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1,760 | UkBriee | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | "The British empire gained control of Illinois from French in 1763 through the Treaty of Paris. James Watt in 1764 improved the the amount of work obtained by a steam engine per unit of fuel consumed." | "L'impero britannico ottenne il controllo dell'Illinois dai francesi nel 1763 attraverso il Trattato di Parigi. James Watt nel 1764 migliorò la quantità di lavoro ottenuto da un motore a vapore per unità di carburante consumato." | 4 |
1,750 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | "smallpox epidemics of 1750s killed most of the native americans. Northern tribes like Iroquis and Dakota/Sioux prevailed" | "Le epidemie di vaiolo del 1750 uccisero la maggior parte dei nativi americani. Prevalsero le tribù del nord come gli Iroquis e i Dakota/Sioux" | 0 |
1,740 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | null | null | 4 |
1,730 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | "Fox Wars between the Meskwaki tribe and the French+other tribes of the federation. They were unsuccessful until 1730 when they besieged a Meskwaki village on the Sangamon River and conducted a brutal attack." | "Guerre Fox tra la tribù Meskwaki e le tribù francesi + altre della federazione. Non ebbero successo fino al 1730 quando assediarono un villaggio Meskwaki sul fiume Sangamon e condussero un attacco brutale." | 4 |
1,720 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | null | null | 4 |
1,710 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | null | null | 3 |
1,700 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | "introduction of the horse in the 1700s. evolution of warfare tactics and change in the strength relationships among the tribes." | "introduzione del cavallo nel 1700. evoluzione delle tattiche di guerra e cambiamento nei rapporti di forza tra le tribù." | 3 |
1,690 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | "around 1690s the Iroquois expanded their region south-west to control the fur trade and forced the Kaskaskia and other Illinois tribes out of their villages." | "intorno al 1690 gli Irochesi espansero la loro regione a sud-ovest per controllare il commercio di pellicce e costrinsero i Kaskaskia e altre tribù dell'Illinois a lasciare i loro villaggi." | 2 |
1,680 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | null | null | 2 |
1,670 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | "In 1675 the French established a Catholic mission and a fur trading post near the Grand Village of the Illinois (largest settlement with 6000 people)" | "Nel 1675 i francesi fondarono una missione cattolica e una stazione di commercio di pellicce vicino al Grand Village dell'Illinois (il più grande insediamento con 6000 persone)" | 1 |
1,660 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | null | null | 1 |
1,650 | UsIllc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | earlymodern | recorded | "The Illinois/Illinwek Confederation were made up of 12 to 13 tribes who lived in the Mississippi River Valley. They were partially nomadic groups that often lived in longhouses and wigwams according to the season." | "La Confederazione Illinois/Illinwek era composta da 12-13 tribù che vivevano nella valle del fiume Mississippi. Erano gruppi parzialmente nomadi che spesso vivevano in longhouse e Wigwam a seconda della stagione." | 1 |
1,640 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | recorded | "new diseases (smallpox and malaria) and beaver war (France- supported Siouan tribes against English and Dutch supported Iroquis tribes). indecisive results. Introduction of firearms althoug many tribes preferred bow and arrow for its stealth qualities. Ho-chunk were reduced from 8000 to ca. 500." | "nuove malattie (vaiolo e malaria) e guerra dei castori (tribù Siouan sostenute dalla Francia contro tribù Iroquis sostenute dagli inglesi e dagli olandesi). Risultati indecisi. Introduzione delle armi da fuoco, sebbene molte tribù preferissero arco e frecce per le sue qualità furtive. Gli Ho-chunk furono ridotti da 8000 a 500 circa." | 0 |
1,630 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | recorded | "European contact in 1634 between Ho-chunk tribes and French explorer Jean Nicolet. the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants for the fur trade." | "Contatto europeo nel 1634 tra le tribù Ho-chunk e l'esploratore francese Jean Nicolet. I Dakota stipularono un'alleanza con i mercanti francesi per il commercio di pellicce." | 4 |
1,620 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,610 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,600 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,590 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 0 |
1,580 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,570 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,560 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "possible augmented intertribal warfare." | "possibile guerra intertribale aumentata". | 4 |
1,550 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "The oral history of Ho-chunk also indicates that around 1550s the influx of Ojibwe peoples in the northern portion of their lands caused the Ho-Chunk to move to the south of their territory. " | "La storia orale di Ho-Chunk indica anche che intorno al 1550 l'afflusso dei popoli Ojibwe nella parte settentrionale delle loro terre fece sì che gli Ho-Chunk si spostassero a sud del loro territorio." | 3 |
1,540 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,530 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,520 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,510 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,500 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,490 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 0 |
1,480 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,470 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,460 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,450 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,440 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,430 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,420 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,410 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,400 | NaOnec* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Oneota cultural complex (Iowa; Wisconsin; south Minnesota) emerges and extends in Illinois. It includes Siouan-speaking cultures like Sioux//Lakota/Dakota and Hochunk. They gathered wild rice hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Elite hunters-population gatherers. cultural level of the late woodlands. periodic inter-tribe council." | "Il complesso culturale Oneota (Iowa; Wisconsin; Minnesota meridionale) emerge e si estende nell'Illinois. Comprende culture di lingua Siouan come Sioux//Lakota/Dakota e Hochunk. Raccoglievano riso selvatico, cacciavano animali dei boschi e usavano canoe per pescare. Cacciatori d'élite- raccoglitori di popolazione. livello culturale dei boschi tardivi. | 1 |
1,390 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Another major flood occurred between 1330 and 1460: ca. 1390s " | "Un'altra grande alluvione si verificò tra il 1330 e il 1460: intorno al 1390" | 0 |
1,380 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,370 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,360 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,350 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,340 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Cahokia site was abandoned by before 1350 [Buchanan M E. 2019. Diasporic Longings? Cahokia Common Field and Nostalgic Orientations. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 27 (1): 72–89]. It is likely that social and environmental factors combined to produce the conditions that led people to leave Cahokia." | "Il sito di Cahokia fu abbandonato prima del 1350 [Buchanan ME. 2019. Diasporic Longings? Cahokia Common Field and Nostalgic Orientations. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 27 (1): 72–89]. È probabile che fattori sociali e ambientali combinati per produrre le condizioni che hanno portato le persone a lasciare Cahokia." | 0 |
1,330 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,320 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,310 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,300 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,290 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "One of the major problems that large centers like Cahokia faced was keeping a steady supply of food. A related problem was waste disposal for the dense population and Cahokia is believed to have become unhealthy from polluted waterways. [Snow D (2010). Archaeology of Native North Americas. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 201–203.]" | "Uno dei maggiori problemi che i grandi centri come Cahokia hanno dovuto affrontare è stato quello di mantenere una fornitura costante di cibo. Un problema correlato era lo smaltimento dei rifiuti per la densa popolazione e si ritiene che Cahokia sia diventata malsana a causa dei corsi d'acqua inquinati. [Snow D (2010). Archeologia dei nativi del Nord America. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 201–203.]" | 0 |
1,280 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,270 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,260 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,250 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,240 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,230 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,220 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,210 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,200 | NaCahkl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Cahokia Moorhead period: the city grew somuch that political and economic problems have contributed to the community s decline. Possible pollution and diseases might have caused deaths and new immigrants possibly costantly replaced the dead population. [Milner G (1998). The Cahokia chiefdom: the archaeology of a Mississippian society.]" | "Periodo di Cahokia Moorhead: la città è cresciuta così tanto che i problemi politici ed economici hanno contribuito al declino della comunità. Possibili inquinamento e malattie potrebbero aver causato morti e nuovi immigrati probabilmente hanno sostituito costantemente la popolazione morta. [Milner G (1998). The Cahokia chiefdom : l'archeologia di una società del Mississippi.]" | 1 |
1,190 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 0 |
1,180 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "possible flood. Analysis of sediment from beneath Horseshoe Lake has revealed that a major floods occurred in the period of settlement at Cahokia between 1100–1260. ca. 1180s" | "possibile alluvione. L'analisi dei sedimenti sotto il lago Horseshoe ha rivelato che una grave inondazione si è verificata nel periodo di insediamento a Cahokia tra il 1100 e il 1260. 1180 circa" | 4 |
1,170 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,160 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,150 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,140 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,130 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,120 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,110 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
1,100 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Between AD 1050 and 1100 Cahokia s population increased from between 1400 and 15300 people [Benson LV et al 2007: Possible impacts of early-11th- middle-12th- and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians. Quaternary Science Reviews. 26:336–350 ]" | "Tra il 1050 e il 1100 d.C. la popolazione di Cahokia aumentò da 1400 a 15300 persone [Benson LV et al 2007: Possibili impatti delle siccità dell'inizio dell'XI, della metà del XII e della fine del XIII secolo sui nativi americani occidentali e sui Cahokiani del Mississippi. Recensioni sulla scienza del Quaternario 26: 336–350]" | 0 |
1,090 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,080 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,070 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,060 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,050 | NaCahke | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Cahokia culture - Lohmann-Stirling period. sudden population immigration in Cahokia: a city state protected by wooden palizades. Religious elite and population farmers. possible change of ideology and religious elite controlling offerings and making sacrifices." | "Cultura Cahokia - Periodo Lohmann-Stirling. Improvvisa immigrazione di popolazione a Cahokia: una città-stato protetta da palizzate di legno. Elite religiosa e popolazione contadina. Possibile cambiamento di ideologia ed élite religiosa che controlla le offerte e fa sacrifici." | 1 |
1,040 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Production of surplus corn and attractions of the regional chiefdoms led to rapid population concentrations in major centers. The larges became Cahokia. possible famine and organization crises." | "La produzione di mais in eccedenza e l'attrattiva dei capi regionali portarono a rapide concentrazioni di popolazione nei centri maggiori. I centri più grandi divennero Cahokia. Possibili carestie e crisi organizzative". | 0 |
1,030 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
1,020 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
1,010 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
1,000 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
990 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "possible changes in religion in Cahokia. evidence of copper smelting (mound 35); of astronomy (Cahokia Woodhenge and the symbolic maximum southern moon rise aligned Rattlesnake Causeway) and ritual burials are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE" | "possibili cambiamenti nella religione a Cahokia. prove della fusione del rame (tumulo 35); dell'astronomia (Cahokia Woodhenge e la simbolica massima ascesa della luna meridionale allineata a Rattlesnake Causeway) e si pensa che le sepolture rituali siano state costruite tra il 900 e il 1100 d.C." | 0 |
980 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
970 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
960 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
950 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
940 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
930 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
920 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
910 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
900 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
890 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 0 |
880 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
870 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
860 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 4 |
850 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
840 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 3 |
830 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
820 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 2 |
810 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | null | null | 1 |
800 | NaMisc* | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | medieval | supposed | "Mississippian agricultural cultures spread in Illinois; Missouri and Indiana from ca. 800 CE. great regional variation. They built large earthen truncated pyramid mounds and urban settlements and satellite villages linked together by loose trading networks. The largest city was Cahokia believed to be a major religious center. possible fertility religion with human sacrifices." | "Le culture agricole del Mississippi si diffusero nell'Illinois, nel Missouri e nell'Indiana a partire dall'800 d.C. circa, con grandi variazioni regionali. Costruirono grandi tumuli di terra piramidali troncati e insediamenti urbani e villaggi satellite collegati tra loro da reti commerciali sciolte. La città più grande era Cahokia, ritenuta una principale centro religioso. possibile religione della fertilità con sacrifici umani." | 1 |
790 | NaWoocl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | ancient | supposed | "many regions of the Eastern Woodlands remained as the late Woodland period until 1000 and never adopted the full agricultural Mississippian culture. An example are the Iroquois. The passage to the missisipian agricultural cultures around 800 CE created a great difference between center and periphery." | "molte regioni delle foreste orientali rimasero come il tardo periodo boschivo fino al 1000 e non adottarono mai la piena cultura agricola del Mississippiano. Un esempio sono gli Irochesi. Il passaggio alle culture agricole missisipiane intorno all'800 d.C. creò una grande differenza tra centro e periferia." | 0 |
780 | NaWoocl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | ancient | supposed | null | null | 4 |
770 | NaWoocl | Cahokia | NorthAmerica | o | ancient | supposed | null | null | 4 |
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