n\nWachsmuth says it is important that secondary suites be treated as the principal residence of a long-term tenant when it comes to renting them out for short-term stays.", "\n\nLoading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...\n\nIn a scenario where the regulations were approved, but an exception remained, for secondary suites, those units would become the only source of entire-home rentals on short-term accommodation platforms, he said.", "\n\nWhole home rentals dominate the short-term rental market in Toronto and elsewhere, accounting for more than 90 per cent of the revenue earned, said Wachsmuth. ", "He said there are enough home owners willing to rent their principal residence to fill the demand that would be vacated by those commercial rental operators.", "\n\nThe LPAT hearings continue on Tuesday." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nStruts2 tags in divs appear empty\n\nI have a s:checkbox inside a html div. ", "When the code is run, the checkbox is outside (both) the div and the divs seem to be empty and nonexistant. ", "Why is this occuring and how can I fix it? ", "When I place random text inside either div, the div contains it. ", "I set the background color to red so I can detect the div.", "\n<div id=\"outer\">\n <div id=\"inner\">\n <s:checkbox name=\"chBx\" id\"chBx\" fieldValue=\"false\" value=\"true\" label=\"Check \n This\" />\n </div>\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nLike described in this answer (that you should consider upvoting too), Struts2 generates (or not) a certain kind of HTML when rendering Struts Tags, basing on the Theme you have chosen.", "\nThe default one is xhtml, that will generate a lot of stuff for you. ", "It may be handy, but also annoying, according to how you work. ", "Personally I prefer to generate the HTML by myself, and then I use the theme that won't generate almost any HTML: the simple Theme.", "\nNote that when working on big projects or with multiple projects with the same, particular needs, you can also write your own custom theme (for example for generating security tokens automatically).", "\nYou can use a theme globally (in struts.xml)\n<constant name=\"struts.ui.theme\" value=\"simple\" />\n\nor locally to a single tag / form:\n<s:checkbox name=\"chBx\" id\"chBx\" fieldValue=\"false\" \n theme=\"simple\"\n value=\"true\" label=\"Check This\" />\n\nIn this case, you may need to write the <label> object by yourself.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The April 20 R-C Morning Report\n\nGenoa, Nev. — It’s 4-20 and while I haven’t seen an official announcement, I bet the authorities will be out in force looking for impaired drivers on this stoners’ combination of St. Patrick’s Day and Cinco de Mayo. ", "I’m going to say the same thing I’d say either of those days, if you’re going to partake, designate a driver.", "\n\nIt’s pretty safe to say that by next 4-20, if you’re pulled over by a Douglas County, you’ll also be on camera. ", "Commissioners approved a five-year contract with Axon to equip deputies with body cams. ", "Axon is the company that brought us the Taser, which means they also brought us “Don’t Taze Me Bro.”", "\n\nThe Moffat Fire near Lone Pine grew to 1,000 acres pretty quickly on Thursday. ", "Firefighters were able to stop it short of Highway 395, which reopened after just two hours.", "\n\nIn my regular roadwork session, commissioners approved the purchase of land from the fire district to build a basin that will stop the flow of water onto Tillman south of Patricia. ", "That paves the way for the reconstruction of Tillman in July.", "\n\nSpring returns today with sunny skies and a high temperature of 66 degrees. ", "A light breeze will be out of the west at 5 mph calming in the afternoon." ]

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[ "10 Best WordPress Classified Ads Themes\n\nToday, we come up with the best collection of classifieds WordPress themes. ", "These all themes are modern and professionally designed. ", "All theme were packed with advance and powerful features. ", "All these themes are highly customizable. ", "Let’s take a look at some of the most successful and best WordPress classified themes.", "\n\nClassiads – Classified Ads WordPress Theme\n\nClassifieds is a clean and modern WordPress theme. ", "The theme is beautifully designed with all advances features. ", "Theme has fully responsive with unlimited colors. ", "This theme totally compatibale all major browser. ", "Classiads theme built with HTML5 and CSS3. ", "That theme comes with google maps integrated. ", "This theme offers and option to turn ON/OFF featured Ads in your website…For More Information\n\nClassify – Classified Ads WordPress Theme\n\nClassify is a smart WordPress theme. ", "That theme become super flexible and fully responsive. ", "This theme built with HTML5 and CSS3. ", "Theme has WooCommerce and Geo location support. ", "Theme has unique sliders are touch swipe compatible. ", "Theme working on any browser beautifully. ", "Theme has Facebook login, twitter login and google plus login. ", "Theme has fully sprouted to Social media…For More Information\n\nFlatAds – Classified Ads WordPress Theme\n\nFlatAds is a well designed WordPress theme. ", "The FlatAds thme comes compatible with woocommerce. ", "It is fully responsive and optimized for modern mobile devices. ", "That theme has Geo location support. ", "It makes transactions fast and easy with its PayPal integration. ", "This theme offers and option to turn ON/OFF featured Ads in your website…For More Information\n\nWP Pro Automotive Responsive WordPress Theme\n\nWP Pro Automotive is a modern and stylish WordPress theme. ", "That theme loaded with more powerful features. ", "Theme has translation ready and full localization support. ", "This theme comes with unlimited skins and patterns. ", "Theme designed with powerful custom built listing mapping and has a 17 custom widgets. ", "Theme has 40+ custom Google fonts and 50+ Pre-defined background patterns…For More Information\n\nJobify – WordPress Job Board Theme\n\nJobify is a sleek and modern WordPress theme. ", "It is fully responsive and optimized for modern mobile devices like ipad, iphone, tablet and other smart phones. ", "This theme can allow you to organize your theme without touching a single line of code. ", "Theme allows to use multiple media to promote their business. ", "Theme comes with fully customizable homepage. ", "You can control the layout of your website. ", "This theme has full localisation support…For More Information\n\nListingBuilder – WP Listings Directory Theme\n\nListingBuilder is a modern and stylish WordPress theme. ", "It is fully responsive and optimized for modern mobile devices. ", "That theme designed with MegaMenu. ", "This theme has 4 custom sidebar widgets and 17 custom page templates. ", "This theme comes with 11 custom shortcodes, faceted search and 3 different pages for listing locations…For More Information\n\nWPJobus – Job Board and Resumes WordPress Theme\n\nWPJobus is a well designed WordPress theme. ", "This theme is fully responsive and has everything it needs built-in and doesn’t need other 3rd party plugins to work. ", "Theme comes with awesome typography with customization from the backend. ", "Theme has unlimited color schemes and custom shortcodes. ", "Theme has multi language support…For More Information\n\nClassifieds – Classified Ads WordPress Theme\n\nClassifieds is a professionally designed WordPress theme. ", "Classified Ads theme is fully support and integrate Google GeoLocation search option. ", "This theme is flexible and fully responsive. ", "Whole thing is that there is everything that you need…For More Information\n\nUltimate Directory Responsive WordPress Theme\n\nUltimate Directory is a impressive WordPress theme. ", "It is compatible with all modern mobile devices. ", "This theme comes with facebook login, unlimited colors and multiple gallery layouts. ", "There have 22+ background patterns. ", "Theme has multiple blog styles and custom built in review system. ", "Theme has shortcode system and slider manager and has fully sprouted to Social media…For More Information\n\nDirectory | Multi-purpose WordPress Theme\n\nDirectory is a elegant and modern WordPress theme. ", "Theme can you to edit your profile, register and login. ", "That theme is fully responsive and compatible with all modern mobile devices. ", "This theme has advanced SEO options, unlimited sidebars and has 650+ google fonts that you can select for your site. ", "There is no limit on the number of colors to use with your site…For More Information" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to wrenches, in particular open ended wrenches and more particularly pertains to a new wrench for holding a nut in the head end when threading and unthreading the nut from a threaded object such as a threaded bolt.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nThe use of wrenches, in particular open ended wrenches is known in the prior art. ", "More specifically, wrenches, in particular open ended wrenches heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.", "\nKnown prior art wrenches, in particular open ended wrenches include U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,738,168; U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,406,188; U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,058,0323; U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,570,513; U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "Des. ", "272,036; and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "Des. ", "309,411.", "\nWhile these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not disclose a new wrench. ", "The inventive device includes a handle with a head end coupled to the handle. ", "The head end has a first and second faces, and inner and outer side surfaces. ", "The inner side surface of the head end defines an opening through the head end between the first and second faces of the head end. ", "The head end also has a supporting flange extending radially inwards around the inner side surface of the head end. ", "The head end has a break therethrough extending between the inner and outer side surfaces of the head end. ", "The break also extends through an adjacent portion of the supporting flange.", "\nIn these respects, the wrench according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of holding a nut in the head end when threading and unthreading the nut from a threaded object such as a threaded bolt." ]

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[ "Javascript function is not a function?", "\n\nHere’s one way to get that error…\nIf you declare a RegExp as a variable outside of a function, such as:\nvar vpattern = \".*\";", "\nvar vmodifier = \"i\";\nvar vregexp = new RegExp(vpattern,vmodifier);\nyou’ll get that error. ", "The regexp works, it just generates an error for some reason.", "\nThere could be other reasons for this error, too." ]

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[ "Sign up to our newsletter" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "The questionable significance of hip joint tamponade in producing osteonecrosis in Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome.", "\nA possible mechanism for development of Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome following transient synovitis is the production of an effusion which acts as a tamponade of the intracapsular, subsynovial vessels to the femoral capital epiphysis. ", "An intraarticular pressure of 150-200 mm Hg continuing for 10 to 12 h has been required to produce epiphyseal ischemia and subsequent osteonecrosis in animals. ", "This study, on the hip of the immature pig, showed that an induced talcum synovitis did not increase intraarticular pressure. ", "Autologous plasma was infused into synovitis-affected and normal hips to raise intraarticular pressures to 50, 100, and 200 mm Hg, respectively, in three groups of pigs. ", "Decay of these joint pressures to 35 mm Hg occurred within a maximum of 132 min. ", "This period is much less than the ischemia time required to cause osteocyte death. ", "Decay of intraarticular pressure resulted from capsular stretching and efflux of the infusate from the joint. ", "The data from this experiment do not support the theory that tamponade of the femoral capital epiphysis is the cause of osteonecrosis in Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome." ]

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[ "By Bernadette O'Donnell,\n\nFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: October 5, 2019\n\nCONTACT: Bernadette O’Donnell\n\nTormenta Defeats Greenville Triumph 3-1 in Bittersweet Finale\n\nTormenta Original Jad Arslan Scores A Brace\n\nTormenta FC closed out its first professional season tonight with a dominating performance in Erk Russell Park, defeating Greenville Triumph SC 3-1. ", "With the win, Tormenta ended its winless streak, keeping Greenville from securing home field advantage for the USL League One playoffs.", "\n\nTormenta kicked off its chances in the 9th minute with a shot by Alex Morrell, but it was saved by Greenville’s Dallas Jaye.", "\n\nCarlos Gomez gave Greenville the lead in the 18th minute with a goal assisted by Cameron Saul. ", "Less than ten minutes after, Jad Arslan scored his first professional goal and tied up the match after Dallas Jaye mishandled the ball, creating an opportune moment to score. ", "In the 40th minute, Arslan capitalized off yet another mistake by Jaye and scored a brace.", "\n\nConner Antley then notched his sixth goal of the season after catching Greenville’s backline off-guard, bringing the final score to 3-1.", "\n\nAfter a whirlwind season for its first professional year, Tormenta FC ended on a bright note tonight, ready to come back in 2020, fighting for a playoff spot and a USL League One trophy next time around.", "\n\nFor additional information and scheduling interviews, call (478-508-2604) or email: [email protected].", "\n\nPost Match Report:\n\nStarting Lineup: Pablo Jara, Daltyn Knutson, Jordan Skelton, Joshua Phelps, Conner Antley, Nil Vinyals, Ricardo Gomez, Alex Morrell, Marco Micaletto, Jad Arslan, Charlie Dennis\n\nSubstitutions:\n\n45’- GVL - Christopher Bermudez for Kevin Politz\n\n68’- TRM - Mikie Rowe for Nil Vinyals\n\n69’- GVL - Travis Ward for Cameron Saul\n\n81’- GVL - Sami Guederi for Paul Clowes\n\n92’- TRM - Nick Wells for Charlie Dennis\n\n92’- TRM - Michael Mecham for Marco Micaletto\n\nScoring Summary: TRM - 3 | GVL - 1\n\n18’ - GVL - Carlos Gomez (Assisted by Cameron Saul)\n\n26’ - TRM - Jad Arslan\n\n41’ - TRM - Jad Arslan\n\n80’ - TRM - Conner Antley\n\nCaution Summary:\n\n32’- GVL - Aaron Walker (Foul)\n\n33’- TRM - Marco Micaletto (Dissent)\n\n69’- GVL - Christopher Bermudez (Foul)\n\n75’- TRM - Mikie Rowe (Foul)\n\n88’- GVL - Travis Ward (Foul)" ]

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[ "package shem.com.materiallogin.ex;\n\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport android.support.design.widget.", "Snackbar;\nimport android.support.design.widget.", "TextInputLayout;\nimport android.support.v7.app.", "AppCompatActivity;\n\nimport shem.com.materiallogin.", "DefaultLoginView;\nimport shem.com.materiallogin.", "DefaultRegisterView;\nimport shem.com.materiallogin.", "MaterialLoginView;\n\npublic class CustomViewsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_custom_views);\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Kyoto Art Center\n\nThe is a venue for promoting the arts which is located in the heart of Kyoto, Japan. ", "The center, a three-story reinforced-concrete building, occupies the site of the former Meirin Elementary School (founded by the people of Kyoto during the Meiji era).", "\nIt has a studio, gallery, auditorium, Japanese-style hall, free space, library, an information corner, Japanese-style tea room, the Maeda Coffee Meirin coffee shop, a common room and shops.", "\nKyoto Arts and Culture Foundation manages the center, which aims to support artistic activities, act as a clearinghouse for arts information, plan artist in residence programs and promote artists to the public.", "\nIn 2008 the north, south and west wings, the gate and wall of the center were registered as one of the Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan.", "\n\nHistory \n 1869: Opening of the Sanbangumi elementary school on the site of Meirinsya, changing its name to Meirin Elementary School\n 1931: Renovating the building in reinforced concrete\n 1993: Closing of Meirin Elementary School\n 1996: Construction of ”art and culture center” building on the site of the Meirin Elementary School under collaborative projects for re-use of sites and promoting the arts in Kyoto\n 2000 (April): Renovating the former Meirin Elementary School building and opening of Kyoto Art Center\n 2008 (July 23): Registered as one of the Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan\n\nActivities \nIn addition to Japanese contemporary arts programs, a number of international events occur at the center. ", "Since 2010, an international theater festival, the Kyoto Experiment has been held in late September and October. ", "A long-running program, the Traditional Theater Training program (T.T.T.), originally started in 1985 by scholar of Japanese theater Jonathan Salz, and now under the aegis of the Kyoto Art Center, gives an intensive course in a traditional Japanese theatrical form – originally kyōgen, now also Noh and nihonbuyō, and a separate course in kotsuzumi (drumming) – for beginners (originally 6 weeks, now 3 weeks). ", "Approximately half the participants are foreign and half are Japanese; since 2011 the weekend workshop at the start of the program, which gives a taste of various aspects of Japanese theater, has been available separately (lectures are in Japanese with English interpretation).", "\n\nFurther reading \n Issue Paper of Kyoto Art Center\n Matsumoto, Shigeaki. ", "Geijyutsu Sozo Kyoten to Jichitai Bunka Taisaku -Kyoto Geijutsu Senta no Kokoromi- [arts of creating arts and policy of municipally owned cultures -An attempt to Kyoto Art Center-], Suiyo-sya, 2005, , \n Kyoto Toshi Kenkyu, Kyoto [Urban Research, Kyoto], Vol. ", "15-19\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Kyoto Art Center website\n KYOTO ART CENTER – Kyoto Art Box\n Introduction to buildings \n The 11th BELCA Awards in renovation category \n About the site of Meirin elementary school \n Kyoto Information Museum \n Kyoto Arts and Culture Foundation \n Meirinsya \n\nCategory:Museums in Kyoto\nCategory:Art museums and galleries in Japan" ]

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[ "In a case of deja vu, Nico Hulkenberg crashed out of fifth position in Baku. ", "But his Renault boss Cyril Abiteboul is willing to accept such an error - if it's his only one this year.", "\n\n“Carlos did a good race but Nico just made a mistake. ", "He makes one a year and last year it was here as well!", "\n\nTeam mate Carlos Sainz went on to finish in fifth as Azerbaijan again produced a dramatic and unpredictable Grand Prix, and reflecting on the race, Abiteboul said it was: “50% good!", "\n\nLast year, Hulkenberg hit the wall at Turn 7 and was forced to retire on lap 25, missing out on potentially bigger points in a chaotic race. ", "This time around it was a similar situation as Hulkenberg was again running fifth and struck the wall on the exit of Turn 4, going out on lap 10.", "\n\nIf it's his only mistake this year, he will be more than forgiven\n\n“Nico had some misfortune, but it was his only mistake last year and if it has to be his only mistake again this year, he will be more than forgiven.”", "\n\nAbiteboul’s lenient mood could perhaps be explained by the points return from Sainz, with the 10 scored on Sunday leaving Renault just one behind McLaren in the fight for fourth place in the constructors’ championship.", "\n\n“We were not sure what to expect for this race, but fifth for Carlos is a great result, our best since returning to the sport two years ago.", "\n\n\"We have to admit it came in exceptional circumstances, but it is very positive. ", "Carlos drove a very mature race, managing his tyres well, and fighting with multiple cars throughout the race.", "\n\n“It is very encouraging to look at how the grid has changed since last year. ", "The gap to Red Bull, and from the Renault engine, to the rest of the field is obvious evidence of all the progress we have made and continue to make every weekend.", "\n\n“Overall [it was] a very good weekend. ", "As a team we scored another handful of points and more than McLaren, so the deficit is now very close as we head towards Europe.”", "\n\nRenault are also sitting pretty in the drivers' standings ahead of the next round in Spain, with Sainz moving into the top 10 - he sits in P10 - while Hulkenberg remains seventh." ]

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[ "Assessing clinical significance of treatment outcomes using the DASS-21.", "\nStandard clinical significance classifications are based on movement between the \"dysfunctional\" and \"functional\" distributions; however, this dichotomy ignores heterogeneity within the \"dysfunctional\" population. ", "Based on the methodology described by Tingey, Lambert, Burlingame, and Hansen (1996), the present study sought to present a 3-distribution clinical significance model for the 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21; P. F. Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) using data from a normative sample (n = 2,914), an outpatient sample (n = 1,000), and an inpatient sample (n = 3,964). ", "DASS-21 scores were collected at pre- and post-treatment for both clinical samples, and patients were classified into 1 of 5 categories based on whether they had made a reliable change and whether they had moved into a different functional range. ", "Evidence supported the validity of the 3-distribution model for the DASS-21, since inpatients who were classified as making a clinically significant change showed lower symptom severity, higher perceived quality of life, and higher clinician-rated functioning than those who did not make a clinically significant change. ", "Importantly, results suggest that the new category of recovering is an intermediate point between recovered and making no clinically significant change. ", "Inpatients and outpatients have different treatment goals and therefore use of the concept of clinical significance needs to acknowledge differences in what constitutes a meaningful change." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nScan app for Samsung SCX-4100\n\nTrying to get a scanner app or program or anything for my Samsung SCX-4100 to scan onto Ubuntu 14.10.", "\nHave tried 6 of the scanner programs, but they cannot see the scanner. ", "It works OK with Windows!", "\nAs a printer, it works fine with Ubuntu.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn Ubuntu 16.04:\nsudo bash -c 'echo \"deb http://www.bchemnet.com/suldr/ debian extra\" >> /etc/apt/sources.list'\nwget http://www.bchemnet.com/suldr/pool/debian/extra/su/suldr-keyring_2_all.deb\nsudo dpkg -i suldr-keyring_2_all.deb\nsudo apt-get update\nsudo apt-get install suld-driver-4.00.39\n\nIn the driver deb configuration file select the user(s) that need to be added to the lp group in order to be able to use the scan.", "\nYou will need to log out and in again.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "<component name=\"libraryTable\">\n <library name=\"Maven: org.aspectj:aspectjrt:1.6.11\">\n <CLASSES>\n <root url=\"jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/aspectj/aspectjrt/1.6.11/aspectjrt-1.6.11.jar!/\" />\n </CLASSES>\n <JAVADOC>\n <root url=\"jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/aspectj/aspectjrt/1.6.11/aspectjrt-1.6.11-javadoc.jar!/\" />\n </JAVADOC>\n <SOURCES>\n <root url=\"jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/aspectj/aspectjrt/1.6.11/aspectjrt-1.6.11-sources.jar!/\" />\n </SOURCES>\n </library>\n</component>" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWinforms Save as\n\nDoes anyone know any articles or sites showing how to create a \"Save as\" dialogue box in win forms. ", "I have a button, user clicks and serializes some data, the user than specifies where they want it saved using this Save as box.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou mean like SaveFileDialog?", "\nFrom the MSDN sample, slightly amended:\nusing (SaveFileDialog dialog = new SaveFileDialog())\n{\n dialog.", "Filter = \"txt files (*.txt)|*.txt|All files (*.*)|*.*\" ", " ;\n dialog.", "FilterIndex = 2 ;\n dialog.", "RestoreDirectory = true ;\n\n if (dialog.", "ShowDialog() == DialogResult.", "OK)\n {\n // Can use dialog.", "FileName\n using (Stream stream = dialog.", "OpenFile())\n {\n // Save data\n }\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nUse the SaveFileDialog control/class.", "\n\nA:\n\nIm doing a notepad application in c# i came over this scenario to save file as try this out.", "It will work perfectly\n private void saveAsToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n\n SaveFileDialog saveFileDialog1 = new SaveFileDialog();\n\n saveFileDialog1.Filter = \"txt files (*.txt)|*.txt|All files (*.*)|*.*\";", "\n saveFileDialog1.FilterIndex = 2;\n saveFileDialog1.RestoreDirectory = true;\n\n if (saveFileDialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.", "OK)\n {\n\n System.", "IO.StreamWriter file = new System.", "IO.StreamWriter(saveFileDialog1.FileName.", "ToString());\n file.", "WriteLine(richTextBox1.Text);\n file.", "Close();\n }\n\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Must admit the CPL has been arranged quite well. ", "I think its going to be a big tournament, but the timing of matches could be an issue. ", "95% cricket fan are in the SC, and the time periods are different\n\n\"St Lucia Zouks Player Tamim Iqbal recently wed Ayesha Siddika! ", "Congratulations Tamim from the SLU Zouks team and fans. ", "We look forward to welcoming you to St. Lucia for the #CPLT2013!", "\nhttp://www.dhakatribune.com/cricket/2013/jun/30/tamim-joins-camp-after-wedding\"\n\nApparently kit designs have changed\nOFFICIAL TEAM UNIFORM AND KIT SPONSOR SECURED FOR LIMACOL CPL\n\nINDIA-BASED APPAREL AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING COMPANY TK SPORTS PRIVATE LIMITED ARE THE LIMACOL CPL'S OFFICIAL AND EXCLUSIVE SUPPLIER OF TEAM APPAREL AND PROTECTIVE GEAR\n\nLimacol Caribbean Premier League (LCPL) organisers have confirmed India-based Apparel and Equipment manufacturing company TK Sports Private Limited as the League’s official and exclusive supplier of team apparel and protective gear.", "\n\nTK is a leading global sports Apparel and Equipment brand with a major presence in Europe since 1984, and have supplied clothing and gear to sports teams around the world across all sports verticals, including the Indian Premier League’s Sahara Pune Warriors and Kings XI Punjab. ", "TK Sports India will be providing the full range of kit for all six teams from practice jerseys and uniforms to gloves, helmets and pads.", "\n\n“TK Sports India is pleased to have been chosen as the kit supplier for the Limacol Caribbean Premier League,” said Managing Director, Rajan Kohli. “", "Our reputation for upholding the highest standards of quality control and using the best material and designers guarantees that the LCPL teams will be highly satisfied with their respective gear. ", "We wish the LCPL management and the teams very best and look forward to outfitting them for years to come.”", "\n\n“Ensuring that our teams are using and wearing gear of the highest quality is of paramount importance to us because the quality of their performance can be affected if they are uncomfortable in their kit,” commented LCPL Chief Executive Officer Damien O’Donohoe. “", "After much consideration, we selected TK Sports India and we are confident that they will meet the LCPL requirements that we have given them.”", "\n\nTK Sports India will leverage the LCPL association through social media. ", "TK Sports customers, Twitter followers and Facebook fans will get the chances to win authentic LCPL apparel of their favorite team. (", "Facebook: www.facebook.com/tksportsindia/ Twitter: @tksportsindia)\n\nBarbados and St Lucia will be the first teams to suit up when the inaugural Limacol Caribbean Premiere League begins on Tuesday July 30 in Barbados\n\nThe Limacol Caribbean Premier League (CPL) today confirmed Ben Rohrer, Ahmed Shehzad and Davy Jacobs have been drafted in as replacement players for the forthcoming inaugural tournament.", "\n\nThis announcement comes after three Australia players – Steve Smith, Shaun Marsh and Aaron Finch – were unable to obtain No Objection Certificates from Cricket Australia. ", "Smith has been drafted in to Australia’s squad for the Ashes series with England, and Finch and Marsh have been selected for the Australia A tour of Zimbabwe and South Africa.", "\n\nAustralian Rohrer will replace Smith for the Antigua Hawksbills, Pakistani Shehzad steps in for Marsh with the Jamaica Tallawahs, and Jacobs from South Africa comes in for Finch with the Trinidad & Tobago Red Steel.", "\n\nRohrer is a hard-hitting left-hander who made his Twenty20 International debut for Australia against the West Indies in March and he played for the Delhi Daredevils in the latest edition of the Indian Premier League.", "\n\nThe 32 year-old featured for the Melbourne Renegades in the last Australia’s Big Bash League, and the Renegades were the franchise that had the consultancy services of Antigua Hawksbills coach Sir Vivian Richards, as well as the talent of West Indies batsman Marlon Samuels, the Antigua Hawksbills’ franchise player and captain in this year’s Limacol CPL.", "\n\nThe 32 year-old, originally from Sydney, said he was relishing the chance to be part of the Limacol CPL which gets underway on 30 July.", "\n\n“I’m very excited about the opportunity to play with Antigua in the CPL,” said Rohrer. “", "It will be great to get the chance to work with Sir Viv again, as well as (with former Australia captain) Ricky Ponting and my Renegades teammate Marlon Samuels.”", "\n\nAntigua Hawksbills assistant coach Phil DeFreitas said: “Ben has shown himself to be a real talent in the shortest form of the game, and that ability earned him international recognition earlier this year.", "\n\n“He is well known to both Sir Vivian Richards and Marlon Samuels and impressed them both during the Big Bash League.", "\n\n“He has the ability to control the innings and also to find the boundary regularly and he offers us a really excellent option with the bat.”", "\n\nRohrer made 295 runs in the Big Bash League, the fifth-highest aggregate among the six sides, and his strike-rate was a remarkable 152.09 runs per hundred balls. ", "He has also represented the Sydney Sixers both domestically and in the Champions League T20.", "\n\nThe Limacol CPL will be a perfect opportunity for Ahmed Shehzad to put himself firmly back in the minds of the Pakistan selectors after he missed out on selection for the ICC Champions Trophy squad.", "\n\nStill only 21, the right-handed batsman played for his country as recently as March in a T20I against South Africa. ", "He has played 19 ODIs and 11 T20Is and was part of the Pakistan squads for both the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2011 and the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009, with Pakistan winning the latter event.", "\n\nHe has two ODI hundreds, one of which was against the West Indies in St Lucia in 2011, and he also has two T20 hundreds and a superb strike-rate of 134.23 runs per hundred balls.", "\n\nReflecting on the change to the Jamaica Tallawahs squad, coach Paul Nixon said: “Losing Shaun is a shame but we have got a like-for-like replacement with Ahmed Shehzad who is perfect for the team’s balance.", "\n\n“He has special ability as a top order batsman, Chris (Gayle) knows him well and we believe he will be a match-winner who can really make his mark on the world stage. ", "He is a very gifted and classy player and we feel he is the last piece in our jigsaw.”", "\n\nJacobs is another vastly experienced Twenty20 player who was unlucky to miss out on a spot with one of the six franchises in the draft that took place earlier this month.", "\n\nThe 30 year-old, who captains the Warriors in South African domestic cricket, is capable of batting anywhere in the order and is an extremely capable wicketkeeper too.", "\n\nHe led the Warriors to their first-ever trophies in 2010-11 with a limited-overs double, including the domestic Twenty20 title, and has played for both the Mumbai Indians in the IPL and Northamptonshire in English county cricket.", "\n\nTrinidad & Tobago Red Steel coach Gordon Greenidge said of the change to his squad: “Davy Jacobs is a proven performer in Twenty20 cricket. ", "He will add steel to the Red Steel dressing room and bring a winning mentality to the squad as well as vast experience. ", "The fact he can bat anywhere in the top-order is great as it provides us with real flexibility and I like the balance of our squad.", "\n\n“We have top-quality internationals like Dwayne Bravo and Ross Taylor, the pace of Fidel Edwards, the exciting hitting power of Ireland’s Kevin O’Brien and two of the best Twenty20 bowlers going around in Kevon Cooper and Samuel Badree. ", "It is a great blend and we cannot wait to get started,” he declared.", "\n\nThe inaugural Limacol Caribbean Premier League starts on 30 July in Barbados and concludes on 24 August in Trinidad.", "\n\nMISBAH-UL-HAQ COMES IN AS REPLACEMENT FOR LUKE POMERSBACH IN LIMACOL CPL\n\n“WE ARE EXCITED MISBAH IS JOINING US AND LOOK FORWARD TO WORKING WITH HIM AS WE STRIVE FOR SUCCESS IN THIS INAUGURAL LIMACOL CARIBBEAN PREMIER LEAGUE,” SAYS MAYNARD.", "\n\nPakistan’s Test and One-Day International (ODI) captain Misbah-ul-Haq will replace Luke Pomersbach of Australia in the St. Lucia Zouks team for the inaugural Limacol Caribbean Premier League (LCPL) T20 Tournament which begins in a matter of days. ", "Pomersbach has been forced to pull out of the tournament on compassionate leave.", "\n\nMisbah, who has been captaining Pakistan’s ODI side against the West Indies in the Caribbean, will immediately link up with the Zouks squad ahead of the side’s first match – the tournament opener - against the Barbados Tridents at Kensington Oval on Tuesday.", "\n\nMisbah’s latest Twenty20 action saw him lead the Faisalabad Wolves to victory in Pakistan’s Super Eight T-20 Cup in March and he scored 189 runs at an average of 37.20 during the tournament.", "\n\n“Although it is unfortunate that Luke Pomersbach will not be joining us, we have a high-quality replacement in Misbah ul-Haq,” said St Lucia Zouks assistant coach Matthew Maynard about the change to the squad. “", "He brings with him a vast amount of experience of international cricket, something that will only be of benefit to our younger players, and his latest Twenty20 performance speaks for itself. ", "On top of that he has been in excellent form during the recent ODI series against the West Indies so he is completely acclimatised and match-ready and that is an added plus for us and for him.”", "\n\nMisbah joins a well-balanced squad with experienced West Indies international players like Darren Sammy and Tino Best, as well as exciting young talents like Andre Fletcher, Nelon Pascal and Dalton Polius and high-quality overseas players Herschelle Gibbs, Albie Morkel and Tamim Iqbal.", "\n\n“We are excited Misbah is joining us and look forward to working with him as we strive for success in this inaugural Limacol Caribbean Premier League,” added Maynard.", "\n\nMisbah made his international debut in 2001 and since then has played 39 Tests, 125 ODIs and 39 Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is).", "\n\nIn those 39 Tests Misbah has scored 2419 runs at 43.19, including three hundreds and 18 fifties. ", "In ODIs he has a total of 3819 runs at 44.40 with 29 fifties, four of those half-centuries coming in the recently-concluded series against the West Indies, and in T20Is he has 788 runs at 37.52 with a strike-rate of 110.20 runs per hundred balls faced.", "\n\nIn each format of the game his statistics improved after taking over the Pakistan captaincy and he has led his country in 20 Tests, 51 ODIs and eight T20Is.", "\n\nThe inaugural Limacol Caribbean Premier League starts on 30 July in Barbados and concludes on 24 August in Trinidad." ]

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[ "His treatment plans can involve antidepressants; medication for anxiety, A.D.H.D. and chronic pain; anti-relapse medications; psychotherapy; and family training. ", "Patients may come for a single consultation, or be treated for years.", "\n\nThe question of effective treatment for alcohol- and substance-use disorders is more pressing than ever. ", "According to a recent article in The New England Journal of Medicine, the number of Americans admitted to treatment programs for prescription opioids more than quadrupled from 2002 to 2012. ", "Deaths from heroin overdoses nearly quadrupled from 2002 to 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported.", "\n\nIn addition, an estimated 18 million Americans have alcohol use disorder, according to the N.I.A.A.A., and a study published in JAMA last year found that the number of Americans who drank to excess was rising.", "\n\nLast month, President Obama proposed $1.1 billion in new federal spending to fight the growing epidemic of heroin and prescription opioid addiction. ", "His 2017 proposed budget designates $920 million for states to expand access to drug-assisted treatment over the next two years. ", "It also calls for more prescription-drug monitoring programs and increasing the use of the opioid-reversal treatment naloxone.", "\n\nOnly 10 percent of those with alcohol- and substance-use disorders ever seek treatment, said Brad Stone, a spokesman for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. ", "The Affordable Care Act covers treatment for alcohol- and substance-abuse disorders, but many who need it fear they will be stigmatized if they ask for help.", "\n\nA Range of Therapies\n\nMany people in need of treatment believe that the only way to recover is to spend time at a rehab facility, which can cost as much as $50,000 a month. ", "Yet there is no reliable evidence that intensive inpatient treatment is more effective than continual outpatient care, Anne M. Fletcher, the author of the 2013 exposé of the treatment system, “Inside Rehab,” said in an interview.", "\n\nDr. Willenbring founded his outpatient center, Alltyr, in St. Paul in 2012. ", "Instead of spiritual confession, he relies on a range of behavioral therapies to help patients identify the triggers that lead to risky behaviors. ", "They include motivational interviewing, in which therapists ask a series of questions intended to help clients understand why they drink or use drugs, and cognitive behavioral therapy, short-term counseling that helps patients recognize and avoid high-risk situations." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy my boolean variable doesn't get updated on other classes?", "\n\nI made a boolean called endGame, and when I click a button it will be set to false, and then on another class I made an object for the class where my boolean is. ", "And when something happen the endGame will be set to true:\nif(condition==true){ //the endGame variable will be equal to true only on this class\n classObj.endGame=true;\n}\n\n//on the other class where the endGame is Located it is still false.", "\n\n //button class\npublic boolean endGame;\n public void create(){\n endGame=false;\n\n playButton.addListener(new InputListener(){\n @Override\n public boolean touchDown(InputEvent event, float x, float y, int pointer, int button) {\n endGame=false;\n System.out.println(endGame);\n return super.touchDown(event, x, y, pointer, button);\n }\n });\n }\n\n //second class\n if(sprite.getY()>=700){\n buttonObj.endGame=true;\n enemyIterator.remove();\n enemies.remove(sprite);\n }\n\nA:\n\nand then on another class I made an object for the class where my boolean is\n\nI assume the endGame variable is not static. ", "Otherwise you wouldn't need to create an object of the class where the boolean is in order to access it.", "\nThis means that if you set endGame to true in one object of the relevant class, it wouldn't update the value of endGame in different objects of that class.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Mercado Bed and Breakfast, Cheap Hotel and Guest House Accommodation\n\nMercado Bed and Breakfasts. ", "Compare latest rates and Live availability for all your favourite places and places you have always wanted to go using our new My Shortlist feature. ", "Click + to add to your Shortlist\n\nThe Kadimah Hotel is a bed and breakfast hotel located in the heart of Stamford Hill exuding elegance and style. ", "It is a terraced property with a different feel to most London hotels as it blends a we ...more\n\nThe Kadimah Hotel is a bed and breakfast hotel located in the heart of Stamford Hill exuding elegance and style. ", "It is a terraced property with a different feel to most London hotels as it blends a wealth of personality modern amenities and unparalleled hospitality. ", "The nearest underground station is Manor House Located in zone 2 on the Piccadilly Line and Seven Sisters which is in zone 3 on the Victoria Line. ", "Stamford Hill Rail Station is located in zone 3 and is a 5 minute walk from the Hotel. ", "The guest rooms feature contemporary d?cor with en suite bathroom facilities. ", "All rooms have free wi-fi access. ", "Beautiful and tastefully appointed the Kadimah Hotel s guest rooms are a haven of peaceful and tranquil relaxation. ", "The rooms are accommodating to both business and leisure travellers as they provide and feature the modern amenities today s patrons have come to expect.", "\n\nThe Amhurst Hotel is well suited to individuals couples and small groups. ", "In fact the Amhurst Hotel is well suited to anyone looking for budget Self Catering Hotel in London. ", "Our budget prices are ...more\n\nThe Amhurst Hotel is well suited to individuals couples and small groups. ", "In fact the Amhurst Hotel is well suited to anyone looking for budget Self Catering Hotel in London. ", "Our budget prices are ideal for travellers students holidaymakers families and workers. ", "Whilst offering budget rates we offer above average facilities for a budget hotel in London including a large garden to the rear of the property free cable and WiFi internet access and free parking. ", "We are proud of our gardens at the Amhurst Hotel Laid to lawn and kept to a Victorian theme to match the architecture. ", "The Amhurst Hotel is situated in North London. ", "The nearest underground station is Manor House Located in zone 2 on the Piccadilly Line and Seven Sisters which is in zone 3 on the Victoria Line. ", "Stamford Hill Rail Station is located in zone 3 and is located in the same street as the Amhurst Hotel a 2 minute walk from the Hotel there is also a N253 Night Bus Stop also located in the same street as the Hotel a 2 minute walk. ", "With access to the major underground and Bus routes being within a 5 - 10 minute walk from the Amhurst Hotel all major tourist attractions and places of interest like Oxford Street Piccadilly Circus Green Park Leicester Square Hyde Park Euston Kings Cross the London Eye and Westminster & Big Ben are all but a 20 minute journey. ", "The Hotel is also located not far from where the London 2012 Olympic Stadium. ", "Parking On-site parking Free parking Off-site parking Secure parking Long-term parking\n\nGlobal Lodge offers accommodation in London. ", "Rooms are fitted with a flat-screen TV. ", "You will find a kettle in the room. ", "For your comfort, you will find slippers, free toiletries and a hairdryer. ", "Glo ...more\n\nGlobal Lodge offers accommodation in London. ", "Rooms are fitted with a flat-screen TV. ", "You will find a kettle in the room. ", "For your comfort, you will find slippers, free toiletries and a hairdryer. ", "Global Lodge features free WiFi .", "\n\nThe Luxury Inn is a contemporary urban guesthouse comprising of luxurious bedrooms and a loft style lounge and dinning area.", "\nThe architectural design gives the guest the space to relax with high ce ...more\n\nThe Luxury Inn is a contemporary urban guesthouse comprising of luxurious bedrooms and a loft style lounge and dinning area.", "\nThe architectural design gives the guest the space to relax with high ceilings and large skylights.", "\n\nThis boutique hotel and apartments is located opposite Finsbury Park and in the vibrant Haringey and Manor House area. ", "The nearest underground station is Manor House and tubes can take you to Covent G ...more\n\nThis boutique hotel and apartments is located opposite Finsbury Park and in the vibrant Haringey and Manor House area. ", "The nearest underground station is Manor House and tubes can take you to Covent Garden within 16 minutes.", "\n\nLocated a minute’s walk from Hackney Central station, Kip offers accommodation with free WiFi. ", "Guests are 300 metres from Hackney Empire theatre, and can reach Westfield Stratford City via public tran ...more\n\nLocated a minute’s walk from Hackney Central station, Kip offers accommodation with free WiFi. ", "Guests are 300 metres from Hackney Empire theatre, and can reach Westfield Stratford City via public transport within 15 minutes.", "\n\nIslington Inn is located in trendy Islington the hotel is perfect for weekend and city breaks. ", "The hotel has a tea room on the ground floor serving a mixture of exotic teas. ", "The rooms are all furnishe ...more\n\nIslington Inn is located in trendy Islington the hotel is perfect for weekend and city breaks. ", "The hotel has a tea room on the ground floor serving a mixture of exotic teas. ", "The rooms are all furnished with Indian canopy beds and modern luxurious bathrooms it makes an ideal base for sightseeing or bar hopping in London. ", "It s also ideally located for getting into the centre of London as its a short journey from the hotel to Angel tube station. ", "There you can get the tube to London s South Bank or the bus to Oxford Street or Soho. ", "Its a short journey to the Sadler s Wells Theatre and a quick bus ride to The British Museum where you can see the vast collections of Egyptian Greek and Roman artifacts including such things as The Rosetta Stone and Cleopatra s mummy. ", "Islington is an vibrant area in London with designer boutiques and high end restaurants you will be sure to have plenty to do on your stay. ", "All rates include Continental Breakfast. ", "We politely request payment is made upon arrival. ", "Free Wi-Fi is available in all rooms.", "\n\nRooms at City Inn Express offer free Wi-Fi, a DVD player and power shower for simple comfort. ", "London Fields Train Station is 300 metres away, and buses stop close by. ", "The City Inn Express has free pa ...more\n\nRooms at City Inn Express offer free Wi-Fi, a DVD player and power shower for simple comfort. ", "London Fields Train Station is 300 metres away, and buses stop close by. ", "The City Inn Express has free parking spaces on site.", "\n\nFamily run B&B in North London (Crouch End) in a lovely late Victorian house restored in keeping with its original character. ", "Each room is beautifully furnished chosen natural materials creating a ba ...more\n\nFamily run B&B in North London (Crouch End) in a lovely late Victorian house restored in keeping with its original character. ", "Each room is beautifully furnished chosen natural materials creating a balanced and harmonious environment.", "\n\nThe RE London Shoreditch the latest addition to London s fashionable East-End is just one mile (8 minutes) from the financial district The City and Liverpool St. Station - ideal for Stansted and C ...more\n\nThe RE London Shoreditch the latest addition to London s fashionable East-End is just one mile (8 minutes) from the financial district The City and Liverpool St. Station - ideal for Stansted and City Airports and just 15 minutes from the Olympics 2012. ", "With air-conditioning throughout our rooms offer the latest technologies and are designed with care and attention to detail to satisfy you the environment and global concerns. (", "the Coffee Chocolate Tea & Biscuits in your room are Fair-Trade items). ", "Whatever the reason for your visit we ll give you a warm friendly welcome and clean comfortable rooms and with our secure parking - even your car will be looked after !. ", "We think we re the perfect choice and we hope you ll agree. ", "The bar is an integral feature of Quattro Bar & Grill . ", "From an invigorating pot of fresh coffee in the morning refreshing fresh fruit Mojitos for the weary traveller through to a relaxing glass of wine (or two) in the evening the bar will be very much the stylish home from home. ", "We stock a great selection of draft & bottled beers fresh juices and a fantastic range of spirits. ", "Wine also plays a prominent role with an enticing array of choices from around the world all at attractive prices with many by the glass to tempt people to broaden their horizons.", "\n\nA friendly family-run B&B in North London, near to Alexandra Palace, Crouch End, Muswell Hill and Wood Green. ", "16 bedrooms: single, double and family rooms. ", "Easy access to Central London by bus and tub ...more\n\nA friendly family-run B&B in North London, near to Alexandra Palace, Crouch End, Muswell Hill and Wood Green. ", "16 bedrooms: single, double and family rooms. ", "Easy access to Central London by bus and tube. ", "Cleanliness and friendliness is our motto!", "\n\nLocated at the edge of the Square Mile the original City and the most historic part of London and home to the financial district St Paul s Cathedral and the Law Courts. ", "The residence comprises three ...more\n\nLocated at the edge of the Square Mile the original City and the most historic part of London and home to the financial district St Paul s Cathedral and the Law Courts. ", "The residence comprises three modern buildings in an attractive piazza setting. ", "The architect has succeeded in incorporating local materials such as yellow London stone and slate roofs into a secure well-insulated environment. ", "Each building has several flats consisting of its own front door own lobby four six or eight single bedrooms with washbasins a modern kitchen and either two or three bathrooms. ", "The kitchen/diners are fully equipped with fridge/freezer microwave crockery and cutlery kettle and toaster. ", "Clean linen is provided for each guest and is changed weekly. ", "Kitchens and bathrooms are thoroughly cleaned daily. ", "The halls have coin operated telephones in each entrance and 24 hour access. ", "Alexander Fleming has the benefit of numerous nearby shops supermarkets and a launderette a multitude of caf?s and restaurants offering anything from traditional fish and chips to exotic menus. ", "We have a limited number of car park spaces. ", "PLEASE NOTE THAT WE CAN ONLY ACCEPT CARD PAYMENTS BUT CANNOT ACCEPT CASH OR CHEQUES.", "\n\nThe New Market House is a privately run Bed & Breakfast in Camden Town North London within easy reach of King s Cross St Pancras and London St Pancras International Rail Stations. ", "We offer guests a va ...more\n\nThe New Market House is a privately run Bed & Breakfast in Camden Town North London within easy reach of King s Cross St Pancras and London St Pancras International Rail Stations. ", "We offer guests a variety of brand new rooms all clean comfortable and affordable. ", "We look forward to welcoming you to The New Market House.", "\n\nJust a 5-minute walk from Bethnal Green Tube Station, the Plaza London Hotel is a 5-minute tube journey from the Olympic Stadium in Stratford. ", "Located in the East End of London, this hotel provides a ...more\n\nJust a 5-minute walk from Bethnal Green Tube Station, the Plaza London Hotel is a 5-minute tube journey from the Olympic Stadium in Stratford. ", "Located in the East End of London, this hotel provides a fully-equipped and modern kitchen for communal...\n\nNew Users/How to Create a User Account – User Login allows you to access your saved “Shortlist” of properties. ", "First you need to create a Shortlist by adding desired properties from any results page. ", "Click “+”/”Add to Shortlist”. ", "Then click “My Shortlist” and save your shortlist which will take you through the User Sign Up process”. ", "After which you can Login via the “User Login” box to access all your favourite properties, and pre defined shortlists." ]

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[ "Hi Reggie:\n\nConference Room EB 19C2 is in need of a round black table to hold the\ntelephone. ", " Is there one available?", "\n\nAlso we would like a two-drawer lateral file cabinet for EB 19C2. ", " \nCo. # 0011, RC# 100038.", "\n\nThanks and have a great day!", "\n\nShirley\n3-5290" ]

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[ "U.N.: Hamas Rocket Killed Palestinian Child\n\nA Hamas rocket killed the son of a Gaza-based BBC reporter, not an Israeli airstrike as originally reported by many Western media outlets, the United Nations has confirmed.", "\nMultiple news outlets, most notably the Washington Post, initially claimed the Israelis were responsible for the child's death despite conflicting evidence about the incident." ]

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[ "The Commons: What The Opening Will Mean for Students\n\nThe construction of the new Commons building on campus has been in progress for almost two years. ", "The construction began in late 2016, and is projected to continue into 2019.", "\n\nOn November 7, UBC emailed out its bi-monthly newsletter, UBCO Life, and announced the expected opening date for the Commons building. ", "The building is expected to open on January 2, the first day of the new term.", "\n\nThe new building is anticipated to address some of the space issues on campus. ", "In the last year, there have not been new study spaces added to campus, but there are 800 more students on campus this year than last. ", "The new building is anticipated to have roughly 600 new informal study spaces, as well as a 400-person tiered lecture hall to address the increasing size of classes with the increase of students.", "\n\nThere has been confusion surrounding the opening date for the Commons building. ", "Initially, the project was projected to take roughly a year and a half, making the original completing planned for the summer of 2018. ", "However, the construction has been delayed by several months, making the actual timeline for the project two years.", "\n\nPhoto by Lauren St. Clair.", "\n\nWhen asked about the reason for the six-month delay in the opening of the building, Nathan Skolski, the Associate Director of Public Affairs for UBC Okanagan, provided three of the major reasons behind the delay. ", "At the start of the project, there were “challenges with relocation of underground services.” ", "There were also delays related to the “severe winter weather during critical points in the construction process,” as well as “a booming construction market in the Okanagan which limited trades availability and delayed material supply.”", "\n\nThe delayed opening has largely impacted student life on campus. ", "Many students, specifically anyone who has ever walked by the construction, is aware of the noise it brings. ", "For some students, the library is no longer a place they can study due to the noise, and classes nearby are sometimes disrupted as well.", "\n\nHeather Berringer, Chief Librarian at the Okanagan campus, remarked, however, that “on a positive note, we have received very few complaints about noise or construction activities; these have been very well managed, with noisy work being communicated to us in advance. ", "When we know there will be disruptions, we do our best to communicate these to students.”", "\n\nAlmost every student who shared thoughts about the delayed opening mentioned the impact of study spaces. ", "One student remarks that the student population is growing while the space for them is not.", "\n\nWithout the increased study spaces, finding a spot to work between classes, or even just to sit is incredibly difficult. ", "One student stated that the library is so packed she can’t even find a computer to print anymore, and the only available places to sit are the quiet study spaces, meaning you can’t study with friends.", "\n\nPhoto by Lauren St. Clair.", "\n\nThis sentiment is echoed by the notices posted in the library on tables brought in for extra space. ", "The notices read that the staff understand the need for more space and so have provided the extra tables. ", "Berringer states, “the Library has tried to prioritize any opportunity to add seats to the building, whether it was in finding additional tables and chairs to add to the main floor or utilizing spaces like the Writing and Research Centre, which we will repurpose during the exam period to provide extra quiet study space. ", "For us, this has been about trying to find any and all possibilities to creatively support students until the Commons opens.”", "\n\nYet, even these small efforts have not solved the issue. ", "In the most intense story shared about the delayed opening, one student shared a time when she looked for a spot for 40 minutes, and by the time she located one, she barely had time to open her books before her next class. ", "The students nearby at this time nodded in agreement, with one saying “sometimes it forces me to study during lectures, because I know I need to do it, and right then I have a place to sit, since I don’t know if I will find a spot, or how long it will take to find a spot after class.”", "\n\nUnfortunately, the student impact will continue until January 2, when The Commons is projected to open. ", "Hopefully, as campus staff become more aware of the impact. ", "For now, students will need to adjust and work where they can, and look forward to the opening." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nslam package install fails with make error\n\nI'm trying to install the slam package, but it seems to fail on my system. ", "I'm running ubuntu 12.04. ", "I thought it was a missing library or something so I installed a few that match liblas, but no dice. ", "\n* installing *source* package ‘slam’ ...\n** package ‘slam’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked\n** libs\ngcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c grouped.c -o grouped.o\ngcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c sparse.c -o sparse.o\ngcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c util.c -o util.o\ngcc -std=gnu99 -shared -o slam.so grouped.o sparse.o util.o -lblas -lgfortran -lm -lquadmath -L/usr/lib/R/lib -lR\n/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lblas\ncollect2: ld returned 1 exit status\nmake: *** [slam.so] Error 1\nERROR: compilation failed for package ‘slam’\n* removing ‘/home/brandon/.R/i686-pc-linux-gnu-library/2.15/slam’\n\nI've tried: \nsudo apt-get install liblas1 liblas-bin liblas-dev\n\nA:\n\nYou may have something fishy going on with your system. ", " Try to follow /usr/lib/libblas.* ", "which on my Ubuntu 12.04 server, with the OpenBLAS package installed, yields:\nedd@max:~$ ls -log /usr/lib/libblas.* ", "/etc/alternatives/libblas* \nlrwxrwxrwx 1 36 Jun 15 09:41 /etc/alternatives/libblas.a -> /usr/lib/openblas-base/libopenblas.a\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 37 Jun 15 09:41 /etc/alternatives/libblas.so -> /usr/lib/openblas-base/libopenblas.so\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 39 Jun 15 09:41 /etc/alternatives/libblas.so.3gf -> /usr/lib/openblas-base/libopenblas.so.0\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 27 May 9 2012 /usr/lib/libblas.a -> /etc/alternatives/libblas.a\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 28 May 9 2012 /usr/lib/libblas.so -> /etc/alternatives/libblas.so\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 32 May 9 2012 /usr/lib/libblas.so.3gf -> /etc/alternatives/libblas.so.3gf\nedd@max:~$ \n\nYou should have something similar, albeit with the base blas you have installed.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "This Blog has moved from Medium to blogs.tensult.com. ", "All the latest content will be available there. ", "Subscribe to our newsletter to stay updated.", "\n\nCloudFront does the caching of data in the Edge Locations to speed up the access of the website across the world. ", "Once the content is cached to the CloudFront, it stays there till Time To Live expires which makes static pages ideal for the situation. ", "Most of the cases a website is the collection of static and dynamic pages. ", "So we have to build a strategy to accommodate both. ", "We will do an experiment with the help of multiple Cache Behaviors. ", "A Cache Behavior is the set of pattern-based rules acting on the filename, file extension or URL name. ", "Each cache behavior can contain path patterns, origin server name, TTL related parameters, etc.", "\n\nAbout the Experiment\n\nCreated two EC2 based web servers, one server with dynamic contents and other with static contents. ", "It is not mandatory that you have to create multiple servers, but I have done so. ", "The index.php file I have created is like below, which displays the current time, it means that it is not ideal for CloudFront caching. ", "Any time I click I have to get the current time. ", "The other server is configured with static pages and is meant for caching in the CloudFront. ", "I have copied .jpg files in that server. ", "Instead of EC2 based web server, you can consider S3 bucket web hosting for holding static pages. ", "This experiment is only for testing multiple cache behavior and in a production environment it may be more complex. ", "The index.php is,\n\n<?", "php\n\necho \"The time is \" . ", "date(\"h:i:sa\");\n\n?", ">\n\nProcedure\n\nSelect CloudFront service from AWS web console and click “Create Distribution”.", "\n\n2) We configure with minimum required parameter. ", "Enter Origin Domain Name as the public DNS name of the Server. ", "I have chosen the server which has a dynamic file index.php file.", "\n\n3) You can’t change the Path Pattern (Default) since this is the only server at this point of time.", "\n\n4) Set the TTL. ", "This is very important to set the TTL to 0, which makes sure that it will not cache the content and contact Origin Server for each time you refresh the pages. ", "It makes sense for the above .php file which returns the current time.", "\n\n5) Default Root Object I selected as index.php. ", "You can configure your own web server's document root and many other parameters listed here. ", "Click Create Distribution.", "\n\n6) Once Cloud Front is deployed you can see the status like below.", "\n\n7) Now you have to create second Cache Behaviour, ie. ", "for static data. ", "Double click the ID (above screenshot), then select “Origins” menus and click “Create Origin”.", "\n\n8) Enter minimum parameter ie, Origin Domain Name as second servers DNS name. ", "Leave other parameters unchanged.", "\n\n9) In Behaviors menu click Create Behavior with all required parameters like below. ", "Enter the Path Patten of the static file you want to cache. ", "Set Default TTL in seconds according to how much time you want to cache the files.", "\n\nTesting\n\nIn the CloudFront service console, General Menu of the distribution finds out the value Domain Name filed. ", "Now type the URL in the web browser and refresh multiple times and you can observe that each refresh the current time is displayed. ", "But the .jpg in cached for a period of Default TTL. ( ", "You can also test static caching by copying the index.php to the other server with a different name and entering the full filename in Path Pattern field of Cache Behavior. ", "Now if you type CloudFront URL/the_newfilename.php and refresh multiple times, it will not return different value for the current time since it caches for many hours)\n\nConclusion\n\nCloudFront caches the data in the edge locations to speed up the access of the website from the client. ", "We wanted to access the static and dynamic contents using a single CloudFront endpoint. ", "While static pages are cached while dynamic pages are spared from caching. ", "We have achieved with the help of multiple Cache Behaviors.", "\n\nRelated Blog:" ]

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[ "Brutus Rating: 3/10 daggers in the back\n\nPairs well with: A high dose of soma and a full complement of your water rations, you lucky worker, you!", "\n\nEuphoria represents the misery farmers’ first expedition into the exciting world of Kickstarting board games, and it’s pretty clear why this board game was so successful at getting funded. ", "Dystopian theme? ", "Say no more, we’re sold. ", "Fetch the people-zapper and the keys to The Courthouse of Hasty Judgment, it’s time to oppress some workers. ", "Or ‘liberate’ them or something (we need to work on our spin, guys).", "\n\nBefore we dive in head-first to a review, allow us five minutes of just drooling over these gold bricks:\n\nHaving the beautiful Kickstarter edition of the game has definitely proved to be a good idea. ", "It gets us these super-neat, extra-nice resources, amongst other things. ", "The gold bricks are really shiny, and satisfyingly weighty! ", "For a while when our friends came over we would literally just drag them over to the board game cupboard to show them how nice the pieces were. ", "Our fellow board-gaming friends, that is, obviously not our normal friends. ", "Board games? ", "What? ", "Us? ", "Nah! ", "Let’s all uh, grab a beer and watch a sport, woo!", "\n\nIn a move which makes you think “why didn’t I think of this first and make my millions this way?”, ", "the game designers also sell these and a bunch of other neat-looking resources separately to spruce up some of your board game collection. ", "They know their audience, and it’s people who are fascinated by weighty gold bricks. (", "Us!)", "\n\nRight! ", "Enough showing-off about the really nice game pieces. ", "Wait …\n\n…ok, now that’s enough guys.", "\n\nWhatever level of the game you buy, Euphoria has some really alluring qualities. ", "Mostly, of course, there’s the theme, which is both inspired and well-executed. ", "Also let’s face it, when you’re trying to convince your novice game buddies that board games really are super-cool and that they should totally play with you then you’re more likely to have some luck with “this really cool dystopian-themed worker placement game, in which you oppress your workers and can’t let them get too smart or they’ll realise what you’re doing them and escape” than “this worker placement game in which you … run a farm! ", "Yeah no really guys, farming board games are great fun, I have like six… hey, where are you going? ", "Guys?”", "\n\nI mean, it’s not that a lot of people aren’t going to love that kind of thing, it’s just that those aren’t really the people who you need to put effort in to lure into the board gaming world. ", "Those are the kinds of friends who are already excited to queue for the latest Uwe Rosenberg game with you or the ones who keep trying to trick you into playing 1853 again. (", "EIGHT HOURS! ", "EIGHT. ", "SODDING. ", "HOURS. ", "We love an eight hour game in principle but waiting twenty minutes between turns is… aaaaah!)", "\n\nSo yeah, Euphoria’s theme will make it stand out from some of your other games. ", "The afore-mentioned feature of worker intelligence being bad for you is a particularly good expression of it. ", "Your workers are dice, and the number on the dice will have some limited effect on how you can use that worker. ", "The general idea is that a six is pretty canny but a one is quite a few apples short of a wasteland farm. ", "Your overall worker intelligence is tracked elsewhere on the board by numbers 1-6, and if you’re retrieving all your workers and roll their total (plus that number) to be higher than 16? ", "Uh oh! ", "Your workers have been colluding! ", "THAT SMART ONE IS ESCAPING! ", "THEY’VE LEARNED TO THINK FOR THEMSELVES! ", "GET THE ZAPPER!", "\n\nIn real (game) terms this means you get one less worker and one unhappy Lizzy, who has only just saved up enough lightning bolts to zap that worker into activation in the first place! ", "Who let all these workers at the books? ", "Don’t they know that freedom lies in slavery?", "\n\nAnother way in which the game beautifully manifests its theme is the randomized set of buildings that you’ll be able to construct. ", "It’s amazing how much more fun you can have building ‘The Center for Reduced Literacy’ or ‘The Free Press of Harsh Reality’ rather than just ‘another flipping corn farm’. ", "The same goes for your recruits (different from your workers), with names such as Curtis the Propagandist, Julia the Thought Inspector and Jefferson the Shock Artist.", "\n\nVictory in the game is earned by getting rid of all ten of your star tokens and spreading your delicious influence all across the metaphorical dystopian toast. (", "Dys…toastpia? ", "Or is that spreading it a bit thin?) ", "This can be done a number of ways including building these exciting buildings, playing your ‘ethical dilemma’ cards a certain way (“ ‘Help a friend escape or turn in a friend?’ ", "I don’t think this game understands what an ethical dilemma is”) and just generally spurting your workers and resources at the sections of the board which have a nice handy star on them.", "\n\nThe different range of options for your workers can be a little overwhelming at first, particularly for newer players, and it can take a while to get the hang of what it is you’re supposed to be doing. ", "There are four areas of the dystopia and most of them are fairly symmetrical but with different resources (except the bloody Icarites, they do whatever the shit they like. ", "LET’S MINE A CLOUD FOR HAPPINESS!)", "\n\nBasically you want to vacuum up some regular resources and then pump them up into being relics or bigger, shinier resources, both of which you can then end up splashing on some delicious victory star-spurting. ", "It’s not a game with a lot of different paths to victory, so it doesn’t have that same rush of different possibilities opening up in front of you like other games can, but it’s still good.", "\n\nIt’s also mildly difficult at times to keep track of all of the things you’re supposed to be keeping track of:\n\n“Oh, balls! ", "Wasn’t I supposed to be paying some penalty every time I roll a one now because I didn’t contribute to building that diss-assemble a teddy bear factory?”", "\n\n“Err, how long have I had four cards in my hand? ", "My workers’ morale is far too low for this… you saw nothing, guys.”", "\n\n“DAMMIT GUYS WHEN WAS THE LAST TIME WE REMEMBERED TO LOSE MORALE FOR RETRIEVING WORKERS?”", "\n\nAlthough we’re not necessarily saying that this is a criticism of the game rather than just a criticism of our own competence.", "\n\nOne more neat and unusual point of the game is the aforementioned worker retrieval method, which differs from most other worker-placements. ", "There’s no set ‘end of a round’ where everyone scoops back their dice at the same time. ", "Instead, you can choose to lower your worker’s morale (morale, unlike intelligence, is something you actually want your workers to have) or pay a penalty to increase it, and then retrieve as many of your dice as you like on your turn. ", "It makes the turns more fluid than a trip to the Subterran Aquifer.", "\n\nThe game earns a ‘brutus rating’ of 3/10, because there’s not too much in the way of screwing over of the other players, which can be refreshing, particularly if you’re playing with us. ", "Having said that, there’s still a little space to gang up on someone *cough Lizzy cough* by all building a shiny building without her, meaning she has to suffer some penalties for a while until she fixes it.", "\n\nIn today’s adventure Dr Photographer won the game. ", "About time too, probably. ", "Lizzy was stunted pretty early on by some damn smart workers, and the other participants just couldn’t wrangle enough shiny things.", "\n\nThe real winner is oppression. ", "DOWN WITH THE PEOPLE! ", "Ahem.", "\n\nCredit to our fellow oppressor Dr Photographer for the photos!" ]

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[ "Tag: cursive writing\n\nWe started the journey into multiplication and cursive writing. ", "It is a pretty cool thing when your child asks to learn a subject. ", "Sebastian’s curiosity with learning to write in cursive could no longer be held back, so we jumped right in.", "\n\nI have noticed that as he learns and excels on a topic, this builds confidence. ", "That confidence pumps up his self-esteem which in turn gives him the self-motivation and desire to learn and ‘own’ the next topic. ", "It seems to just be continuing to feed on itself. ", "Allowing him space and time to absorb the material as it comes naturally seems to be key in this confidence building.", "\n\nSebastian finished his replica of ‘Loneliness in Autumn’ just in time to give to me for Christmas. ", "We had it framed and now it hangs in a prominent place in our home! ", "I could NOT love it more! ", "The final piece was framed in white and is 24″ x 36″.\n\nAdditionally at Zhen art this month, they made ‘printing pads’. ", "They carved reverse images in the rubber mat and then stamped them onto heavyweight card stock. ", "Sebastian made snowflake decorated cards that said ‘The Prescott’s’.", "\n\nWe attended ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas’ at the Dallas Children’s Theater. ", "This was a sweet way to start December. ", "The actors moved all around the stage and auditorium on ‘ice skates’ (roller blades) so it was a fun to be in the middle of the action.", "\n\nWe had our monthly rollerskating date at Thunderbird Roller Rink and Sebastian got an early Christmas gift, Cardiff skates that clip on to his tennis shoes. ", "What is lovely about these skates is that they can expand in size from a boy’s 12 to 5 (or girl’s 12 to 6). ", "They are quick and easy to get on and off too! ", "Bonus! ", "There was a little adjustment to getting used to skating in them since the design is slightly different on 3 wheels, but it wasn’t long before he got the hang of it. ", "While these are called ‘street skates’ they were allowed at the roller rink and we decided since they can be fast, we will restrict their use to the rink. ", "Now since Sebastian has really gotten into skating and isn’t going to use these on the street, we decided to look at tennis shoes with the wheel also know was ‘Heely’s’. ", "We decided on these since they also offer the light-up feature. ", "He is normally a size 2 and I went with a size 3. ", "They fit more like a 2.5, so I’m glad I sized up. ", "We also did not install the 2nd optional wheel. ", "I may let him on occasion for fun, but not when we are using them as everyday shoes. ", "We also pulled the laces and put in bands similar to these, but ours were (and can be purchased) from Learning Express, too.", "\n\nTechie factory has a new teacher, Mess! ", "She is awesome!! ", "Sebastian has been a coding fool. ", "We have plans for him to attend Techie Factory’s weekend 3-D printing camp. ", "This is something Sebastian has been asking to learn about so what a great opportunity! ", "He will be studying a printer like this one. ", "We will report back on the printer and camp in a few weeks.", "\n\nMore good times at the Microsoft store in Northpark Mall. ", "A new group of puzzles for the Minecraft Hour of Code Tutorials came out and the group had a great time getting through them. ", "On this day and evening (Dec 7th) that we were at Northpark the Dallas Symphony Orchestra played in the mall and it was AMAZING! ", "Next year, I’ll be sure to look at the mall’s line up of holiday entertainment to plan to attend.", "\n\nThis month’s art class at the Dallas Museum of Art was all about families. ", "Jennifer and the kids talked about families and looked at families in other cultures, specifically African nations. ", "Afterwards, as a family, we worked on panels to represent our family. ", "We used the eagle, trident, and P to represent our family. ", "Our friend Florian used flags (Romanian and United States) and family initials to represent his family. ", "We used a technique to paint where you could only use dots to make your image, Pointillism.", "\n\nAfter class, the boys had an empty DMA kid’s area to play in (Homeschool perk! ", "Weekday public spaces are typically empty!!!) ", "Afterwards the temperatures were moderate which allowed us to get lunch at the food trucks across from Klyde Warren Park. ", "We were able to enjoy the park for almost 3 hours on this lovely afternoon. ", "The boy’s soaked in every minute of playtime and green space. ", "Win!", "\n\nWe attended this event called, The Compassion Experience. ", "Here is what it is about, “Visitors will be given headsets and invited on an audio-guided journey through wheelchair-accessible and kid-friendly exhibit space, featuring replicas of the homes and environments of real children who have grown up under the weight of extreme poverty. ", "Visitors will journey with the children from poverty to hope and will experience new countries and cultures along the way. ", "Guests will hear the child’s life story through headphones, as told by professional voice actors in an immersive experience. ", "The stories featured are all true and told with permission and direction from the Compassion-sponsored children who lived them.”", "\n\nOver the month we celebrated birthdays, had dinners with friends, wore Christmas jammies and counted the days until TONIGHT! ", "All my gifts are wrapped, Santa’s cookie plate is out and Sebastian is dreaming of sugar plums. ", "I could not be more grateful for all the experiences and new friends homeschooling has brought into my life. ", "All it takes is time and patience the rest gets filled in along the way. ", "If homeschooling has been calling you, then take the leap in 2018! ", "You will never regret spending more time raising, teaching, mentoring and guiding YOUR child. ", "Merry Christmas! ", "❤" ]

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[ "Crispin Glover has joined Nina Dobrev, Luke Bracey and Michael Madsen in Roger Avary’s feature Lucky Day. ", "Glover will play Luc, an utterly psychopathic contract killer who is out to avenge the death of his brother, accidentally killed by American safe-cracker Red (Bracey) during a job gone wrong.", "\n\nAvary, an Oscar winner for co-writing Pulp Fiction with Quentin Tarantino, wrote and is directing the film, which marks directorial return after a 13-year hiatus. ", "Samuel Hadida and Don Carmody, the duo behind the Silent Hill films and the Resident Evil franchise, are producing this project. ", "The France-Canada co-production is shooting in Toronto.", "\n\nGlover, repped by APA, stars in the Starz series American Gods, which is set to return for a second season. ", "Other credits include Alice in Wonderland, Beowulf and Charlie’s Angels." ]

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[ "722 F.2d 733\nAppeal of Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union AFL-CIO\nNO. ", "82-5798\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Third circuit.", "\nSEP 23, 1983\n\nAppeal From: D.N.J.,\nFisher, J.\n\n\n1\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Your role in death investigations.", "\nCaring for a patient continues even after he dies. ", "Here are some guidelines for when to report an unusual or suspicious death to the authorities and how to handle the patient's body to protect evidence." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes $\\alpha=\\beta f \\Rightarrow f$ isomorphism?", "\n\nFor a positive integer $n$, let be:\n\n$K$ and $H$ finite groups of order $n$;\n$S_n$ the symmetric group of degree $n$;\n$\\alpha\\colon K \\hookrightarrow S_n$ and $\\beta\\colon H \\hookrightarrow S_n$ embeddings;\n$f\\colon K \\rightarrow H$ bijection.", "\n\nDoes $\\alpha=\\beta f \\Rightarrow f$ isomorphism? ", "If not in general, is that true for some conditions on $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$?", "\n\nEdit based on @Matthias Klupsch's hint:\n$(\\beta f)(xy)=\\beta(f(xy))$; but $\\beta f$ and $\\beta$ are, in particular, homomorphisms, so: $(\\beta f)(xy)=((\\beta f)(x))((\\beta f)(y))=(\\beta(f(x))(\\beta(f(y))=\\beta(f(x)f(y))$; therefore, $\\beta(f(xy))=\\beta(f(x)f(y))$; but $\\beta$ is injective, so $f(xy)=f(x)f(y)$, and $f$ is homomorphism and hence isomorphism.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou have shown that given groups $G,K,H$ with embeddings $\\alpha: K\\to G$ and $\\beta : H\\to G$, any bijection $f:K\\to H$ satisfying $\\alpha = \\beta f$ is necessarily an isomorphism. ", "We don't need to impose any further restrictions.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nwhy std::abs output is incorrect on MSVC2015\n\nI am having incorrect results from std::abs with MSVC and GCC\n#include <cmath>\n#include <iostream>\n#include <complex>\n\nint main()\n{\n std::cerr << std::sqrt((-6.)*(-6.) ", "+ 288.*288.) ", "<< \"\\n\";\n std::cerr << std::abs( std::complex<float>(-6, 288) ) << std::endl;\n\n return 0L;\n}\n\nThe above code produces different results on VC++ (MSVS 2015 CE with updates) and gcc 4.9.2\nWith MSVC\n288.062\n288.063\n\nWith GCC\n288.062\n288.062\n\nNow the actual result is 288.062 which is correct on gcc with std::abs and std::sqrt. ", "But msvc has different results when using std::sqrt and std::abs which can be a bug in msvc2015.", "\nBut looking at code of xcomplex, I don't understand the implementation of _Fabs(). ", "Could someone help me understand this specific code and a possible analysis of how the code ended with such a bug.", "\n\nA:\n\n\"Now the actual result is 288.062 [...].\" - ", "The actual result is 288.06249..., or something like that, which cannot be represented exactly by a float or a double.", "\nBoth compiler actually returns the same value, you can check by printing more digits:\ndouble re = -6, im = 288;\nstd::cout << \"sqrt: \" << '\\n'\n << std::setprecision(6) << std::sqrt(re * re + im * im) << '\\n'\n << std::setprecision(30) << std::sqrt(re * re + im * im) << '\\n';\nstd::cout << \"abs: \" << '\\n'\n << std::setprecision(6) << std::abs(std::complex<float>(im, re)) << '\\n'\n << std::setprecision(30) << std::abs(std::complex<float>(im, re)) << '\\n';\n\nOutput (with both VC 19.0 and GCC 4.9.3):\nsqrt: \n288.062\n288.062493219787313591950805858\nabs: \n288.062\n288.0625\n\nBoth compiler actually return 288.0625 for std::abs1, but GCC output 288.62 (floor) and VC 288.063 (ceil) - This is not a \"problem\" in std::abs, but a \"problem\" in the way output is formatted2.", "\n1 Both compilers return a less approximated value with std::abs because you are using float for std::abs while you are using double with std::sqrt. ", "Replace 6. ", "and 288. ", "by 6.f and 288.f or std::complex<float> by std::complex<double> and you will get the same result with std::sqrt and std::abs.", "\n2 As far as I know, the standard does not define a way of rounding floating point value when using std::ostream, the actual specifications comes from printf format conversion %f which only recommend a way of rounding (which is, I think, the way gcc round using \"round half to even\").", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nA dual collimator for beat-to-beat measurement of cardiac performance with an Anger camera.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nA number of nuclear medicine methods are available for the evaluation of cardiac performance, but few are applicable to beat-to-beat studies. ", "Multigated Anger-camera acquisition usually requires 2-7 minutes, limiting the temporal resolution of the measurement, see Borer J S, Bacharach S L, Green M V, et al: Real-time radionuclide cineangiography in the noninvasive evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease, New Eng J Med 296:839-844, 1977; Pierson R N, Friedman M I, Tansey W A, et al: Cardiovascular nuclear medicine: an overview, Sem in Nucl Med 9:224-240, October 1979; and Brady T J, Thrall J H, Clare J M, et al: Exercise radionuclide ventriculography: practical considerations and sensitivity of coronary artery disease detection, Radiology 132:697-702, 1979.", "\nPatients with atrial fibrillation or other cardiac arrythmias present timing problems in developing an accurate composite cardiac cycle. ", "First-transit techniques require multiple injections if information is to be obtained for more than 4-7 cardiac cycles or during a prolonged observation period. ", "The high count rates required by the first-transit technique are obtainable only on the multicrystal or the new \"digital\" camera, see Pierson R N et al cited supra, and see also Grenier R P, Bender M A, Jones R H: A computerized multi-crystal scintillation gamma camera, In Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine, Vol. ", "2, Hine G J and Sorenson J A, Ed., ", "New York, Academic, 1974, pp 101-134; Genna S, Pang S, Smith A: Digital scintigraphy: principles, design and performance, J Nucl Med 22:365-371, 1981; Lewellen T K, Murano R: A comparison of count rate parameters in gamma cameras, J Nucl Med 22:161-168, 1981; Adams R, Hine G J, Zimmerman C D: Deadtime measurements in scintillation cameras under scatter conditions simulating quantitative nuclear cardiology, J Nucl Med, 19:538-544, 1978; and Perry J R, Johnston R E, Hodge J R, et al: Digital gamma camera performance characteristics, J Nucl Med, 22:P66, 1981 (abst).", "\nThe nonimaging probe can record ejection fraction, relative cardiac output, and stroke volume every 30 seconds and reportedly can monitor beat-to-beat changes, see Camargo E E, Harrison K S, Wagner H N, et al: Noninvasive beat-to-beat monitoring of left ventricular function by a nonimaging nuclear detector during premature ventricular contractions, Am J Cardiol 45:1219-1224, 1980; Berger H J, Davies R A, Batsford W P, et al: Beat-to-beat left ventricular performance assessed from the equilibrium cardiac blood pool using a computerized nuclear probe, Circ 63:133-142, 1981; and Bacharach S L, Green M V, Borer J S, et al; Beat-by-beat validation of ECG gating, J Nucl Med 21:307-313, 1980. ", "However, accurate identification of the left ventricle with a nonimaging system is difficult in many patients and motion artifacts may limit the accuracy of such a technique for beat-to-beat measurements.", "\nAmong the prior art patents relative to collimators and special purpose cameras may be mentioned U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,011,057; 3,060,316; 3,238,371; 3,710,119; 4,027,167; 4,086,494; 4,118,632; 4,129,784; 4,200,803; 4,202,612; 4,221,971; 4,266,135; 4,266,139; 4,293,771; 4,324,979." ]

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[ "The development and testing of a competency-focused psychiatric nursing clinical evaluation instrument.", "\nThis article presents the development of a competency-focused psychiatric clinical evaluation instrument for the junior year of a baccalaureate program. ", "Initially, 80 competencies were identified and categorized into six subscales. ", "Competency achievement was measured by the Bondy Criterion Matrix (1983). ", "Pilot setting generated an overall alpha (alpha) of 0.89 with item reliabilities ranging from 0.16 to 0.95. ", "Testing of the revised Psychiatric Nursing Performance Appraisal Instrument (PsychNPAI) with another group of students (N = 51) generated an overall alpha = 0.96. ", "Subscale alphas ranged from 0.82 to 0.92. ", "These clinical subscales correlated significantly with related aspects of the didactic content in the course. ", "The National League for Nursing Psychiatric Achievement Test correlated significantly with the overall course grade but not with PsychNPAI. ", "The faculty and students perceive that the PsychNPAI clarifies expected outcomes and increases confidence in performance appraisal." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnable to retrieve RSSI values from BLE nordic thingy:52\n\nI managed, through the Nordic library for Android thingylib (github) , to connect to thingy52 and receive in the callback listener ThingyListener the information about the device (e.g. onGravityVectorChangedEvent, onAccelerometerValueChangedEvent, onGyroscopeValueChangedEvent, and so on...).", "\nWhat I can't do (and I can't find how to do) is how I can get the information about the connection with the device, exactly the RSSI values. ", "\nUsing the BluetoothLeScannerCompat, inside the onBatchScanResults scan callback, I detect the thingy52 bluetooth device, and their RSSI value, but if I set a high scan frequency, for example .setReportDelay(10), it almost always does not detect devices.", "\nHow I made scan:\nprivate void startBLEScan() {\n // set scan\n ScanSettings scanSettings = new ScanSettings.", "Builder()\n .setScanMode(ScanSettings.", "SCAN_MODE_LOW_LATENCY)\n .setReportDelay(10) // set frequency\n .setUseHardwareBatchingIfSupported(false)\n .build();\n\n // filter scan by uuid\n List<no.nordicsemi.android.support.v18.scanner.", "ScanFilter> filters = new ArrayList<>();\n filters.add(new ScanFilter.", "Builder().setServiceUuid(new ParcelUuid(ThingyUtils.", "THINGY_BASE_UUID)).build());\n\n // start scan, this will trigger the scanCallback\n BluetoothLeScannerCompat scanner = BluetoothLeScannerCompat.getScanner();\n scanner.startScan(filters, scanSettings, scanCallback);\n }\n\n private final ScanCallback scanCallback = new ScanCallback() {\n @Override\n public void onBatchScanResults(@NonNull List<ScanResult> results) {\n super.onBatchScanResults(results);\n\n for(ScanResult result : results) {\n result.getRssi(); // read RSSI values\n }\n }\n };\n\nMy need is to get at a frequency of 10Hz, or 100Hz the RSSI value of the nordic thingy52, which I can't get from the ThingyListener events. ", "\nHow can I do it? ", "\nThank you in advance.", "\nExample of my ThingyListener:\n private ThingyListener mThingyListener = new ThingyListener() {\n\n @Override\n public void onGravityVectorChangedEvent(BluetoothDevice bluetoothDevice, float x, float y, float z) {\n // Here I got the data from device... but no RSSI value\n\n };\n\nA:\n\nI finally solved in this way:\nI don't use the ScannerCompact, but the BluetoothGATT:\nwhen i link the nordic to the ThingyLibSdkManager i also link it to a GATT:\nThingyListenerHelper.registerThingyListener(getApplicationContext(), mThingyListener, device);\nmBluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt(getApplicationContext(), true, gattCallback);\n\nwith that, inside the mThingylistener now i can request the rssi:\n @Override\n public void onGyroscopeValueChangedEvent(BluetoothDevice bluetoothDevice, float x, float y, float z) {\n\n collectedData.put(\"onGyroscopeValueChangedEvent_x\", x + \"\");\n collectedData.put(\"onGyroscopeValueChangedEvent_y\", y + \"\");\n collectedData.put(\"onGyroscopeValueChangedEvent_z\", z + \"\");\n\n // request rssi from gatt\n mBluetoothGatt.readRemoteRssi();\n }\n\nnow, in async way, you will recieve the callback inside mBluetoothGatt:\n @Override\n public void onReadRemoteRssi(BluetoothGatt gatt, int rssi, int status) {\n// do some stuff\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * Generated by class-dump 3.3.4 (64 bit).", "\n *\n * class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2011 by Steve Nygard.", "\n */\n\n#import <Message/MailMessageStore.h>\n\n@class MessageCriterion, MessageLibrary, NSDate;\n\n@interface LibraryStore : MailMessageStore\n{\n MessageLibrary *_library;\n NSDate *_earliestReceivedDate;\n MessageCriterion *_criterion;\n unsigned int _serverMessageCount;\n unsigned int _serverUnreadCount;\n}\n\n+ (BOOL)storeAtPathIsWritable:(id)arg1;\n+ (BOOL)createEmptyStoreForPath:(id)arg1;\n+ (id)sharedInstanceIfExists;\n+ (id)sharedInstance;\n+ (id)storeWithMailbox:(id)arg1;\n+ (id)storeWithCriterion:(id)arg1;\n+ (unsigned int)defaultLoadOptions;\n@property(retain, nonatomic) NSDate *earliestReceivedDate; // @synthesize earliestReceivedDate=_earliestReceivedDate;\n- (BOOL)hasCompleteDataForMimePart:(id)arg1;\n- (void)_queueMessagesWereCompacted:(id)arg1;\n- (void)_queueMessagesWillBeCompacted:(id)arg1;\n- (void)_queueMessageFlagsChanged:(id)arg1;\n- (void)_queueMessagesAdded:(id)arg1;\n- (BOOL)hasMessageForAccount:(id)arg1;\n- (void)purgeMessagesBeyondLimit:(unsigned int)arg1 keepingMessage:(id)arg2;\n- (void)purgeMessages:(id)arg1;\n- (id)_cachedHeaderDataForMessage:(id)arg1 valueIfNotPresent:(id)arg2;\n- (id)_cachedBodyDataContainerForMessage:(id)arg1 valueIfNotPresent:(id)arg2;\n- (id)_cachedBodyDataForMessage:(id)arg1 valueIfNotPresent:(id)arg2;\n- (id)_cachedHeadersForMessage:(id)arg1 valueIfNotPresent:(id)arg2;\n- (id)_cachedBodyForMessage:(id)arg1 valueIfNotPresent:(id)arg2;\n- (void)_flushAllCachesLocking:(BOOL)arg1;\n- (unsigned int)unreadCountMatchingCriterion:(id)arg1;\n- (unsigned int)unreadCount;\n- (id)URLString;\n- (id)criterion;\n- (void)_setNeedsAutosave;\n- (void)updateUserInfoToLatestValues;\n- (void)updateMetadata;\n- (void)writeUpdatedMessageDataToDisk;\n- (id)dataPathForMessage:(id)arg1 part:(id)arg2;\n- (void)compactMessages:(id)arg1;\n- (void)doCompact;\n- (BOOL)canCompact;\n- (int)appendMessages:(id)arg1 unsuccessfulOnes:(id)arg2 newMessageIDs:(id)arg3 newMessages:(id)arg4 flagsToSet:(id)arg5;\n- (BOOL)allowsAppend;\n- (void)setNumberOfAttachments:(unsigned int)arg1 isSigned:(BOOL)arg2 isEncrypted:(BOOL)arg3 forMessage:(id)arg4;\n- (id)setFlagsFromDictionary:(id)arg1 forMessages:(id)arg2;\n- (id)setFlagsLocallyFromDictionary:(id)arg1 forMessages:(id)arg2;\n- (void)deleteMessagesOlderThanNumberOfDays:(int)arg1 compact:(BOOL)arg2;\n- (void)deleteMessages:(id)arg1 moveToTrash:(BOOL)arg2;\n- (unsigned int)indexOfMessage:(id)arg1;\n- (id)bodyDataForMessage:(id)arg1 isComplete:(char *)arg2 isPartial:(char *)arg3 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg4;\n- (id)fullBodyDataForMessage:(id)arg1 andHeaderDataIfReadilyAvailable:(id *)arg2 isComplete:(char *)arg3 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg4;\n- (id)fullBodyDataForMessage:(id)arg1 andHeaderDataIfReadilyAvailable:(id *)arg2 isComplete:(char *)arg3 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg4 usePartDatas:(BOOL)arg5;\n- (id)_copyDataFromMimePart:(id)arg1 threshold:(unsigned int)arg2 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg3;\n- (id)storeData:(id)arg1 forMimePart:(id)arg2 isComplete:(BOOL)arg3;\n- (id)dataForMimePart:(id)arg1 inRange:(struct _NSRange)arg2 isComplete:(char *)arg3 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg4 didDownload:(char *)arg5;\n- (id)_fetchDataForMimePart:(id)arg1 range:(struct _NSRange)arg2 isComplete:(char *)arg3;\n- (id)_fetchFullBodyDataForMessage:(id)arg1 andHeaderDataIfReadilyAvailable:(id *)arg2 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg3;\n- (id)_fetchBodyDataForMessage:(id)arg1 andHeaderDataIfReadilyAvailable:(id *)arg2 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg3 partial:(char *)arg4;\n- (id)_fetchHeaderDataForMessage:(id)arg1 downloadIfNecessary:(BOOL)arg2;\n- (id)messageForMessageID:(id)arg1 options:(unsigned int)arg2;\n- (void)dealloc;\n- (void)handleMessagesWillBeCompacted:(id)arg1;\n- (void)handleMessagesCompacted:(id)arg1;\n- (id)_memberMessagesWithCompactionNotification:(id)arg1;\n- (void)handleMessageFlagsChanged:(id)arg1;\n- (void)_handleFlagsChangedForMessages:(id)arg1 flags:(id)arg2 oldFlagsByMessage:(id)arg3;\n- (void)messagesWereAdded:(id)arg1 earliestReceivedDate:(id)arg2;\n- (void)handleMessagesAdded:(id)arg1 earliestReceivedDate:(id)arg2;\n- (id)filterMessagesByMembership:(id)arg1;\n- (void)willFetchMessages;\n- (BOOL)allMessagesAvailableLocally;\n- (id)serverSearchResults;\n- (id)copyMessagesWithRemoteIDs:(id)arg1 options:(unsigned int)arg2;\n- (id)copyMessagesMatchingCriterion:(id)arg1 options:(unsigned int)arg2;\n- (id)copyMessagesMatchingText:(id)arg1 options:(unsigned int)arg2;\n- (id)mutableCopyOfAllMessages;\n- (id)copyOfAllMessagesForBodyLoadingFromRowID:(unsigned int)arg1 limit:(unsigned int)arg2;\n- (id)copyOfAllMessages;\n- (id)copyOfAllMessagesWithOptions:(unsigned int)arg1;\n- (id)copyOfMessagesInRange:(struct _NSRange)arg1 options:(unsigned int)arg2;\n- (id)copyOfMessageInfosForConversationsContainingMessagesMatchingCriterion:(id)arg1;\n- (id)copyOfMessageInfosMatchingCriterion:(id)arg1;\n- (id)copyOfMessageInfos;\n- (id)copyOfMessagesInRange:(struct _NSRange)arg1 options:(unsigned int)arg2 generation:(unsigned int *)arg3;\n- (id)messageWithLibraryID:(unsigned int)arg1 options:(unsigned int)arg2;\n- (unsigned int)nonDeletedCountIncludingServerSearch:(BOOL)arg1 andThreadSearch:(BOOL)arg2;\n- (unsigned int)totalCount;\n- (void)openSynchronously;\n- (void)libraryFinishedSendingMessages;\n- (void)_addInvocationToQueue:(id)arg1;\n- (BOOL)shouldCancel;\n- (void)addCountsForMessages:(id)arg1 shouldUpdateUnreadCount:(BOOL)arg2;\n- (void)_updateMailboxUnreadCount;\n- (id)mailbox;\n- (id)library;\n- (void)setLibrary:(id)arg1;\n- (id)initWithMailbox:(id)arg1;\n- (id)initWithMailboxUid:(id)arg1 readOnly:(BOOL)arg2;\n- (id)initWithCriterion:(id)arg1;\n- (id)initWithCriterion:(id)arg1 mailbox:(id)arg2 readOnly:(BOOL)arg3;\n\n@end\n\n" ]

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[ "Repetitive dengue outbreaks in East Africa: A proposed phased mitigation approach may reduce its impact.", "\nDengue outbreaks have persistently occurred in eastern African countries for several decades. ", "We assessed each outbreak to identify risk factors and propose a framework for prevention and impact mitigation. ", "Seven out of ten countries in eastern Africa and three islands in the Indian Ocean have experienced dengue outbreaks between 1823 and 2014. ", "Major risk factors associated with past dengue outbreaks include climate, virus and vector genetics and human practices. ", "Appropriate use of dengue diagnostic tools and their interpretation are necessary for both outbreak investigations and sero-epidemiological studies. ", "Serosurvey findings during inter-epidemic periods have not been adequately utilised to prevent re-occurrence of dengue outbreaks. ", "Local weather variables may be used to predict dengue outbreaks, while entomological surveillance can complement other disease-mitigation efforts during outbreaks and identify risk-prone areas during inter-epidemic periods. ", "The limitations of past dengue outbreak responses and the enormous socio-economic impacts of the disease on human health are highlighted. ", "Its repeated occurrence in East Africa refutes previous observations that susceptibility may depend on race. ", "Alternate hypotheses on heterotypic protection among flaviviruses may not be applied to all ecologies. ", "Prevention and mitigation of severe dengue outbreaks should necessarily consider the diverse factors associated with their occurrence. ", "Implementation of phased dengue mitigation activities can enforce timely and judicious use of scarce resources, promote environmental sanitation, and drive behavioural change, hygienic practices and community-based vector control. ", "Understanding dengue epidemiology and clinical symptoms, as determined by its evolution, are significant to preventing future dengue epidemics." ]

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[ "Interruptions as a variable in stuttering and disfluency.", "\nParental verbal behavior is often cited as a major precipitating and maintaining factor in the onset and development of stuttering. ", "Parents are frequently counseled to avoid interrupting their stuttering child. ", "The purpose of the present study was to determine (a) whether mothers of preschool stutterers interrupt children's speech more frequently than mothers of nonstutterers, (b) whether stutterers interrupt the speech of mothers more frequently than nonstutterers, and (c) whether there is relationship between interruptive behavior and the occurrence of children's disfluencies. ", "Twenty-four preschool boys (12 stutterers and 12 nonstutterers) and their mothers participated in the study. ", "Ten-min, conversational speech samples of mothers interacting with their own children, unfamiliar stutterers, and unfamiliar nonstutterers were analyzed. ", "Results indicated that mothers of nonstutterers interrupted the disfluent speech of stutterers significantly more often than did mothers of stutterers. ", "Most importantly, all mothers interrupted children's disfluent speech significantly more than they interrupted children's fluent speech. ", "Further, all children demonstrated a tendency to be disfluent when they interrupted a mother." ]

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[ "Thursday, September 14\n\nTechnology Snafus\n\nThis just in from Amy, King's Meadow's office manager:\n\nCraziness! ", "That's what ultimately happens this time of year when new things are beginning and you think you can at least rely on the constancy of the old things when life gets overwhelming. ", "But we should know better. ", "The world never runs according to our best whims and fancies even in the blessed realm of ministry. ", "We'd like to make note that while God has called us to take dominion over our tools, occasionally--since we live and work in this poor fallen world--our tools take dominion over us. ", "We are working tirelessly to redeem the days and to set nature (and technology) back in its place as servant rather than task master. ", "We ask you to bear with us as all of the last few months of e-mail correspondence has been wiped from our main office computer and web server. ", "And if you have been in touch with us recently and not received a reply, do try again and except our apologies for the inconvenience. ", "For further questions or follow-ups, e-mail our office at: [email protected]\n\nJust a note of clarification: it is probably best to never, ever, let a PC-only techie mess with a Mac. ", "Invariably, when they mess up, they really, really mess up. ", "And then, they blame it on the Mac. ", "Fortunately, I work with my tech friend and partner Matt, who is a pretty capable switch-hitter. ", "But, Amy, who offices a couple of miles away at the study center, called in a PC guru to work on her nifty new MacBook and kaboom! ", "As Amy says, this is just one of the woes of living and working in this poor fallen world.", "\n\nSo, if you have sent in speaker requests, e-mail queries, or other correspondence via the web, it is likely that your records have disappeared into tiny fragments of indecipherable 0s and 1s. ", "Please contact us again.", "\n\nRob, I saw that article about the Microsoft school. ", "My first thought was, \"Gee, I wonder what Dr. Grant would think of this?\" ", "Then I opened this last month's Table Talk magazine and lo and behold, Dr. Grant had an article about education there. ", "He answered almost all my questions in the space of just three pages. ", "You ought to get it and read it. ", "It is classic Dr. Grant.", "\n\nRob: There are two things that strike me regarding the Microsoft school. ", "The first is the general recognition that education in American government-run, tax-funded schools are dysfunctional at best. ", "The second is that while the level of technology and the focused task-orientation of the curriculum is probably better than the curriculum model they replaced, they still do not teach students how to think, how to discern, how to problem-solve, how to understand the world in which they live. ", "Thus, the reforms Microsoft has attempted are starting in the right direction, but they will inevitably fall short. ", "Gizmos are great. ", "I love them. ", "But, gizmos are no substitute for the basics of great art, music, literature, and ideas.", "\n\nAmen, Dr. Grant. ", "When I was in college it always struck me how many of my fellow students had critical thinking skills. ", "And, I attended a school that had relatively high entrance standards at the time. ", "Now I look back on those days with fondness. ", "In my work with students and young adults I find that have almost no skills in logical thought. ", "This leads to perpetual ignorance at and slavish followershp. ", "I'm of the opinion that one area of ministry in the congregation should be that of correcting this among our young ones.", "\n\nGeorge, I agree completely. ", "Gadgets are wonderful tools when used properly. ", "But when used improperly, or too much, they are distractions and time-wasters. ", "Worse, we allow the affable electronic muddle to mold our own thinking patterns. ", "Focused thought? ", "Why should I ... oh look! ", "Something shiny!", "\n\nMy other impression was that their only goal was to turn students into employees rather than help them to become people first, and employable second.", "\n\nGeorge Grant\n\nGeorge Grant is the author of more than five dozen books, serves as pastor of Parish Presbyterian Church, and is the founder of King's Meadow Study Center, the Chalmers Fund, New College Franklin, the Comenius School, and Franklin Classical School. ", "On this blog Dr. Grant posts his random rants, musings, and observations about whatever he is reading or thinking or doing at the moment." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nChange ng-repeat value using another controller\n\nI'm new to Angular JS. ", "Here is my code\n<div ng-controller=\"firstCtrl\">\n <div ng-repeat=\"city in citynames\">\n <p>{{city.name}}</p>\n </div>\n</div>\n\n<div ng-controller=\"secondCtrl\">\n <button ng-click=\"changethis()\">Click Here</button>\n</div>\n\nvar app=angular.module('mainApp',[]);\n app.controller('firstCtrl',['$scope','$http',function($scope,$http){\n $scope.citynames=[{name:'Chennai',id:'1'},\n {name:'Bangalore',id:'2'},\n {name:'Hyderabad',id:'3'},\n {name:'Coimbatore',id:'4'},\n {name:'Mysore',id:'5'},\n ];\n }]);\n app.controller('secondCtrl',['$scope','$http',function($scope,$http){\n $scope.changethis=function(){\n $scope.citynames=[{name:'Delhi',id:'1'},\n {name:'Sydney',id:'2'},\n {name:'Newyork',id:'3'},\n {name:'London',id:'4'},\n ];\n };\n\n }]);\n\nI want to change first controller ng-repeat while clicking second controller ng-click event. ", "But using this code its not changing.", "\n\nA:\n\nEach controller has a separate scope, you can either use $rootScope https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$rootScope which is a global scope or use a angular service/factory https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/services to share the scope between controllers.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "great art of librarian Fluttershy\n\nthe freckles look good on her.", "\n\n\n\nbut, I only half agree with that statement.", "\n\nBun hairstyles only look good on Girls\n\nand to be frank those same girls look a lot better in a ponytail\n\nor with their hair down\n\n\n\nmales just end up looking like pretentious hipsters\n\nor samurai wannabes" ]

[ 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0 ]

[ "\n293 F.Supp.2d 780 (2003)\nElizabeth HANSEN, Constance Hansen, and Ralph Martin, Plaintiffs,\nv.\nANN ARBOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS, et al., ", "Defendants.", "\nNo. ", "02CV72802DT.", "\nUnited States District Court, E.D. Michigan, Southern Division.", "\nDecember 5, 2003.", "\n*781 *782 Robert J. Muise, Esq., ", "Thomas Moor Law Center, Ann Arbor, MI, for Plaintiff or Petitioner.", "\nSeth M. Lloyd, Esq., ", "Dykema Gossett, Detroit, MI, for Defendant or Respondent.", "\n\nOPINION AND ORDER REGARDING THE PARTIES' CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT\nROSEN, District Judge.", "\n\nI. INTRODUCTION\n\nThis case presents the ironic, and unfortunate, paradox of a public high school celebrating \"diversity\" by refusing to permit the presentation to students of an \"unwelcomed\" viewpoint on the topic of *783 homosexuality and religion, while actively promoting the competing view. ", "This practice of \"one-way diversity,\" unsettling in itself, was rendered still more troubling —both constitutionally and ethically —by the fact that the approved viewpoint was, in one manifestation, presented to students as religious doctrine by six clerics (some in full garb) quoting from religious scripture. ", "In its other manifestation, it resulted in the censorship by school administrators of a student's speech about \"what diversity means to me,\" removing that portion of the speech in which the student described the unapproved viewpoint.", "\nAll of this, of course, raises the question, among others presented here, of what \"diversity\" means and whether a school may promote one view of \"diversity\" over another. ", "Even accepting that the term \"diversity\" has evolved in recent years to mean, at least colloquially, something more than the dictionary definition, the notion of sponsorship of one viewpoint to the exclusion of another hardly seems to further the school's purported objective of \"celebrating diversity.\" ", "In this context, it would do well to recall the Supreme Court's admonition in another school speech case:\nIn our system, state-operated schools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism... [and] students may not be regarded as closed-circuit recipients of only that which the State chooses to communicate. ", "They may not be confined to the expression of those sentiments that are officially approved.", "\nTinker v. Des Moines Indep. ", "Cmty. ", "Sch. ", "Dist., ", "393 U.S. 503, 511, 89 S.Ct. ", "733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969).", "\nBefore moving to an analysis of the case, it remains only to make clear not only what this case is about, but what it is not about. ", "It is not about intolerance towards homosexuality or the appropriateness, religiously or otherwise, of different lifestyles. ", "The case is, however, about tolerance of different, perhaps \"politically incorrect,\" viewpoints in the public schools.", "\n\nII. ", "PERTINENT FACTS\n\n\nTHE PARTIES\nPlaintiff Elizabeth (\"Betsy\") Hansen was, at the time of the events giving rise to this action, a senior at Ann Arbor Pioneer High School (\"Pioneer\" or \"PHS\") and a member of the PHS student organization, \"Pioneers for Christ\" (\"PFC\").[1] Plaintiff Constance Hansen is Elizabeth's mother. ", "Constance Hansen also has a minor son who was a sophomore at PHS during the 2001-2002 school year who is currently a senior at PHS. ", "She also has a minor daughter who is currently a sophomore at Pioneer. ", "Ralph Martin is the father of Maureen Martin who, in March 2002, like Elizabeth Hansen, was a senior at PHS.", "\nDefendant Ann Arbor Public Schools is a Michigan public school district. ", "Pioneer High School is a part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools. ", "It has an enrollment of approximately 2,700 students. ", "Defendant Henry Caudle is the Principal of Pioneer High School. ", "Defendant Lara Erickson is a \"class principal,\" which is an assistant principal position at PHS.[2] Defendant Sunnie Korzdorfer is a teacher at PHS. ", "During the 2001-2002 school year, Ms. Korzdorfer was the faculty advisor of the PHS Student Council and was responsible for the \"2002 Diversity Week\" events. ", "Defendants Parker Pennington, IV and Rodney Mancini, are also teachers at PHS. ", "Pennington and Mancini are the faculty advisors for Pioneer's \"Gay/Straight Alliance\" (\"GSA\"). ", "Defendant Denise Eaddy-Richardson *784 is currently a high school counselor in Ann Arbor. ", "During the 2001-2002 school year, Ms. Eaddy-Richardson, who is also a licensed attorney, held the position of \"Equity Ombudsman\" for the Ann Arbor Public Schools, an administrative position reporting directly to the Superintendent of Schools.[3] Among Ms. Eaddy-Richardson's responsibilities as Equity Ombudsman was ensuring compliance with the school district's nondiscrimination and harassment policies.", "\n\nPIONEER HIGH SCHOOL'S \"DIVERSITY WEEK\"\nFor at least ten years, Pioneer High School has been holding a \"Diversity Week.", "\"[4] Traditionally, the week's activities include a general assembly program, panel discussions on race, religion and sexual orientation, an \"open mic\" session during lunch hour, and a number of multi-cultural activities involving music and food. ", "The panel discussions are held during class time in the PHS \"Little Theater,\" and teachers sign up to bring their classes to hear the discussions.[5]\nDiversity Week 2002 was held March 18-22. ", "The week's events were organized by the Student Council under the supervision of faculty advisor, Sunnie Korzdorfer. ", "Tom Jensen, Student Council President in 2002, testified in his deposition that with regard to the choice of events and any decisions that had to be made with regard to the running and organization of Diversity Week, the Student Council had to obtain the approval of Ms. Korzdorfer. [", "Jensen Dep., ", "pp. ", "47-48.] ", "Ms. Korzdorfer testified that she, in turn, answered to Class (i.e., Assistant) Principal Lara Erickson, and that the ultimate approval/decision-making authority rested with PHS's principal, Henry Caudle. [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 17.]", "\n\nTHE \"HOMOSEXUALITY AND RELIGION\" PANEL\nAlthough in previous years, the Student Council organized all of the panel discussions, because in 2002 the Council had decided to add a number of new activities to the week's events, Ms. Korzdorfer and Student Council President Tom Jensen decided that it was going to be difficult for them to plan all of the activities. ", "Therefore, the decision was made to solicit other student organizations to assist with organizing the panels. ", "E-mails were sent to club advisors. ", "The only club to respond to the Student Council's invitation was the Gay/Straight Alliance. ", "The GSA asked if it could run the sexual orientation panel. ", "Ms. Korzdorfer agreed, and turned over entirely the sponsorship and administration of this panel to the GSA and its co-sponsors, Parker Pennington and Rodney Mancini.[6] [See Parker Pennington Dep. ", "Ex. ", "1.] ", "The Student Council retained responsibility for the race and religion panels, along with its responsibility for the other Diversity Week activities.", "\nTraditionally, the panels presenting the three race, religion, and sexual orientation panel discussions were composed of PHS *785 students and this was the anticipated format when Diversity Week 2002 was being planned. ", "In fact, the Student Council continued with the student-composed panel format with the \"race\" and \"religion\" panels that it organized.", "\nThe Gay/Straight Alliance, however, decided to change both the composition and the format of the panel that it was organizing. ", "First, instead of presenting a panel discussion on \"sexual orientation,\" the GSA decided to change the panel's topic to \"Religion and Homosexuality.\" ", "Second, the GSA decided that, instead of having PHS students as presenters, its \"Religion and Homosexuality\" panel would be composed of adult religious leaders from the Ann Arbor community. ", "Parker Pennington, the GSA's faculty advisor, testified in his deposition that the decision was made to have adult religious leaders as presenters instead of students because the club \"want[ed] to have people who could speak with some authority on some of the more technical aspects of things.\" [", "Pennington Dep., ", "p. 88.] ", "Pennington explained that by \"technical aspects,\" he meant:\nA: Instead of personal belief actually being able to make reference to religious documents and that sort of thing that people would have studied extensively as opposed to a less learned approach maybe that students might have.", "\nQ: And religious documents are you referring to, for example, the Bible?", "\nA: That would be one such document, yes.", "\nId. at 88-89.", "\nPennington said that the GSA had noted from several previous sexual orientation panel discussions, that a lot of the more controversial aspects revolved around people's religious backgrounds and religious objections to homosexuality. ", "Therefore, he and the club members decided that \"it would be best not to have kids discuss... but to have biblical scholars or people trained in a more scholarly way to deal with the [] complex nature of the interpretations of various passages of various [religious] documents....\" Id. at 157.", "\nPennington testified that to come up with a list of the adults to invite to be panel members on the Homosexuality and Religion panel, Pennington gave Jeremy O'Brien, the GSA club member who was working on the Diversity Week program, a copy of Pride Source, a guidebook for gay and lesbian resources in the State of Michigan, which included a listing of churches. ", "Id. at 90. ", "This listing was supplemented with names which Rodney Mancini, co-sponsor of the GSA, obtained from his minister, Rev. John Nieman of St. Andrews Episcopal Church. [", "Mancini Dep., ", "pp. ", "14-17.] ", "According to Mancini, his minister \"is very gay friendly\" and his input was sought because he would \"add a positive perspective\" on homosexuality and religion. ", "Id. at p. 138. ", "Pennington explained the purpose of having gay friendly religious leaders as presenters: \"Messages of religious disapproval are common on the radio and television and in print. ", "This panel [was] specifically designed to offer a more welcoming message.\" ", "Id. at 91. ", "The members of the panel were selected \"because the institutions they represent were welcoming and affirming\" with regard to homosexuality. ", "Id. at 92; see also Mancini Dep. ", "at 14-17. ", "The panel that was ultimately selected consisted of two Episcopalian ministers, a Presbyterian minister, a Presbyterian deacon, a rabbi, and a pastor from the United Church of Christ.", "\n\nBETSY HANSEN'S DESIRE TO PARTICIPATE IN, OR HAVE A REPRESENTATIVE ON, THE HOMOSEXUALITY AND RELIGION PANEL\nTom Jensen, the PHS Student Council President in 2001-2002, testified that planning *786 for the Diversity Week panel discussions began in January 2002 with a general student meeting. [", "Jensen Dep., ", "Plaintiff's Ex. ", "16, p. 56.][7] This first meeting was essentially a \"brainstorming\" session. ", "He testified that students had said that, in previous years, Diversity Week had been boring. ", "Id. Therefore, Student Council wanted student input and ideas to improve on the activity. ", "Id. Jensen testified that Betsy Hansen attended this initial brain-storming meeting. ", "Id.\nBetsy Hansen testified that at the end of this initial meeting, Jeremy O'Brien, a GSA member, indicated to her that some members of the GSA were interested in \"somehow bringing together homosexuality and religion.\" [", "Hansen Dep., ", "pp. ", "89-90]. ", "Betsy said that she told Jeremy that she was interested in being a part of the homosexuality panel and that Jeremy responded that it would be nice to get a new viewpoint. ", "Id. at 89.", "\nTom Jensen also testified about Betsy and Jeremy's discussion. ", "Jensen testified that the two students spoke with him after the January meeting and that they indicated to him that they thought it would be interesting to have a panel that focused on sexual orientation and religion together, in place of both the religion and sexual orientation panels that had been held in previous years. [", "Jensen Dep. ", "at 57-58.] ", "Jensen testified that he took the idea to the Student Council faculty advisor, Sunnie Korzdorfer, who told Jensen that they would follow up in February to see if Betsy and Jeremy were still interested. ", "Id. at 60-61. ", "At some point in early February, Jensen said he did again broach the subject with Betsy and Jeremy who each told him that they would communicate with their respective organizations, the Pioneers for Christ and the Gay/Straight Alliance. ", "Id. He testified, however, that nothing more was said about the matter until February 22, 2002. ", "Id.\nOn February 22, 2002, the Student Council held a \"mandatory\" meeting for students interested in being on the religion or sexual orientation panels. ", "Signs were posted in the school and announcements were made over the public address system announcing the meeting. ", "The signs and announcements stated:\nAre you interested in being on the religion or sexual orientation panels for Diversity Week, which will be held March 18th-22nd? ", "A mandatory informational meeting will be held on Friday, February 22nd in room C310 at lunch for all potential participants. ", "We look forward to seeing you then!", "\n[Jansen Dep., ", "pp. ", "18-19 and Dep. ", "Exhibit 2.]", "\nSunnie Korzdorfer testified that the students who were planning the meeting were the ones who made this meeting \"mandatory,\" and since Tom Jensen headed up that group, he had the authority to say that the meeting was a mandatory one. [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 77, 80.][8] Betsy Hansen, however, was unable to attend the February 22 meeting because she was ill and absent from school that day. [", "Hansen Dep. ", "p. 91] However, she asked her friend and fellow PFC member Kirsten Raab, who was planning to attend the meeting, to let her know what she needed to know and to sign her *787 up for the Homosexuality and Religion panel. [", "Hansen Dep., ", "p. 92.]", "\nKirsten Raab did attend the February 22 meeting and told Sunnie Korzdorfer that Betsy Hansen was interested in being on the Homosexuality and Religion panel. [", "See Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 76.] ", "According to Korzdorfer, she told Kirsten that if Betsy wanted to be on the panel she had to be at the meeting that day. ", "Id. at 77. ", "Korzdorfer testified that Betsy came to her personally the next day and expressed her interest in being on the homosexuality panel. ", "Id. at 70. ", "However, she did not indicate in her deposition that she ever told Betsy at that time that she could not be on the panel because she did not attend the meeting the day before.", "\nMs. Korzdorfer testified that she did not know whether any provisions were made for students who were absent from school the day of the meeting, or whether if a student was not at that meeting because of illness, that would have precluded the student from being on the panel. ", "Id. However, Tom Jensen testified that, although there was nothing in writing, the \"historical\" practice was that\nif students were—missed a mandatory meeting and there had been sufficient advertisement of it, such as signs throughout the school three days prior and announcements prior, they were let on the panel if they either sent a friend who told Wendy Day[9] the student council advisor, or I, explicitly what panel that individual wanted to be on, [or] if they sent an e-mail to Wendy Day by the end of the day that the...mandatory meeting was scheduled for, or if they had expressed an interest to herself of myself prior to the day of that meeting.", "\n[Jensen Dep., ", "pp. ", "19-20.]", "\nJensen testified that at least on the religion panel, in which he personally participated, there were students on that panel who did not attend the February 22nd meeting. ", "Id. at 23. ", "Sunnie Korzdorfer also testified that there were students who participated on the two race and religion panels who did not attend the first mandatory meeting. [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 106.]", "\nIn fact, the February 22, 2002 mandatory meeting was sparsely attended. [", "Jensen Dep., ", "p. 21. ", "See also, Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 71.] ", "Because the Student Council was dissatisfied with the number of students who attended the February 22 meeting, the decision was made on March 4th to open it back up for students who were interested in serving on panels, and, therefore, another \"mandatory\" meeting was set for March 8th. [", "Jensen Dep., ", "pp. ", "23-24.] ", "Like the February 22 meeting, the March 8th meeting was advertised by way of posters and PA announcements which stated:\nDo you want a chance to express yourself in front of your peers? ", "Sign up to be on the Race, Religion, or Sexual Orientation Panel for Diversity Week! ", "Check in with Ms. Korzdorfer in room C310 by Friday, March 8th and attend a lunchtime meeting on that day in her room to get the specifics about when and where the panels are going to be held.", "\n[Jensen Dep., ", "pp. ", "23-24 and Dep. ", "Ex. ", "3.]", "\nJensen testified that it was on March 4th, at the same time that the decision was made to hold the second mandatory meeting in an attempt to increase the number of student participants in the panel, that *788 Sunnie Korzdorfer and Jensen decided it was going to be very difficult for the Student Council to plan all of the new activities they were going to have during Diversity Week 2002 and the three panels. ", "Therefore, Korzdorfer and Jensen decided to allow student organizations to run the panels if they so chose. ", "Id. at 46. ", "He and Sunnie composed an e-mail and sent it out to all faculty members. ", "Id. at 46-47. ", "As noted, the only club to respond was the Gay/Straight Alliance. ", "Id.\nOn March 8th, Betsy Hansen went to Ms. Korzdorfer's room to attend the advertised second mandatory meeting. ", "Upon arriving at this meeting, she was informed that the GSA had taken over the Homosexuality and Religion panel. [", "Hansen Dep., ", "p. 95.] ", "She encountered Jeremy O'Brien at this meeting who told her that the Homosexuality and Religion panel would not be having any students on it; that the GSA had decided that adult religious leaders would be the presenters. ", "Id. at 96-97.", "\nBetsy subsequently went to talk to Sunnie Korzdorfer and asked if she could invite an adult clergyman of her or PFC's choosing to participate on the Homosexuality and Religion panel.[10] Korzdorfer testified that she responded, \"That's a very good question, I don't know the answer to it, why don't you see if you can find some adults, get me their names and numbers and I'll see what I can do.\" [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "pp. ", "152-53.] ", "Betsy testified that Ms. Korzdorfer left her with the impression that it was up to her to find some adults and if she found them they could be on the panel. [", "Hansen Dep., ", "p. 77.] ", "Korzdorfer admitted that she did not give Betsy any deadline for getting her the names nor did she relay Betsy's request to Parker Pennington, Rodney Mancini or any member of the GSA. [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 152.] ", "According to Betsy, she had a subsequent conversation with Ms. Korzdorfer a few days later in which she told Korzdorfer that she had the names of some pastors to bring in for the panel. [", "Hansen Dep., ", "p. 100.] ", "She admitted that she did not, however, give her any specific names; only that she had the names. ", "Id. Shortly after her conversation with Betsy, Ms. Korzdorfer decided to cancel the panel. [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "pp. ", "152-53.] ", "According to Betsy, it was on or shortly before March 13 that Korzdorfer told her she was cancelling the Homosexuality and Religion panel. [", "Hansen Dep., ", "pp. ", "101, 109.]", "\nIn fact, it was on Tuesday, March 12, 2002, that the decision was made to cancel the panel. [", "See PFC advisor William Johnson Dep., ", "pp. ", "63-73; Principal Henry Caudle Dep., ", "pp. ", "70-73.] ", "On March 12, a meeting was held with Korzdorfer, PHS Principal, Henry Caudle, Class principal, Lara Erickson, Equity Ombudsman Denise Eaddy-Richardson, and Pioneers for Christ advisor, Bill Johnson. ", "According to Bill Johnson, Principal Caudle called the meeting to address two issues concerning the Pioneers for Christ—one was the Homosexuality and Religion panel issue, and the other was an unrelated issue concerning a student in a speech class who was also a PFC member. [", "Johnson Dep., ", "pp. ", "66-67.]", "\nJohnson testified that with respect to the Homosexuality and Religion panel, the focus of the meeting was the desire of some students in Pioneers for Christ (including Betsy Hansen) to have their view presented at the religion and homosexuality panel as they had in previous years when it was focused more on sexual orientation than the relationship between sexuality and religion. ", "Id. at 65.[11] After discussion, *789 the consensus of this meeting was that Betsy Hansen should be allowed representation on the panel. [", "See Eaddy-Richardson Dep., ", "pp. ", "32-35, 67.] ", "Bill Johnson testified Ms. Korzdorfer was concerned because she knew that the GSA did not want a viewpoint on the panel that was different from their own. [", "Johnson Dep., ", "at 65.] ", "Not wanting to have to deal with a dispute over differing viewpoints, Korzdorfer decided to cancel the panel. ", "According to Johnson,\nMs. Korzdorfer was feeling stress about the situation and she knew that the GSA was not happy about the possibility of Betsy being on the panel And at the meeting, when the equity officer [Eaddy-Richardson] said that it was equitable and fair for Betsy to have a voice on the panel, her [Korzdorfer's] solution that she proposed to Mr. Caudle was just to cancel it.", "\nId. at 69-70. ", "Principal Caudle agreed with Korzdorfer's proposal. [", "Caudle Dep., ", "pp. ", "70-71.][12]\nNews that the Homosexuality and Religion panel was going to be cancelled raised the ire of the GSA faculty advisors. ", "Upon learning the news of the panel's cancellation, Parker Pennington e-mailed Sunnie Korzdorfer stating that he and his co-GSA advisor, Rodney Mancini, were \"deeply disturbed\" over the process by which the panel was scrubbed. [", "See Korzdorfer Dep. ", "Ex. ", "25 appended to Korzdorfer Dep. ", "at Plaintiff's Ex. ", "9.] ", "He complained that he and Mancini had not had a chance to explain the purpose of the panel. ", "Id.\nMs. Korzdorfer responded by e-mail that she, too, was \"deeply disturbed,\" adding that the March 12 meeting was called by Principal Caudle \"at the spur of the moment,\" and that she did not know what the meeting was going to be about until she got there. [", "See Korzdorfer Dep., ", "pp. ", "218-224 and Dep. ", "Ex. ", "25.] ", "Korzdorfer then summarized the meeting and explained her decision to cancel the panel:\nThe crux of the meeting was this: Pio's for Christ have a leagal [sic] right to be on the panel. ", "It does not matter that the panel's intent is to show how religion and sexuality can go hand in hand. ", "They have a leagal [sic] right to say that homosexuality [sic] is not a valid life-style. ", "That is the bottom line.", "\nAs a student council advisor I have two options.", "\n1. ", "Allow the Pio's for Christ to speak on the panel. ", "This would fly in the face of the panel's intent and potentially cause hurt feelings all around.", "\n2. ", "Can[c]el the panel and lose the risk of offending people.", "\n\n[GSA member—name obliterated] and I spoke twice on Tuesday. ", "I asked him what he wanted. ", "He said he did not want Pio's for Christ to be able to put a member on the panel saying that homsexulaity [sic] isn't valid. ", "I supported his view and I still do. ", "Thus, I canceled the panel....\nThis has been very difficult for everyone involved.... I am treading on shallow ground here, as I do not want to be *790 sued. ", "However, I support and believe in your vision of the religion discussion. ", "Let me know how I can more fully show my support.", "\nSunnie\nId.\nUnable to persuade Sunnie Korzdorfer to reinstate the Homosexuality and Religion panel and to allow the GSA to run it as planned, Parker Pennington and Rodney Mancini requested a meeting with Principal Caudle. [", "Pennington Dep., ", "p. 112.][13] Caudle acquiesced and convened a meeting at the end of the day on Friday, March 15, 2002, i.e., the last school day prior to the commencement of Diversity Week 2002. ", "Present at this meeting were Caudle, Korzdorfer, Class Principal Lara Erickson, Equity Ombudsman Eaddy-Richardson, Parker Pennington, Rodney Mancini, and Pioneers for Christ advisors Bill Johnson and James Brink. (", "Prior to this meeting, Dr. George Fornero, who was at the time acting superintendent, told Equity Ombudsman Eaddy-Richardson that the Homosexuality and Religion panel would not be canceled. [", "See Eaddy-Richardson Dep., ", "pp. ", "68-70.] ", "Fornero, however, offered no explanation for the decision to reinstate the panel. ", "Id. at 70.)", "\nDuring the March 15, 2002 meeting, it was made known that Betsy Hansen wanted a representative on the Homosexuality and Religion panel to express her religious view. [", "Pennington Dep., ", "p. 119.] ", "Pennington testified that he protested that Plaintiff's view \"would be negative or water down the view that the GSA was trying to convey\" with the panel. ", "Id.[14]See also Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 93. ", "Despite the advocacy of her PFC advisors, ultimately, it was decided that neither Betsy nor any representative who would express Betsy's religious view would be permitted to speak on the panel. [", "See Bill Johnson Dep., ", "pp. ", "85-90.] ", "The reason given for denying Betsy representation on the Homosexuality and Religion panel was that she did not follow proper procedure, i.e., she did not attend the first \"mandatory\" meeting on February 22nd. [", "See Korzdorfer Dep., ", "90-105.] ", "However, no mention was made of Betsy having been absent from school on that date.[15]\nAt this March 15 meeting, the Pioneers for Christ were made an offer, in lieu of having a representative to express their particular religious view on the Homosexuality and Religion panel, the option of having a panel of their own. [", "Eaddy-Richardson Dep., ", "pp. ", "81, 83; Erickson Dep., ", "pp. ", "60, 72; Pennington Dep., ", "pp. ", "120-21.] ", "PFC advisors Johnson and Brink, however, declined the offer because of insufficient time to organize a panel discussion with Diversity Week starting on the very next school day, Monday, March 18th. ", "Id.\nThe Homosexuality and Religion panel went forward without Betsy or her representative. ", "As indicated, six pro-homosexual *791 adult clergy and religious leaders were presenters. ", "None of the clergy and religious leaders was Roman Catholic nor shared the Roman Catholic beliefs regarding homosexuality. [", "See Jeremy O'Brien Dep., ", "pp. ", "59-62.] ", "Some of the clergy woke clerical garb during the panel. [", "Rev. Susan McGarry Dep., ", "pp. ", "69-70; Rev. John Nieman Dep., ", "pp. ", "41-42.] ", "The panel members were held out as experts on matters of religion. [", "Pennington Dep., ", "pp. ", "88-89 and Dep. ", "Exs. ", "1 and 10.]", "\nThe format of the panel was one of question-and-answer and was moderated by Defendant Pennington. ", "Questions were pre-submitted by students, and Defendant Pennington decided which ones he would ask. [", "Pennington Dep., ", "p. 94-95.]", "\nPanelists discussed the Bible and Sacred Scripture, explaining how passages referring to homosexuality had been misunderstood or mistranslated by others to mean that homosexuality was immoral or sinful or incompatible with Christianity. [", "See McGarry Dep., ", "pp. ", "79-80; Hansen Dep., ", "pp. ", "187-89.] ", "One of the panelists suggested that students read a book entitled, Rescuing the Bible from Fundamentalism, in order to get a better understanding of what Sacred Scripture meant, particularly with regard to homosexuality. [", "See Kirsten Raab Dep., ", "pp. ", "97-98; Hansen Dep. ", "p. 187; McGarry Dep., ", "pp. ", "95-96.]", "\nDefendants did not seek parental advice or consent prior to holding the Homosexuality and Religion panel, nor did Defendants provide information to parents about the form and content of the event prior to holding it. [", "See Korzdorfer Dep., ", "pp. ", "121-123; Caudle Dep., ", "pp. ", "42-46. ", "See also Constance Hansen Decl., ", "Plaintiff's Ex. ", "25, ¶ 10; Ralph Martine Decl., ", "Plaintiff's Ex. ", "29, ¶ 3.]", "\n\nKORZDORFER OFFERS BETSY THE OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE A SPEECH AT THE DIVERSITY WEEK OPENING GENERAL ASSEMBLY\nOn March 13, 2002, the Wednesday before the start of Diversity Week 2002, Sunnie Korzdorfer offered Betsy Hansen an opportunity to give a two-minute speech at the March 18 General Assembly. [", "See Hansen Dep., ", "p. 109; Korzdorfer Dep., ", "pp. ", "130-131.] ", "Ms. Korzdorfer testified that she chose Betsy as one of three students to make a speech on \"what diversity means to me\" as \"an offer of good will,\" because she knew that Betsy was upset about the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "Id.[16] Betsy accepted Korzdorfer's offer.", "\nPrior to delivering her speech, Betsy was required to submit it to Korzdorfer to review. ", "Korzdorfer reviewed it then passed it along to Lara Erickson for review. ", "Erickson, in turn, took the speech to Principal Caudle. ", "Caudle and Erickson did not approve of all of the speech's content. [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "pp. ", "142-45; Erickson Dep., ", "pp. ", "87-89.] ", "The objectionable content was as follows:\nOne thing I don't like about Diversity Week is the way that racial diversity, religious diversity, and sexual diversity are lumped together and compared as if they are the same things. ", "Race is not strictly an idea. ", "It is something you are born with; something that doesn't change throughout your life, unless your [sic] Michael Jackson, but that's a special case. ", "It involves no choice or action. ", "On the other hand, your religion is your *792 choice. ", "Sexuality implies an action, and there are people who have been straight, then gay, then straight again. ", "I completely and whole-heartedly support racial diversity, but I can't accept religious and sexual ideas or actions that are wrong.", "\nAlthough nothing in Betsy's speech was vulgar, offensively lewd, or contained profanity, according to Defendants Korzdorfer and Erickson, this speech was objectionable because it targeted an individual and groups, specifically homosexuals. [", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 140, 147-48; Erickson Dep., ", "p. 88.] ", "Erickson highlighted specific portions of the speech and Defendant Korzdorfer called Betsy at her home on the Sunday prior to the Assembly (i.e., Sunday, March 17) to \"suggest\" that she make the changes in the speech. ", "Korzdorfer Dep., ", "p. 140.[17] Betsy did not want to change her speech but felt she had no choice; school policy states that it is \"inappropriate behavior\" for a student to \"[r]efus[e] to comply either verbally or non-verbally, with a direction or instruction of a staff member.\" [", "Caudle Dep., ", "pp. ", "27-28.] ", "Although Korzdorfer reviewed the other two speakers' speeches, she did not give them to Ms. Erickson or Mr. Caudle to review, and neither of these speakers was required to change their speeches.", "\n\nIII. ", "PLAINTIFFS' COMPLAINT\n\nOn July 10, 2002, Elizabeth Hansen and her mother, Constance Hansen instituted this action for declaratory and injunctive relief and damages against the Ann Arbor Public Schools, Henry Caudle, Lara Erickson, Sunnie Korzdorfer, Parker Pennington IV, Rodney Mancini and Denise Eaddy-Richardson pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988. ", "By an amended complaint filed on February 20, 2003, Ralph Martin was added as a party-plaintiff. ", "In their First Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege claims of deprivation of their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and free exercise of religion; violation of the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[18] Constance Hansen and Ralph Martin further allege infringement of their parental rights to the care, custody, education of and association with their children in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments.", "\nThis matter is now before the Court on the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment. ", "Having completed extensive discovery, the parties have agreed that there are no material factual disputes and that the case may be decided on the law presented by the cross-motions. ", "Having reviewed and considered the parties' briefs and supporting evidence, and having heard the oral arguments of counsel on November 24, 2003, the Court is now prepared to rule on this matter. ", "This Opinion and Order sets forth the Court's ruling.", "\n\nIV. ", "DISCUSSION\n\n\nA. DEFENDANTS VIOLATED PLAINTIFF'S FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH\n\nThe First Amendment of the Constitution declares that \"Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech.\" ", "U.S. Const., ", "amend I. When an individual speaks, the government's ability to regulate *793 that speech depends, in some situations, on the designation of the forum in which the individual chooses to speak. ", "See e.g., Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educ. ", "Fund, 473 U.S. 788, 800, 105 S.Ct. ", "3439, 87 L.Ed.2d 567 (1985). ", "Here, the speech at issue occurred in a public high school.", "\n\nCATEGORIES OF SPEECH WITHIN THE SCHOOL SETTING\nThere are three primary categories of speech that occur within the school setting. ", "Student speech that \"happens to occur on the school premises,\" is governed by Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community Sch. ", "Dist., ", "393 U.S. 503, 89 S.Ct. ", "733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969). ", "Hazelwood Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260, 271, 108 S.Ct. ", "562, 98 L.Ed.2d 592 (1988). ", "Pure student speech, such as the black armbands worn by the students protesting the Vietnam War in Tinker or the tee-shirts worn by the students in Castorina v. Madison County School Bd., ", "246 F.3d 536 (6th cir. ", "2001), and Barber v. Dearborn Public Schools, 286 F.Supp.2d 847 (E.D.Mich. ", "2003), must be tolerated by the school \"unless school authorities have reason to believe that such expression will `substantially interfere with the work of the school or impinge upon the rights of other students.'\" ", "Hazelwood, 484 U.S. at 266, 108 S.Ct. ", "at 566 (quoting Tinker, 393 U.S. at 509, 89 S.Ct. ", "at 738).", "\nAt the other end of the spectrum is \"government speech\", such as the principal speaking at a school assembly. ", "When the government itself is the speaker, it may make viewpoint-based choices and choose what to say and what not to say. ", "See Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819, 833, 115 S.Ct. ", "2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995); Downs v. Los Angeles Unified Sch. ", "Dist., ", "228 F.3d 1003, 1013 (9th Cir.2000) (\"[W]hen a public high school is the speaker, its control of its own speech is not subject to the constraints of constitutional safeguards and forum analysis, but instead is measured by practical considerations applicable to any individual's choice of how to convey oneself: among other things, content, timing, and purpose.\")", "\nBetween pure student speech and government speech is \"school-sponsored\" speech, which is governed by Hazelwood Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Kuhlmeier, supra. ", "School-sponsored speech is student speech that a school \"affirmatively...promote[s],\" as opposed to speech that it \"tolerate[e]s.\" ", "Hazelwood, 484 U.S. at 270-71, 108 S.Ct. ", "562. \"", "Expressive activities that students, parents, and members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the school\" constitute \"school-sponsored\" speech over which the school may exercise editorial control so long as its actions in doing so \"are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.\" ", "Id. at 271, 273, 108 S.Ct. ", "562.", "\nPlaintiffs argue that the speech at issue here should be treated as student speech governed by Tinker. ", "Defendants counter that the disputed speech should be categorized as either government speech or \"school sponsored\"/Hazelwood speech.[19]\nPlaintiffs argue for application of the Tinker standard contending that because it was the students' \"personal message\" of opposition to the war in Vietnam expressed by their wearing of black armbands that Tinker protected, so too, should the same standard be used to afford First Amendment protection to Betsy Hansen's *794 \"personal message\" of \"what diversity means to me.\" ", "Plaintiffs similarly argue that Tinker should apply in assessing the schools' denial of representation of Betsy's viewpoint on the Homosexuality and Religion panel relying upon the Tinker Court's broad pronouncement that public school students \"may not be confined to the expression of those sentiments that are officially approved.\" ", "393 U.S. at 511, 89 S.Ct. ", "733. ", "In making their arguments, however, Plaintiffs ignore the distinct context of Betsy's school assembly speech and the Homosexuality and Religion panel—neither the assembly nor the panel constituted personal expression that just \"happen[ed] to occur on the school premises.\" ", "Instead, the Diversity Week speaking events at issue were specifically and particularly planned by student groups with their faculty advisors and were approved by school administration—they did not just \"happen to occur\" in the school, but rather occurred at school-sponsored forums.", "\nBut, neither is the speech here \"government speech,\" as argued by Defendants. ", "In support of their argument that the Homosexuality and Religion panel constitutes \"government speech,\" Defendants rely principally on Downs v. Los Angeles Unified Sch. ", "Dist., ", "supra. ", "Downs, however, is factually quite distinct.", "\nAt issue in Downs was a school's refusal to permit an individual teacher to post anti-homosexuality materials in response to the Los Angeles Unified School District's \"Gay and Lesbian Awareness Month\" posters and materials which were provided by the central office to schools within the district and posted on a school bulletin board which, pursuant to actual practice and policy, was under the direct control and oversight of the school principal. ", "Because it was the school district itself that provided the Gay and Lesbian Awareness Month posters and materials to the high school, and because they were posted on a bulletin board that was under the direct control and oversight of the school principal, the court found that the \"speaker\" of the bulletin board was the school itself—an arm of local government. ", "And, because the government itself was speaking, the court concluded that the case fell within the government speech rules which allowed it to impose viewpoint-based restrictions. ", "The Downs court explained:\nThis case is not controlled by Hazelwood or Planned Parenthood [v. Clark County Sch. ", "Dist., ", "941 F.2d 817 (9th Cir. ", "1991)] because it is a case of the government itself speaking, whether the government is characterized as Leichman High, LAUSD, or the school board. ", "It is not a case involving the risk that a private individual's private speech might simply \"bear the imprimatur\" of the school or be perceived by outside individuals as \"school sponsored.\"", "\n* * * * * *\nAn arm of local government—such as a school board—may decide not only to talk about gay and lesbian awareness and tolerance in general, but also to advocate such tolerance if it so decides, and restrict the contrary speech of one of its representatives.", "\n941 F.2d at 1011, 1014.[20]\nHere, by contrast, it was clearly not the school itself speaking at the general assembly about \"what diversity means to me\" or at the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "Indeed, not a single school administrator or teacher conveyed any viewpoint or message at either forum. ", "At the general assembly, it was students—not any *795 teacher or administrator—who spoke on \"what diversity means to me.\" ", "Similarly, clergymen from outside the school presented their respective congregations' views on homosexuality at the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "In fact, the record evidence indicates that it was precisely because of their position as religious clergy that they were invited to participate on the panel. ", "It is, therefore, clear to the Court that this speech was not \"government speech\" but rather was speech that might simply \"bear the imprimatur\" of the school or be perceived by outside individuals as \"school sponsored\" by virtue of it having occurred at a school-sponsored forum. ", "Therefore, it is governed by Hazelwood.", "\nThe Sixth Circuit case of Poling v. Murphy, 872 F.2d 757, 761 (6th Cir.1989), cert. ", "denied, 493 U.S. 1021, 110 S.Ct. ", "723, 107 L.Ed.2d 742 (1990), is illustrative of the circumstances which render speech in a school setting \"school sponsored\" speech. ", "In Poling, the Sixth Circuit found that a \"campaign\" speech made by a public high school student who was running for student council president at a school assembly constituted \"school-sponsored\" speech within the meaning of Hazelwood. ", "In that case, school officials scheduled the assembly to be held during school hours and on school property, made attendance compulsory for everyone, determined the eligibility of prospective speakers, and vetted the candidates' speeches in advance.", "\nLike the student council assembly in Poling, the Diversity Week 2002 general assembly and panel discussions were held during school hours and on school property, and presentations were made by people who were neither teachers nor school administrators. ", "Further, as in Poling, school officials determined the eligibility of the speakers and with respect to the general assembly they also vetted the \"What Diversity Means to Me\" speeches before they were given. ", "Therefore, it is the Hazelwood standards that are applicable in analyzing Plaintiffs' freedom of speech claim in this case.", "\n\nHAZELWOOD\nHazelwood involved a high school principal's decision to delete two pages from a school newspaper which contained two stories: one described three Hazelwood students' experiences with pregnancy and the other discussed the impact of divorce on students at the school which identified by name a particular student and her mother and father and contained negative statements concerning the student's parents. ", "The school newspaper was written and edited by the Journalism II class at Hazelwood East High School. ", "The practice at Hazelwood was for the journalism teacher to submit page proofs for each issue of the school newspaper to the principal for review prior to publication. ", "The principal was concerned that, although the pregnancy story used false names in an attempt to keep the girls' identities secret, because very few students at the school were pregnant, he believed that the girls could still be identified from the text.", "\nIt was because of his concern about invading the privacy rights of the students mentioned and the parents named in the divorce story that the principal ordered the two pages containing the pregnancy and divorce stories deleted. ", "Three Hazelwood students who were on the school newspaper staff subsequently brought suit alleging that the principal, the journalism teacher and various other school officials violated their First Amendment rights by deleting the two pages of articles from the newspaper.", "\nThe Supreme Court first rejected the students' argument that the school newspaper constituted a public forum such that they had an unfettered right to say whatever they wanted to say in whatever manner they chose. ", "Rather, just as the Court *796 had found in Tinker, the Hazelwood court reaffirmed that the school setting presents a \"nonpublic forum\" 484 U.S. at 270, 108 S.Ct. ", "at 569. ", "The Court then proceeded, however, to reject application of the Tinker standard, explaining:\nThe question whether the First Amendment requires a school to tolerate particular student speech—the question that we addressed in Tinker—is different from the question whether the First Amendment requires a school affirmatively to promote particular student speech. ", "The former question addresses educators' ability to silence a student's personal expression that happens to occur on the school premises. ", "The latter question concerns educators' authority over school-sponsored publications, theatrical productions, and other expressive activities that students, parents and members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the school. ", "These activities may fairly be characterized as part of the school curriculum, whether or not they occur in a traditional classroom setting, so long as they are supervised by faculty members and designed to impart particular knowledge or skills to student participants and audiences.", "\nId. at 270-71, 108 S.Ct. ", "at 569-570.", "\nThe Court then delineated a standard to be applied to such \"school sponsored\" speech:\n... [W]e conclude that the standard articulated in Tinker for determining when a school may punish student expression need not also be the standard for determining when a school may refuse to lend its name and resources to the dissemination of student expression. ", "Instead, we hold that educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to pedagogical concerns.", "\n\nId. at 271-72, 108 S.Ct. ", "at 570-71 (emphasis added).", "\nApplying this new standard, the Court concluded that Principal Robert Reynolds acted reasonably in requiring the deletion of the pregnancy and divorce articles. ", "The Court reasoned:\nThe initial paragraph of the pregnancy article declared that \"[a]ll names have been changed to keep the identity of these girls a secret.\" ", "The principal concluded that the students' anonymity was not adequately protected, however, given the other identifying information in the article and the small number of pregnant students at the school. ", "Indeed, a teacher at the school credibly testified that she could positively identify at least one of the girls and possibly all three. ", "It is likely that many students at Hazelwood East would have been at least as successful in identifying the girls. ", "Reynolds therefore could reasonably have feared that the article violated whatever pledge of anonymity had been given to the pregnant students. ", "In addition, he could reasonably have been concerned that the article was not sufficiently sensitive to the privacy interests of the students' boyfriends and parents who were discussed in the article but who were given no opportunity to consent to its publication or to offer a response. ...", "\nThe student who was quoted by name in the version of the divorce article seen by Principal Reynolds made comments sharply critical of her father. ", "The principal could reasonably have concluded that an individual publicly identified as an inattentive parent—... was entitled to the opportunity to defend himself as a matter of journalistic fairness....\nIn sum, we cannot reject as unreasonable Principal Reynolds' conclusion that *797 neither the pregnancy article nor the divorce article was suitable for publication in Spectrum. ", "Reynolds could reasonably have concluded that the students who had written and edited these articles had not sufficiently mastered those portions of the Journalism II curriculum that pertained to the treatment of controversial issues and personal attacks, the need to protect the privacy of individuals whose most intimate concerns are to be revealed in the newspaper, and the legal, moral and ethical restrictions imposed upon journalists within a school community that includes adolescent subjects and readers.... Accordingly, no violation of First Amendment rights occurred.", "\nId. at 274-276, 108 S.Ct. ", "at 571-572 (citations and some internal punctuation omitted).", "\nTherefore, under Hazelwood, Defendants here were certainly entitled to some degree of editorial control over the school-supervised programs so long as their actions in exercising that control were reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.", "\nDefendants maintain that four pedagogical concerns animated their actions regarding Betsy Hansen's speech and her requests regarding the Homosexuality and Religion panel: (1) teaching students to stay on topic; (2) teaching students to follow proper procedures; (3) making students aware of minority points of view; and (4) creating a safe and supportive environment for gay and lesbian students. ", "Defendants argue that because their actions with respect to Betsy's general assembly speech and her request to have a representative on the Homosexuality and Religion panel to communicate her message were motivated by legitimate pedagogical concerns, the rule of Hazelwood dictates that Plaintiffs' freedom of speech claim must fail.", "\nHowever, putting aside for the moment the legitimacy of Defendants' proffered pedagogical concerns, Defendants overlook the fact that even under Hazelwood, a school does not have a completely unfettered right to restrict speech. ", "A school's restrictions on speech reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns must still be viewpoint-neutral. ", "See, Searcey v. Harris, 888 F.2d 1314, 1319, 1325 (11th Cir.1989) (finding no indication in Hazelwood that the Supreme Court \"intended to drastically rewrite First Amendment law to allow a school official to discriminate based on a speaker's views\" and holding that school officials are required \"to make decisions relating to speech which are viewpoint neutral\"); Planned Parenthood v. Clark County Sch. ", "Dist., ", "941 F.2d 817, 829 (9th Cir.1991) (finding that the \"reasonableness\" required to justify school authorities to regulate speech under Hazelwood requires viewpoint neutrality and holding that school district was viewpoint neutral in prohibiting advertisements of birth control products in school-sponsored publications); Downs v. Los Angeles Unified Sch. ", "Dist., ", "supra, 228 F.3d at 1011 (court noted that if it were presented with a case of school-sponsored speech, it would be compelled, pursuant to Hazelwood and Planned Parenthood, to review the school district's actions restricting speech \"through a viewpoint neutrality microscope,\" but finding that the speech posted on the school bulletin board was government speech not \"school sponsored\" speech, and therefore, not governed by Hazelwood); Kincaid v. Gibson, 191 F.3d 719, 727 (6th Cir.1999) (noting that under Hazelwood \"school officials may impose any reasonable, non-viewpoint-based restriction on student speech\")[21], rev'd and *798 remanded on other grounds, 236 F.3d 342 (6th Cir.2001) (en banc).[22]But see Fleming v. Jefferson County Sch. ", "Dist., ", "298 F.3d 918 (10th Cir.2002) (\"[W]e conclude that Hazelwood allows educators to make viewpoint-based decisions about school-sponsored speech.", "\")[23]\nAlthough Hazelwood itself does not specifically mention viewpoint neutrality, it is implicit in the Court's holding. ", "As indicated above, it was because of Principal Reynolds concern about invading the privacy rights of the students mentioned and the parents named in the divorce story that the principal ordered the two pages containing the pregnancy and divorce stories deleted. ", "The record evidence in Hazelwood established that the principal did not oppose the discussion of the topics in the school newspaper. ", "See Kuhlmeier v. Hazelwood School Dist., ", "607 F.Supp. ", "1450, 1466 (E.D.Mo.1985). ", "See also Castorina ex rel. ", "Rewt v. Madison County School Bd., ", "246 F.3d 536, 542-43 (6th Cir.2001) *799 (explaining that in Hazelwood, \"[t]he pregnancy story was rejected because the principal feared that in spite of the pseudonyms used in the article, the subjects might still be identified by the school community. ", "The divorce story was rejected because it contained negative information about school parents and there was insufficient time to permit them to respond to the facts set out in the article.\")", "\nAs the Eleventh Circuit explained in Searcey v. Harris, supra,\nThe Board argues that Hazelwood does not prohibit school officials from engaging in viewpoint discrimination. ", "We disagree.... There was no indication that the principal [in Hazelwood] was motivated by a disagreement with the views expressed in the articles. ", "Although Hazelwood provides reasons for allowing a school official to discriminate based on content, we do not believe it offers any justification for allowing educators to discriminate based on viewpoint. ", "The prohibition against viewpoint discrimination is firmly embedded in first amendment analysis. ", "See e.g., Cornelius [v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 473 U.S. 788, 812-813, 105 S.Ct. ", "3439] .... Without more explicit direction, we will continue to require school officials to make decisions relating to speech which are viewpoint neutral.", "\n888 F.2d at 1324-25 (citations omitted).", "\nIndeed, it is evident from post-Hazelwood decisions that the Supreme Court itself construes Hazelwood as prohibiting viewpoint-based restrictions on \"school-sponsored\" speech. ", "For example, in Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819, 115 S.Ct. ", "2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995), the Court held that a university's denial of funding for the printing costs for a student newspaper with a Christian editorial viewpoint amounted to unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination. ", "There the Court stated:\n[T]he University relies on our assurance in Widmar v. Vincent, [454 U.S. 263, 102 S.Ct. ", "269, 70 L.Ed.2d 440 (1981)]. ", "There, in the course of striking down a public university's exclusion of religious groups from use of school facilities made available to all other student groups we stated: \"Nor do we question the right of the University to make academic judgments as to how best allocate scarce resources.\" ", "454 U.S., at 276, 102 S.Ct., ", "at 277. ", "The quoted language in Widmar was but a proper recognition of the principle that when the State is the speaker, it may make content-based choices.", "\n* * * * * *\n\nIt does not follow, however, and we did not suggest in Widmar, that viewpoint based restrictions are proper when the University itself does not speak or subsidize transmittal of a message it favors.... A holding that the University may not discriminate based on the viewpoint of private persons whose speech it facilitates does not restrict the University's own speech, which is controlled by different principles.", "\n515 U.S. at 833-34, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 2518-19 (citing Board of Ed. ", "of Westside Community Schools (Dist.66) v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226, 110 S.Ct. ", "2356, 110 L.Ed.2d 191 (1990) and Hazelwood School Dist. ", "v. Kuhlmeier, supra.)[24]\n*800 Turning, then, to the facts in this case, it is clear to the Court that Defendants' decision to restrict Betsy Hansen's speech, both with respect to her \"What Diversity Means to Me\" speech and the exclusion of the PFC viewpoint from the Homosexuality and Religion panel, was far from view-point-neutral. ", "Rather, the record makes clear that Defendants' actions were predominantly motivated by their disagreement with Betsy's and the PFC's message.", "\nFirst, with regard Betsy's general assembly speech, despite the personal and subjective topic, \"What Diversity Means to Me,\" Defendants censored Betsy's speech, finding objectionable that portion of her speech in which she expressed that she could not accept sexual orientation or religious teachings that she believes are wrong. ", "It was because Defendants sought to suppress this view that they directed Betsy to remove the offending content.", "\nDefendants' decision to deny Betsy and the PFC representation on the Homosexuality and Religion panel was similarly motivated by their disagreement with Betsy's viewpoint. ", "Both Parker Pennington and Sunnie Korzdorfer testified that after it was determined by administration on March 12 that Betsy should be allowed to have representation on the panel, Pennington pressed for keeping Betsy off the panel because Betsy's message \"would be negative or water down the view that the GSA was trying to convey\" with the panel. ", "Id. See also Korzdorfer Dep. ", "p. 93. ", "Pennington even gave a statement to the PHS student newspaper that \"allowing adults hostile to homosexuality on the panel would be like inviting white supremacists on a race panel.\" ", "See Pennington Dep. ", "Ex. ", "3. ", "Even after being told (by Eaddy-Richardson) that Betsy had a legal right to express her viewpoint on the panel, Korzdorfer continued to support Pennington and the GSA's desire to keep her off the panel. ", "She e-mailed Pennington advising him that she had been informed by a GSA leader that he did not want Pioneers for Christ to be able to put a member on the panel saying that homosexuality is not valid, and told Pennington, \"I supported his view and I still do .... I support and believe in your vision of the religion discussion.\" ", "Korzdorfer Dep. ", "Ex. ", "25.", "\nFurthermore, a close examination of Defendants' own description of their purported \"legitimate pedagogical concerns\" belies any attempt to justify their actions as \"viewpoint neutral.\" ", "Defendants maintain that the legitimate pedagogical objectives advanced by their actions in restricting Betsy's speech included teaching students to stay on topic, making students aware of minority points of view, creating a safe and supportive environment for gay and lesbian students. ", "According to Defendants, each of these pedagogical concerns is, \"legitimate\" by \"accepted standards of educational theory and practice.\" [", "See Defendants' Brief in Support of their Motion for Summary Judgment, p. 11.] ", "Yet, in explaining how each of these goals were furthered by restricting Betsy's speech, it is not educational theory or practice that Defendants rely upon, but rather it is their specific disapproval of the message that Betsy would have conveyed that underlies their decision. ", "See id., pp. ", "11-13.", "\nFor example, Defendants maintain that their censorship of Betsy's speech and precluding her from participating on the Homosexuality and Religion panel was reasonable in light of their legitimate pedagogical concern that Betsy be taught \"to stay on topic.\" ", "Defendants argue\n\"The theme of Diversity Week, including the all-school assemblies, was Celebrating Diversity at PHS.\" ", "The topic of the panel...was that homosexuality and religion were not incompatible. ", "Quite simply, Betsy's speech which targeted homosexuals for a negative message, *801 and her proposal to have a panelist stating that homosexuality was sinful, did not adhere to the theme, topic, or format of these events.", "\n\nDefendants' Brief at p. 11. ", "In addition, Korzdorfer's e-mail to Parker Pennington, the GSA advisor, makes clear that when the administration first believed it was legally obligated to allow Betsy's viewpoint to be presented, the Defendants' initial response was to simply cancel the panel. ", "The foregoing demonstrates that it was Betsy's anticipated viewpoint that motivated Defendants, not any pedagogical concern. ", "Perhaps more importantly, however, the transparency of Defendants' argument is made apparent by the deposition testimony of Pioneer High School Principal Caudle, who candidly testified that it would not have been consistent with the theme of Diversity Week to have only one religious viewpoint expressed on the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "Principal Henry Caudle testified as follows:\nQ: ... [W]hat is your understanding of the purpose and goal of the Diversity Week events? ", "And, talking from ... a learning objective, you're an educator, what is the learning objective of Diversity Week at Pioneer High School?... ", "A [by Mr. Caudle]: Well, as I said before, the overall objective is to teach young people that there are differences that should be celebrated, because we are different doesn't mean that there has to be strife or discor[d] and that we can work together, should work together... and is something we should celebrate.", "\nPioneer High School is very diverse, and that's a good thing. ", "And we are just trying to help students to understand that they should feel fortunate to be in such an environment where then can learn from others who are different, we look different, we think differently, and we're just trying to set a comfortable environment for that to take place.", "\nQ: With that objective in mind, would it be consistent with that objective... with that theme to have one particular religious view expressed during the Homosexuality and Religion panel? ...", "\nA: No.", "\n\nCaudle Dep. ", "pp. ", "84-85.[25]\nDefendants also argue that their actions furthered the pedagogical objective of promoting \"student tolerance and acceptance of minority points of view.\" ", "They state that this legitimate pedagogical concern was furthered by censoring Betsy's speech and denying her representation on the panel because faculty in this case believed that Betsy's speech as originally written and her desire to have a panel member state her view were inconsistent with the goal of promoting tolerance for minority view points. ", "Id. at 12. ", "That Defendants can say with apparent sincerity that they were advancing the goal of promoting \"acceptance and tolerance for minority points of view\" by their demonstrated in tolerance for a viewpoint that was not consistent with their own is hardly *802 worthy of serious comment. ", "Suffice it to say that inherent in this rationale is the premise that the PFC view of homosexuality as a religious sin is not a minority view, or at least not a minority view which should be tolerated. ", "It strikes the Court that neither of these premises are pedagogical concerns, but rather are political, cultural or religious, or all three.", "\nDefendants further claim that their actions were motivated by a commitment \"to provide a safe and supportive environment for gay and lesbian students.\" ", "Id. at 12-13. ", "They claim that they would be frustrated in their goal if they were to allow Betsy or a religious cleric to deliver a message that was not supportive of gays. ", "However, Defendants fail to show why gays would be threatened or be made less \"safe\" by allowing the expression of an opposing viewpoint, particularly when the panel included six clerics presenting the opposite view. ", "Furthermore, the testimony of the PHS administrators was that there had been no reports, surveys, or complaints about harassment or victimization because of a student's sexual orientation. ", "See Deposition of Superintendent George Fornero, pp. ", "54-57. (", "Mr. Fornero is the former principal of PHS.). ", "See also Eaddy-Richardson Dep. ", "pp. ", "17-21.[26]\nWith respect to Defendants' fourth educational goal—to teach students to follow procedures—the Court finds that this purported legitimate pedagogical concern is wholly pretextual in this case. ", "Indeed, the court is left to wonder what message concerning intellectual integrity the school is conveying to students by making an argument that is so transparently disingenuous and offensive in its Procrustean attempt to torture the facts ex post facto to justify its ultimate decision.", "\nDefendants claim that they expected Betsy to follow proper procedures with respect to the Homosexuality and Religion panel, and because she did not attend all mandatory meetings and did not provide Ms. Korzdorfer with a list of names of the persons she wanted on the panel, they were justified in not allowing her to have a representative on the panel. ", "However, the record evidence establishes that attendance at the first \"mandatory\" meeting was not, in fact, mandatory for everyone— there were students who did not attend the first meeting who were allowed participation on other panels. ", "Indeed, it was specifically because the first \"mandatory\" meeting was so sparsely attended, that a second \"mandatory\" meeting was scheduled —which Ms. Hansen did attend. ", "Furthermore, Tom Jensen testified that it was accepted practice if a student was absent from school on the day of a mandatory meeting—as Betsy was on February 22, 2002—he or she was not precluded from participating so long as they had someone else attend to inform the student council advisor that they wanted to be on a panel. ", "Kirsten Raab attended the first mandatory meeting and, at Betsy Hansen's request, Kirsten told Ms. Korzdorfer that Betsy wanted to be on the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "Indeed, Ms. Korzdorfer testified that she could not affirmatively say that if Betsy had been at the first mandatory meeting she would have been allowed representation on the panel. ", "And, with respect to not providing Korzdorfer with a list of names, Ms. Korzdorfer ad *803 mitted at her deposition that she never gave Betsy a deadline for doing so and never followed up on the issue because she made the decision to cancel the panel shortly after her conversation with Betsy concerning the names. ", "It was only after the panel was reinstated that the decision to exclude Betsy from the panel was made. ", "Therefore, Betsy never had an opportunity to submit names of panelists.[27]\nIt is clear from the foregoing that, notwithstanding their pronouncement that they were motivated by \"legitimate pedagogical concerns,\" Defendants' actions were, in fact, motivated by their disagreement with Betsy's message and that their decisions restricting Betsy Hansen's speech and excluding her viewpoint from the Homosexuality and Religion panel were not \"viewpoint neutral.\" ", "In fact, the record is quite clear that Defendants' motivation was precisely the opposite: to insure that only one viewpoint was presented by the panel.", "\nThe danger in this is quite evident, and it is a danger that would jeopardize the rights of not only PFC members, but equally (and perhaps, more so) the rights of gays, lesbians and other groups. ", "As the Court pointed out at oral argument, if schools are permitted to stifle opposing viewpoints in the manner done here, what is to prevent school administrators in other districts where there are, perhaps groups strongly rooted in the community who are opposed to gay rights on religious (or other) grounds from holding a school forum on homosexuality and religion and refusing to permit a more gay-friendly message to be presented. ", "And, of course, the same may be said about other politically- or religiously-charged issues. ", "The point, of course, is that, no matter how well-intentioned the stated objective, once schools get into the business of actively promoting one political or religious viewpoint over another, there is no end to the mischief that can be done in the name of good intentions.", "\nFor all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Betsy Hansen's First Amendment right to freedom of speech was violated by the actions of Defendants.", "\n\nB. DEFENDANTS VIOLATED THE FIRST AMENDMENT'S ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE\n\nPlaintiffs also claim that by establishing a panel of clergy who presented only one religious viewpoint regarding homosexuality, *804 Defendants also violated the Establishment Clause.", "\nThe Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states: \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion....\" Neutrality is the fundamental requirement of the Establishment Clause, which prohibits the government from either endorsing a particular religion or promoting religion generally. ", "See Cutter v. Wilkinson, 349 F.3d 257 (6th Cir.2003); Bd. ", "of Educ. ", "of Kiryas Joel Village Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Grumet, 512 U.S. 687, 703, 114 S.Ct. ", "2481, 129 L.Ed.2d 546 (1994) (\"[A] principle at the heart of the Establishment Clause [is] that government should not prefer one religion to another, or religion to irreligion.\"); ", "Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228, 244, 102 S.Ct. ", "1673, 1683, 72 L.Ed.2d 33 (1982) (\"The clearest command of the Establishment Clause is that one religious denomination cannot be officially preferred over another.\"); ", "Gillette v. United States, 401 U.S. 437, 450, 91 S.Ct. ", "828, 836, 28 L.Ed.2d 168 (1971) (\"[T]he Establishment Clause prohibits government from abandoning secular purposes to favor the adherents of any sect or religious organization.\")", "\nThe Supreme Court has been particularly vigilant in monitoring the compliance with the Establishment Clause in elementary and secondary schools. ", "See Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578, 583-84, 107 S.Ct. ", "2573, 2577-78, 96 L.Ed.2d 510 (1987); see also Coles v. Cleveland Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "171 F.3d 369, 377 (6th Cir.1999) (\"The Supreme Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence has been remarkably consistent in sustaining virtually every challenge to government-sponsored religious expression or involvement in the public schools.\"); ", "Doe v. Beaumont Ind. Sch. ", "Dist., ", "240 F.3d 462, 487 (5th Cir.2001) (noting that the Establishment Clause must be applied \"with special sensitivity\" in a public school setting). ", "The Edwards Court explained the reason for its vigilance:\nFamilies entrust public schools with the education of their children, but condition their trust on the understanding that the classroom will not purposely be used to advance religious views that may conflict with the private beliefs of the student and his or her family. ", "Students in such institutions are impressionable and their attendance is involuntary.", "\n482 U.S. at 584, 107 S.Ct. ", "at 2577. ", "See also, People of Illinois ex rel. ", "McCollum v. Bd. ", "of Educ. ", "of School Dist. ", "No. ", "71, 333 U.S. 203, 216-17, 68 S.Ct. ", "461, 92 L.Ed. ", "649 (1948) (Frankfurter, J., concurring) (where Justice Frankfurter referred to the unique role of the public school as \"perhaps the most powerful agency for promoting cohesion among a heterogeneous democratic people,\" requiring the public school to \"keep scrupulously free from entanglement in the strife of sects.\") ", "It is against these concerns that Defendants' actions in this case must be evaluated. ", "See Edwards, supra; Coles v. Cleveland Bd. ", "of Ed., ", "supra.", "\nIn Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 91 S.Ct. ", "2105, 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971), the Supreme Court articulated a three-part test to determine whether a statute violates the Establishment Clause.[28] In order to pass muster under the Lemon test, the government's action must satisfy three criteria: (1) the government's action must have a secular purpose; (2) its principal and primary *805 effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) it must not foster excessive government entanglement with religion. ", "Lemon, 403 U.S. at 612-13, 91 S.Ct. ", "at 2111.", "\nLemon requires first that the government action at issue serve a \"secular legislative purpose.\" ", "Id., at 612, 91 S.Ct., ", "at 2111. ", "However, the requirement of a secular purpose \"does not mean that the government's purpose must be unrelated to religion.\" ", "Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos, 483 U.S. 327, 335, 107 S.Ct. ", "2862, 2868, 97 L.Ed.2d 273 (1987); Cutter v. Wilkinson, supra. ", "Rather, Lemon's \"purpose\" requirement \"aims at preventing the relevant governmental decisionmaker from abandoning neutrality and acting with the intent of promoting a particular point of view in religious matters.\" ", "Amos, supra; Cutter, supra. ", "While the government's characterization of its purpose is entitled to deference, \"it is the duty of the courts to distinguish a sham secular purpose from a sincere one.\" ", "Santa Fe Ind. Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290, 307, 120 S.Ct. ", "2266, 2278, 147 L.Ed.2d 295 (2000).", "\nDefendants maintain that the Homosexuality and Religion panel had a secular purpose: \"to inform students that some religious congregations are open and affirming of gays, in order to promote and endorse tolerance of a minority viewpoint.\" ", "See Brief in Support of Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, p. 16. ", "However, when a state-sponsored activity has an overtly religious character, courts have consistently rejected efforts to assert a secular purpose for that activity. ", "See Mellen v. Bunting, 327 F.3d 355, 373 (4th Cir.2003).", "\nIn this case, it is cannot be denied that the Homosexuality and Religion panel had \"overtly religious character.\" ", "The panel was made up entirely of clergy and religious leaders from religious institutions that were hand-selected by Defendants specifically because of their particular religious beliefs. ", "Some panelists wore their religious garb. ", "The panelists were expected to and, in fact did, discuss the Bible and other religious documents, and interpreted specific Biblical passages to show that homosexuality is not condemned in the Bible. ", "Because of its overtly religious character, the Court rejects Defendants' characterization of the purpose of the Homosexuality and Religion panel as secular.", "\nHowever, even assuming arguendo that the purpose of the Homosexuality and Religion panel was secular in nature, it still fails Lemon's second prong. ", "The second prong of the Lemon test requires an examination of the \"primary effect\" of the challenged action. \"", "This primary effect prong must be assessed objectively, in order to measure whether the principal effect of government action is to suggest government preference for a particular religious view, or for religion in general.\" ", "Mellen, supra, 327 F.3d at 375.", "\nDefendants here were quite candid in admitting that the panel was created to convey only one religious view regarding the issue of homosexuality. ", "Any contrary or differing religious view was deemed \"negative,\" and summarily excluded from the panel. ", "Clearly, the principal effect of the panel was to suggest preference for a particular religious view.[29]\n*806 Finally, with regard to Lemon's \"excessive entanglement\" prong, the Supreme Court has held that the question of entanglement is essentially one of \"kind and degree.\" ", "Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 684, 104 S.Ct. ", "1355, 79 L.Ed.2d 604 (1984). ", "Weighing the \"kind and degree\" of the school district's involvement in the process of selecting a student speaker and in reviewing the pre-football game invocation message that would be delivered by the speaker, the Court found \"excessive entanglement\" with religion in Santa Fe Ind. Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290, 301, 120 S.Ct. ", "2266, 2275, 147 L.Ed.2d 295 (2000). ", "Although no clergy were involved at all in the Santa Fe case, focusing on the ability of the school administrators to regulate the content and topic of the invocation-format speech that would be delivered, the Court found excessive entanglement. ", "Id. at 2276. ", "See also Adler v. Duval Cty. ", "Sch. ", "Bd., ", "250 F.3d 1330, 1337 (11th cir.2001) (\"[t]he ability to regulate the content of speech is a hallmark of state involvement.\"); ", "see also Coles v. Cleveland Bd. ", "of Education, 171 F.3d 369, 385 (6th Cir. ", "1999) (finding excessive entanglement where a school board decided to include a prayer in its public meetings and chose which member from the local religious community would give those prayers).", "\nThe foregoing demonstrates that Defendants' level of involvement in this case in selecting the clergy for the panel, vetting the religious beliefs of the chosen clergy, recruiting the clergy, and providing school facilities and a captive audience of students for the clergy, and censoring and editing Betsy Hansen's speech based on its religious viewpoint, constitutes the kind of \"excessive entanglement with religion\" found by the Supreme Court to be constitutionally impermissible.", "\nFor all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Defendants' presentation of the Homosexuality and Religion panel during Diversity Week 2002 violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.", "\n\nC. DEFENDANTS HAVE VIOLATED THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT\n\nSection 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides, in pertinent part: \"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\" ", "U.S. Const. ", "amend. ", "XIV, § 1. ", "To establish a violation of the Equal Protection Clause, it must first be shown that the defendants' actions result in similarly-situated individuals receiving disparate treatment. ", "See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 439, 105 S.Ct. ", "3249, 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985); Gillard v. Norris, 857 F.2d 1095, 1100 (6th Cir.1988). ", "If it is shown that similary-situated persons receive disparate treatment, and if that disparate treatment invades a \"fundamental right\" such as speech or religious freedom, the rigorous \"strict scrutiny\" standard governs, and the defendant's actions will be sustained only when they are narrowly tailored to a serve a compelling government interest. ", "See Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302, 113 S.Ct. ", "1439, 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993); 37712, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. ", "of Liquor Control, 113 F.3d 614, 621 (6th Cir.1997) (quoting City of Cleburne, 473 U.S. at 440, 105 S.Ct. ", "3249).", "\n*807 As shown above, Defendants in this case discriminated against Betsy Hansen on the basis of both message and religion, denying her the right to deliver her message while at the same time affording the GSA the right to deliver its own religious message. ", "Such discrimination is violative of the Equal Protection Clause.", "\nAs the Court explained with respect to the First Amendment's protection of freedom of speech in Police Dept. ", "of City of Chicago v. Mosley, 408 U.S. 92, 92 S.Ct. ", "2286, 33 L.Ed.2d 212 (1972):\nUnder the Equal Protection Clause, not to mention the First Amendment itself, government may not grant the use of a forum to people whose views it finds acceptable, but deny use to those wishing to express less favored or more controversial views. ", "And it may not select which issues are worth discussing or debating in public facilities. ", "There is an \"equality of status in the field of ideas,\" and government must afford all points of view an equal opportunity to be heard. ", "Once a forum is opened up to assembly or speaking by some groups, government may not prohibit others from assembling or speaking on the basis of what they intend to say.", "\n\nId., 408 U.S. at 96, 92 S.Ct. ", "at 2290 (emphasis added).", "\nThe same tenet holds true with respect to the Religion Clauses:\nJust as we subject to the most exacting scrutiny laws that make classifications based on race... so too we strictly scrutinize governmental classifications based on religion.", "\nEmployment Div. ", "Dept. ", "of Human Resources of Ore. v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 886, n. 3, 110 S.Ct. ", "1595, 1604, n. 3, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990). ", "See also, Bd. ", "of Educ. ", "of Kiryas Joel Village Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Grumet, supra (O'Connor, J. concurring):\nThis emphasis on equal treatment is, I think, an eminently sound approach. ", "In my view, the Religion Clauses—the Free Exercise Clause, the Establishment Clause, the Religious Test Clause, Art. ", "VI, cl 3 and the Equal Protection Clause as applied to religion—all speak with one voice: Absent the most unusual circumstances, one's religion ought not to affect one's legal rights or duties or benefits.", "\n\n512 U.S. at 714, 114 S.Ct. ", "at 2497 (emphasis added).", "\nAs discussed above, because fundamental constitutional rights of free speech and religion are involved, the \"strict scrutiny\" standard governs. ", "Therefore, Defendants' actions will be sustained under the Equal Protection Clause only if they have established that their actions were narrowly tailored to a serve a compelling government interest. ", "Defendants have not even attempted to make any such showing that their decisions to censor Betsy's \"What Diversity Means to Me\" speech and to deny Betsy Hansen the right to participate on the Homosexuality and Religion panel were \"narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest.\" ", "Rather, they simply deny any violation of any fundamental rights. ", "Such a bare denial is patently insufficient to pass constitutional muster.[30]\n\nD. PLAINTIFFS HAVE FAILED TO ESTABLISH A VIOLATION OF THEIR FIRST AMENDMENT FREE EXERCISE RIGHTS\n\nThe Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment provides that \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free *808 exercise thereof ....\" The contours of the Free Exercise Clause were succinctly summarized by the Supreme Court in Employment Div., ", "Dept. ", "of Human Resources of Ore. v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 878, 110 S.Ct. ", "1595, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990):\nThe free exercise of religion means, first and foremost, the right to believe and profess whatever religious doctrine one desires. ", "Thus, the First Amendment obviously excludes all governmental regulation of religious beliefs as such. ", "The government may not compel affirmation of religious belief, punish the expression of religious doctrines it believes to be false, impose special disabilities on the basis of religious views or religious status, or lend its power to one or the other side in controversies over religious authority or dogma.", "\nSmith, 494 U.S. at 877-78, 110 S.Ct. ", "1595 (citations omitted).", "\nThe gravamen of a free exercise claim, thus, is that the government forces one to do something contrary to one's religion, or presents one with a Hobson's choice between forsaking one's religion or suffering serious negative consequences. ", "See, e.g. Thomas v. Review Bd. ", "of Ind. Employment Sec. ", "Div., ", "450 U.S. 707, 101 S.Ct. ", "1425, 67 L.Ed.2d 624 (1981) (Jehovah's Witnesses' free exercise claim predicated upon their being required to build tanks for the military or forego unemployment benefits after quitting). ", "However, absent a showing that the plaintiff was required to affirm or deny a belief or engage (or refrain from engaging) in a practice prohibited (or mandated) by his or her religion, no claim for violation of free exercise rights will be sustained. ", "See Mozert v. Hawkins Cty. ", "Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "827 F.2d 1058, 1065 (6th Cir.1987), cert. ", "denied, 484 U.S. 1066, 108 S.Ct. ", "1029, 98 L.Ed.2d 993 (1988).", "\nIn Mozert, fundamentalist Christian students and their parents challenged the use of a basic reader in the public schools because it included stories dealing with mental telepathy and supernaturalism which they claim contravened their religious beliefs. ", "Because there was no evidence that the students were required to affirm or deny their religious beliefs nor were they compelled to engage in any practices prohibited by their religion, the court dismissed the plaintiffs' free exercise claim. ", "827 F.2d at 1065.", "\nAs in Mozert, in this case, there is no evidence that Betsy Hansen was ever required by Defendants to \"affirm or deny a belief\" or that she was forced to \"engage in a practice\" prohibited by her religion. ", "Nor has Betsy shown that she was compelled to accept the viewpoint espoused by the panelists on the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "To the contrary, although she was not allowed to have her viewpoint represented on the panel, she was allowed to, and did, in fact, submit questions to the panelists and these questions showed in no uncertain terms that she disagreed with their viewpoint. ", "Moreover, both Betsy and Maureen Martin testified in their depositions that their views regarding homosexuality did not change as a result of the panel. (", "Maureen Martin further testified that she did not feel as though the panelists were trying to \"convert\" her.) ", "There being no evidence of compulsion by Defendants, Plaintiffs' free exercise claim fails.", "\nPlaintiffs, however, attempt to make out their claim by asserting that Betsy had a moral obligation to defend her faith against opposing views, and that Defendants violated her right to free exercise by preventing her from doing so because, during the Homosexuality and Religion panel presentation, no comments from the audience were allowed. ", "She claims that because no comments from the audience were permitted, she was precluded from defending the view of her Roman Catholic faith that homosexuality is a sin.[31] However, *809 Betsy makes no claim that the \"no comments from the audience\" rule was adopted because of her religion. ", "Nor does she claim that the rule was only applied to Roman Catholics or members of the PFC. ", "Rather, the record establishes that the rule was applied to all members of the audience, regardless of their religion or religious views. ", "Parker Pennington, who moderated the panel, testified that the \"no comments from the audience\" rule was adopted because of time constraints. ", "The panelists had only 50 minutes to present their entire program. ", "Pennington testified, \"If we had all day to do this, there would be an opportunity to—for follow up... but otherwise one question could have taken up the entire panel time if you allowed follow-ups and threads and tangents.\" [", "Pennington Dep., ", "p. 110.] ", "Clearly, the preclusion of comments from the audience had nothing to do with Betsy's or anyone else's religion.", "\nThe Supreme Court has consistently held that rights of free exercise do not relieve an individual of the obligation to comply with a \"valid and neutral law of general applicability on the ground that the law proscribes (or prescribes) conduct that his religion prescribes (or proscribes).\" ", "See e.g., Employment Div., ", "Dept. ", "of Human Resources of Ore. v. Smith, supra, 494 U.S. at 879, 110 S.Ct. ", "at 1600 (free exercise rights of plaintiffs held not violated by the State's denial of unemployment compensation benefits to them on misconduct grounds due to their dismissal from their drug counseling positions resulting from their sacramental use of peyote at a Native American church ceremony since the ingestion of peyote was illegal under Oregon criminal laws of general application). ", "See also, Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 64 S.Ct. ", "438, 88 L.Ed. ", "645 (1944) (mother's prosecution for violation of child labor law for using her children to dispense religious literature on the street held not to violate mother's free exercise rights, the mother's religious motivation notwithstanding, because the law merely precluded the children \"from doing what no other children may do.\").", "\nHere, all students in the audience were precluded from commenting at the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "Betsy was merely precluded from doing what no other student could do.", "\nAs Justice Frankfurter stated in Minersville School Dist. ", "v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586, 60 S.Ct. ", "1010, 84 L.Ed. ", "1375 (1940):\nConscientious scruples have not, in the course of the long struggle for religious toleration, relieved the individual from obedience to a general law not aimed at the promotion or restriction of religious beliefs. ", "The mere possession of religious convictions which contradict the relevant concerns of a political society does not relieve the citizen from the discharge of political responsibilities.", "\n310 U.S. at 594-95, 60 S.Ct. ", "at 1012-13 (footnote omitted).", "\nThe foregoing demonstrates that Plaintiffs' free exercise claim based upon Betsy Hansen having been precluded from speaking out at the Homosexuality and Religion panel to oppose the panelists' \"error\" of religious teaching is without legal merit. ", "Accordingly, the Court will enter summary judgment in Defendants' favor on this claim.", "\n\n\n*810 E. CONSTANCE HANSEN AND RALPH MARTIN HAVE FAILED TO ESTABLISH AN INTRUSION OF CONSTITUTIONAL MAGNITUDE ON THEIR RIGHT, AS PARENTS, TO CONTROL THE RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING AND EDUCATION OF THEIR CHILDREN\n\nPlaintiffs Constance Hansen and Ralph Martin claim that by endorsing or promoting the view that homosexuality is compatible with religion and by conveying a message of disapproval of the traditional Christian belief that homosexual activity is immoral and sinful, Defendants have infringed upon their rights as parents to control the religious upbringing and education of their children. [", "Plaintiffs' Amended Compl., ¶ ", "51.] ", "To the extent that Mrs. Hansen and Mr. Martin have presented this claim as a claim entirely separate and distinct from the speech, religion and equal protection claims of Betsy Hansen, the Court finds that in the context presented in this case, no such separate parental rights claim will lie.", "\nThe Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause includes a substantive component that \"provides heightened protection against government interferences with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.\" ", "Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. ", "2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000) (quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 719, 117 S.Ct. ", "2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997)). ", "One of the \"fundamental liberty interests\" recognized by the Supreme Court is the \"interest of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children.\" ", "Troxel, supra, 530 U.S. at 65-66, 120 S.Ct. ", "2054; see also Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 401, 43 S.Ct. ", "625, 67 L.Ed. ", "1042 (1923) (recognizing that the liberty interest protected by due process includes the right of parents \"to control the education of their own\"); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534-35, 45 S.Ct. ", "571, 69 L.Ed. ", "1070 (1925) (\"the liberty of parents and guardians\" includes the right \"to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control\"); Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 166, 64 S.Ct. ", "438, 88 L.Ed. ", "645 (1944) (recognizing that there is a constitutional interest in parents directing the \"custody, care and nurture of the child.\"); ", "Newdow v. U.S. Congress, 328 F.3d 466 484 (9th Cir.2003), cert. ", "granted in part, ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. ", "384, ___ L.Ed.2d ___ (2003) (parents have a right to direct the religious upbringing of their children).", "\nThe genesis of the right claimed here is the Supreme Court's 1923 decision in Meyer v. Nebraska, supra. ", "In Meyer, the Court struck down a state law forbidding instruction in certain foreign languages in part because it arbitrarily interfered with the \"right of parents\" to procure such instruction for their children. ", "262 U.S. at 400, 43 S.Ct. ", "at 627. ", "Two years later, in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, supra, the Court struck down a state statute requiring public school attendance —and thus precluding attendance at parochial schools—because it \"unreasonably interefer[d] with the liberty of parents or guardians to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.\" ", "268 U.S. at 534-35, 45 S.Ct. ", "at 573-74.", "\nIn the Court's most recent decision, Troxel v. Granville, supra, the Court found unconstitutional a state court's application of Washington's nonparental visitation statute, finding that the statute as applied by the state court to permit the petitioner's children's grandparents unrestricted visitation rights based solely upon the court's unsupported conclusion that such visitation would be \"in the best interests of the children\" unconstitutionally infringed upon \"the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the *811 care, custody, and control of their children.\" ", "530 U.S. at 65, 120 S.Ct. ", "at 2060.", "\nAlthough, as the cases make clear, the Supreme Court has recognized that the right of a parent to control a child's upbringing and education is \"fundamental,\" the Court has never been called upon address the contours of this right or the level of judicial scrutiny required where schools make curricular decisions that arguably infringe on such parental rights. ", "However, two federal circuit courts—the First and the Second Circuits—have specifically done so, and the Court finds their decisions instructive.", "\nIn Brown v. Hot, Sexy and Safer Productions, Inc., 68 F.3d 525 (1st Cir.1995), the parents of two high school students complained that the officials of a public school district violated their parental rights to direct the upbringing of their children and to educate in accord with their own views of morality. ", "At issue in Brown was a mandatory school AIDS awareness assembly during which the presenters used sexually explicit language and performed sexually explicit skits with several minors selected from the audience. ", "According to the plaintiffs' complaint, during this school assembly, presenters also advocated and approved oral sex, masturbation, homosexual sexual activity and premarital sex. ", "68 F.3d at 529.", "\nIn addressing the parents' parental rights claim, the Brown court examined the historical context and development of the \"fundamental\" parental right to direct the upbringing and education of children and concluded that, in the context of curricular choices made by public school officials, the rights of parents as established by the Supreme Court in Meyer, Pierce and their progeny, are not implicated. ", "The court reasoned:\nThe Meyer and Pierce cases, we think, evince the principle that the state cannot prevent parents from choosing a specific educational program—whether it be religious instruction at a private school or instruction in a foreign language. ", "That is, the state does not have the power to \"standardize its children\" or \"foster a homogeneous people\" by completely foreclosing the opportunity of individuals and groups to choose a different path of education. ", "We do not think, however, that this freedom encompasses a fundamental constitutional right to dictate the curriculum at the public school to which they have chosen to send their children. ", "We think it is fundamentally different for the state to say to a parent, \"You can't teach your child German or send him to a parochial school,\" than for the parent to say to the state, \"You can't teach my child subjects that are morally offensive to me.\" ", "the first instance involves the state proscribing parents from educating their children, while the second involves parents prescribing what the state shall teach their children. ", "If all parents had a fundamental constitutional right to dictate individually what the schools teach their children, the schools would be forced to cater a curriculum for each student whose parents had genuine moral disagreements with the school's choice of subject matter. ", "We cannot see that the Constitution imposes such a burden on state educational systems, and accordingly find that the rights of parents as described by Meyer and Pierce do not encompass a broadbased right to restrict the flow of information in the public schools.", "\nId. at 533-34 (internal citations omitted).", "\nIn Leebaert v. Harrington, 332 F.3d 134 (2nd Cir.2003), the Second Circuit similarly held that a parent's claim of violation of parental rights was subject only to a rational-basis level of scrutiny, notwithstanding that it was coupled with a free exercise claim. ", "There, the basis of the parent's claim was a state's requirement that public *812 schools include in their health education component teaching about alcohol, tobacco, drugs and sex. ", "Mr. Leebaert objected to his seventh grade son being taught such matters, specifically tying his own religious and moral values to his objections:\nMy objection... is that I believe that God has empowered human beings with the right to bring their children up with correct moral principles in dealing with the issues taught in this course, not the school system. ", "I claim the right, and responsibility, to impart those religious values which I have been taught to my children to develop their moral, ethical and religious character.", "\n332 F.3d at 137.", "\nThe Second Circuit, like the First Circuit, rejected Mr. Leebaert's parental rights claim:\n\nMeyer, Pierce, and their progeny do not begin to suggest the existence of a fundamental right of every parent to tell a public school what his or her child will and will not be taught. ", "As the Brown and Swanson[32] courts correctly perceived, recognition of such a fundamental right—requiring a public school to establish that a course of instruction objected to by a parent was narrowly tailored to meet a compelling state interest before the school could employ it with respect to the parent's child— would make it difficult or impossible for any public school authority to administer school curricula responsive to the overall educational needs of the community and its children.", "\nId. at 140 (footnote added).[33]\nThe Leebaert court also rejected the plaintiff-parent's attempt to analogize his claim to that of the plaintiffs in Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 92 S.Ct. ", "1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15 (1972). ", "In Yoder, the Supreme Court invalidated Wisconsin's compulsory high-school attendance law under the Free Exercise Clause in response to Amish parents' objections. ", "In so doing, the Court held that \"when the interests of parenthood are combined with a free exercise claim of the nature revealed by this record, more than merely a `reasonable relation to some purpose within the competency of the State' is required to sustain the validity of the State's requirement under the First Amendment.\" ", "Id. at 233, 92 S.Ct. ", "1526.", "\nLeebaert argued that his claim, based on the interests of parenthood combined with a free exercise claim, was analogous to that of the Amish parents in Yoder. ", "However, as the Second Circuit observed, *813 the Yoder Court took pains explicitly to limit its holding to \"a free exercise claim of the nature revealed by this record,\" id., \"one that probably few other religious groups or sects could make,\" id. at 236, 92 S.Ct. ", "1526. ", "It was based upon a history of three centuries as an identifiable religious sect and a long history as a successful and self-sufficient segment of American society, that the Amish convincingly demonstrated the sincerity of their religious beliefs, the interrelationship of belief with their mode of life, the vital role that belief and daily conduct play in the continued survival of Old Order Amish communities and their religious organization, and the hazards presented by the State's enforcement of a statute generally valid as to others. ", "Id. at 235, 92 S.Ct. ", "1526. ", "This threat to the Amish community's way of life, posed by a compulsory school attendance statute, was central to the holding in Yoder.", "\nBecause the threat to the Amish community's way of life posed by Wisconsin's compulsory education statute was central to the holding in Yoder, the Second Circuit found Leebaert's claim to be qualitatively distinguishable from that case:\nWe have no reason to doubt either Leebaert's sincerity or the depth of his convictions. ", "But because of the comparative breadth of the plaintiffs' claim in Yoder, we do not think that Leebaert's free exercise claim is governed by that decision: He has not alleged that his community's entire way of life is threatened by Corky's participation in the mandatory health curriculum. ", "Leebaert does not assert that there is an irreconcilable Yoder-like clash between the essence of Leebaert's religious culture and the mandatory health curriculum that he challenges. ", "Leebaert asserts that the mandatory health curriculum conflicts with his belief that \"drugs and tobacco are [not] proper subjects that I want my son's school to teach\" and his view that \"sex before marriage is ... something I do not want my sons to be involved in.\" ", "Leebaert Aff. ", "dated May 22, 2000, at ¶¶ 5-6. ", "Leebaert's free exercise claim is [thus] qualitatively distinguishable from that alleged in Yoder.", "\n\n332 F.3d at 144.[34]\nHere, the Court similarly finds that Mrs. Hansen's and Mr. Martin's parental rights claim in this case do not rise to the level of the plaintiffs' claims in Yoder such that heightened scrutiny is warranted. ", "It can hardly be said that a 50-minute panel discussion —which students could opt-out of if they so chose—equates with a \"Yoder-like clash\" between the essence of a religious culture of an entire community and the beliefs espoused by the panelists which are challenged here. ", "Applying a rational-basis level of scrutiny, then, this Court agrees with the First Circuit: If all parents had a fundamental constitutional right to dictate individually what the schools teach their children, the schools would be forced to fashion a separate curriculum for each student whose parents had genuine religious or moral disagreements with the school's choice of subject matter. ", "The Court does not believe that the framers of our Constitution intended to impose such a burden on this nation's public schools.", "\nTherefore, to the extent that Mrs. Hansen and Mr. Martin have framed their parental rights claim as separate and distinct from Betsy Hansen's core constitutional claims, the Court will enter summary judgment in favor of Defendants on this claim.", "\n\n\n*814 F. DEFENDANTS ARE NOT ENTITLED TO QUALIFIED IMMUNITY\n\nThe individual Defendants have also argued that they are immune from liability on Plaintiffs' claims by application of the doctrine of qualified immunity, The Sixth Circuit has summarized the law of qualified immunity as follows:\nQualified immunity is a defense that is available to government officials performing discretionary functions. ", "By operation of that doctrine, government officials generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. ", "Accordingly, any objectively reasonable action by a state officer, as assessed in the light of clearly established law at the time of the conduct at issue, will be insulated by qualified immunity. ", "Thus, even if a public officer has deprived the plaintiff of a federal right, qualified immunity will apply if an objectively reasonable official would not have understood, by referencing clearly established law, that his conduct was unlawful.", "\nHamilton v. Myers, 281 F.3d 520, 531-32 (6th Cir.2002) (citations and internal punctuation omitted).", "\nDefendants make only the less-than-helpful argument that \"no one could contend that the rights claimed by Plaintiffs are `clearly established.'\" [", "See Brief in support of Defendants' previously filed motion to dismiss (which was dismissed by the Court without prejudice upon the filing of Plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint), Defendants' Ex. ", "I, incorporated by reference in their Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment. ", "p. 20, n. 25]. ", "As the authorities cited above in this Opinion and Order demonstrate, there can be no serious question that the Free Speech and Freedom of Religion constitutional rights asserted by Plaintiffs are very clearly established fundamental rights, and that the contours of these rights were the subject of well-known and well-developed law at the time Defendants acted. ", "Thus, the only question is whether, measured by an objective reasonableness standard, Defendants should have understood that their conduct was unlawful.", "\nDefendants can hardly claim that a reasonable education official in their position would not have understood that their actions were unlawful when they themselves were expressly informed at the March 12, 2002 meeting by Equity Ombudsman Eaddy-Richardson, who was a licensed attorney, that Betsy had a legal right to have her view represented on the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "See Korzdorfer Dep. ", "Ex. ", "25. ", "See also, Johnson Dep., ", "pp. ", "69-70. ", "For confirmation of this, the Court need look no further than Ms. Korzdorfer's own statements and Defendants' own conduct. ", "First, Korzdorfer's e-mail to Parker Pennington summarized the March 12, 2002 meeting with Principal Caudle, Class principal Erickson, Eaddy-Richardson, and PFC advisor Bill Johnson:\nThe crux of the meeting was this: Pio's for Christ have a leagal [sic] right to be on the panel. ", "It does not matter that the panel's intent is to show how religion and sexuality can go hand in hand. ", "They have a leagal [sic] right to say that homosexuality [sic] is not a valid lifestyle. ", "That is the bottom line.", "\nFurther, once Defendants had been informed at the March 12 meeting of PFC's right to be on the panel, Defendants response was, as Korzdorfer explained in her e-mail, to cancel the panel. ", "This conduct clearly acknowledges the Defendants' awareness that PFC had a right to participate on the panel, as Korzdorfer cited this right as the only reason for canceling the panel. ", "Given their belief in the PFC's *815 legal right to representation on the panel, Defendants had three fairly obvious options: (1) include a PFC representative on the panel; (2) cancel the panel, as they initially did, and stand by their decision; or (3) at the very least, seek a formal legal opinion from another attorney to obtain a definitive determination as to whether they were required to include a PFC representative on the panel. (", "Of course, this last option may well have resulted in an opinion they did not want, i.e., that PFC did have a right to be represented on the panel.)", "\nInstead, Defendants chose a fourth option: to reinstate the panel and exclude the PFC, knowing well that they might be sued. ", "See Korzdorfer Dep. ", "Ex. ", "25 (explaining to Parker Pennington her decision to cancel the panel rather than include a PFC representative on the panel, Korzdorfer stated, \"I am treading on shallow ground here, as I do not want to be sued.\")", "\nWhatever may be said about the wisdom of this decision, it certainly cannot be said that it was made without Defendants' knowledge of Plaintiffs' legal rights and the potential liability to which the decision would subject them. ", "Having knowingly taken that risk, Defendants can now not be credibly heard to deny their knowledge of Plaintiffs' legal rights.", "\nFor these reasons, the Court finds that Defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity in this case.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\nFor all of the reasons stated above in this Opinion and Order, the Court finds that Defendants' actions with respect to Betsy Hansen during Diversity Week 2002 violated Plaintiffs' First Amendment right to freedom of speech and further violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. ", "The Court further finds that by their actions, Defendants denied Betsy Hansen her constitutional right to equal protection. ", "The Court, however, finds no violation of the Free Exercise Clause and no violation of Constance Hansen's and Ralph Martin's parental rights to control the religious upbringing and education of their children. ", "Accordingly,\nIT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment is granted in part, and denied in part. ", "Plaintiffs' Motion is granted with respect to their free speech, establishment clause, and equal protection claims but denied with respect to their free exercise and parental rights claims.", "\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is granted in part, and denied in part. ", "Defendants' Motion is granted with respect to Plaintiffs' free exercise and parental rights claims, but is denied with respect to their free speech, establishment clause, and equal protection claims.", "\nBecause Plaintiffs have indicated to the Court that they are seeking only nominal damages,\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs shall file with the Court and serve upon Defendants, their claim for damages and a verified statement of any fees and/or costs which they seek pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920 and 42 U.S.C. § 1988. ", "Defendants shall have the right to object to any such fees and costs as provided in the applicable statutes and court rules.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Miss Hansen graduated in June 2002 and is now attending the University of Florida.", "\n[2] There are four class principals at PHS, one for each grade, 9-12. [", "Erickson Dep., ", "p. 10.]", "\n[3] The funding for the Equity Ombudsman position terminated and the position was eliminated in June 2002. ", "Ms. Eaddy-Richardson is now a counselor at Ann Arbor's Huron High School.", "\n[4] For a number of years, the activity was referred to as \"Cultural Awareness Week.\" ", "The name was changed to \"Diversity Week\" four or five years ago. [", "See Parker Pennington Dep., ", "pp. ", "72-73].", "\n[5] Students, however, may opt out of attending and request to go to the library instead if their teacher is taking the class to the panel discussion. ", "Also students whose teachers have chosen not to take their classes to the panel may ask for permission from their teachers to attend themselves.", "\n[6] Pennington and Mancini are both openly gay and have been the faculty advisors for the GSA since the club's inception at Pioneer.", "\n[7] Although Sunnie Korzdorfer was the faculty advisor of the Student Council, she was less than forthcoming in her deposition, responding evasively to almost every pertinent question, \"I don't know,\" \"I don't remember,\" \"I don't recall,\" and the like. ", "See e.g., Korzdorfer Dep. ", "pp. ", "44-45, 48, 57-61. ", "Tom Jensen, however, responded quite specifically to all questions concerning the planning of Diversity Week.", "\n[8] Tom Jensen testified that he and Sunnie Korzdorfer were the ones who decided that the meeting would be mandatory. [", "Jensen Dep., ", "p. 19.]", "\n[9] Wendy Day was the previous Student Council faculty advisor. ", "She was faculty advisor from September 2000 to January 2002. [", "Jensen Dep., ", "p. 20.] ", "In the fall semester of 2001-2002, (i.e., from September 2001 to January 2002), Ms. Day and Ms. Korzdorfer were co-advisors.", "\n[10] Betsy testified that she wanted her representative to convey the message that the Bible teaches that homosexuality is a sin. [", "Hansen Dep., ", "p. 124.]", "\n[11] Johnson testified that, prior to the meeting, Betsy had expressed to him her desire that, if the panel were going to be only adults and she could not be on the panel because she was a student, she would like to have a clergy that represented her view be on the panel. [", "Johnson Dep., ", "p. 70.]", "\n[12] However, Caudle testified that he thought that they were cancelling all three of the panels. [", "Caudle Dep. ", "pp. ", "70-71.] ", "He subsequently learned that it was only the Homosexuality and Religion panel that Korzdorfer wanted cancelled. ", "Id. Caudle said that he had misunderstood Korzdorfer's proposal and that when he realized that Korzdorfer only wanted to cancel the one panel, he said \"we can't do that.\" ", "Id. In his opinion, he thought that the best thing to do at the time was to cancel all three panels. ", "Id. at 71.", "\n[13] Rodney Mancini testified that he also contacted the ACLU to look into the issue of whether the GSA had a legal right to deny Pioneers for Christ representation on the panel, and that he told Ms. Eaddy-Richardson that he did so. [", "Mancini Dep., ", "p. 119.] ", "According to Mancini, the ACLU told him that they did not have to have the PFC on their panel and he so informed Eaddy-Richardson. ", "Id. at 120.", "\n[14] Pennington gave a statement to the PHS student newspaper that \"allowing adults hostile to homosexuality on the panel would be like inviting white supremacists on a race panel.\" ", "See Pennington Dep. ", "Ex. ", "3.", "\n[15] Sunnie Korzdorfer, however, was unable to affirmatively state that if Betsy had been at that first meeting she would have been permitted to be on the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "See Korzdorfer Dep., ", "pp. ", "104-105 (\"I would have had to have asked the GSA and Parker and Rodney....\" Id. at 105.)", "\n[16] Betsy similarly viewed Korzdorfer's offer. ", "She wrote in her diary on March 13 regarding having been offered the opportunity to give a two-minute speech by Ms. Korzdorfer: \"I'm pretty surprised that they asked me. ", "The only thing Ms. K knows about me is that I wanted bring in my own priests, et cetera, for the sexual orientation panel. ", "Maybe she offered me the speaking opportunity because she felt bad that the panel I was involved with got cancelled.\" [", "Hansen Dep., ", "p. 109.]", "\n[17] The full text of the speech that Betsy wanted to give is appended to Defendants' Brief in Support of their Motion for Summary Judgment at Ex. ", "D. The text of the speech that she actually gave (which was revised as directed by Ms. Korzdorfer) is appended at Ex. ", "E.\n[18] Plaintiffs also allege three separate claims of \"conspiracy\" charging Defendants with conspiring to deprive Elizabeth Hansen of her rights to freedom of speech, free exercise of religion and equal protection.", "\n[19] Interestingly, in their Brief in Support of their Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendants argued that the speech at issue constituted \"school sponsored\" speech, but, in their Response to Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment and at oral argument, they argued that it was \"government speech.\"", "\n[20] One cannot help but wonder if the Ninth Circuit would have been so categorical in ceding to the school unbridled authority to make viewpoint-based speech if the case in question had presented the school speaking on the other side of the issue.", "\n[21] See also Judge Boggs' separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part, in the Kincaid en banc decision:\n\nThere was evidence that administrators were disturbed by the viewpoint that they perceived as being expressed. ", "I am therefore not prepared to say that there may not have been viewpoint discrimination which is illegitimate even in a nonpublic forum.", "\n236 F.3d at 358-59.", "\n[22] Kincaid involved Kentucky State University's decision to withhold from dissemination the university's student yearbook ostensibly because university administrators found the publication to be of poor quality and \"inappropriate.\" ", "Two university students subsequently brought suit alleging that the university's confiscation and failure to distribute the yearbook violated the First Amendment. ", "The district court and the original appellate panel in Kincaid determined that, for purposes of First Amendment analysis, the KSU yearbook, constituted a nonpublic forum and, therefore, applied Hazelwood. ", "The en banc court, however, determined that the yearbook constituted a limited public forum, not a nonpublic forum, and therefore, found Hazelwood to be inapplicable. ", "236 F.3d at 346 and n. 5.", "\n\nAlthough the Sixth Circuit's ultimate holding in Kincaid did not involve an indepth analysis of the requisites of Hazelwood, as the Court observed at the hearing on this matter, and as Defendants' counsel conceded, Kincaid gives us an indication that, were it today squarely faces with the issue of restrictions on speech permitted under Hazelwood, the Sixth Circuit would hold that a school's restriction on speech, even if related to legitimate pedagogical concerns, must be \"viewpoint neutral.\"", "\n[23] The reasoning of Fleming is flawed. ", "In Fleming, Columbine High School officials censored students' painting of tiles which were part of a project intended to make students feel more comfortable with their surroundings in the aftermath of the 1999 killings of 12 students and teachers by two CHS students. ", "The Tenth Circuit determined that Hazelwood did not require viewpoint neutrality when educators made decisions about school-sponsored speech. ", "Although it noted that the Sixth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits had all determined that Hazelwood required viewpoint neutrality, the Fleming court held that viewpoint neutrality is not required. ", "In reaching that conclusion, the Fleming court relied upon two decisions from the First and Third Circuits, Ward v. Hickey, 996 F.2d 448 (1st Cir.1993), and C.H. ex rel Z.H. v. Oliva, 195 F.3d 167, 172-73 (3d Cir.1999), aff'd in relevant part (without explanation) and vacated and remanded in part, 226 F.3d 198 (3d Cir. ", "2000) (en banc). ", "However, Fleming's reliance on these two decisions is wholly misplaced because in both Ward and C.H., the speech involved was government speech, not \"school-sponsored\" speech. ", "Indeed, even the portion of C.H. quoted in Fleming makes that clear: \"[T]he requirement of viewpoint neutrality, while essential to the analysis of a school's restrictions on extracurricular speech... is simply not applicable to restrictions on the State's own speech....\" 298 F.3d at 927, quoting C.H., 195 F.3d at 173 (citations omitted). ", "Similarly, Ward dealt with regulation of teacher speech in the classroom. ", "In Ward, the First Circuit determined that a school district had an unfettered right to decide what the curriculum of the school would be and in that context, was entitled to decide that abortion would not be part of the ninth grade biology curriculum.", "\n[24] Defendants contend that Rosenberger should be distinguished on the facts because in that case, it was the university's expenditure of funds that was at issue. ", "However, as the Court observed at the hearing on this matter, one could argue that when the government gives its backing to a panel for which it has provided the forum, as in Rosenberger, it is deciding how to use its resources.", "\n[25] After a brief recess in his deposition (during which Principal Caudle apparently discussed his testimony with his lawyer), Mr. Caudle attempted to retreat from his admission that having only one viewpoint on the panel was not consistent with the theme and objective of Diversity Week. ", "He asked the examiner whether they could revisit the question regarding the overall goals of Diversity Week and the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "He then told the examiner \"I wasn't sure what you were getting at\" when he asked him whether having only one religious viewpoint on the panel would be consistent with the theme of the panel and that he \"probably should have said `I don't know or `[I] don't understand\" ' instead of answering the question. [", "See Caudle Dep., ", "pp. ", "103-105.]", "\n[26] Eaddy-Richardson testified that, during the 2001-2002 school year, she had had one informal, outside-of-school conversation with one lesbian \"split\" student (i.e., attended both Community High and Pioneer High) who complained about the school \"climate\" and related some incidents of name-calling and being pushed into the lockers. ", "However, Ms. Eaddy-Richardson testified that most of these incidents happened prior to the 2001/2002 school year and the student did not specify that the alleged incidents occurred at PHS. [", "Eaddy-Richardson Dep. ", "pp. ", "22-25.]", "\n[27] Defendants also make the argument that notwithstanding their decision to deny Betsy and the PFC the right to have a representative on the Homosexuality and Religion panel, they were afforded an equal opportunity to present their message by way of the school allowing \"milk crate preaching\" at lunchtime outside the school and by offering the PFC on March 16, 2002 the opportunity to have its own panel. ", "As the Court indicated at the hearing on this matter, neither of these alternatives constitutionally suffices to excuse Defendants' refusal to allow PFC representation on the Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "First, with respect to the \"milk crate preaching,\" the whole purpose of the panel, as Defendants' counsel conceded at oral argument, was to invest the panel with the authority and greater expertise of a formal panel with perceived religious leaders and Biblical scholars leading the discussion. ", "A student speaking from a milk crate outside of the school during lunch hour can hardly be said to place the student's message on equal footing with clerics and Biblical scholars speaking to a captive audience of students during a school-sponsored forum. ", "With respect to the \"offer\" to the PFC to put on its own panel during Diversity Week, the Court views this as pyrrhic. ", "The offer was made to the PFC sponsors at the end of the school day on Friday, March 16, 2002. ", "Diversity Week began the following Monday, thereby giving the PFC only the weekend to assemble panelists and decide upon a program. ", "The GSA, by contrast, had more than two months to plan and assemble its Homosexuality and Religion panel. ", "For these reasons, the Court finds no merit in Defendants' arguments based upon the \"milk crate preaching\" and separate panel offer.", "\n[28] Although the Supreme Court has articulated other tests in certain particular contexts (e.g., the \"endorsement\" test, see Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 573, 109 S.Ct. ", "3086, 106 L.Ed.2d 472 (1989) and the \"coercion\" test, see Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577, 112 S.Ct. ", "2649, 120 L.Ed.2d 467 (1992)), the Sixth Circuit expressly has determined that, other than in aid-to-education cases, the rule that this Circuit will adhere to is the traditional Lemon analysis. ", "See Cutter v. Wilkinson, supra.", "\n[29] As discussed at oral argument, even if more than one religious view were conveyed by the panel (e.g., if the PFC had been permitted to have a representative on the panel), the Homosexuality and Religion panel may still have failed to pass muster under the Lemon test because the panel would still have shown a preference for religion in general. ", "See Mellen, supra, 327 F.3d at 375; Cutter, supra (the Establishment Clause prohibits government not only from endorsing a particular religion but also from promoting religion generally.) ", "See also, Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578, 107 S.Ct. ", "2573, 96 L.Ed.2d 510 (1987) (requiring the teaching of two religious viewpoints —creationism and evolution—in the public schools' science curriculum did not save state statute from the proscriptions of the Establishment Clause). ", "However, because the PFC was not permitted to have its view presented, the Court need not decide this issue here.", "\n[30] As they have done with respect to all of Plaintiffs' substantive constitutional claims, Defendants also argue for dismissal of Plaintiffs' conspiracy claims solely by arguing that no violation of Plaintiffs' constitutional rights have been violated.", "\n[31] Plaintiffs' expert, Fr. ", "Michael Orsi, testified in his deposition that, as a Catholic, Betsy had an obligation to confront any \"error\" of religious teaching, such as the \"error\" presented by the Homosexuality and Religion panelists regarding homosexuality. [", "See Fr. ", "Orsi Dep., ", "Defendants' Ex. ", "A-11, pp. ", "50-56.]", "\n[32] Swanson v. Guthrie Ind. Sch. ", "Dist. ", "No. ", "I-L, 135 F.3d 694 (10th Cir.1998). ", "In Swanson, the Tenth Circuit held that a public school's policy against part-time attendance did not implicate parents' constitutional right to direct their children's education. ", "Id. at 702.", "\n[33] The Leebaert court acknowledged that the Supreme Court, in dicta in Employment Division, Dept. ", "of Human Resources of Ore. v. Smith, supra, distinguished the facts under review in that free exercise case from potential cases that might involve the Free Exercise Clause in conjunction with other constitutional protections, Smith at 882, 110 S.Ct. ", "1595, stating that \"[t]he present case does not present such a hybrid situation, but a free exercise claim unconnected with any communicative activity or parental right.\" ", "Id. The Court, thus, implied at least that such \"hybrid situations\" combining a free exercise claim with a parental rights claim, for example, might merit a higher standard than rational basis review. ", "However, because the Smith statement was dicta, the Second Circuit declined to apply some stricter standard of review to Leebaert's parental rights claim.", "\n\nThe Sixth Circuit has also rejected a more stringent legal standard for hybrid claims involving free exercise and various other constitutional claims, albeit not in the parental rights context. ", "See Kissinger v. Board of Trustees of the Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 5 F.3d 177 (6th Cir. ", "1993).", "\n[34] See also Brown, supra where the First Circuit distinguishing the free exercise claims arising from the plaintiffs' children's one-time compulsory attendance at a ninety-minute AIDS awareness program from those asserted in Yoder.", "\n" ]

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[ "|\n\nMORE!", "\n\nRelated:\n\nIt’s really hard to say anything about this pasta because my mouth is always so full when I make this. ", "The depth of flavor is fantastic and the ease of preparation is amazing. ", "This is perfect with a simple grilled salmon fillet or chicken breast. ", "Just don’t overcook the vegetables.", "\n\nCook fettuccine 12 to 13 minutes, just until al dente. ", "In the meantime, whisk the sesame oil honey, soy sauce, balsamic vinegar and cayenne pepper together. ", "When the pasta is done, drain and toss with half the dressing. ", "Cover with film and set aside.", "\n\nCut the red peppers into 1/4 inch slices and then cross cut into 3rds. ", "Set aside.", "\nDe-string the snow peas and cut into 3rds on a diagonal and set aside. ", "Cut the red onions in quarter moons.", "\n\nHeat the vegetable oil until very hot in a sauté pan. ", "Cook the peppers, snow peas and onions just until they begin to soften. ", "Do not overcook – these should stay crisp.", "\nToss the pasta, vegetables, peanuts, basil and the remainder of the dressing together." ]

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[ "ANALYSIS/OPINION:\n\nA policeman’s lot is not a happy one, and these are miserable days for the FBI, stung by accusations that it bungled high-profile political investigations, and just when the legacy media was ready for an all-out assault on Donald Trump and guns for conducting the massacre of children in Florida the FBI is revealed to have ignored a tip that would likely have prevented unspeakable tragedy.", "\n\nThe FBI was told in early January that Nikolas Cruz, the 19-year-old man charged with killing 17 persons, nearly all students, at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla., had collected an arsenal of guns, and he had expressed a desire to kill people, behaved erratically and had posted disturbing social-media messages. ", "The tipster was concerned that Cruz would attack a school.", "\n\nThe FBI concedes that it bungled again. ", "The agency said it failed to pass the tip on to its Miami field office, even though its own protocols say Nikolas Cruz “should have been assessed as a potential threat to life.”", "\n\nGov. Rick Scott of Florida has been scathing in his denunciation of FBI incompetence. “", "The FBI’s failure to take action against this killer is unacceptable,” he said. “", "Seventeen people are dead and acknowledging a mistake isn’t going to cut it. ", "An apology will never bring these 17 Floridians back or comfort the families who are in pain. ", "The families will spend a lifetime wondering how this could happen.” ", "The governor demanded the resignation of Christopher Wray, the director of the FBI.", "\n\n“We constantly promote ‘see something, say something,’ and a courageous person did just that to the FBI, and the FBI failed to act. ‘", "See something, say something’ is an incredibly important tool, and people must have confidence in the follow-through from law enforcement. ", "The FBI director needs to resign.”", "\n\nThe FBI has been collecting accolades from the left for its performance in several political investigations, particularly pertaining to Hillary Clinton, and the leadership at the top of the agency have obviously been spending too much time reading the favorable reviews.", "\n\nMr. Wray promises to get to the bottom of what’s wrong, and that must be his first priority. ", "If he finds himself at that bottom, then he, too, must go.", "\n\nSign up for Daily Opinion Newsletter Manage Newsletters\n\nCopyright © 2020 The Washington Times, LLC. ", "Click here for reprint permission." ]

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[ "Facile and Solvent-free Domino Synthesis of New Quinolidinyl-2,4- thiazolidinones: Antifungal Activity and Molecular Docking.", "\nWe have synthesized new quinolidinyl-thiazolidinones via Knoevenagel condensation- alkylation reaction, catalyzed by [Et3NH][HSO4]. ", "The present approach offers several advantages such as higher yields, eco-friendly reaction condition and economic availability of the catalyst. ", "The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against six fungal strains. ", "Some of the synthesized conjugates displayed good to moderate antifungal activity. ", "Again, the molecular docking study performed against the fungal sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) showed an excellent binding affinity towards the enzyme which could rationalize the promising antifungal activity portrayed by these derivatives and provides a platform for structure based drug design." ]

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[ "539 U.S. 933\nConleyv.", "California.", "\nNo. ", "02-10387.", "\nSupreme Court of United States.", "\nJune 16, 2003.", "\n\n1\nAppeal from the Ct. ", "App. ", "Cal., ", "2d App. ", "Dist.", "\n\n\n2\nCertiorari denied.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Plymouth, IN µSA\n\nREDIRECT Marshall County, Indiana" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Illegitimate Private Debt\n\nThroughout human history, private debt has been used by the dominant classes to subjugate, despoil, expropriate, and dispossess the toiling classes (among whom women have always been the hardest-hit victims): small farmers, artisans, fishers, and on up to the salaried workers of today and the members of their households (students, who go into debt to pursue their education). [", "1] The process is simple: the lender requires that borrowers pledge their possessions as collateral. ", "This can be, for example, the land held and cultivated by the farmer, or in the case of an artisan, the tools of his or her trade. ", "Repayment of the loan must be made in cash or in kind. ", "Since the interest rates are high, to repay the loan the borrower must transfer a large share of the fruits of his or her labour to the lender, and so becomes impoverished. ", "If the borrower defaults on repayment, the borrower is dispossessed of the pledged collateral. ", "In some societies, that can mean a loss of freedom for the debtor and/or the members of his or her family. ", "This is called debt slavery. ", "Under the laws of the United States and certain European countries, failure to repay a debt was punishable by physical mutilation until the early 19th century. ", "And still today, in Europe and elsewhere, non-repayment of debts may be punishable by imprisonment.", "\n\nPrivate debt during the capitalist era\n\nIn Europe, in the 17th and 18th centuries, private indebtedness among the working classes and the repression of non-payment of debts contributed to creating a proletarian mass: imprisonment, mutilation, and the creation of penal colonies contributed to forcing impoverished citizens to accept work in factories. ", "This is one of the sources of the primitive accumulation that enabled capitalism to impose itself as the dominant mode of production, first in Europe and then in the rest of the world. [", "2] A large part of the proletarian mass who moved to the cities where factories were beginning to develop was made up of heavily indebted people from the countryside who had been dispossessed of their land.", "\n\nNon-payment of debts was violently repressed through the middle of the 19th century in the countries at the centre of the burgeoning industrial capitalist system: Western Europe and North America.", "\n\nPoor people who were guilty of not being able to repay loans were punished with harsh prison sentences. ", "Capital punishment was frequently applied in England until the 18th century. ", "In the United States, in the State of Pennsylvania, at the end of the 18th century, those unable to repay loans could be sentenced to be flogged and put in the pillory with their ear nailed to it. ", "The ear was then cut off. ", "Debtors were also subject to being branded. ", "In France, prison sentences were systematically handed out. ", "In addition, of course, offenders were evicted from their homes and all their possessions were seized.", "\n\nA few examples of dispossession and resistance in the 18th and 19th centuries\n\nBeginning in 1798, debtors organized a self-protection movement and demanded the adoption of legislation protecting them against the whims of creditors and the courts. ", "A federal law was adopted in 1800, but the protection it afforded was limited to bankers and merchants in default of payment. ", "And in any case, the different States continued to apply their own laws, which most often favoured creditors.", "\n\nShays Rebellion, 1786\n\nScott Standage [3] cites an 1828 book, The Patriot; or, People’s Companion which argued for the abolition of debtors’ prisons on the grounds that debt was a form of “civil slavery” comparable to the slavery of the Blacks, neither debtors nor slaves having any protection under the Constitution.", "\n\nThe hope of escape from creditors was one of the causes of the migratory flow from the Eastern United States to the Far West.", "\n\nThe majority of Europeans who took part in the colonization of the New World in the 17th and 18th centuries had gone into debt to pay for their voyage, and consequently found themselves in a state of servitude to their creditors. ", "Over many long years, they were forced to repay the initial debt and were threatened with prison or mutilation should they fail to pay. ", "It is estimated that between half and two thirds of the Europeans who settled in the thirteen British colonies in North America between 1630 and 1776 came under indentured servitude. [", "4] This type of debt servitude was not abolished in the United States until 1917.", "\n\nThe same type of debt contract was applied throughout the British empire to finance colonisation. ", "Millions of poor people left India to settle in the British Caribbean, Mauritius, South Africa, and other parts of the empire as indentured servants. ", "In Mauritius alone, between 1834 and 1917, nearly a million and a half Indians settled after being forced by poverty to accept debt servitude contracts. [", "5]\n\nIn 1875, in India, in the vast region called the Deccan, uprisings broke out during which indebted peasants set out to systematically destroy moneylenders’ account books and in effect repudiate their debts. [", "6] The revolt lasted two months and involved some thirty villages covering 6,500 sq. ", "km. ", "A parliamentary investigatory commission was put in place in London and in 1879 the Dekkhan Agriculturists’ Relief Act [7] was adopted, providing a certain degree of protection for indebted peasants.", "\n\nIn 1880, a debt crisis affected small and medium farmers in the United States. ", "It happened again on a massive scale in the 1930s, as chronicled by author John Steinbeck in his famous novel The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939. ", "These successive crises resulted in the dispossession of millions of indebted farmers in the United States for the benefit of major private agribusiness corporations.", "\n\nFrom the Truck System in the 19th century to 20th-century consumer credit\n\nIn the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of capitalism became generalized, owners implemented the “truck system,” which enabled them to keep employees permanently in debt. ", "Workers, in lieu of payment of wages in standard currency, were given a substitute currency or scrip which they could spend only in the company store [8] to buy all the basic goods they needed to live – food, fuel for heating and lighting, clothing, and so on – at exorbitant prices, with the purchases deducted from their pay. ", "Very often they were forced to recognize a debt since their expenditures exceeded the amount of their wage. ", "Workers were forced to struggle hard against this system. ", "It was one reason why workers organized cooperatives (bakeries, etc.) ", "to produce food or sell basic necessities at affordable prices. ", "The truck system was eventually prohibited.", "\n\nThe decades after the Second World War are characterized, in the most industrialized countries (and also in several countries of the global South, such as Argentina), by a period of strong economic growth during which workers, through organized struggle, were able to achieve major social advances such as significant increases in purchasing power, consolidation of social-security systems, and improvements in public services, in particular education and health care. ", "States also nationalized a number of industries, which strengthened their power to intervene economically. ", "The populations benefited more from the wealth that was created, and the share of wages in the GDPs increased.", "\n\nAs a result of the neoliberal offensive begun in Chile in 1973 with the dictator Pinochet, then in Argentina in 1976 under the Videla dictatorship (both dictatorships having enjoyed active support from Washington) and later consolidated by Thatcher and Reagan during the 1980s, real wages shrank. ", "In the industrialized countries, mass consumption continued to progress at the cost of greater and greater indebtedness of the population. [", "9] Government leaders, banks and major industrial and commercial corporations encouraged households to go into ever increasing debt.", "\n\nImprisonment for debts relating to unpaid fines has not fully disappeared\n\nAstonishing as it may seem, non-payment of private debt, and more precisely private debt or fines owed to the State, is still subject to imprisonment in several European countries, despite its being prohibited by several international conventions. [", "10] In France, imprisonment for debt was abolished twice for brief periods, in 1793 and in 1848. ", "It was eliminated permanently in civil and commercial law by legislation dated 22 July 1867. ", "French criminal procedure eliminated imprisonment for debt concerning damages granted to civil plaintiffs in criminal cases in 1958. ", "Today, imprisonment for debt exists only for court-ordered fines, court costs and payments to the Treasury, and only if the offence comes under common law and is not punishable by life imprisonment. ", "In France what is known as “judicial constraint” consists in incarcerating or keeping incarcerated a solvent individual for failure to pay certain fines he or she has been ordered to pay by the public treasury or the customs administration. [", "11]\n\nIn Belgium, imprisonment (called subsidiary imprisonment) for non-payment of fines levied by the State is still possible, even though successive Justice Ministers over the past twenty years or so have recommended that it not be applied. ", "In a response to a parliamentary question from an extreme Right (Vlaams Belang) MP at a time when that party was getting 20% of the vote, the Belgian Justice Minister stated: “Article 40 provides that ‘Failing payment within two months of the date of the ruling or sentence, if after trial, or of notification in case of default of appearance, the fine may be replaced by imprisonment for a duration fixed in the ruling or sentence and not to exceed six months for persons found guilty of a crime, three months in case of misdemeanour, and three days in case of simple infraction’. ‘", "If the sentence is limited to a fine, the imprisonment for failure of payment is treated as correctional or as lenient imprisonment depending on the nature of the conviction.’ ", "Article 41 provides: ‘In all cases, the convicted individual can avoid said imprisonment by paying the fine; he or she may not evade action taken against his or her possessions by offering to undergo imprisonment.’” [", "12] In practice, a judge in Belgium can issue a sentence calling for subsidiary imprisonment (only in the context of a criminal proceeding). ", "In such a case, the judge calls for a fine and instructs that if the individual prefers, or lacks the resources, he or she may, or must, serve a prison term. ", "Obviously, a wealthy person will choose to pay the fine, whereas someone with very low income and little or no possessions will not be in a position to choose. ", "Here is an example of the class nature of the justice system.", "\n\nThe Minister added: “In 2000, for ordinary offences, out of 22,632 sentences to fines, the prosecutors opened 3,745 cases concerning execution of sentences to subsidiary imprisonment. ", "In 2001, of 21,375 sentences to fines, only 1,745 cases of execution of sentences to subsidiary imprisonment were opened by the prosecutors.”", "\n\nEven if, in practice, prison sentences are no longer or very rarely applied, the fact that certain countries have kept the possibility open is troubling. ", "Should a party of the extreme Right accede to government and permanently reinforce repressive measures, it is possible that prison sentences for debt will be handed down to working-class scapegoats. ", "There is no lack of reactionary judges within the justice system who could take initiatives that would reinforce the class nature of the application of the law.", "\n\nWhen the real-estate bubble burst in Japan (1990s), in the USA (2006-2007), in Ireland and Iceland (2008), and in Spain (2009), tens of millions of working-class households were forced into debt default and were victims of massively organized evictions. [", "13] On top of shrinking real wages, high levels of unemployment and abusive loan conditions, the effects of these debts are catastrophic for a growing number of working people. ", "In the USA, since 2006, banks have dispossessed fourteen million families of their homes. [", "14] Although the justice system has recorded no fewer than 500,000 cases of abusive and fraudulent real-estate contracts the actual figure is much higher. ", "In Spain it has happened to more than 300,000 families. ", "The legislation being used by the bankers to evict families from their homes dates from the era of the Franco dictatorship. ", "In Greece, under the third Memorandum of Understanding agreed to by the Tsipras government in 2015, banks are being given a free hand to evict families unable to repay their mortgage debts. [", "15] Once again in the history of the countries of the North we are witnessing a phenomenon of mass dispossession. ", "In the USA, Spain, Ireland, Iceland, Greece, and elsewhere, a new type of movement and new mobilizations have come into being in resistance to these policies of eviction and dispossession.", "\n\nDemonstration of the “Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca” (PAH)\n\nIllegitimate student debt\n\nIn the most industrialized English-speaking countries and in Japan, the neoliberal policies applied in the education system have dramatically increased the cost of university studies and greatly restricted access to scholarships. ", "The same phenomenon can be seen worldwide.", "\n\nTens of millions of young people from the working classes are forced into debt of dramatic proportions in order to pursue university studies. ", "In the USA, student debt is in excess of one trillion dollars (that is more than double the total external debt – private and public – of sub-Saharan Africa in 2015) [16] – a symbolic threshold that underlines the seriousness of the situation. ", "Two out of three students are in debt for an average of $27,000. ", "In 2008, 80% of students completing a Master’s degree in Law had accumulated a debt of $77,000 if they had studied at a private university, and $50,000 if they attended a public university. ", "The average indebtedness of students who have completed one year of a specialization in Medicine was $140,000. ", "A student who had successfully completed her Master’s in Law told an Italian daily: “I don’t think I’ll ever be able to repay the debts I contracted to pay for my studies. ", "Some days I feel that when I die, I will still be paying monthly instalments on my university debt. ", "Currently I have a repayment plan spread out over 27 and a half years, but it’s too ambitious because the rate is variable and I can hardly keep up with it (…). ", "What worries me most is that I’m unable to save any money, and my debt is always there to haunt me.” [", "17]\n\nHalf of Japan’s students are indebted. ", "Average student indebtedness is the equivalent of $30,000. ", "In Canada, the tendency is the same. [", "18] Attending university costs more and more, whereas with the labour market saturated and ailing, jobs with a decent salary are more and more difficult to find. ", "After their studies, young people in debt and their families are having greater and greater difficulty repaying the debts. ", "Many are forced to accept jobs with little or no employment security and degrading working conditions. ", "Meanwhile banks make fat profits from student debt. ", "As in the case of illegitimate mortgage debt, new forms of struggle and new movements are coming into being to combat illegitimate student debt. ", "One example is the Strike Debt! ", "movement in the USA. ", "We are seeing attempts to federate the different debt resistance movements – student debt, mortgage debt, consumer debt, debt related to taxes, and of course public debt. [", "19]\n\nOver-indebtedness is deteriorating the living conditions of a larger and larger section of the working classes in all the industrialized countries. ", "In Belgium, for example, the number of persons in collective debt settlement more than doubled between 2007 and 2017.", "\n\nWomen heads of single-parent families everywhere are particularly affected by over-indebtedness. ", "In addition to physical deprivation, over-indebted persons are subject to increasing suffering due to the humiliations associated with debt. ", "Intrusions into the private lives and the homes of over-indebted persons by the authorities are becoming more frequent and more violent. ", "With the precarity of the workforce and the payment of sub-standard wages for part-time jobs and even for full-time jobs, more and more wage earners are becoming victims of the debt system.", "\n\nThe making of the Indebted Man\n\nOver the recent decades, the policies employed by governments and the capitalist class to roll back social progress have made stable, collectively bargained labour contracts a priority target. ", "Workers’ and beneficiaries’ fundamental rights are presented as privileges and as obstacles to competitiveness and flexibility. ", "A systematic campaign in favour of self-employment dangles the attraction of a certain illusion of personal freedom before the eyes of the hopeful. ", "More and more people are forced to go into debt to become self-employed, to create a “micro-company” – in other words, to corporatize themselves, to exploit their own “human capital.” ", "As Maurizio Lazzarato says in his book The Making of the Indebted Man, “In the debt economy, to become human capital or an entrepreneur of the self means assuming the costs as well as the risks of a flexible and financialized economy, costs and risks which are not only – far from it – those of innovation, but also and especially those of precariousness, poverty, unemployment, a failing health system, housing shortages, etcetera.” [", "20] A growing number of people who have tried their hand at self-employment fail, slide into over-indebtedness and lose what little they had. ", "Lazzarato describes how the strategy of the neoliberal program views the Welfare State: social rights are gradually turned into “social debts,” which neoliberal policies in turn transform into private debt; in parallel, beneficiaries become “debtors” to unemployment insurance funds and to the State. [", "21] As the policies conducted by neoliberal governments lead to the impoverishment of wage earners (freezing or reduction of wages, increased precarity, etc.) ", "and beneficiaries of other social rights (freezing or reduction of pensions, reduction or elimination of social assistance and unemployment benefits, deterioration or disappearance of certain public services, reduction or elimination of scholarships, etc.), ", "he explains, finance makes promises of enrichment through access to credit and shareholding. ", "Increases in wages and pensions are replaced by consumer credit and the promise of dividends (from pension fundsPension FundPension FundsPension funds: investment funds that manage capitalized retirement schemes, they are funded by the employees of one or several companies paying-into the scheme which, often, is also partially funded by the employers. ", "The objective is to pay the pensions of the employees that take part in the scheme. ", "They manage very big amounts of money that are usually invested on the stock markets or financial markets. ", "or insurance); the right to decent housing is replaced by mortgage credit and the right to education by student loans; mutualized insurance against risks such as unemployment and illness is replaced by individual insurance. [", "22]\n\nMany of the refugees who reach Europe after overcoming almost unimaginable obstacles have gone into debt in order to undertake the voyage to the country of refuge. ", "There they are forced to accept extremely harsh working conditions in order to repay their debts since they know that the members of their family who have stayed behind are under pressure from their creditors. ", "Many female immigrants are forced into prostitution in order to repay an illegitimate debt.", "\n\nSince the crisis that broke out in the industrialised countries in 2007, the private-debt part of the “debt system” has become harsher – abusive mortgage debts, illegitimate student debt, and consumer debt leading to alienation and impoverishment. ", "This goes hand in hand with the action of governments who use the increase in the public debt they themselves have encouraged to intensify the offensive against the social progress made during the 20th century.", "\n\nSupporting initiatives that further the struggle against illegitimate private debt\n\nHow can we expect people who due to over-indebtedness have been humiliated and abused by banks, evicted from their homes, and who in spite of all that are still liable for a still unresolved portion of that debt to come together and mobilize against repayment of public debt accumulated by the State or take part in collective actions in favour of workers’ rights? ", "Having been defeated in their personal struggles because resistance movements strong enough to prevent evictions or escape from other forms of over-indebtedness don’t exist, how can they find the strength to continue struggling? ", "They are unlikely to feel that the issue of illegitimate public debt or collective struggles for social rights concern them. ", "Therefore it is necessary to give full support to initiatives that further the struggle against illegitimate private debt.", "\n\nTranslated by Snake Arbusto and Mike Krolikowski\n\nEnd of the second part.", "\nThe third part will concern illegitimate private debt in the developing countries.", "First part\n\nThanks: The author wishes to thank the following for their review of the text and for their suggestions: Snake Arbusto, Sushovan Dhar, Pierre Gottiniaux, Mike Krolikowski, Damien Millet, Christine Pagnoulle and Claude Quémar.", "\nThe author is solely and entirely responsible for any errors or omissions contained therein.", "\n\nFootnotes\n\n[1] The author wishes to make it clear that he is not denouncing private debt in all circumstances. ", "The present article concentrates on private debt used as means of expropriation and dispossession.", "\n\n[2] Marx cites as the sources – often violent – of primitive accumulation: complete separation of the producer from the means of production, the usurpation of communal property, the enclosure of commons in the countryside, dispossession of artisans of the tools of their craft, bloody repression of dispossessed persons (who had lost everything due to debts they were unable to repay), the colonial conquest and the commandeering and exploitation of the continents taken over by the European powers, the slave trade, and the public-debt system (see Book 1 of Capital: Part 8: “Primitive Accumulation.” ", "https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf, pp. ", "507-527. ", "Silvia Federici adds to these sources the witch hunts, that vast and bloody movement of repression against women from the late 15th to the mid-17th centuries. ", "In a study called “Accumulation primitive et industrialisation du tiers-monde” (Primitive accumulation and the industrialization of the Third World), in Victor Fay (ed.) ", "En partant du Capital, Paris: Anthropos, 1968, pp. ", "143-168, sums up Marx’s position and underlines the fact that “We might even state that Marx underestimated the importance of the despoliation of the Third World in the accumulation of industrial capital in Western Europe.” (", "p. 149). ", "In 1913 Rosa Luxemburg, in The Accumulation of Capital (London, Routledge Classics, 2003) also reviews the process of primitive accumulation and its extension into the imperialist era of the late 19th century. ", "https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1913/accumulation-capital/index.htm See also Harvey, David (2010). ", "The New Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 2005 and Jean Batou, “Accumulation par dépossession et luttes anticapitalistes : une perspective historique longue” – CONTRETEMPS, https://www.contretemps.eu/accumulation-par-depossession-et-luttes-anticapitalistes-une-perspective-historique-longue/ (in French)" ]

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