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[
"\"[men chattering on C.B. radios] [truck beeping]\" \"[C.B. radio chattering]\" \"[banging] [gate whirring]\" \"[snickers]\" \". ",
"WELCOME BACK, BOYS [men chattering]\" \"(Drew) AS SOMEBODY ONCE SAID,\" \"THERE'S A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A FAILURE\" \"AND A FIASCO.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Jesus Was A Crossmaker by The Hollies playing]\" \"[helicopter whirring]\" \"?\" \"",
"SWEET SILVER ANGELS OVER THE SEA ?\" \"?\" \"",
"PLEASE COME DOWN FLYING LOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"FOR ME ?\" \"?\" \"",
"ONE TIME I TRUSTED A STRANGER ?\" \"?\" \"'",
"CAUSE I HEARD HIS SWEET SONG ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND IT WAS GENTLY ENTICING ME ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THERE WAS SOMETHING WRONG ?\" \"",
"WATCH YOUR HEAD.\" \"?\" \"",
"WHEN I HEARD ?\" \"?\" \"",
"HE WAS GONE ?\" \"",
"I'M FINE.\" \"?\" \"",
"BLINDING ME HIS SONG ?\" \"(",
"Drew) A FAILURE IS SIMPLY THE NON-PRESENCE OF SUCCESS.\" \"?\" \"",
"HE'S A BANDIT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND A HEARTBREAKER ?\" \"(",
"Drew) ANY FOOL CAN ACCOMPLISH FAILURE.\" \"",
"I'M FINE.\" \"",
"I'M FINE.\" \"(",
"man) WHAT THE HELL' S HE DOING HERE?\" \"(",
"Drew) BUT A FIASCO...\" \"A FIASCO IS A DISASTER OF MYTHIC PROPORTIONS.\" \"",
"A FIASCO IS A FOLKTALE TOLD TO OTHERS\" \"THAT MAKES OTHER PEOPLE FEEL MORE ALIVE,\" \"BECAUSE IT DIDN'T HAPPEN TO THEM.\" \"",
"I'M FINE.\" \"[",
"stammering]\" \"I'M FINE.\" \"",
"I'LL TAKE YOU TO PHIL SO YOU DON'T GET LOST.\" \"",
"MERCURY WORLDWIDE SHOES, WHICH IS ACTUALLY PHIL,\" \"CONTAINS SOME OF AMERICA'S FINEST ARTISTS' MASTERWORKS,\" \"SEEN ONLY BY PEOPLE HEADING FOR VERY IMPORTANT MEETINGS,\" \"A PROMOTION,\" \"OR OTHERWISE.\" \"\"",
"WE ARE NOT JUST EMPLOYEES,\" AS PHIL ONCE SAID.\" \"\"",
"WE ARE DENIZENS OF GREATNESS.\"\" \"",
"PHIL SAYS, \"THE WORLD IS FULL OF THOSE\" \"\"WHO ACHIEVE THROUGH NEGATIVITY OR THEFT.\" \"",
"WE SUCCEED THROUGH ORIGINAL THOUGHT.\"\" \"",
"A SHOE IS NOT JUST A SHOE.\" \"",
"IT CONNECTS US TO THE EARTH.\" \"",
"THE RIGHT SHOE CAN TRANSPORT US,\" \"MAKE US BELIEVE WE ARE CAPABLE OF MORE.\" \"",
"BUT THERE ARE SACRIFICES FOR A GOAL LIKE PURE GREATNESS.\" \"",
"LIKE BIRTHDAYS OR LAST CHRISTMAS WITH MY FAMILY.\" \"(",
"all) ...THROUGH CHRIST OUR LORD.\" \"",
"AMEN.\" \"",
"DIG IN.\" \"",
"AND NO MAKING FUN OF MY COOKING.\" \"",
"THIS MUST BE HOMEMADE.\" \"(",
"Heather) OH, DAD.\" \"(",
"Drew) THOUGH WE SOMETIMES CELEBRATE\" \"ODD THINGS AT MERCURY,\" \"LIKE THE DAY THE ITALIANS INVENTED RUBBER.\" \"",
"WHICH THEY DIDN'T, OF COURSE.\" \"",
"BUT THAT'S BESIDE THE POINT.\" \"(",
"Heather) WHERE EXACTLY IS DREW, ANYWAY?\" \"?\" \"[",
"You Can't Hurry Love by The Concretes playing] [people cheering]\" \"?\" \"",
"DID YOU HEAR ME SAY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"DID YOU HEAR ME SAY NOW ?\" \"",
"WE'VE CONTAINED MAGIC IN A SHOE!\" \"[",
"all cheering] [whooping]\" \"YEAH!\" \"[",
"people whooping]\" \"(Drew) IT WAS MEANT TO APPROXIMATE WALKING ON A CLOUD.\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU CAN'T HURRY LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU CAN'T HURRY LOVE ?\" \"",
"HEY, IF YOU EVER NEED ANYTHING AROUND HERE,\" \"I'M YOUR GIRL.\" \"?\" \"",
"DID YOU HEAR ME SAY NOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"LOVE AIN'T-- ?\" \"[",
"tires screeching]\" \"(Drew) ANY TRUE STUDENT OF FUNCTIONAL SHOE DESIGN\" \"IS ALSO A STUDENT OF PHIL HIMSELF.\" \"",
"HE IS A MASTER.\" \"",
"AND PHIL'S INNATE WISDOM OF WHAT PEOPLE WANT AND NEED\" \"HAS NEVER FAILED TO DATE.\" \"",
"I'M FINE.\" \"",
"HE'S ALSO OBSESSED WITH THE NUMBER 2.\" \". (",
"Ellen) 7:30 or 8:00..\" \"THESE ARE PHIL'S PRIZED 2 NORMAN ROCKWELLS.\" \"",
"THE PAIR OF PAINTINGS THAT ONCE HUNG\" \"OUTSIDE THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF JOHN F. KENNEDY.\" \"",
"AND YES, THE 2 TREASURED DOORS,\" \"PHIL ONCE PURCHASED FROM A CHURCH ON VACATION IN TUNISIA\" \"AND HAD SENT BACK HOME FOR A TOTAL COST TOO ENORMOUS TO MENTION.\" \"",
"$762,000.\" \"",
"EACH.\" \"",
"JUST 2 MORE MINUTES AND I CAN SEND YOU IN.\" \"",
"BECAUSE WE HAVE A MOMENT HERE,\" \"LET ME TELL YOU THAT I HAVE RECENTLY BECOME A SECRET CONNOISSEUR\" \"OF LAST LOOKS.\" \"",
"YOU KNOW THE WAY PEOPLE LOOK AT YOU\" \"WHEN THEY BELIEVE IT'S FOR THE LAST TIME?\" \"",
"I'VE STARTED COLLECTING THESE LOOKS AND\" \"OK, HE'S READY FOR YOU.\" \"",
"THERE'S ONE RIGHT NOW.\" \"",
"HOW ARE YOU, DREW?\" \"",
"I WANTED TO JUMP OUT OF THE WINDOW OF THAT HELICOPTER\" \"AND JUST SPLATTER ON THE TREES, TO TELL YOU THE TRUTH.\" \"",
"DON'T DO THAT.\" \"",
"IT'S ONLY MONEY.\" \"",
"THE AMERICAN PSYCHE IS IN TURMOIL, DREW,\" \"AND WE HAVE MISCALCULATED.\" \"",
"I'M SORRY.\" \"",
"I HAVE NO RULEBOOK FOR THIS SITUATION.\" \"",
"THEY TELL ME THAT WE ARE ABOUT TO LOSE 972...\" \"MILLION DOLLARS.\" \"",
"I AM...\" \"ILL-EQUIPPED IN THE PHILOSOPHIES OF FAILURE.\" \"",
"WALK WITH ME, DREW.\" \". ",
"MY BASKETBALL TEAM\" \"THEY DON'T EVEN KNOW YET.\" \"",
"MY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA L WATCHDOG PROJECT WILL HAVE TO GO.\" \"(",
"Phil) SWEET PEOPLE.\" \"",
"WE COULD HAVE SAVED THE PLANET,\" \"BUT...\" \"HOW DO I MAKE THE CONCEPT OF $972,000,000\" \"MORE REAL TO YOU?\" \"",
"IT'S THE OPERATING BUDGET OF A MIDSIZE COUNTRY,\" \"A SMALL CIVILIZATION.\" \"",
"IT'S BIG!\" \"",
"IT'S SO BIG,\" \"YOU COULD ROUND IT OFF TO A BILLION DOLLARS.\" \"",
"I CRY A LOT LATELY.\" \"",
"THE PROMISE OF A GLOBAL FUTURE\" \"PINNED TO A GROUNDBREAKING SHOE, YOUR DESIGN,\" \"WITH A NEW FORM OF MATERIAL, LAUNCHED THIS WEEK TO GREAT FANFARE.\" \"",
"AND NOW, MEETING A GROWING INTERNATIONAL ROAR OF LAUGHTER\" \"AND REJECTION.\" \"",
"ENOUGH TO CAUSE THIS MEMO...\" \"FROM JEFFREY BARLOW, C.E.O. OF D.C.S.\" \"\"THIS ONCE HIGHLY-ANTICIPATED PRODUCT\" \"MAY ACTUALLY CAUSE AN ENTIRE GENERATION TO RETURN TO BARE FEET.\"\" \"[",
"laughing]\" \"WOW.\" \"",
"WE ARE ABOUT TO ENTER\" \"A FREE-FALL PLUNGE.\" \"",
"AND THE SOUND YOU HEAR IS THE SOUND OF SHIT HITTING THE FAN...\" \"GLOBALLY.\" \"",
"YOU HEAR IT?\" \"[",
"mimicking shit splattering]\" \"I WISH THERE WAS SOMETHING I COULD DO.\" \"",
"ACTUALLY, THERE IS.\" \"",
"IN A ROOM DOWNSTAIRS IS A REPORTER FROM GLOBAL BUSINESS TODAY.\" \"",
"WE NEED TO MAKE HIM UNDERSTAND\" \"WE HIRED YOU FROM OUR NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM.\" \"",
"WE SUPPORTED, INVESTED IN YOUR BRILLIANCE.\" \"",
"THIS WAS A VERY CREATIVE ENDEAVOR...\" \"AND I THINK YOU SHOULD STAND UP...\" \"FOR YOUR INCREDIBLE WORK.\" \"",
"YOU OK?\" \"",
"I'M F\" \"IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE KNOWING THE PLANE'S\" \"GOING DOWN BEFORE ANYONE ELSE, ISN'T IT?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHEN DOES THIS RUN, A WEEK\" \"A WEEK.\" \"",
"COME SUNDAY EVENING, IT'LL BE ON THE STANDS.\" \"",
"ANY LAST WORDS?\" \"(",
"Drew) AND IN THAT MOMENT, I KNEW.\" \"",
"I KNOW WE HIRED YOU AT THE LAST MINUTE, BUT...\" \"SUCCESS...\" \"SUCCESS, NOT GREATNESS,\" \"WAS THE ONLY GOD THE ENTIRE WORLD SERVED.\" \"[",
"door closes]\" \"HOME SWEET HOME.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Shut Us Down by Lindsey Buckingham playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"OH, YOU AND I ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WE SURE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"CAN DREAM ?\" \"(",
"Drew) 8 YEARS.\" \"",
"NIGHT AND DAY.\" \"",
"CAN YOU IMAGINE?\" \"",
"AN ENTIRE LIFE WRAPPED UP IN A SHOE.\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I KNOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT I ?\" \"?\" \"",
"TREAT YOU UNKIND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND LONG AGO ?\" \"[",
"machine whirring]\" \"?\" \"",
"I LOST MY MIND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"NO, I WONT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"SHUT US DOWN ?\" \"[",
"grunts]\" \"?\" \"",
"NO, I WILL STAY AROUND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AS LONG ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AS I CAN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AS LONG ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AS I CAN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AS LONG ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AS I CAN ?\" \"[",
"horn honking in distance] [dog barking in distance]\" \"[on cell phone] ?\" \"",
"I CAN TURN A GRAY SKY BLUE ?\" \"[",
"on cell phone] ?\" \"",
"I CAN TURN A GRAY SKY BLUE ?\" \"[",
"on cell phone] ?\" \"",
"I CAN TURN A GRAY SKY BLUE ?\" \"[",
"on cell phone] ?\" \"",
"I CAN TURN A GRAY SKY BLUE ?\" \"",
"YELLO?\" \"",
"DREW?\" \"",
"IT'S YOUR SISTER.\" \"(",
"Heather) I HAVE SOME REALLY BAD NEWS.\" \"?\" \"",
"COULD YOU CALL ME TOMORROW\" \"NO.\" \"",
"COULD YOU CALL ME A LITTLE LATER?\" \"",
"NO, HONEY.\" \"",
"DAD DIED!\" \"[",
"crying] HE HAD A HEART ATTACK BACK IN KENTUCKY.\" \"",
"HE WAS STILL VISITING UNCLE DALE.\" \"",
"MOM IS IN TOTAL SHOCK.\" \"",
"YOU HAVE TO HANDLE THIS.\" \"",
"YOU'RE THE OLDEST.\" \". ",
"YOU'RE THE RESPONSIBLE ONE\" \"[men chattering]\" \"I DON'T KNOW WHY HE WENT TO KENTUCKY.\" \"",
"I DON'T KNOW WHAT THE ATTRACTION WAS.\" \"",
"HE WAS BORN THERE.\" \"",
"THEY NEVER LIKED ME THERE.\" \"",
"THEY NEVER HAVE.\" \"",
"DREW WILL TAKE CARE OF EVERYTHING.\" \"",
"HONEY, YOU UNDERSTAND I CAN'T GO BECAUSE OF THE BABY.\" \"",
"I'LL BE BACK IN 2 DAYS.\" \"",
"I'LL MAN THE PHONES.\" \"",
"I'LL ALWAYS BE THE ONE THAT SNATCHED HIM AWAY FROM THEM.\" \"",
"THE 2 SIDES OF THIS FAMILY HAVE NEVER INTEGRATED WELL,\" \"SO DON'T EXPECT TO MAKE A LOT OF FRIENDS WHEN YOU GO THERE.\" \"",
"DREW DOESN'T MAKE FRIENDS, MOM.\" \". ",
"I HAVE FRIENDS\" \"DO YOU HAVE THE BLUE SUIT?\" \"",
"I HAVE THE BLUE SUIT.\" \"",
"OH, HE LOVED THAT SILLY BLUE SUIT.\" \"",
"GOD ONLY KNOWS IF I MADE HIM TRULY HAPPY.\" \"",
"I'LL CALL FROM KENTUCKY.\" \". ",
"I'LL BE THERE IN THE MORNING\" \"WE HAVE A PLAN!\" \"",
"WE HAVE A PLAN\" \"AND YOU HOLD YOUR HEAD UP HIGH\" \"BECAUSE DON'T YOU FORGET, YOU GO BACK THERE AS\" \"THE MOST SUCCESSFUL MA N IN THE HISTORY OF THIS FAMILY.\" \"",
"DON'T LET THEM TRY ANYTHING.\" \"",
"OH, MY GOD.\" \"",
"I HAVE TO CALL PEOPLE.\" \"",
"I HAVE TO CLEAN OUT THE OFFICE, I'M A WIDOW!\" \"",
"WE'LL FIGURE THIS OUT, WE'LL FIGURE THIS OUT.\" \"",
"JUST GET DAD HOME.\" \"",
"HURRY.\" \"",
"I WAS STILL WAITING FOR EVERYTHING TO START, AND NOW IT'S OVER.\" \"",
"I'LL BRING HIM HOME.\" \"",
"WAIT, WAIT!\" \"",
"STAY CLOSE.\" \"",
"COME, COME, COME.\" \"",
"NOW, WHAT WAS IT THAT DAD ALWAYS SAID?\" \"",
"IF IT WASN'T THIS... (together) IT WOULD BE SOMETHING ELSE.\" \"",
"NOW, YOU GO.\" \"",
"YOU GO AND YOU MAKE HIM PROUD.\" \"",
"AND YOU CALL AND TELL ME WHAT'S GOING ON, OK?\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT.\" \"?\" \"[",
"It'll All Work Out by Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers playing]\" \"(Drew) I WOULD GO TO KENTUCKY,\" \"PUT MY FATHER IN THE BLUE SUIT, BRING HIM HOME\" \"AND THEN GET BACK ON THAT BIKE.\" \"",
"NOTHING WOULD STOP THE PLAN.\" \"?\" \"",
"SHE WORE FADED JEANS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND SOFT BLACK LEATHER ?\" \"?\" \"",
"SHE HAD EYES SO BLUE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THEY LOOKED LIKE WEATHER ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHEN SHE NEEDED ME ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I WASN'T AROUND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT'S THE WAY IT GOES ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT'LL ALL WORK OUT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THERE WERE TIMES APART ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THERE WERE TIMES TOGETHER ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I WAS PLEDGED TO HER ?\" \"?\" \"",
"FOR WORSE OR BETTER ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHEN IT MATTERED MOST ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I LET HER DOWN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT'S THE WAY IT GOES ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT'LL ALL WORK OUT ?\" \"",
"SIR.\" \"",
"SIR.\" \"",
"BY FLYING THIS FLIGHT, YOU'VE HELPED SAVE ALL OUR JOBS.\" \"",
"DEFINITELY MINE.\" \"",
"MAYBE EVEN [whispering] THE ENTIRE AIRLINE.\" \"",
"WE WOULD LIKE TO REWARD YO U WITH A FREE SEAT IN FIRST CLASS.\" \"",
"I'M FINE.\" \"",
"OK, LET ME TRY IT LIKE THIS.\" \"",
"I'M REALLY TIRED.\" \"",
"PLEASE DON'T MAKE ME KEEP WALKING\" \"ALL THE WAY BACK DOWN HERE ALL NIGHT LONG.\" \"",
"LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY, HUH?\" \"",
"HOME, BUSINESS, OR FAMILY?\" \"",
"MY DAD.\" \"",
"OH, WHERE DOES HE LIVE IN LOUISVILLE?\" \"",
"ACTUALLY, HE'S NEAR LOUISVILLE.\" \"",
"LOUISVILLE.\" \"",
"LOUISVILLE.\" \"",
"VULL.\" \"",
"LOUIS...\" \"VULL.\" \"",
"HE'S IN ELIZABETHTOWN.\" \"",
"OH, GOOD.\" \"",
"I HOPE SOMEONE'S DRIVING YOU\" \"'CAUSE THE ROADS AROUND THERE ARE HOPELESSLY AND GLORIOUSLY CONFUSING.\" \"\"",
"LOU-UH-VULL.\"\" \"",
"I'LL KEEP THAT IN MIND.\" \"",
"I'LL DRAW YOU A QUICK MAP.\" \"",
"I MEAN, I'M SO HAPPY WE'RE SITTING HERE HAVING THIS CONVERSATION\" \". ",
"AT 3:00 A.M., OR WHATEVER TIME IT IS\" \"YOU KNOW, IT'S SUCH A-- SUCH A GREAT TIME.\" \". ",
"EVERYONE'S SLEEPING BUT US\" \"IT'S REALLY NICE TO HAVE A CONVERSATION WITH YOU\" \"AND THAT YOU'RE REALLY LISTENIN'.\" \"",
"I FEEL LIKE I CAN REALLY TALK TO YOU\" \"AND THAT THERE'S NO\" \"SO, YOU WANT TO GET TO 264 , AND THEN YOU WANT TO NOT MISS 60B.\" \"I'M GOING TO BE OBNOXIOUS ABOUT THAT.\" \"",
"BENS ARE STRANGELY DELIGHTFUL AND VERY INTUITIVE.\" \"",
"COMPLEX.\" \"",
"ALMOST TOO COMPLEX TO BE AROUND.\" \"",
"DO YOU KNOW ANY BENS?\" \"",
"I KNOW ONE BEN.\" \". ",
"OH, I'M A STUDENT OF NAMES\" \"FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT'S YOUR DAD'S NAME?\" \"",
"MITCHELL.\" \"(",
"Claire) MITCHELL.\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \"",
"OR MITCH?\" \"",
"MITCHELL.\" \"",
"SOMETIMES MITCH.\" \"",
"HUH.\" \"",
"SON OF A MITCH.\" \"",
"AND TODAY I WAS FIRED BY A PHIL.\" \"",
"PHIL?\" \"",
"PHILS ARE DANGEROUS.\" \"",
"PHILS ARE LESS PREDICTABLE THAN BENS.\" \"[",
"Claire chuckles]\" \"AND YOUR GIRLFRIEND IS A...\" \"ELLEN.\" \"",
"HOW'S THAT GOIN'?\" \". ",
"SORT OF A WAIT-AND-SEE\" \"OH, YEAH?\" \"",
"BUT THEN I WAITED AND I SAW.\" \"",
"I WAS GONNA SAY.\" \"",
"I HAVE NEVER HAD A GOOD EXPERIENCE WITH AN ELLEN OR A PHIL.\" \"?\" \"",
"HOW ABOUT WITH A MITCH\" \"NEVER MET A MITCH I DIDN'T LIKE.\" \"",
"FUN.\" \"",
"FULL OF LIFE, YOU KNOW?\" \"",
"YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN WHEN I SAY FUN?\" \". ",
"LIKE YOU WANT TO BE A PART OF MITCH'S CLUB\" \"AM I CLOSE?\" \"",
"CLOSE.\" \"",
"HE'S OK, RIGHT?\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \"",
"HE'S...\" \"HE'S FINE.\" \"",
"WELL,\" \"YOU GIVE HIM A BIG OLD HUG FOR ME.\" \". ",
"I'M CLAIRE, BY THE WAY\" \"DREW.\" \"",
"NICE.\" \"",
"SAME TO YOU.\" \"",
"PLEASE.\" \"",
"I'LL LET YOU SLEEP.\" \"",
"HERE'S YOUR MAP.\" \"",
"LET ME TAKE THIS.\" \"",
"OH...\" \"I CAN HANDLE THIS.\" \". ",
"LET GO\" \"?\" \"[",
"Io (This Time Around) by Helen Stellar playing]\" \"(Drew) I AM NOT ASLEEP.\" \"",
"I'M NOT.\" \"",
"I WON'T REALLY BE ABLE TO SLEEP.\" \"",
"I WON'T REALLY BE ABLE TO SLEEP.\" \"",
"OK.\" \"",
"READY TO GO, DREW?\" \"",
"I'M NOT ASLEEP.\" \"",
"BLUE SUIT.\" \"",
"LOSING THE BUSINESS.\" \"",
"LOUISVILLE.\" \"",
"I AM NOT ASLEEP.\" \"",
"WE'LL GO NEXT YEAR.\" \"",
"COME BACK.\" \"?\" \"",
"THIS TIME AROUND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THIS TIME AROUND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THIS TIME AROUND ?\" \"(",
"Drew) ONE BILLION DOLLARS.\" \"[",
"people cheering]\" \"GOOD MORNING.\" \"",
"AND CONGRATULATIONS, DREW.\" \"",
"YOU'VE EARNED YOUR WINGS AS OUR 10 MILLIONTH PASSENGER.\" \"",
"L AND HERE IS A COUPON FOR ANY 4-DIAMOND HOTE\" \"IN THE GREATER WESTERN KENTUCKY AREA.\" \"",
"BETTER MOVE QUICKLY.\" \"",
"LOTS OF PEOPLE BEHIND YOU.\" \"[",
"laughing]\" \"WELL, THANK YOU.\" \"",
"ABSOLUTELY.\" \"",
"AND GOOD LUCK WITH BEN.\" \"",
"LOOK, I KNOW I MAY NEVER SEE YOU AGAIN\" \"BUT WE ARE INTREPID.\" \"",
"WE CARRY ON.\" \"",
"DREW!\" \"",
"UH, RENTAL CARS AROUND THE CORNER.\" \"",
"YOU'LL SEE THE SIGNS.\" \"",
"BLUEGRASS PARKWAY TURNS INTO EXIT 60B.\" \"DON'T FORGET, 60B.\" \"OK.\" \"",
"THANKS.\" \"",
"YOU OK TO DRIVE?\" \"",
"I'M FINE.\" \"",
"60B!\" \"",
"60B!\" \"[",
"imitating camera clicking]\" \"?\" \"[",
"Big Love by Fleetwood Mac playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"LOOKING OUT FOR LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IN THE NIGHT SO STILL ?\" \"?\" \"",
"OH, I'LL BUILD YOU A KINGDOM ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IN THAT HOUSE ON THE HILL ?\" \"?\" \"",
"LOOKING OUT FOR LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"BIG, BIG LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU SAID THAT YOU LOVE ME ?\" \"",
"UNCLE DALE.\" \"",
"I'M IN LOUISVILLE.\" \"",
"JUST LANDED.\" \"",
"I'M ON THE ROAD.\" \"",
"60B.\" \"YEAH.\" \"",
"I HAVE A MAP.\" \"?\" \"",
"LOOKING OUT FOR LOVE ?\" \"",
"AND I'LL BE THERE BY 2:00.\" \"?\" \"",
"BIG, BIG LOVE ?\" \"",
"I HAVE THE BLUE SUIT.\" \"",
"WHERE'S 60B?\" \"",
"SHIT, MAN.\" \"",
"OH, MAN!\" \"",
"DID I MISS 60B?\" \"",
"DID I MISS 60B?\" \"",
"DID I MISS 60B?\" \"[",
"shouting] GOD!\" \"",
"NO!\" \"[",
"honking]\" \"DID I MISS 60B?\" \"",
"ELIZABETHTOWN.\" \"",
"ELIZABETHTOWN.\" \"",
"ELIZABETHTOWN!\" \"",
"YES!\" \"",
"ELIZABETHTOWN!\" \"",
"ELIZABETH!\" \"",
"WE'RE IN!\" \"",
"OH, YEAH.\" \"",
"OK!\" \"[",
"shouting] [cheering]\" \"[cicadas buzzing]\" \"[kids chattering]\" \"OH, YEAH.\" \"",
"JESSIE?\" \"",
"CUZ.\" \"",
"CUZ.\" \". ",
"THIS LOSS WILL BE MET BY A HURRICANE OF LOVE\" \"[clearing throat] UH...\" \"CHARLES DEAN, MEET, UH, GROWN-UP DREW BAYLOR.\" \"",
"DREW, IT'S GOO D TO SEE YOU.\" \"",
"THANK YOU.\" \"",
"MY CONDOLENCES.\" \"",
"AND HERE'S MY DAD, YOUR UNCLE DALE.\" \"",
"WONDERFUL TO SEE YOU AGAIN.\" \"",
"WELL, DREW, THIS IS MITCH'S PLOT.\" \"",
"AND IT HAS BEE N IN YOUR FAMILY FOR 272 YEARS.\" \"",
"NOW, I'VE ENDEAVORED\" \"TO KEEP THIS AREA HERE CLEAR FOR YOUR DADDY.\" \"(",
"Drew) WE'RE STILL DISCUSSING THAT ISSUE.\" \"",
"THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF CREMATION.\" \"[",
"groans]\" \"NOW, HERE ARE SOME OF YOUR DADDY'S PERSONAL THINGS.\" \"(",
"Drew) THE BROWN WALLET.\" \"",
"AND HERE'S HIS RIN G FROM WEST POINT.\" \"",
"NOW I DON'T KNOW HOW Y'ALL FEEL OUT THERE IN CALIFORNIA,\" \"BUT WEST POINT SURE DOES MATTER AROUND HERE.\" \"",
"IT MATTERS A LOT.\" \"",
"EVEN THOUGH WE NOW LIVE IN OREGON.\" \"",
"UH-HUH.\" \"",
"EVERYBODY.\" \"",
"THIS IS MITCH'S BOY FROM CALIFORNIA.\" \". ",
"ONE OF THE CALIFORNIA BAYLORS\" \"THIS IS DREW.\" \"",
"AND JUST LIKE YOUR DADDY WAS, WE ARE ALL VERY EXCITED\" \"ABOUT YOUR 8-YEAR TRIUMPH WITH THAT BEAUTIFUL SHOE.\" \"",
"MY CONDOLENCES TO ALL.\" \"(",
"Jessie) NO, SIR.\" \"",
"I'M NOT GOING TO LET YOU FEEL BAD\" \"'CAUSE THAT WAS FROM YOUR HEART\" \"BUT LET THEM SAY CONDOLENCES TO YOU.\" \"",
"I THOUGHT CONDOLENCES WAS\" \"IT'S INCOMING.\" \"",
"IT'S AN INCOMING PHRASE.\" \"[",
"sighing]\" \"DID I NOT CAPTURE YOUR DADDY?\" \"",
"I DON'T KNOW WHAT THE WORD IS.\" \"",
"IT'S JUST A LOOK I NEVER SAW BEFORE.\" \"",
"WHAT'S THE WORD?\" \"",
"DREW, IF YOU JUST MOVE AROUND A BIT,\" \"YOU WILL SEE DIFFERENT ASPECTS.\" \"",
"GO AHEAD AND CRY.\" \"(",
"Drew) WHAT'S THE WORD?\" \"",
"WHIMSICAL.\" \"",
"THE WORD IS WHIMSICAL.\" \"?\" \"[",
"My Father's Gun by Elton John playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"FROM THIS DAY ON ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I OWN MY FATHER'S GUN ?\" \"",
"HEY,\" \"WHY NOT?\" \"?\" \"",
"WE DUG HIS SHALLOW GRAVE ?\" \"",
"WHIMSICAL.\" \"?\" \"",
"BENEATH THE SUN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I LAID HIS BROKEN BODY DOWN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"BELOW THE SOUTHERN LAND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT WOULDN'T DO TO BURY HIM ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHERE ANY YANKEE STANDS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'LL TAKE MY HORSE AND I'LL RIDE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THE NORTHERN PLAIN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"TO WEAR THE COLOR OF THE GREYS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND JOIN THE FIGHT AGAIN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'LL NOT REST UNTIL I KNOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THE CAUSE IS FOUGHT AND WON ?\" \"?\" \"",
"FROM THIS DAY ON UNTIL I DIE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'LL WEAR MY FATHER'S GUN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'D LIKE TO KNOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHERE THE RIVERBOAT SAILS TONIGHT ?\" \"[",
"people chattering]\" \"?\" \"",
"TO NEW ORLEANS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WELL, THAT'S JUST FINE, ALL RIGHT ?\" \"",
"TURKEY HASH BROWN CASSEROLE.\" \"",
"IT'S RUSS!\" \"?\" \"'",
"CAUSE THERE'S FIGHTING THERE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND THE COMPANY NEEDS MEN ?\" \"",
"AUNT DORA, AUNT DORA.\" \"",
"AUNT DORA, AUNT DORA.\" \"(",
"Jessie) AUNT DORA, LOOK WHAT I FOUND.\" \"",
"OH, MY GOD!\" \"",
"LOOK AT MITCH'S BABY!\" \"",
"YOU LOOK JUST LIKE YOUR DADDY.\" \"?\" \"",
"AND WHO'S BEEN FEEDING YOU\" \"WAIT JUST A MINUTE.\" \"",
"I GOTTA TALK TO DREW.\" \"",
"WE HOPE YOU'RE GONNA STAY FOR A WHILE.\" \"",
"YOU'RE A CREDI T TO E-TOWN.\" \"?\" \"",
"IN OUR BONES ?\" \"",
"SORRY ABOUT YOUR DAD.\" \"?\" \"",
"TO WATCH THE CHILDREN GROWING ?\" \"",
"THIS IS YOUR BLOOD.\" \"?\" \"",
"AND SEE THE WOMEN SEWING ?\" \"",
"AND THAT'S SAMSON, MY SON.\" \"",
"CLEARLY UP TO NO GOOD.\" \"",
"SAMSON.\" \"",
"HEY.\" \"",
"UNCLE MITCH ALWAYS WANTED US TO MEET.\" \"",
"EVERYBODY SAYS WE LOOK ALIKE.\" \"[",
"laughing]\" \"WEIRD, HUH?\" \"",
"IT'S LIKE LOOKING IN A MIRROR.\" \"",
"HI, DREW.\" \"",
"I'M CONNIE.\" \"",
"I WAS YOUR DADDY'S FIRST GIRLFRIEND AND\" \"HI.\" \"",
"HI, DREW, I'M--I'M CHARLIE.\" \"",
"I WANTED TO SAY I'M A HUGE FAN OF SHOE S MY SON.\" \"",
"MY SON.\" \"",
"AND THE WORK YOU'VE DONE IN THE SHOE BUSINESS.\" \"(",
"Charlie) WE'LL TALK.\" \"",
"ABSOLUTELY.\" \"",
"WE GOT MEMORIAL PLANS TO DISCUSS.\" \"",
"YOUR DADDY WAS ONE OF MY 10 MOST FAVORITE PEOPLE.\" \"",
"SURE DID MISS HIM WHEN HE WENT OUT WEST.\" \"",
"DREW, I'M E. RUSSELL MARLOWE\" \"WITH THE AMERICAN LEGION IN BARDSTOWN, KENTUCKY.\" \"",
"DREW, I WANT TO SIGN YOU U P WITH THE AMERICAN LEGION\" \"OR THE SONS OF THE LEGION.\" \"",
"AND I GOT A HAT THAT I WANT TO GIVE YOU\" \"AS A SOUVENIR, IN HONOR OF YOUR DAD...\" \"?\" \"",
"TO NEW ORLEANS, WELL, THAT'S JUST FINE, ALL RIGHT ?\" \"",
"BILL BANYON'S NOT COMING, IS HE?\" \"(",
"Dale) BILL BANYON IS NOT COMING.\" \"?\" \"",
"NEEDS MEN ?\" \"[",
"dogs whining]\" \"?\" \"",
"SLIP US A ROPE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND SAIL ON AROUND THE BEND ?\" \"[",
"barking] [people shouting]\" \"BAD DOG!\" \"",
"STOP THAT!\" \"",
"BAD DOG!\" \"[",
"screams]\" \"(Jessie) SAMSON?\" \"",
"WHAT A MESS!\" \"] [",
"screaming\" \"SO, COME ON IN.\" \"",
"YOU KNOW, IT'S NOT EVERY DAY I INVITE\" \"(Dora) GOOD-LOOKING MEN TO MY BEDROOM\" \"BUT I JUST WANTED YOU TO MEET YOUR FAMILY,\" \"THE BAYLORS AND THE CONLEYS.\" \"",
"LET'S START WITH DICKEY CONLEY.\" \"",
"NOW, HE WAS-- HE WAS AN ALCOHOLIC.\" \"",
"HE HAD A DRINKING PROBLEM.\" \"",
"AND HE ALSO HAD 3 NIPPLES.\" \"",
"HE HAD 3 NIPPLES.\" \". ",
"AND, UH, HE WAS A POET [people chattering]\" \"(man) WELL, THERE'S A BROKEN WILLOW TREE DOWN UP THERE...\" \"HOW'S YOUR MOTHER, DREW, HONEY?\" \"",
"YOU KNOW,\" \"I REALLY SHOULD HAVE A PICTURE OF HER IN HERE.\" \"",
"AND THIS PICTURE IS... (Lena) AUNT DORA!\" \"",
"COMING!\" \"",
"LENA, LENA, JUST WATCH OVER IT.\" \"",
"2 MORE MINUTES!\" \"",
"I'M COMING!\" \"",
"THIS WAS THE LAST PICTURE TAKEN OF YOUR DADDY.\" \"",
"THIS WAS JUST 3 DAYS AGO, DREW.\" \"",
"HE WAS THE MOST LOVING MAN.\" \"",
"DORA!\" \"",
"COMING!\" \"",
"HONEY, YOU STAY AS LONG AS YOU NEED TO.\" \"[",
"car engine starting]\" \"HEY!\" \"(",
"Drew) SAMSON.\" \"(",
"Drew) SAMSON !\" \"",
"SAMSON?\" \"[",
"groans] [tires screeching]\" \"MY GOD!\" \"[",
"grunting] OH, MAN.\" \"",
"WAS HE DRIVING THAT?\" \"(",
"Dale) SAMSON, YOU ALL RIGHT, BOY?\" \"(",
"Dora) YOU ALL RIGHT?\" \"",
"YOU ALL RIGHT?\" \"",
"OH, MY GOD!\" \"(",
"Dale) WHERE THE HELL'S HIS FATHER?\" \"",
"THAT'S WHAT I WANT TO KNOW.\" \"",
"WHAT HAPPENED?\" \"",
"HEY, WHO TAUGHT YOU HOW TO DRIVE?\" \"",
"HUH?\" \"(",
"Dale) WHAT THE HELL DO YOU MEAN?\" \"",
"WHAT DO YOU MEAN?\" \"(",
"Dale) YOU GOTTA KEEP YOUR EYE ON HIM!\" \"[",
"all arguing] [door slamming]\" \"SO!\" \"",
"Y'ALL OBVIOUSLY MADE A GROUP DECISION NOT TO CALL AND INVITE ME.\" \"",
"HI!\" \"",
"BILL BANYON.\" \"",
"HOW ARE YOU?\" \"",
"GOOD TO SEE YOU.\" \"[",
"all laughing]\" \"BILL BANYON.\" \"",
"HOW ARE YOU?\" \"",
"GOOD TO SEE YOU.\" \"(",
"Bill) I HEAR DREW BAYLOR'S HERE, IS THAT RIGHT?\" \"",
"HI, CONNIE, HOW ARE YOU?\" \"(",
"Connie) I'M FINE.\" \"?\" \"",
"IS THIS SAMSON\" \"(Dora) IT IS.\" \"",
"THIS IS SAMSON.\" \"",
"COME HERE, SAMSON!\" \"",
"HOW YOU DOING?\" \"",
"GIVE ME A BIG BOY HUG!\" \"[",
"vomiting] [exclaims] [all exclaiming]\" \"I'M SO SORRY.\" \"(",
"Bill) I SHOULD JUST GO OVER TO THE KITCHEN.\" \"",
"GOOD TO SEE YOU.\" \"",
"CUTE KID.\" \"",
"DREW, CAN I HAVE YOUR AUTOGRAPH, PLEASE?\" \"(",
"Drew) OF COURSE.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Where To Begin by My Morning Jacket playing]\" \"YOU KNOW...\" \"WHERE CAN I FIND AN ORIGINAL MODEL OF ADIDAS SL 72s?\" \"",
"THAT BOY IS LOOKING FOR RULES FROM YOU!\" \"",
"BLAME ME, EVERYBODY DOES.\" \"",
"YOU CAN'T BE A KID AND RAISE A KID.\" \". ",
"DAD, I'M TAKING THIS MOMENT TO TELL YO U THAT I'M UNTRADITIONAL\" \"WHEN WE CELEBRATE THE LIFE OF MITCH,\" \"WE'RE GONNA DO IT WITH NO TEARS,\" \"WE'RE GONNA DO IT WITH EXCITEMENT,\" \"AND I'LL TAKE CARE OF EVERYTHING.\" \"(",
"man) ALL RIGHT.\" \"(",
"all) HEAR, HEAR!\" \"",
"WE KNOW WHAT'S UP, AND IT'S SHOES.\" \"",
"GOD, WE'RE SO MUCH ALIKE!\" \". ",
"I TEACH HIM THINGS THAT EVERYBODY SHOULD KNOW\" \"I TEACH HIM ABOUT ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND RONNIE VAN ZANT\" \"BECAUSE IN MY HOUSE, THEY ARE BOTH OF EQUAL IMPORTANCE.\" \"",
"YOU DON'T GET WHAT I'M SAYING.\" \"",
"YOU CAN'T BE BUDDIES WITH YOUR OWN SON.\" \"?\" \"",
"IT'S THE ART OF FEELING NAKED ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IN YOUR CLOTHES ?\" \"",
"BEAUTIFUL NIGHT.\" \"",
"DOES IT EVER COOL OFF?\" \"",
"NO, THIS TIME OF YEAR, IT'S HOTTER THAN THE HINGES OF HELL.\" \"",
"WE GOT STARS, THOUGH.\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT'S HOW I KNEW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I WOULD NEVER BE DENIED ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT FACE IN THE MIRROR ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHO COULD IT BE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT WAS MY OWN ?\" \"",
"GOTTA SAY I'M SURPRISED YOUR MOM DIDN'T MAKE IT.\" \"",
"YEAH, SHE'S PRETTY BROKEN UP.\" \"",
"SHE SENDS HER LOVE TO EVERYBODY, THOUGH.\" \"",
"MMM-HMM.\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \"",
"I DON'T BLAME HER.\" \"",
"AROUND HERE, THEIR FAVORITE THING TO DO\" \"IS TO GET OFFENDED BY SOMETHING SMALL\" \"AND HOLD ON TO IT FOR 50 YEARS.\" \"",
"OF COURSE, YOU AND YOUR DAD WERE CLOSE.\" \". ",
"OH, VERY CLOSE\" \"AND I KNEW HIM VERY, VERY WELL.\" \"",
"HE WAS MY DAD.\" \". ",
"WE WERE ACTUALLY GOING TO DRIVE HER E TOGETHER THIS YEAR\" \". ",
"THEN IT BECAME NEXT YEAR AND NO..\" \"I KNEW HIM VERY WELL.\" \"",
"VERY, VERY WELL.\" \"",
"VERY WELL.\" \"",
"YEAH, I DON'T KNOW MY DAD VERY WELL, EITHER.\" \"",
"THAT WAS MY BAND.\" \". ",
"THIS WAS THE SHOW WE OPENED FOR LYNYRD FUCKIN' SKYNYRD\" \"2 OF THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS.\" \"",
"COOL.\" \"",
"RUCKUS.\" \"(",
"Jessie) KEEP GOING .\" \"",
"KEEP GOING .\" \"",
"RIGHT BELOW THE REGGAE TRIBUTE .\" \"",
"LOOK AT THAT.\" \"",
"RUCKUS .\" \"",
"WELL, WE ALMOST OPENED FOR THEM.\" \"",
"IT'S A REALLY LONG STORY.\" \"",
"WE NEVER PLAYED, AND WE NEVER PLAYED SINCE.\" \"",
"AND NOW YOU FIX COMPUTERS.\" \"?\" \"",
"ALL THOSE POSTCARDS I SENT TO BIRMINGHAM ?\" \"?\" \"",
"ALL THE WAY FROM THOSE WINDOWS OF AMSTERDAM ?\" \"[",
"Samson screaming]\" \"?\" \"",
"COPPED A GRAM FROM DAPPER SAM ?\" \"?\" \"",
"JUST A 4-LETTER MAN IN ANOTHER JAM ?\" \"?\" \"",
"OH YEAH ?\" \"[",
"Samson continues screaming]\" \"?\" \"",
"OH, OH, YEAH ?\" \"?\" \"[",
"Same In Any Language by My Morning Jacket playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"IT'S THE SAME IN ANY LANGUAGE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"A BROTHER'S A BROTHER ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IF THERE'S ONE THING I KNOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT'S THE SAME IN ANY LANGUAGE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHEREVER YOU GO ?\" \"",
"WELCOME TO THE LOUISVILLE BROWN HOTEL.\" \"?\" \"",
"HOW LONG WILL YOU BE STAYING WITH US 2 NIGHTS.\" \"",
"THAT COUPON I HAVE NOT SEEN.\" \"",
"YOU WITH THE HASBORO WEDDING?\" \"",
"CHUCK AND CINDY?\" \"",
"I'M LEAVING FRIDAY.\" \"",
"OK.\" \"",
"PUT IT ON MY COMPANY CARD.\" \"",
"LET IT RIP.\" \"",
"OOH.\" \"[",
"people chattering]\" \"[people cheering]\" \"WE'RE NOT MARRIED YET.\" \"(",
"Chuck) HEY, REBECCA.\" \"",
"DON'T CHANGE THE SCHEDULE OR CINDY WILL FREAK OUT!\" \"",
"SHE'S BEEN PLANNING THIS FOR A YEAR.\" \"(",
"Chuck) DON'T FORGET, THERE'S A REHEARSAL DINNER IN... [people chattering loudly]\" \"CHUCK AND CINDY.\" \"[",
"pen clicking]\" \"\"LOVIN' LIFE.\"\" \"[",
"dialing] [answering machine beeps]\" \"HEATHER?\" \"",
"PICK UP, SIS.\" \"",
"I'M EXHAUSTED.\" \"",
"I'M AT THE BROWN HOTEL IN LOUISVILLE.\" \"",
"CALL ME ON THE CELL.\" \"",
"HEY, MOM, ARE YOU THERE?\" \"",
"ELLEN.\" \"",
"HEY, IT'S DREW.\" \"",
"ARE YOU THERE?\" \"",
"CALL ME BACK.\" \"",
"SOMEBODY CALL ME BACK.\" \"[",
"laughing]\" \"THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS TO A MAN\" \"WHEN HE LETS A WOMAN TAKE OVER, GEORGE!\" \"[",
"man laughing]\" \"(woman) YOU LISTEN HARD, LAUGHING BOY.\" \"[",
"gun firing]\" \"DID YOU BRING THE STUFF?\" \"",
"NO, BLINKY, NO!\" \"[",
"gun firing]\" \"HERE'S A KNIFE THAT YOU'LL REALLY LIKE.\" \"",
"THIS IS MY CHEF'S KNIFE.\" \"",
"THESE KNIVES ARE REALLY RAZOR SHARP!\" \"[",
"answering machine beeps]\" \"CLAIRE COLBURN.\" \"",
"IT'S DREW BAYLOR.\" \"",
"YOU DON'T HAVE TO CALL ME BACK.\" \"",
"IT'S, UM...\" \"IT'S ALL GOOD.\" \"",
"WHAT AM I SAYING?\" \"",
"I DON'T EVEN SAY, \"IT'S ALL GOOD.\" ",
"UH...\" \"GOOD NIGHT.\" \"[",
"sighing] [vibrating] [on cell phone] ?\" \"",
"I CAN TURN A GRAY SKY BLUE ?\" \"",
"YELLO.\" \"",
"YOU HAVE TO COME HOME.\" \"",
"MOM HAS DECIDED THAT SHE WANTS TO LEARN TO COOK.\" \"",
"OH, NO.\" \"(",
"Drew) I'LL BE HOME SOON.\" \"",
"HAVE YOU CRIED YET?\" \"",
"A LITTLE.\" \"",
"WHEN IT HAPPENS, IT'S GONNA BE FOR DAYS.\" \"",
"YOU--YOU SHOULD COME HOME.\" \"",
"SHE'S OUT OF CONTROL.\" \"[",
"phone beeps] WAIT A SECOND.\" \"",
"I'LL BE RIGHT BACK.\" \"",
"PLEASE COME HOME.\" \"",
"HELLO?\" \"",
"GREAT TO HEAR FROM YOU . ",
"I DIDN'T EXPECT FOR YOU TO CALL.\" \"",
"BUT THEN AGAIN, I DID LEAV E A FEW THOUSAND NUMBERS.\" \"",
"IT'S CLAIRE COLBURN.\" \"",
"AMERICAN AIRLINES.\" \"",
"CLAIRE.\" \"",
"CAN I CALL YOU RIGHT BACK?\" \"",
"I'LL HOLD.\" \"",
"OK.\" \"",
"HELLO.\" \"",
"PLEASE COME HOME.\" \"",
"I WANT TO LEARN TO COOK, I WANT TO LEARN TO LAUGH,\" \"AND I WANT TO TAP DANCE.\" \"(",
"Hollie) IT WILL BE MY SALVATION.\" \"",
"SHE WON'T STOP MOVING, DREW!\" \"",
"HEATHER, WE NEED A DECISION HERE.\" \"",
"WHAT'S YOUR OPINION ON THE WHOLE BURIAL ISSUE?\" \"",
"BECAUSE THERE'S A LOT OF PEOPLE HERE WITH BIG OPINIONS!\" \"",
"AND THERE'S A PROBLEM WITH THE BLUE SUIT [phone beeps] THAT I CAN'T PUT MY FINGER ON...\" \"WAIT, WAIT, WAIT.\" \"?\" \"",
"HOW YOU DOING, MOM\" \"GREAT.\" \"",
"I'M GREAT.\" \"",
"WE ARE GONNA MAKE IT!\" \"",
"HELLO.\" \"",
"DREW, IT'S ELLEN.\" \"",
"YOU CALLED ME?\" \"",
"ELLEN.\" \"(",
"Drew) ELLEN?\" \"",
"ELLEN, THANK YOU FOR CALLING ME BACK!\" \"",
"I'M SO HAPPY YOU CALLED.\" \"",
"COULD YOU JUST HOLD ON ONE SECOND?\" \"",
"HELLO?\" \"",
"YOU NEED TO COME HOME, DREW.\" \"",
"I'LL BE RIGHT BACK.\" \"",
"HELLO?\" \"(",
"Ellen) DREW.\" \"",
"ELLEN, I CALLED YOU ABOUT THAT SILLY GOODBYE.\" \"",
"COULD YOU HOLD ON FOR JUST ONE SECOND?\" \"",
"YEAH, BUT I'M ACTUALLY ON MY WAY OUT TO DINNER.\" \"",
"JUST--JUST HOLD A SECOND.\" \"",
"CAN WE-- I'M JUST IN THE MIDDLE OF\" \"SEE, I'VE GOTTA-- ELLEN.\" \"",
"JUST CALL ME LATER, OK?\" \"",
"DON'T GO.\" \"",
"OK.\" \"",
"HELLO.\" \"",
"HELLO, STRANGER.\" \"",
"CLAIRE, HOLD ON.\" \"",
"HERE'S WHAT'S GREAT ABOUT THE NASHVILLE AIRPORT.\" \"",
"I JUST WANTED TO CALL YOU AND THANK YOU.\" \"",
"SO, YOU KNOW, GOODBYE, THANK YOU AND\" \"I'LL HOLD.\" \"",
"OK.\" \"(",
"Drew) HELLO?\" \"",
"CREMATED, DON'T YOU AGREE?\" \"",
"HEATHER, THEY REALLY LOVE HIM HERE.\" \"",
"THEY'RE NOT BUYING CREMATION.\" \"",
"THEY DON'T EVEN ACKNOWLEDGE THE WORD.\" \"",
"BUT I NEED TO CALL YOU RIGHT BACK.\" \"",
"IS THERE ANYTHING MORE IMPORTANT\" \"THAN THE CONVERSATION WE'RE HAVING?\" \"",
"I WILL CALL YOU RIGHT BACK.\" \"",
"NO PROBLEM.\" \"",
"JUST DIAL \"HELL\" AND I'LL ANSWER.\" \"",
"I'LL CALL YOU RIGHT BACK.\" \"",
"I MISS DAD.\" \"",
"WAS HE A FUN GUY?\" \"",
"OF COURSE HE WAS A FUN GUY.\" \"",
"ESPECIALLY IN THE LAST FEW YEARS WHEN YOU GOT SO BUSY.\" \"",
"I'LL CALL YOU RIGHT BACK.\" \"[",
"utensils clanking]\" \"(Drew) I KNOW YOU'RE LATE FOR DINNER.\" \"",
"I AM LATE.\" \"",
"I'M IN KENTUCKY.\" \"",
"DREW.\" \"",
"IT WAS REAL AND IT WAS GREAT, AND IT WAS REALLY GREAT.\" \"",
"CALL ME ANYTIME, OK?\" \"",
"GOODBYE.\" \"",
"IT'S JUST GOODBYE, YOU KNOW?\" \"",
"IT'S NOT \"GOODBYE.\" \"\" ",
"IT'S JUST GOODBYE.\" \"",
"TAKE CARE.\" \"",
"GOODBYE.\" \"",
"GOODBYE.\" \"",
"HELLO?\" \"",
"GOOD LORD.\" \"",
"DID I WIN THE PHONE LOTTERY?\" \"(",
"Drew) TELL ME ABOUT THE NASHVILLE AIRPORT.\" \"",
"I'M OVER IT.\" \"",
"I'M ACTUALLY ALMOST HOME NOW.\" \"",
"WERE THE ROADS AS HELLISH AS I TOLD YOU?\" \"",
"CLAIRE, MY DAD'S DEAD.\" \"",
"I KNOW.\" \"",
"YOU KNEW?\" \"",
"I DON'T KNOW A LOT ABOUT EVERYTHING,\" \", BUT I DO KNOW A LOT ABOUT THE PART OF EVERYTHING THAT I KNOW\" \"WHICH IS PEOPLE.\" \"",
"AND I THOUGHT I WAS SO MYSTERIOUS.\" \"",
"TRUST ME, EVERYBODY IS LESS MYSTERIOUS THAN THEY THINK THEY ARE.\" \"",
"AND THEY ALL KNOW ME, AND I DON'T KNOW ANY OF THEM\" \"AND I'D NEVER SEEN A DEAD BODY BEFORE.\" \"",
"TO HAVE NEVER TAKEN A SOLITARY ROAD TRIP ACROSS COUNTRY?\" \"",
"I MEAN, EVERYBODY'S GOTTA TAKE\" \"A ROAD TRIP AT LEAST ONCE IN THEIR LIVES.\" \"",
"JUST YOU AND SOME MUSIC.\" \"",
"YOU HAVE NO IDEA OF THE SHEER VOLUME\" \"OF MY COUSIN'S KID WHEN HE CRIES.\" \". ",
"I MEAN, I THINK THERE IS DEFINITELY A HIGHER SPIRIT\" \"BUT I AGREE, WHAT'S LEFT BEHIND FINALLY\" \"ARE THE IMPRESSIONS YOU MADE ON PEOPLE.\" \"[",
"toilet flushing]\" \"MORE IMPORTANT IS TO KNOW WHERE TO GO.\" \"",
"YOU HAVEN'T TRAVELED AT ALL, HAVE YOU?\" \"",
"I JUST RECENTLY DECIDE D THAT THINGS REALLY ARE BLACK AND WHITE.\" \"",
"AND SO, WE ALL BECAME HELPERS.\" \"",
"WHICH I STILL CAN'T HELP.\" \"",
"I CAN'T HELP HELPING.\" \"",
"OK, I'LL DRIVE BACK HOME.\" \"",
"AT LEAST PART OF THE WAY.\" \"",
"I WILL TAKE A ROAD TRIP.\" \"",
"I WAS ACTUALLY GONNA GO WITH MITCH NEXT YEAR.\" \"",
"WHY AM I CALLING HIM MITCH?\" \"",
"I SPEND SO MUCH TIME THINKING ABOUT ALL THE ANSWERS TO THE PROBLEM\" \"THAT I FORGET WHAT THE PROBLEM ACTUALLY WAS.\" \"",
"IF YOU'RE SMART, YOU'LL JUST WEAR YOUR SHOES\" \"AND NEVER ASK ANY QUESTIONS.\" \"",
"JUST ENJOY YOUR FOOTWEAR.\" \"",
"DO YOU EVER JUST THINK, \"I'M FOOLING EVERYBODY\"?\" \"",
"YOU HAVE NO IDEA.\" \"",
"MEN SEE THINGS IN A BOX.\" \"",
"AND WOMEN SEE THEM IN A ROUND ROOM.\" \"",
"LOOK AT THIS.\" \"",
"HE WAS SO YOUNG HERE.\" \"(",
"Drew) WOW.\" \". ",
"MY MOM\" \"NOT THE ONE THEY WANTED HI M TO MARRY.\" \"",
"THEY MET IN AN ELEVATOR.\" \". ",
"I THINK I'VE BEEN ASLEEP MOST OF MY LIFE\" \"ME, TOO.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Come pick me up by Ryan Adams playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"COME PICK ME UP ?\" \"?\" \"",
"TAKE ME OUT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"FUCK ME UP ?\" \"?\" \"",
"STEAL MY RECORDS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"SCREW ALL MY FRIENDS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THEY'RE ALL FULL OF SHIT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WITH A SMILE ON YOUR FACE ?\" \"",
"GOOD LORD!\" \"?\" \"",
"AND THEN DO IT AGAIN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I WISH YOU WOULD ?\" \"",
"DO YOU WANT TO HAVE A BEER OVER THE PHONE?\" \"?\" \"[",
"music playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU SAY WHAT YOU WANT TO JACK ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'M GONNA GET MY BABY BACK ?\" \"?\" \"",
"DOESN'T REALLY MATTER IF ?\" \"",
"CHUCK AND CINDY.\" \"",
"CINDY AND CHUCK.\" \"",
"A-HA!\" \"",
"I AM CURRENTLY STEALING\" \"CHUCK AND CINDY'S WEDDING BEER.\" \"(",
"Chuck) AHEM.\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU SAY WHAT YOU WANT TO JACK ?\" \"",
"YOU'RE A FRIEND OF CHUCK'S, RIGHT?\" \"",
"YES.\" \"",
"NO, YOU'RE NOT.\" \"",
"I'M CHUCK.\" \"",
"OF CHUCK AND CINDY?\" \"",
"IS THAT CHUCK?\" \"",
"IT'S CHUCK.\" \"",
"WHO--WHO ARE YOU?\" \". ",
"DREW BAYLOR.\" \"",
"YOUR NEIGHBOR\" \"OH, YOU--YOU'RE HERE FOR MY WEDDING?\" \"",
"NO.\" \"",
"BUSINESS?\" \"",
"MY DAD DIED.\" \"",
"I'M HERE FOR HIS FUNERAL.\" \"",
"OH.\" \"",
"I'M SORRY.\" \"",
"I CAN'T...\" \"THAT'S HARD.\" \"",
"IT IS HARD, YEAH.\" \". ",
"NO, NO, NO, PLEASE\" \"OH, SHIT!\" \"",
"PLEASE, NO.\" \"",
"NO, NO, CHUCK.\" \"",
"NO, CHUCK.\" \"[",
"sobbing]\" \"CHUCK, PLEASE.\" \"",
"DEATH AND LIFE AND DEATH AND LIFE.\" \"",
"RIGHT NEXT DOOR TO EACH OTHER!\" \"",
"THE--THERE--THERE'S A HAIR BETWEEN THEM.\" \"[",
"bottles clinking]\" \"[Chuck sniffing]\" \"WE'RE HERE FOR THE NEXT 3 DAYS.\" \"",
"IF THERE'S ANYTHING I CAN DO FOR YOU JUST...\" \"HERE... [clearing throat]\" \"CHUCK HASBORO.\" \"",
"HI, CLAIRE.\" \"",
"LOOK, IF THERE'S ANYTHING I CAN DO FOR YOU GUYS, OK?\" \"",
"ANYTHING.\" \"",
"THANK YOU, CHUCK.\" \"",
"I LOVE YOU, CLAIRE.\" \"[",
"sobbing]\" \"OK.\" \"",
"IT'S ALL ABOUT FAMILY, BRO.\" \"",
"THANK YOU, CHUCK.\" \"[",
"bottles clinking]\" \"[Chuck grunting]\" \"FUCK IT!\" \"?\" \"[",
"music playing]\" \"[people chanting]\" \"(Claire) BUT THEY SAY IT WILL HIT YOU.\" \"",
"COULD BE 10 MINUTES OR IT COULD BE 10 YEARS FROM NOW.\" \"",
"SO IT'S GOOD THAT YOU TALK ABOUT IT, OR DON'T TALK ABOUT IT.\" \"",
"WELL, WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT IT, BUT THAT'S WHAT THEY SAY.\" \"",
"THAT'S WHAT THEY SAY, HUH?\" \"",
"YES, THAT'S WHAT THEY SAY.\" \"",
"I'VE ALWAYS WONDERED THIS.\" \"",
"WHO ARE \"THEY\"?\" \"",
"YOU KNOW, \"THEM.\"\" \"\"",
"THEM.\" ",
"MMM-HMM.\" \"",
"THE INIMITABLE COLLECTIVE \"THEM.\"\" \"",
"AND WHO SAYS WE'RE SUPPOSED TO LISTEN TO THEM?\" \"",
"THEY DO!\" \"[",
"water splashing] [giggling] DOESN'T YOUR EAR HURT?\" \"",
"YES, IT DOES.\" \"",
"AND I HAVE TO GET UP IN 2 HOURS AND BE CHARMING.\" \"",
"I'M GOING TO HAWAII.\" \"",
"YOU'LL GET THERE AND HAVE FUN.\" \"",
"I'LL GET THERE AND SLEEP.\" \"",
"IT'S JUST A LITTLE VACATION I TRADED ROUTES FOR... [crickets chirping]\" \"I'LL LET YOU GO.\" \"",
"WAIT.\" \"",
"UM...\" \"WHEN WILL YOU BE BACK?\" \"",
"HELLO?\" \"[",
"crickets chirping]\" \"YOU STILL THERE?\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \". ",
"I'M JUST WONDERING IF THIS WHOLE THING IS BETTER ON THE PHONE\" \"YOU'RE SO MUCH BETTER ON THE PHONE.\" \"",
"MAYBE WE SHOULD NEVER FACE EACH OTHER AGAIN.\" \"[",
"inhaling]\" \"I ENJOYED THIS.\" \"",
"HEY, YOU'RE ONLY 45 MINUTES AWAY.\" \"[",
"Claire laughing]\" \"YOU WANT TO MEET HALFWAY AND SEE THE SUNRISE?\" \"",
"AT THIS POINT, IT'S PROBABLY EASIER TO STAY UP.\" \"",
"YOU THINK SO?\" \"",
"I THINK THAT'S WHAT THEY SAY.\" \"[",
"Claire giggles]\" \"HEY, YOU STILL WITH ME?\" \"[",
"yawning] YEAH, I'M STILL HERE.\" \"",
"YEAH, I'M STILL HERE.\" \"",
"TAKE EXIT 43.\" \"",
"OK.\" \"",
"I SEE YOUR HEADLIGHTS.\" \"",
"I SEE YOUR RED HAT.\" \"",
"THERE YOU ARE.\" \"",
"HELLO.\" \"",
"HEY.\" \"[",
"birds twittering]\" \"SHOULD WE HANG UP NOW?\" \"[",
"phones click]\" \"FOLLOW ME.\" \"",
"WE PEAKED ON THE PHONE . ",
"YEAH, I'M A LITTLE TIRED.\" \"",
"YEAH, ME TOO.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Learning to fly by Tom Petty theHeartbreakersplaying]\" \"LAST LOOKS.\" \"?\" \"",
"WELL I STARTED OUT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"DOWN A DIRTY ROAD ?\" \"(",
"Drew) HAVE FUN IN HAWAII.\" \"?\" \"",
"STARTED OUT ?\" \"(",
"Drew) THERE'S ONE RIGHT NOW.\" \"",
"ALOHA.\" \"?\" \"",
"ALL ALONE ?\" \"",
"ALOHA.\" \"?\" \"",
"AND THE SUN WENT DOWN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AS I CROSSED THE HILL ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND THE TOWN LIT UP ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THE WORLD GOT STILL ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'M LEARNING TO FLY ?\" \"",
"YOU WILL NOT DEFEAT ME.\" \"?\" \"",
"BUT I AIN'T GOT WINGS ?\" \"[",
"grunting]\" \"?\" \"",
"COMING DOWN ?\" \"[",
"screaming]\" \"?\" \"(",
"Heather) WHAT ARE YOU DOING\" \"?\" \"",
"IS THE HARDEST THING ?\" \"(",
"Drew) MOM, ARE YOU SURE?\" \"",
"ARE YOU SURE ABOUT THE...\" \"ARE YOU SURE ABOUT THE CREMATION?\" \"",
"HONEY, I DON'T KNOW WHEN I'M GOING TO CRASH,\" \"BUT AS OF RIGHT NOW, UH, WE ARE LEARNING ABOUT THE CAR\" \"AND I'M\" \" I'M LEARNING ORGANIC COOKING, I'M GONNA TAP DANCE\" \"AND LATER ON TODAY, I AM GOING TO FIX THE TOILET.\" \"",
"IT IS 5 MINUTES AT A TIME.\" \"",
"DO YOU ALL KNOW ABOUT, UH, OUT IN CALIFORNIA,\" \"HOW MANY PEOPLE THEY CREMATE OUT THERE?\" \"",
"NO.\" \"",
"HOW MANY?\" \"",
"80%, I READ.\" \"",
"GET OUT!\" \"",
"I'M NOT KIDDIN' YOU.\" \"",
"MOM, I THINK YOU NEED TO SLOW DOWN.\" \"",
"LOOK, EVERYBODY TELLS ME THAT I SHOULD TAKE SEDATIVES,\" \"BUT, HEY, I AM OUT HERE AND I'M MAKING THINGS HAPPEN.\" \"",
"ALL FORWARD MOTION COUNTS.\" \"",
"UH, SWEETHEART, WHEN ARE YOU COMING BACK?\" \"",
"THERE'S A MEMORIAL THIS SATURDAY.\" \"",
"OK.\" \"",
"AND WHO'S THERE, UM, HELPING YOU PLAN ALL OF THIS, SWEETHEART?\" \"",
"UNCLE DALE AND, UH, BILL BANYON.\" \"[",
"people chattering]\" \"BILL BANYON IS THERE?\" \"",
"BILL BANYON?\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \"",
"HE IS A CON MAN.\" \"",
"HE SWINDLED YOUR FATHER OUT OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS.\" \"",
"17 YEARS AGO, HE DID SOMETHING\" \"WHICH ALMOST RUINED THIS FAMILY TO ITS VERY CORE.\" \"",
"MOTHER...\" \"WRAPPING HIMSELF IN THE NOBILITY OF YOUR FATHER'S MEMORY.\" \"",
"ARE YOU-- BOY, HE'S GETTIN' AN EARFUL.\" \"",
"BOY, I'LL TELL YOU.\" \"",
"MOTHER!\" \"",
"LISTEN!\" \"",
"FOCUS!\" \"",
"BEWARE.\" \"",
"I KNOW IT'S ALL VERY CHARMING WITH THE PICKLED THINGS IN JARS\" \"E AND THE SOUTHERN CHARM AND THE HAMS THAT HANG IN THE GARAG\" \"UNTIL THEY'RE SO COVERED WITH MOLD\" \"YOU COULD GROW PENICILLIN ON THEM\" \"ARE YOU SURE ABOUT THE CREMATION?\" \"",
"IF BILL BANYON IS THERE, DEFINITELY CREMATION!\" \". ",
"AND YOU--YOU TELL BILL BANYON, I'LL BE THERE [on cellphone] ?\" \"",
"I CAN TURN A GRAY SKY-- ?\" \"",
"HELLO.\" \"",
"ALOHA.\" \"",
"I TALKED TO MY FRIEND, KENDRA\" \"WHO, UH, HAD A GIRLFRIEND WITH A KID\" \"WHO IS EXCEEDINGLY LOU D LIKE SAMSON\" \"AND SHE'S GIVEN ME A VIDEOTAPE THAT WORKS ABSOLUTE MIRACLES.\" \"",
"HEY, THANKS, CLAIRE.\" \"",
"WHAT, YOU'RE ALREADY TIRED OF ME?\" \"",
"I JUST HAVEN'T SLEPT.\" \"",
"I'M SORRY.\" \"",
"HOW'S HAWAII?\" \"",
"WELL, I'M CHECKING OUT THIS CUTE GUY.\" \"",
"WHY ARE YOU TELLING ME THAT?\" \"[",
"balloon bursting]\" \"HOW COULD I LEAVE YOU IN DISTRESS?\" \"",
"I'M TAKING YOU OUT.\" \"",
"COME ON.\" \"",
"I THOUGHT YOU WERE IN HAWAII . ",
"WHAT'S THIS?\" \"\"",
"WHEN CREMATION IS YOUR PREFERENCE.\"\" \"(",
"concierge) I JUST GOT SOME BROCHURES I WANT YOU ALL TO LOOK AT.\" \"",
"AND THESE ARE SOME CHOICE OF URNS\" \"AVAILABLE HERE AT THE CAVE HILL CEMETERY.\" \"",
"YOU CAN TAKE THEM HOME AND\" \"?\" \"[",
"Summerlong by Kathleen Edwards playing]\" \"YOU CAN LOOK AT THOSE BROCHURES AND... ?\" \"",
"I KNOW HOW TO PLAY THIS GAME ?\" \"",
"Y'ALL CAN LOOK AT THOSE, TAKE THOSE HOME WITH YOU.\" \"?\" \"",
"1, 2, 3 AND I'M SAFE ?\" \"",
"WHATEVER MAKES YOU HAPPY.\" \"?\" \"",
"COUNT REAL SLOW TO 5 ?\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU COULDN'T KEEP ME AROUND IF YOU TRIED ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I KNOW HOW TO BEAT THE RAGE ?\" \"(",
"Drew) WE ARE SHOPPING FOR AN URN.\" \"?\" \"",
"AT MY TENDER AGE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"TOUCH ME ONCE IN THE HALL ?\" \"?\" \"",
"BUT DON'T LOOK BACK AND DON'T CALL ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THERE ARE SOME THINGS I CAN HARDLY SAY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU'VE GOT ME FEELING A BRAND NEW WAY ?\" \"",
"AND YOU CAN PICK THIS UP TOMORROW IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE PROCEDURE.\" \"?\" \"",
"PLEASE DON'T LET THIS BE SUMMERLONG ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND I USED TO PLAY THIS GAME ?\" \"(",
"Claire) THE JIM MORRISON OF KENTUCKY.\" \"?\" \"",
"IN THE MIDDLE LANE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"PASS THEM ALL ON THE INSIDE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND DON'T GET CAUGHT IN A LIE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THERE ARE SOME THINGS I CAN HARDLY SAY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU'VE GOT ME FEELING A BRAND NEW WAY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"PLEASE DON'T LET THIS BE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"SUMMERLONG ?\" \"[",
"shrieking]\" \"[whooping]\" \"OH, GOD!\" \"",
"YOU'RE KIND OF GREAT, CLAIRE.\" \"",
"YOU DO KNOW THAT.\" \"",
"SORT OF AMAZING, EVEN.\" \"",
"OH, COME ON!\" \"",
"I DON'T NEED AN ICE CREAM CONE.\" \"",
"IT'S NOT AN ICE CREAM CONE.\" \"",
"WHAT'S AN ICE CREAM CONE?\" \"",
"YOU KNOW.\" \"\"",
"HERE'S A LITTLE SOMETHING TO MAKE YOU HAPPY.\" \"",
"SOMETHING SWEET THAT MELTS IN 5 MINUTES.\"\" \". ",
"I'M COMPLETELY COOL WITH ANYTHING YOU WANT TO SAY OR NOT SAY\" \"I DON'T NEED IT.\" \"",
"BESIDES, BEN IS COMING IN TOMORROW.\" \"",
"DO YOU WANT TO HEA R MY THEORY?\" \"",
"OF COURSE.\" \"",
"YOU AND I HAVE A SPECIAL TALENT, AND I SAW IT IMMEDIATELY.\" \"",
"TELL ME.\" \"",
"WE'RE THE SUBSTITUTE PEOPLE.\" \"",
"THE SUBSTITUTE PEOPLE.\" \"",
"I'VE BEEN THE SUBSTITUTE PERSON MY WHOLE LIFE.\" \"",
"I'M NOT AN ELLEN.\" \"",
"I NEVER WANTED TO BE AN ELLEN.\" \"",
"AND I'M NOT A CINDY, EITHER.\" \"",
"ALTHOUGH CHUCKS LOVE ME.\" \"",
"I'M SURE THEY DO.\" \"",
"I LIKE BEING ALONE TOO MUCH.\" \"",
"I MEAN, I'M WITH A GUY WHO'S MARRIED TO HIS ACADEMIC CAREER.\" \"",
"I RARELY SEE HIM.\" \"",
"AND I'M THE SUBSTITUTE PERSON THERE.\" \"",
"I LIKE IT THAT WAY.\" \"",
"IT'S A LOT LESS PRESSURE.\" \"",
"HERE.\" \"",
"PLAY THIS FOR THE LOUDEST KID IN THE WORLD.\" \"",
"I'M NOT USED TO GIRLS LIKE YOU.\" \"",
"THAT'S BECAUSE I'M ONE OF A KIND.\" \"",
"YOU DON'T HAVE TO MAKE A JOKE.\" \"",
"I LIKE YOU WITHOUT THE JOKES.\" \"[",
"crickets chirping]\" \"GET SOME SLEEP.\" \"",
"I HAVE A PERSONNEL INTERVIEW TOMORROW MORNING\" \"AND IF I GET TRANSFERRED, BEN WILL DIE.\" \"[",
"sighing]\" \"[exhaling]\" \"[tapping]\" \"[chuckling]\" \"DIDN'T IT JUST FEEL BETTER\" \"THAT WE JUST DIDN'T DO SOMETHING IMPULSIVE?\" \"",
"I MEAN...\" \"YES.\" \"",
"HEY.\" \"",
"NOW WE ACTUALLY HAVE A SHOT AT BEING FRIENDS\" \"FOR THE REST OF OUR LIVES.\" \"",
"THE REST OF OUR LIVES.\" \"",
"HMM... [children yelling]\" \"OK, NOW FOR THE CELEBRATION PROPER, WE GOT THE MILITARY BANDS,\" \"THE RIGHT MIX OF 7 SPEAKERS, NO CRYBABIES\" \"IT'S OFFICIAL.\" \"",
"PAUL, DOUG AND RICK ARE FLYING IN FROM FLORIDA.\" \"",
"RUCKUS WILL REUNITE FOR THIS ONE EVENING.\" \"",
"AHEM.\" \"(",
"Bill) HOW WE DOING ON BALLOONS?\" \"(",
"Dale) I SENT TO BALLOON CITY, I GOT A BUNCH OF THEM.\" \"",
"AND, DREW, MY CASKET DID COME IN FROM LEXINGTON\" \"AND I GOT TO TELL YOU, IT'S QUITE BEAUTIFUL.\" \"",
"LOOK, DREW, I AM GETTING THE QUESTION CONSTANTLY, OK?\" \"",
"WHY ISN'T HE BURIED IN ELIZABETHTOWN?\" \"",
"IT'S NOT AN INSULT TO ANYBODY HERE.\" \"",
"WELL, IS THERE SUCH A THING AS PARTIAL CREMATION?\" \"(",
"Dora) UGH!\" \"",
"BILL BANYON, HOW CAN YOU EVEN SAY SUCH A THING?\" \". ",
"I KNOW YOU ALL LOVE MY DAD\" \"YOU CAN'T DISMISS MY MOTHER'S WISHES.\" \"",
"AND WE'RE NOT FROM CALIFORNIA.\" \"",
"JESSIE, CAN YOU DO SOMETHIN' ABOUT YOUR SON?\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT.\" \"",
"A COUPLE OF GOOD ASS-KICKINGS MIGHT BE IN LINE.\" \"",
"I THINK WHAT CHARLES DEAN WANTS TO SAY\" \"I KNOW WHAT HE'S SAYING.\" \"[",
"children screaming]\" \"YOU ALL HAVE DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF HIM THAT YOU LOVE A LOT.\" \"",
"THIS IS OURS.\" \"",
"MY FAMILY'S RECORD OF THE LAST THING HE SAID ON THE SUBJECT.\" \"",
"THAT'S THE PLAN.\" \"",
"THAT IS THE WAY IT'S GOING TO BE, GUYS.\" \"",
"SPRINKLED AT SEA!\" \"",
"SAMSON...\" \"AND THAT'S THE DECISIO N FROM CALIFORNIA.\" \"",
"SHIT.\" \"",
"OREGON.\" \"[",
"all laughing]\" \"WE REALLY ARE FROM OREGON.\" \"(",
"Dora) DON'T MAKE ME COME SPANK YOU.\" \"",
"LEAVE HIM ALONE!\" \"",
"JESSIE, I HAVE SOMETHING FOR YOU.\" \". ",
"SAMSON.\" \"",
"SAMSON, WE'RE GONNA WATCH THIS\" \"ONE SECOND.\" \"[",
"screeching] [door slamming]\" \"HI.\" \"",
"MY NAME'S RUSTY.\" \"",
"I HELPED BUILD THIS HOUSE A LONG TIME AGO.\" \"",
"BUT WOOD-EATING INSECTS CALLED TERMITES\" \"HAVE COMPROMISED THE INTEGRITY OF THIS ONCE FINE STRUCTURE.\" \"",
"WHAT'S THAT SOUND?\" \"",
"SO TODAY, I'M GONNA BLOW IT UP.\" \"",
"SILENCE.\" \"",
"NOW,\" \"IF I BLOW THIS HOUSE UP,\" \"WILL YOU PROMISE TO BEHAVE AND MIND YOUR MOMMY AND DADDY?\" \"(",
"all) YES!\" \"",
"YES.\" \"",
"YES.\" \"(",
"all) YES.\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \"",
"YEAH.\" \"(",
"all) YES.\" \"",
"GOOD.\" \"",
"LET'S BLOW IT UP.\" \"[",
"exhaling]\" \"JOE, WE READY TO GO?\" \"(",
"Joe) YEAH, RUSTY, LIGHT IT UP.\" \"",
"FIRE IN THE HOLE!\" \"",
"3... 2... 1.\" \"[",
"explosion]\" \"[whooping]\" \"NOW, LET'S BUILD A NEW HOUSE.\" \"",
"THANK YOU FOR TAKING AN INTEREST IN JESSIE.\" \"[",
"cicadas chirping]\" \"FEELS GOOD, DOESN'T IT?\" \"",
"IT'S LIKE MITCH IS HERE.\" \"",
"I CAN SEE MITCH RIGHT NOW, SO PROUD\" \"IN THAT BLUE SUIT.\" \"",
"MMM-HMM.\" \"",
"CAN'T YOU?\" \"[",
"clicking]\" \"[water running]\" \"[tires screeching]\" \"STOP THE CREMATION!\" \"[",
"banging on door]\" \"!\" \"",
"STOP THE CREMATION\" \"!\" \"",
"STOP THE CREMATION\" \"(concierge) WHAT THE HELL'S GOING ON, MAN?\" \"",
"HOLD ON.\" \"",
"WAIT RIGHT HERE.\" \"[",
"panting]\" \"[footsteps approaching]\" \"I'M SORRY.\" \"",
"HERE'S YOUR DAD, MAN.\" \"[",
"trunk slamming]\" \"[clicking]\" \"[people chattering]\" \"[man laughing]\" \"[chattering]\" \"I AGREE WITH HER.\" \". ",
"IT TAKES A YEAR AND A HALF TO PLAN A WEDDING PROPERLY\" \"(Cindy) IT DOES...\" \"ARE YOU SERIOUS?\" \"",
"YES.\" \"",
"THIS IS CLAIRE.\" \"",
"I FEEL LIKE I'VE KNOWN HER MY WHOLE LIFE.\" \"",
"HE WAS AT MY DOOR LAST NIGHT YELLING, \"CINDY , CINDY, YOU GET OUT HERE.\"\" \"",
"AND I WAS LIKE, \"CHUCK, NOT TONIGHT!\" \"",
"NOT UNTIL WE GET MARRIED...\"\" \"[chattering]\" \"IS THAT...\" \"HEY, MITCH.\" \"",
"SO, WHAT HAPPENED TO BEN?\" \"[",
"groaning]\" \"THERE WAS A STORM IN GEORGIA.\" \"",
"THEY GROUNDED ALL THE PLANES.\" \"",
"AND HE DOESN'T LIKE TO FLY.\" \"",
"AND--AND NOW THEY WANT HIM TO SPEAK AT SOME TRUSTEES EVENT\" \"AND TROT OUT SOME BIG IDEAS.\" \"",
"CLAIRE, I WANT TO SEE YOU\" \"ON THE TOUR OF MAKER'S MARK TOMORROW AT 10:00 A.M. SHARP.\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT?\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT.\" \"",
"I LOVE THIS GIRL!\" \"",
"I LOVE THIS GIRL!\" \"[",
"whooping]\" \". ",
"YOU LOOK GREAT\" \"OH, I'M A MESS.\" \"",
"YOU'RE CRAZY, CLAIRE.\" \"",
"YOU LOOK AMAZING.\" \"",
"THANK YOU.\" \"",
"AND THIS DRESS...\" \"DID WELL ON THE PERSONNEL INTERVIEW, THOUGH.\" \"",
"RIGHT.\" \"",
"THE INTERVIEW.\" \"",
"I FORGOT.\" \"",
"I KNOW.\" \"",
"I'M IMPOSSIBLE TO FORGET, BUT I'M HARD TO REMEMBER.\" \"",
"DREW!\" \"",
"LOVIN' LIFE, LOVIN' YOU.\" \"",
"HEY, MISSED YOU AT THE REHEARSAL DINNER.\" \"[",
"all cheering]\" \"(all) CHUCK, CHUCK, CHUCK!\" \"",
"CLAIRE ?\" \"",
"YEAH?\" \"",
"LET'S SHOW MITCH THE SITE OF HIS MEMORIAL.\" \"?\" \"[",
"music playing]\" \"\"CHUCK AND CINDY, THE WEDDING!\"\" \"",
"HERE YOU GO, DAD.\" \"[",
"giggling]\" \"WELCOME TO THE ANNUAL MEETING OF PEOPLE WHO...\" \"ANNUALLY MEET!\" \"[",
"Drew clapping]\" \"AND WE'LL SEE YOU ALL AGAIN NEXT YEAR.\" \"",
"VERY NICE.\" \"",
"COME ON.\" \"",
"I'M JUST GOING TO SAY RIGHT NOW WHAT WE'RE NOT SAYING\" \"AND LET THE CHIPS FALL, LET THE CHIPS FALL,\" \"LET THE CHIPS FALL WHERE THEY MAY.\" \"",
"YES, I MAY BE EMBARRASSING MYSELF, BUT I'M JUST GOING TO SAY IT.\" \"",
"I LIKE YOU!\" \"",
"WHAT?\" \"",
"I THINK YOU SHOULD EAT SOMETHING.\" \"[",
"laughing]\" \"I'VE BEEN STARVING MYSELF ALL WEEK LONG!\" \"",
"FOR BEN.\" \"",
"MAN, I'M GONNA EAT.\" \"",
"WE'LL EAT IN MY ROOM.\" \"",
"OH, ROOM SERVICE?\" \"",
"I WANT CHEESE AND CHEESE-RELATED THINGS.\" \"",
"NO, EGGS AND FRIES.\" \"",
"WITH CHEESE ON EVERYTHING.\" \"",
"CHEESE IT IS.\" \"",
"CHEESE AND COCA-COLA.\" \"",
"AND DON'T WORRY.\" \"",
"BECAUSE AS GREAT AS YOU LOOK TONIGHT, YOU ARE SAFE WITH ME.\" \"",
"OF COURSE, IT'S SAFE.\" \"",
"IT'S A FULL MOON.\" \"",
"I LOOK GOOD.\" \"",
"YOU DO LOOK GOOD.\" \"",
"I'M WEARING THESE CLOTHES.\" \"",
"I MEAN...\" \"HAVE YOU EVER HAD UNLUCKY CLOTHES?\" \"",
"THIS DRESS THAT YOU LIKE?\" \"",
"GOOD THINGS HAVE NOT HAPPENED TO ME IN THIS DRESS.\" \"",
"BUT I SAW IT TONIGHT AND I SAID:\" \"\"I'M GONNA GIVE YOU ONE MORE CHANCE.\"\" \"",
"AND I REFUSE TO BE LET DOWN BY THIS DRESS AGAIN.\" \"",
"WELL, ANYWAY, FORGET ALL THAT.\" \"",
"YOU'RE HERE, AND WE'RE TOGETHER,\" \"AND IT'S A GET-OUT-OF-JAIL-FREE CARD.\" \"",
"IT'S ALMOST MIDNIGHT.\" \"",
"LIFE CANNOT BE SO CRUEL THAT WE DON'T DESERVE TO BE TOGETHER\" \"TO EAT.\" \"[",
"sighing]\" \"HI, CHUCK.\" \"",
"HEY, CINDY.\" \"[",
"kissing] [giggling]\" \"WAIT.\" \"",
"WHERE'S MITCH?\" \". ",
"I LEFT HIM IN THE BALLROOM\" \"I'M SORRY BEN MISSED THE FLIGHT.\" \"",
"HE FORGOT?\" \"",
"NO STORM IN GEORGIA.\" \"",
"NO TRUSTEES.\" \"",
"NO BIG IDEAS.\" \"",
"WHAT A FUCKING JERK.\" \"",
"HE'S NOT A JERK.\" \"",
"HE'S A BRILLIANT MAN WHO GIVES HIMSELF PERMISSION TO BE PREOCCUPIED.\" \"",
"COME ON.\" \"",
"YOU KNOW, THERE IS NOTHING GREATER THAN DECIDING IN YOUR LIFE\" \"!\" \"",
"THAT THINGS MAYBE REALLY ARE BLACK AND WHITE\" \"AND THIS GUY, BEN, WHO CLEARLY TAKES YOU FOR GRANTED,\" \"WHO SERIALLY TAKES ADVANTAGE OF YOU , IS BAD!\" \"",
"AND WHAT I AM SAYING IS GOOD.\" \"",
"SEE WHAT I MEAN?\" \"",
"YOU SHOULDN'T BE THE SUBSTITUTE FOR ANYBODY.\" \"",
"THIS GUY SHOULD BE RIGHT HERE, RIGHT NOW, DOING THIS.\" \"",
"MAYBE SO.\" \"",
"HE'S LUCKY I'M NOT THE RIGHT PERSON FOR YOU.\" \"",
"I KNOW WHY IT'S NOT YOU, BUT JUST TELL ME SO...\" \"I CAN SEE IT FROM YOUR PERSPECTIVE.\" \"",
"SEE, I KNOW WHAT YOU DESERVE.\" \"",
"WHAT DO I DESERVE?\" \"",
"YOU DESERVE...\" \"YOU DESERVE...\" \"YOU DESERVE...\" \"A GUY WHO SAYS:\" \"\"I CAN'T IMAGINE A WORLD WITHOUT YOU.\" \"\"",
"WE WILL START A WINERY WHEN WE ARE 70.\" \"\"",
"WE WILL SNOWBOARD EVERY DECEMBER, AND ONE YEAR TAKE OUR KIDS.\" \"\"",
"AND WE WILL ALWAYS HAVE THE TWIN RED LEXUSES\" \"WITH THE LICENSE PLATES READING: 'CHUCK AND CINDY.'\"\" \"",
"YOU DESERVE ALL THIS AND MORE.\" \"",
"IT'S NOT YOU, I KNOW.\" \"",
"PLEASE DON'T TAKE THIS AS REJECTION.\" \"",
"I REALLY DON'T.\" \"[cutlery clinking]\" \"[Claire giggling]\" \"(Drew) BEN'S VERY LUCKY.\" \"",
"ALL WE DID WAS KISS.\" \"",
"E (Claire) MOST OF THE SEX I'VE HAD IN MY LIF\" \"WAS NOT AS PERSONA L AS THAT KISS.\" \"",
"usic playing on T.V.]\" \"[Claire grunting]\" \"I'M PUTTING ON MY SHOES NOW.\" \"] [",
"stomping feet\" \"OOPS.\" \"",
"EXCUSE ME.\" \"",
"SORRY.\" \"] [",
"keys jingling\" \"[thudding]\" \"HMM?\" \"",
"I'M WALKING OUT THE DOOR\" \"IN LAST NIGHT'S CLOTHES.\" \"\"",
"HEY, CLAIRE.\" \"",
"DON'T LEAVE.\" \"",
"STAY.\" \"",
"LET'S HAVE BREAKFAST.\"\" \"",
"I WILL MISS YOUR LIPS AND EVERYTHING ATTACHED TO THEM.\" \"",
"SEE YOU, MITCH.\" \"[",
"elevator bell dinging] [all cheering]\" \"(Cindy) CLAIRE, YOU SLUT!\" \"",
"CLAIRE!\" \"",
"SWEAR TO GOD!\" \"",
"CLAIRE!\" \"[",
"all yelling]\" \"(Drew) HEY!\" \"",
"HEY!\" \"",
"WAIT UP!\" \"[",
"sighing]\" \"JUST TELL ME YOU LOVE ME AND GET IT OVER WITH.\" \"",
"CLAIRE, I'M JUST GOING TO SAY THIS BECAUSE YOU DESERVE IT.\" \"",
"IT'S NOT EASY FOR ME, BUT HERE GOES.\" \"",
"4 DAYS AGO,\" \"I LOST A MAJOR AMERICAN SHOE COMPANY... !\" \"",
"FRANKLY, YOU COULD ROUND IT OFF TO ONE BILLION DOLLARS\" \"AND BY TOMORROW AFTERNOON, EVERYONE WILL KNOW.\" \"",
"SOMETHING'S GONNA BE PUBLISHED THAT PINPOINTS ME AS THE MOST\" \"SPECTACULAR FAILUR E IN THE HISTORY OF MY PROFESSION\" \"WHICH IS ALL I KNO W HOW TO DO.\" \"",
"AND I'VE BEEN HERE THIS WHOLE TIME\" \"TRYING TO BE RESPONSIBLE AND CHARMING\" \"S AND LIVE UP TO THIS SUCCES\" \". ",
"THAT DOESN'T EXIST\" \"ALL I REALLY WANT\" \"IS TO NOT BE HERE.\" \"",
"I'M SORRY.\" \"",
"I HAVE A VERY DARK APPOINTMENT WITH DESTINY.\" \"",
"THAT'S MY SECRET.\" \"",
"THAT'S WHO I AM.\" \"",
"THAT'S IT?\" \"",
"YES, THAT'S IT.\" \"",
"I'M SORRY.\" \"",
"I'M SORRY.\" \"[",
"sighing] I GUESS I--I JUST THOUGHT A SMALL PART OF YOU\" \"MIGHT BE A SMALL BIT SAD TO SEE ME GO.\" \"",
"BUT I GUESS THIS IS ALL MOSTLY ABOUT A SHOE.\" \"",
"OF COURSE, I'M SAD ABOUT YOU.\" \"",
"BUT THIS IS JUST A LITTLE BIT BIGGE R THAN YOU AND ME!\" \"",
"AND BY THE WAY, I DIDN'T SAY MILLION.\" \"",
"I SAID BILLION!\" \"",
"A BILLION DOLLARS!\" \"",
"THAT'S A LOT OF MILLION!\" \"",
"SO, YOU FAILED.\" \"",
"NO, YOU DON'T GET IT.\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT, YOU REALLY FAILED.\" \"",
"YOU FAILED, YOU FAILED, YOU FAILED.\" \"",
"YOU FAILED, YOU FAILED.\" \"",
"YOU FAILED...\" \"YOU FAILED, YOU FAILED, YOU FAILED, YOU FAILED, YOU...\" \"YOU THINK I CARE ABOUT THAT?\" \"",
"I DO UNDERSTAND.\" \"",
"YOU'RE AN ARTIST, MAN.\" \". ",
"YOUR JOB IS TO BREAK THROUGH BARRIERS\" \"NOT ACCEPT BLAME AND BOW AND SAY:\" \"\"THANK YOU, I'M A LOSER, I'LL GO AWAY NOW.\"\" \"\"",
"OH, PHIL'S MEAN TO ME.\" ",
"WAH, WAH, WAH.\" \"",
"SO WHAT?\" \"",
"I DON'T CRY.\" \"",
"YOU WANT TO BE REALLY GREAT?\" \"",
"THEN HAVE THE COURAGE TO FAIL BIG AND STICK AROUND.\" \"",
"MAKE THEM WONDER WHY YOU'RE STILL SMILIN'.\" \"",
"THAT'S TRUE GREATNESS TO ME.\" \"",
"BUT...\" \"DON'T LISTEN TO ME, I'M A CLAIRE.\" \"",
"WELL, THANK YOU, CLAIRE.\" \"",
"YOU'RE WELCOME.\" \"?\" \"",
"NOW WOULD YOU QUIT TRYING TO BREAK UP WITH ME\" \"YOU'RE ALWAYS TRYING TO BREAK UP WITH ME\" \"AND WE'RE NOT EVEN TOGETHER.\" \"",
"I KNOW.\" \"",
"WAIT.\" \"",
"WE'RE NOT?\" \"",
"OF COURSE NOT.\" \"",
"WE'RE THE SUBSTITUTE PEOPLE, REMEMBER?\" \"",
"I'LL SEE YOU AT MITCH'S MEMORIAL, IF I CAN MAKE IT.\" \"[",
"car engine starting]\" \"[chattering]\" \"?\" \"[",
"music playing] [cutlery clinking]\" \", ALL RIGHT, WHEN I GIVE YOU THE SIGNAL\" \"PULL THE PULLEY SLOWLY ACROSS.\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT, SLOW AND SOULFUL.\" \"",
"WILL DO.\" \"",
"SLOW AND SOULFUL.\" \"",
"SHE CAME!\" \"(",
"man) THAT IS HER.\" \". ",
"THAT IS HER.\" \"",
"THAT'S HOLLIE\" \"HOLLIE!\" \". (",
"Dale) HOLLIE\" \"IT'S REALLY GOOD TO SEE YOU.\" \"",
"YOU LOOK MORE BEAUTIFU L THAN EVER.\" \"",
"THANK YOU.\" \"",
"MITCH WROTE LETTERS.\" \"",
"NEVER ONCE SENT AN E-MAIL.\" \"",
"HE WAS ALWAYS THERE FOR ME.\" \"",
"WHERE ARE YOU, MITCH?\" \"",
"AND I LOVED HIM.\" \"",
"AND Y'ALL KNOW THAT.\" \"",
"I LOVED HIM!\" \"",
"EVEN THOUGH HE MOVED TO CALIFORNIA... [sighing]\" \"GOD LOVE HIM, HE ALWAYS CAME BACK TO HIS ROOTS.\" \"",
"AND I WILL MISS HIS LAUGH.\" \"",
"I DON'T HAVE ANYTHING FUNN Y TO SAY.\" \"",
"AND I DON'T HAVE A FUNNY STORY TO TELL.\" \"",
"I WILL TELL YOU, IT WASN'T EASY FOR MITCH TO LEAVE THE MILITARY\" \"AND START OVER AGAIN IN CALIFORNIA.\" \"[",
"people chattering]\" \"AND I APOLOGIZE, PER SE, FOR MY ROLE IN THAT DEAL, PER SE.\" \"",
"AND TO ALL OF YOU WHO PUT THIS EVENING TOGETHER\" \"IT HAS GONE BEAUTIFULLY, AND THANK YOU.\" \"",
"LENA, IT HASN'T HIT HIM YET.\" \"",
"OH, IT WILL.\" \"",
"IT WILL.\" \"",
"LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,\" \"HOLLIE BAYLOR.\" \"",
"I WANT YOU TO STAY AWAKE FOR THIS, ALL RIGHT?\" \"[",
"all muttering]\" \"I'M A LITTLE NERVOUS.\" \"",
"BUT HERE WE ARE.\" \"",
"IT'S BEEN A WHILE.\" \"",
"UH...\" \"THERE WAS THIS SHORTHAND OF A LONG MARRIAGE.\" \"",
"WE WERE COMPLETE OPPOSITES, AND IT WORKED.\" \"",
"UM...\" \"THE PLAN WAS TO SEND\" \"MY SON TO REPRESENT THE FAMILY.\" \"",
"I WAS TERRIFIED THAT YOU WOULD LOOK AT ME AND SEE\" \"THAT WOMAN FROM CALIFORNIA WHO TOOK HIM AWAY.\" \"",
"EVEN THOUGH WE ONLY LIVED IN CALIFORNIA AS A FAMILY\" \"FOR 18 MONTHS, 27 YEARS AGO,\" \"I ALWAYS...\" \"FELT IT.\" \"",
"ALL BECAUSE I WAS STANDING IN AN ELEVATOR IN TOKYO\" \"AND THIS HANDSOME CAPTAIN WALKED IN AND...\" \"ON HIS WAY HOME TO ELIZABETHTOWN.\" \"",
"AND HE WAS ENGAGED.\" \"",
"AND SO WAS I.\" \"!\" \"",
"AND SOMEHOW I HIJACKED HIM AND TOOK HIM TO DISNEYLAND\" \"BUT...\" \"SOMETHING HAPPENED BETWEEN US\" \"THAT WAS NOT PART OF THE PLAN.\" \"",
"WE WERE IN LOVE.\" \"[",
"microphone feedback]\" \"LET ME TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT LIFE WITHOUT MITCH.\" \"",
"I, UH, WANTED TO GET TO KNOW ABOUT MITCH'S CAR\" \"AND IT ACTUALLY ATE ME.\" \"",
"I WENT TO THE BANK AND THE TELLER LOOKED AT ME STRANGELY\" \"AND I GOT HOME AND I LOOKED AT MYSELF IN THE MIRROR\" \"AND MY FACE WAS STILL GREEN FROM A FACIAL MASK\" \"THAT I HAD FORGOTTEN TO TAKE OFF.\" \"",
"AND I CALLED OUR INSURANCE MAN OF 30 YEARS\" \"WHOSE SON MITCH HAD ACTUALLY HELPED TO GET INTO WEST POINT\" \"TO TELL HIM THAT MITCH WAS GONE.\" \"",
"HE DIDN'T CALL ME BACK FOR 2 DAYS.\" \"",
"HUH?\" \"",
"THE CAR, THE BANK, THE, UH, INSURANCE MAN, THE WORLD.\" \"",
"I MEAN, NOBODY TRULY CARED.\" \"",
"NOT LIKE US.\" \"[",
"all murmuring]\" \"I ALWAYS WANTED TO LEARN TO TAP DANCE\" \"SO I TOOK TAP DANCE LESSONS.\" \"[",
"woman chuckling] AND I WANTED TO LEARN-- YEAH, I DID.\" \"",
"AND I WANTED TO LEARN TO COOK ORGANICALLY\" \"AND SO I ATTEMPTED THAT.\" \"",
"AND, UH...\" \"I, UH, I FIXED THE TOILET.\" \"[",
"laughing]\" \". ",
"YEP, ALL BY MYSELF [people applauding]\" \"AND I WANTED TO LEARN TO LAUGH.\" \"",
"WHY COULDN'T I BE FUNNIER WHEN MITCH WAS ALIVE?\" \"",
"BUT YOU KNOW, I FIGURED IT OUT.\" \"",
"IT TAKES TIME TO BE FUNNY\" \"AND IT TAKES TIME TO EXTRACT JOY FROM LIFE.\" \"",
"SO I ENROLLED IN COMEDY SCHOOL.\" \"[",
"people laughing]\" \"YEAH, I DID.\" \"",
"I KNOW, I KNOW.\" \"",
"I WAS THE OLDEST ONE IN THE CLASS.\" \"",
"THANK YOU.\" \"",
"AND, UH,\" \"WE WERE TOLD TO, UM, TELL A STORY.\" \"",
"SOMETHING TRUE, SOMETHING THAT REALLY HAPPENED TO US.\" \"",
"SO I GOT UP THERE AND I TALKED ABOUT MY HUSBAND\" \"AND THE LOVE HE LEFT BEHIND.\" \"",
"A FEW DAYS AFTER MITCH DIED,\" \"I WAS WALKING THROUGH THE YARD AND I SAW OUR NEIGHBOR,\" \"WHO WAS A VERY GOOD FRIEND OF MITCH'S, BOB.\" \"",
"AND HE SAW ME COMING THROUGH THE GATE\" \"AND, UM,\" \"HE SAID, \"I AM SO SORRY FOR YOUR LOSS.\"\" \"",
"AND I KNEW THAT HE NEEDED TO FEEL THAT LOSS TOO,\" \"AND TO SHARE IT, AND I WANTED TO HELP HIM.\" \"",
"AND HE...\" \"HE PUT HIS ARMS AROUND ME, HE CRADLED ME\" \"AND HIS EMBRACE TIGHTENED.\" \"",
"FINALLY, HERE WAS SOMEBODY WHO TRULY CARED.\" \"",
"AND THEN...\" \"I FELT SOMETHING ELSE.\" \"[",
"all murmuring]\" \"[people hooting] [man laughing]\" \"SOMETHING HUGE.\" \"[",
"all gasp] [all cheering]\" \"LET'S JUST SAY IT, LET'S JUST SAY IT!\" \"",
"A BONER.\" \"[",
"all clamoring]\" \"I KNOW.\" \"",
"A BONER, WELL, THAT'S WHAT I GET.\" \"",
"THAT'S WHAT I GET FOR TRYING TO DO EVERYTHING MYSELF.\" \". ",
"BONER BOB, MY NEIGHBOR [whooping]\" \"[all laughing] [all cheering]\" \"OH, DEAR.\" \"",
"HE ROOTED FOR ALL OF YOU.\" \"",
"I LOVE YOU.\" \"",
"THIS IS FOR YOU, YOUR FAVORITE SONG\" \"ON A SATURDAY NIGHT.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Moon River playing]\" \"[Hollie tap dancing] [all applauding]\" \"[all applauding]\" \"[all cheering] [hooting]\" \"WELL, YOU REALLY BROUGHT EVERYBODY TOGETHER,\" \"I'LL GIVE YOU THAT.\" \"[",
"footsteps approaching]\" \"I HAVE THIS THING FOR YOU.\" \"",
"IT'S A VERY UNIQUE MAP .\" \"",
"IT'S FOR YOUR ROAD TRIP HOME.\" \"",
"RIGHT, A MAP.\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU PROMISED.\" \"",
"REMEMBER\" \"NO.\" \"",
"NO, I DO, I REMEMBER.\" \"?\" \"[",
"drums beating]\" \"?\" \"[",
"playing Free Bird]\" \"THIS IS FOR YOU, MITCH.\" \"[",
"all cheering]\" \"?\" \"",
"IF I LEAVE HERE TOMORROW ?\" \"",
"FREE BIRD,HUH?\" \"",
"HMM.\" \"",
"WELL, I BETTER GET BACK TO-- BEN.\" \". ",
"HE FINALLY MADE IT\" \"DOES BEN EVEN EXIST?\" \"[",
"chuckling]\" \". ",
"JUST..\" \"JUST CALL ME WHEN YOU GET HOME\" \"AND NOT UNTIL.\" \"",
"I WANT YOU TO GET INTO THE DEEP\" \"BEAUTIFUL MELANCHOLY OF EVERYTHING THAT'S HAPPENED.\" \". ",
"THAT'S A GREAT MAP [all cheering]\" \"?\" \"",
"LORD, I CAN'T CHANGE ?\" \"[",
"screaming]\" \"?\" \"",
"OH, WON'T YOU FLY HIGH ?\" \"?\" \"",
"FREE BIRD, YEAH ?\" \"[",
"whooping]\" \"[squeaking]\" \"[whooshing] [whooping]\" \"JESSIE!\" \"",
"JUST KEEP GOING!\" \"?\" \"[",
"band continues playing]\" \"] [screaming\" \"[all yelling]\" \"!\" \"",
"OH, MY GOD\" \"[woman screaming]\" \"[inaudible]\" \"I AM A LICENSED FLIGHT ATTENDANT!\" \"",
"USE THIS EXIT, PLEASE!\" \"?\" \"[",
"tempo increasing]\" \"(Drew) AS A SPECIALIST IN THE FIELD OF LAST LOOKS,\" \"THIS ONE WAS PRETTY ICONICALLY CLAIRE.\" \"[",
"birds chirping]\" \"(Charles) FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS, WE ARE GATHERED HERE\" \"TO SAY OUR FINAL GOODBYES TO OUR DEAR FRIEND\" \"MITCH.\" \". ",
"OW\" \"[all gasping]\" \"[snickering] [thudding]\" \"(Jessie) COME ON, GENERAL.\" \"[",
"bird cawing]\" \"(Drew) THE ROUTE OF CLAIRE'S MAP\" \"WITH ACCOMPANYING MUSIC AND DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS\" \"WOULD TAKE 42 HOURS\" \"AND 11 MINUTES.\" \"\"",
"TURN ON IGNITION.\"\" \"[",
"car engine starts]\" \"?\" \"[",
"That's life by James Brown playing]\" \"\"BEGIN YOUR JOURNEY AND DO NOT SKIP AHEAD.\"\" \"?\" \"",
"GIMME A BREW!\" \"?\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT'S LIFE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THAT'S WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"RIDIN' HIGH IN APRIL ?\" \"?\" \"",
"SHOT DOWN IN MAY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"BUT I KNOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'M GONNA CHANGE THAT TUNE ?\" \"(",
"Drew) SHE HAD LAID OUT THE ENTIRE ROAD TRIP\" \"AND TIMED IT TO MUSIC SHE HERSELF HAD PUT ON CDs.\" \"?\" \"",
"BACK ON TOP IN JUNE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I SAID THAT'S LIFE ?\" \"(",
"Drew) THE SONGS, OF COURSE, WERE CLASSIC MIX TAPE SONGS.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Hard times by eastmountainsouth playing]\" \"ABOUT HER, OF COURSE.\" \"?\" \"",
"THERE'S A SONG THAT WILL LINGER ?\" \"(",
"Drew) AND THE RICH FLURRY OF OUR ALMOST ROMANCE.\" \"?\" \"",
"OH, HARD TIMES ?\" \"?\" \"",
"COME AGAIN NO MORE ?\" \"?\" \"'",
"TIS A SONG, A SIGH ?\" \"",
"60B.\" \"?\" \"",
"A PREACHMENT, DEAR FRIENDS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU'RE ABOUT TO RECEIVE ON JOHN BARLEYCORN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"NICOTINE AND THE TEMPTATIONS OF EVE ?\" \"?\" \"[",
"Let it all hang out by The Hombres playing]\" \"(Claire) THIS IS THE HOMBRES.\" \"?\" \"",
"NO PARKIN' BY THE SEWER SIGN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"HOT DOG, MY RAZOR'S BROKE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WATER DRIPPIN' UP THE SPOUT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"BUT I DON'T CARE LET IT ALL HANG OUT ?\" \"(",
"Drew) AND SHE HAD EVEN PROVIDED MUSIC\" \"FOR WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT.\" \"",
"DOWN TO THE MINUTE.\" \"?\" \"[",
"music playing]\" \"(Claire) YOU HAVE 5 MINUTES TO WALLOW IN THE DELICIOUS MISERY.\" \"",
"ENJOY IT, EMBRACE IT, DISCARD IT...\" \"AND PROCEED.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Sugar Blue by Jeff Finlin playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"HOBO SONGS AND RAILROAD GIN ?\" \"(",
"Claire) HERE IS A RIVER LEADING TO THE MISSISSIPPI.\" \"?\" \"",
"ALCOHOL EVAPORATES THROUGH SKIN ?\" \"(",
"Drew) \"THIS IS AMERICA,\" SHE WROTE.\" \"?\" \"",
"ONE GIFT ?\" \"",
"AND IF EVERYBODY GETS A VOTE WHERE THEIR MITCH GETS BURIED\" \"?\" \"",
"SUGAR BLUE ?\" \". ",
"HERE ARE A FEW WHERE MY MITCH GETS BURIED\" \"OR SCATTERED.\" \"?\" \"",
"HOLDING DARKNESS UP TO THE LIGHT ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THE OTHER SIDE SHOWS THROUGH ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THE RAVEN'S SONG IT BREAKS THE NIGHT ?\" \"(",
"Claire) \"PAUSE FOR 30 MINUTES\" \"FOR THE GREATEST CHILI IN THE WORLD.\"\" \"[",
"people chattering]\" \"AND ELSEWHERE IN MEMPHIS.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Yeah man by Eddie Hinton playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"HAVE YOU EVER NEEDED SOMEONE TO TALK TO ?\" \"?\" \"'",
"CAUSE YOU'RE NOT SURE WHAT YOU OUGHT TO DO ?\" \"(",
"Claire) THIS WOULD BE A GOOD TIME\" \"TO STOP IN AT EARNESTINE AND HAZEL'S\" \"AND SAY HELLO TO RUSS.\" \"",
"HOW YOU DOING?\" \"",
"HE'S HUNG ONTO THE PLACE FOR 38 LONG YEARS.\" \"",
"HE'LL TELL YOU A FEW STORIES.\" \"?\" \"",
"YEAH MAN DON'T YOU KNOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"I'M TALKING ABOUT YOU ?\" \"",
"LOOK.\" \"",
"LOOK AT THIS.\" \"",
"THAT'S THE BLUES!\" \"?\" \"",
"YEAH MAN ?\" \"(",
"Claire) AND JUST AROUND THE CORNER, THE LORRAINE MOTEL.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Pride in the name of love by U2 playing]\" \"THE HOTEL BALCONY WHERE MARTIN LUTHER KING DREW HIS LAST BREATH.\" \"?\" \"",
"ONE MAN COME IN THE NAME OF LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"ONE MAN COME AND GO ?\" \"?\" \"",
"ONE MAN COME HE TO JUSTIFY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"ONE MAN TO OVERTHROW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IN THE NAME OF LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHAT MORE IN THE NAME OF LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IN THE NAME OF LOVE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHAT MORE IN THE NAME OF LOVE ?\" \"(",
"Claire) HIS DEATH\" \"WAS ONLY THE BEGINNING OF HIS VICTORY.\" \"",
"YOU GO ACROSS THE BRIDGE TRAVERSING MARK TWAIN'S MUSE,\" \"JEFF BUCKLEY'S FUNERAL BED,\" \"AS THE NIGHT AIR WHIPS THROUGH YOUR HAIR\" \"AROUND YOUR FACE, AND OUT THE OTHER WINDOW.\" \"",
"YOU CAN FEEL THE SOUL OF THAT DARK WATER\" \"EVEN AS YOU ARRIVE ON THE OTHER SIDE.\" \"?\" \"[",
"Words by Ryan Adams playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"DON'T WORRY UP YOUR MIND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"PEOPLE ARE SICK AND MEAN SOMETIMES ?\" \"?\" \"",
"DON'T WORRY UP YOUR MIND ?\" \"?\" \"",
"THEY'RE ONLY WORDS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT'S ONLY WORDS ?\" \"?\" \"[",
"Don't I Hold You by Wheat playing]\" \"(Claire) SOME MUSIC NEEDS AIR.\" \"",
"ROLL DOWN YOUR WINDOW.\" \"?\" \"",
"DON'T I HOLD YOU LIKE YOU WANT TO BE HELD ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND DON'T I TREAT YOU LIKE YOU WANT ?\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT!\" \"",
"GOOD!\" \"",
"I LOVE YOU, DADDY.\" \"(",
"Mitch) AW, I LOVE YOU TOO, DREW.\" \"",
"ALL RIGHT, WHERE DO YOU WANT TO GO?\" \"(",
"Drew) 'TUCKY.\" \"",
"KENTUCKY?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND DON'T I LOVE YOU LIKE YOU WANT TO BE LOVED ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND YOU'RE RUNNING AWAY ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND WHAT'S YOUR NAME ?\" \"?\" \"",
"LIKE I'M IN THE WAY ?\" \"(",
"Claire) GOOD MORNING.\" \"",
"HOW YOU DOIN'?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHAT ARE THEY DOING ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IN HEAVEN TODAY?\" \"?\" \"?\" \"",
"WHERE SIN AND SORROW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"ARE ALL DONE AWAY?\" \"?\" \"(",
"Claire) THE SURVIVOR TREE.\" \"",
"IT'S MY FAVORITE TREE IN THE WORLD.\" \"",
"AND I LIKE TREES.\" \"?\" \"",
"WHAT ARE THEY DOING THERE NOW?\" \"?\" \"?\" \"[",
"Square One by Tom Petty playing]\" \"?\" \"",
"YOU CAN'T SAY WHAT YOU DON'T KNOW ?\" \"?\" \"",
"HIT AROUND WON'T WORK NO MORE ?\" \"\"",
"THIS ONCE HIGHLY-ANTICIPATED PRODUCT\" \"MAY ACTUALLY CAUSE AN ENTIRE GENERATION TO RETURN TO BARE FEET.\"\" \"?\" \"",
"LAST TIME THROUGH I HID MY TRACKS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"SOMEWHERE I COULD NOT GET BACK ?\" \"(",
"Claire) SADNESS IS EASIER BECAUSE IT'S SURRENDER.\" \"",
"I SAY, MAKE TIME TO DANCE ALONE\" \"WITH ONE HAND WAVING FREE.\" \"?\" \"",
"SQUARE ONE, MY SLATE IS CLEAR ?\" \"?\" \"",
"REST YOUR HEAD ON ME, MY DEAR ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT TOOK A WORLD OF TROUBLE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT TOOK A WORLD OF TEARS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IT TOOK A LONG TIME ?\" \"?\" \"",
"TO GET BACK HERE ?\" \"?\" \"[",
"My Father's gun by Elton John playing]\" \". (",
"Drew) LOOK AT US\" \"YOU WITH YOUR MANY ALMOST-GREAT PROJECTS, ME WITH MY FIASCO.\" \"",
"OH, GOD.\" \"?\" \"",
"AS SOON AS THIS IS OVER ?\" \"",
"BOTH OF US WORKING SO HARD\" \"?\" \"",
"WE'LL GO HOME ?\" \"",
"FOR WHAT?\" \"?\" \"",
"TO PLANT THE SEEDS OF JUSTICE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"IN OUR BONES ?\" \"",
"WE SHOULD HAVE TAKEN THIS TRIP YEARS AGO.\" \"?\" \"",
"TO WATCH THE CHILDREN GROWING ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND SEE THE WOMEN SEWING ?\" \"",
"AND THE FACT THAT I WANNA GO HOME\" \"AND KILL MYSELF IS REALLY NOT YOUR FAULT.\" \"",
"FOR WHAT?\" \"",
"FOR PHIL?\" \"",
"NO!\" \"?\" \"",
"I'D LIKE TO KNOW WHERE THE RIVERBOAT SAILS TONIGHT ?\" \"[",
"inaudible]\" \"?\" \"",
"TO NEW ORLEANS ?\" \"?\" \"",
"WELL, THAT'S JUST FINE, ALL RIGHT ?\" \"?\" \"'",
"CAUSE THERE'S FIGHTING THERE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND THE COMPANY NEEDS MEN ?\" \"?\" \"",
"OH, I SAID, OH, I SAID ?\" \"?\" \"",
"SLIP US A ROPE ?\" \"?\" \"",
"AND SAIL ON AROUND THE BEND ?\" \"",
"FIND A PAIR OF SPASMOTICAS ON DISPLAY\" \"AND LOOK INSIDE.\" \"",
"HERE YOU HAVE REACHED A FORK IN THE MAP.\" \"",
"YOU CAN GO TO YOUR CAR\" \"AND THE REST OF THE DIRECTIONS WILL TAKE YOU HOME.\" \"",
"OR... [people chattering]\" \"LOOK FOR A GIRL IN A RED HAT\" \"WHO'S WAITING FOR YOU WITH AN ALTERNATE PLAN.\" \"[",
"laughing]\" \"?\" \"[",
"carousel music playing]\" \"[crowd clamoring]\" \"?\" \"[",
"music playing]\""
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[
"Hawaiʻiloa\n\nHawaiiloa is the settler of the island of Hawai'i based on an ancient Hawaiian legend.",
"\n\nOverview\nAccording to the legend, Hawaiiloa was an expert fisherman and navigator. ",
"While out with a crew of men, they accidentally stumbled upon the island of Hawaii which was named in Hawaiiloa's honor. ",
"Hawaiiloa returned to his homeland of Ka āina kai melemele a Kane, \"the land of the yellow sea of Kane\" in order to bring his family back with him to Hawai'i. ",
"He then organized a colonizing expedition with his family and eight other skilled navigators. ",
"They settled on what is now the Island of Hawaii, named in his honor.",
"\n\nThe legend contains reference to his children: Maui (eldest son), Kauai (son), and Oahu (daughter) who settled on the islands that bear their names.",
"\n\nThe story of Hawaiiloa has received a great deal of attention from modern Hawaiians, as a realistic depiction of the settling of the islands, consistent with current anthropological and historical beliefs. ",
"Many people believe it is a validation of the veracity of ancient Hawaiian oral traditions.",
"\n\nHowever, the story of Hawaiiloa is attested only by late sources, such as the antiquarians Abraham Fornander and Thomas George Thrum. ",
"As they did not give their original Hawaiian sources, but only digests and compilations, we cannot be sure that the tale has not been slanted towards proof of Fornander's now discredited migration theories, or that it has not been elaborated by 19th century Hawaiians eager to stress the validity of their own beliefs.",
"\n\nHawaiiloa is not mentioned in early Hawaiian historian sources like David Malo or Samuel Kamakau. ",
"Malo says there are many stories about the origin of the Hawaiians and cites some migration tales and some legends of indigenous origin. ",
"He does not mention Hawaiiloa. ",
"Kamakau says that the first man and woman were Hulihonua and Keakahuilani, and that they were created on Oahu.",
"\n\nCanoe\n\nHawaiiloa is also the name of a voyaging canoe. ",
"Thought to be named after the legendary navigator, the canoe was built and sailed for international navigation. ",
"The canoe Hawaiiloa is now docked at Honolulu Harbor. ",
"It is often sailed on long voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean in hopes of studying voyaging techniques used in Ancient Hawaii.",
"\n\nSee also\nHawaiki\nHawaiian religion\nHōkūlea\nPolynesian navigation\nPolynesian Voyaging Society\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Hawaii culture\nCategory:Ancient Hawaiian royalty\nCategory:Individual sailing vessels\nCategory:Training ships\nCategory:Symbols of Hawaii\nCategory:Hokulea\nCategory:Polynesian navigation\nCategory:Voyaging canoes\nCategory:Legendary Hawaiian people"
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[
"Also at this Venue\n\nEvents at this Venue\n\nDetails\n\nWhitstable Castle and Gardens offers guests a Cream or Afternoon Tea with Castle and Garden Tour from just £12.95 per person. ",
"Booking is essential, by phone or email.",
"\n\nOur Garden Tours are led by the Castle's Head Gardener.",
"\n\nWhitstable Castle and Gardens welcomes groups visits. ",
"Guided tours of the building are available, and may be pre-booked with the Castle office before arrival. ",
"We are able to arrange for refreshments on arrival, afternoon teas and light lunches if desired."
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[
"using System;\r\nusing System.",
"Collections.",
"Generic;\r\nusing System.",
"Linq;\r\nusing Coypu.",
"Actions;\r\nusing Coypu.",
"Queries;\r\nusing Coypu.",
"Timing;\r\n\r\nnamespace Coypu.",
"Tests.",
"TestDoubles\r\n{\r\n public class SpyTimingStrategy : TimingStrategy\r\n {\r\n internal IList<TryUntilArgs> DeferredTryUntils = new List<TryUntilArgs>();\r\n\r\n private object alwaysReturn;\r\n private object executeImmediatelyOnceThenReturn;\r\n private bool executedImmediatelyOnce;\r\n private readonly IDictionary<object, object> stubbedQueryResult = new Dictionary<object, object>();\r\n private readonly IList<object> queriesRan = new List<object>();\r\n public static readonly object NO_EXPECTED_RESULT = new object();\r\n public bool ExecuteImmediately { get; set; }\r\n\r\n public IEnumerable<Query<T>> QueriesRan<T>()\r\n {\r\n return queriesRan.",
"OfType<Query<T>>();\r\n }\r\n\r\n public IEnumerable<DriverAction> ActionsRan()\r\n {\r\n return queriesRan.",
"OfType<DriverAction>();\r\n }\r\n\r\n public bool NoQueriesRan { get { return !",
"queriesRan.",
"Any(); } }\r\n\r\n public T Synchronise<T>(Query<T> query)\r\n {\r\n if (ExecuteImmediately || (executeImmediatelyOnceThenReturn !",
"= null && !",
"executedImmediatelyOnce))\r\n {\r\n executedImmediatelyOnce = true;\r\n return query.",
"Run();\r\n }\r\n\r\n queriesRan.",
"Add(query);\r\n\r\n if (alwaysReturn !",
"= null)\r\n return (T)alwaysReturn;\r\n\r\n if (executeImmediatelyOnceThenReturn !",
"= null && executedImmediatelyOnce)\r\n return (T) executeImmediatelyOnceThenReturn;\r\n\r\n Object key = query.",
"ExpectedResult;\r\n if (key == null) key = NO_EXPECTED_RESULT;\r\n \r\n if (stubbedQueryResult.",
"ContainsKey(key))\r\n return (T)stubbedQueryResult[key];\r\n\r\n return default(T);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void TryUntil(BrowserAction tryThis, PredicateQuery until, Options options)\r\n {\r\n DeferredTryUntils.",
"Add(new TryUntilArgs(tryThis, until, options));\r\n }\r\n\r\n public bool ZeroTimeout { get; set; }\r\n public void SetOverrideTimeout(TimeSpan timeout)\r\n {\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void ClearOverrideTimeout()\r\n {\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void AlwaysReturnFromSynchronise(object result)\r\n {\r\n alwaysReturn = result;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void ReturnOnceThenExecuteImmediately(StubElement stubElement)\r\n {\r\n executeImmediatelyOnceThenReturn = stubElement;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void StubQueryResult<T>(T expectedResult, T result)\r\n {\r\n stubbedQueryResult[expectedResult] = result;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public class TryUntilArgs\r\n {\r\n public TimeSpan OverallTimeout { get { return Options.",
"Timeout; } }\r\n public BrowserAction TryThisBrowserAction { get; private set; }\r\n public Query<bool> Until { get; private set; }\r\n public Options Options { get; private set; }\r\n\r\n public TryUntilArgs(BrowserAction tryThis, Query<bool> until, Options options)\r\n {\r\n TryThisBrowserAction = tryThis;\r\n Until = until;\r\n Options = options;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n }\r\n}"
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"Motion measurements in the jumping of a mountain bike.",
"\nMountain biking is generally a much more extreme sport than road cycling. ",
"It exhibits large motions and loadings, and involves complicated interactions between the rider and the bike. ",
"A dynamic model of a mountain bike and rider is being developed that requires validation by comparing predicted and actual dynamic performance. ",
"This paper reports the first step by acquiring experimental data of a moderately extreme maneuver; a mid speed jump and landing and was undertaken as part of a senior level instrumentation class. ",
"Both biomechanics and mechanical engineering studies can benefit from this data. ",
"A mountain bike and rider are instrumented for video marker tracking during the jumping maneuver. ",
"Positions are numerically differentiated to obtain velocities and accelerations. ",
"This motion data is examined for continuity and reasonableness. ",
"Future manipulation of this data will provide joint reaction data and center of mass motion for a bicycle/rider model validation."
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"Omar Khalidi\n\nOmar Khalidi (1952 – 29 November 2010), born in Hyderabad, India, was a Muslim scholar, a staff member of MIT in the US, and an author.",
"\n\nEarly life and education\n\nKhalidi was born in 1953 in Hyderabad, India. ",
"He was of Hadhrami descent.",
"\n\nCareer\n\nHe is referred to by one commentator as the \"Chronicler of Hyderabad and as a champion of minority rights\". ",
"He was considered an international relations builder.",
"\n\nScholar\n\nHis first scholarly work was The British Residents at the Court of the Nizams of Hyderabad published in 1981. ",
"Since then he wrote and edited more than 25 books. ",
"The best known is Hyderabad after the fall (book)|Hyderabad: After the Fall published in 1990.",
"\n\nMedia contribution\n\nKhalidi served as a regional Vice-President of American Federation of Muslims of Indian Origin, and was an active participant in the various activities of all other Indian Muslim organisations in the USA and Canada. ",
"His articles were published regularly in the MetroWest Daily News and he was an active columnist for various other journals, writing for the Economic and Political Weekly, The Outlook, India Abroad, Two Circles and other print and internet media.",
"\n\nBooks\n\nBelow are the collection of some of his books.",
"\n\nDeath\nKhalidi died on 29 November 2010, in a train accident at Kendall Square, MBTA station in Cambridge-Boston. ",
"His family published a statement in the Arab News on 30 November 2010: Khalidi drove in his car to the MIT campus and was probably trying to catch a train to buy medicine at the next station. ",
"He was diabetic, and it seems his sugar level had reached abnormal levels and he was hit by a train in Boston, United States His funeral prayers were held at the Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center in Roxbury.",
"\n\nHe left his wife Nigar Khalidi and his daughter Aliya.",
"\n\nSee also\n Hyderabadi Muslims\n Golkonda\n Hyderabad State\n India\n Muslim culture of Hyderabad\n History of Hyderabad for a history of the city of Hyderabad.",
"\n Hyderabad (India) for the city.",
"\n Muhammad Hamidullah\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMIT News\nRediff News, Remembering Omar Khalidi, Interview\nkhabrein.info, Detail list of books\nDr Omar Khalidi's voice will be sorely missed, Rediff.com\nThe Rediff Interview of Dr. Omar Khalidi about his book Khaki and Ethnic Violence in India,..\nDr. Omar Khalidi article: Mawlāna Mawdūd? ",
"and the Future Political Order in British India\nDr. Omar Khalidi article: The Caliph's Daughter\n\nCategory:Indian Sunni Muslims\nCategory:2010 deaths\nCategory:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam\nCategory:Writers from Hyderabad, India\nCategory:Journalists from Andhra Pradesh\nCategory:American male journalists of Indian descent\nCategory:American journalists of Indian descent\nCategory:American columnists\nCategory:American essayists\nCategory:American foreign policy writers\nCategory:American magazine editors\nCategory:American Muslims\nCategory:Harvard Extension School alumni\nCategory:Indian emigrants to the United States\nCategory:International relations scholars\nCategory:Indian magazine editors\nCategory:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Wales, Lampeter\nCategory:King Saud University faculty\nCategory:1953 births\nCategory:American male essayists\nCategory:Wichita State University alumni"
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"Leonardo Lins de Oliveira\n\nLeonardo Lins de Oliveira or simply Leo Oliveira (born 28 May 1980) is a Brazilian defender who plays for Ipatinga.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n CBF \n Profile at Sambafoot\n\nCategory:1980 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Brazilian footballers\nCategory:Ipatinga Futebol Clube players\nCategory:Criciúma Esporte Clube players\n\nCategory:Association football defenders"
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"Pam Casale\n\nPamela Casale-Telford (née Casale; born December 20, 1963) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.",
"\n\nThe right-hander reached her highest career ranking on October 15, 1984, when she became number fourteen in the world. ",
"Her best Grand Slam result was the fourth round at the 1986 French Open at Roland Garros.",
"\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1963 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American female tennis players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Camden, New Jersey\nCategory:Tennis people from New Jersey"
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"List of state leaders in 1175\n\n\n\nAfrica\n Almohad Caliphate – Abu Yaqub Yusuf (1163–1184)\n\nAsia\n\nChina (Jin/Jurchen dynasty) - Emperor Shizong (1161–1189)\nChina (Southern Song dynasty) - Emperor Xiaozong (1162–1189)\nJapan (Heian period)\nMonarch – Emperor Takakura (1168–1180)\n Regent (Kampaku) - Fujiwara no Motofusa, Sesshō (1166–1173); Kampaku (1173–1179)\n de facto - Taira no Kiyomori (1159–1181)\nKara-Khitan Khanate (Western Liao) - Chengtianhou (1164–1178)\nKorea (Goryeo Kingdom) – Myeongjong (1170–1197)\nWestern Xia – Emperor Renzong (1139–1193)\n Sultanate of Rûm – Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)\n\nEurope\nKingdom of Aragon – Alfonso II (1162–1196)\nKingdom of Castile – Alfonso VIII (1158–1214)\nKingdom of England – Henry II (1154–1189)\nKingdom of France – Louis VII (1137–1180)\nHoly Roman Empire – Frederick I Barbarossa (1155–1190)\nCounty of Holland – Floris III (1157–1190)\nKingdom of Hungary – Béla III (1172–1196)\nKingdom of Portugal\n Monarch – Afonso I (1139–1185)\n Co-regent – Infante Sancho (1169–1185)\n Co-regent – Infanta Theresa (1169–1184)\nKingdom of Scotland – William the Lion (1165–1214)\nSerbian Grand Principality – Stefan Nemanja (1168–1196)\nKingdom of Sicily – William II (1166–1189)"
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"Rock n Roll - Check out this cool Guitar Shredder . ",
"This guy is an unknown rock guitar master. ",
"Just check out the video if you dont believe me. ",
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"\nFor people looking to find their own leeway, there are a quantities of destinations and living accommodations to on from. ",
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"\nPerthshire is a county located in central Scotland. ",
"With beautiful agricultural prospect all down the countryside to the gorgeous mountain ranges to its south, Perthshire is a whisper bewitching place. ",
"If these are not sufficiency to take your sentiment incorrect things, feel free to indulge in the numerous bars and restraints in Perth, which is the capital of the county.",
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"\nIf\n\nmgdfg\n\nRegistered: November 2011Posts: 2\n\nThu November 3, 2011 9:38pm\n\nAssets Betting Tips and Tricks How To Dodge Pitfalls\n\nIt was not protracted ago when spread betting was created by business-minded people. ",
"In the over and done with, betting was acclimated to primarily on sports such as in horse race. ",
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"At the moment what you need to do is to evade it and foil it from happening.",
"Win or lose is the name of the game. ",
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"But applying the suitable techniques and sticking to guidelines, you can throw some but triumph in more. ",
"You have knowledge of you are making a dodgy shake up if you procure a leverage of your punt more than what is in your account. ",
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"Betting tipsThis is the risk where most newbie become lower out.",
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"Another fad that you should upon is to be cognizant of with the demand you are betting on. ",
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"Always look over provider terms. ",
"If you have chosen a spread betting broker, there intent as a last resort be rules go down close to them that you want to follow. ",
"An example would be a liability incurred if the chance placed goes in the wrong direction. ",
"But forward of picking a provider, you should possess made some research and parallel each company.",
"\n\nmgdfg\n\nRegistered: November 2011Posts: 2\n\nFri November 11, 2011 6:52am\n\nResources Betting Tips and Tricks How To Dodge Pitfalls\n\nIt was not extended ago when spread betting was created by business-minded people. ",
"In the past, betting was acclimated to primarily on sports such as in horse race. ",
"But as years pass, the conceivability of applying it to the pecuniary make available has materialized and today, there are various people who became instant millionaires right-minded by speculating a volatile market. ",
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"Win or admit defeat is the designate of the game. ",
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"But applying the proper techniques and sticking to guidelines, you can lose some but succeed in more. ",
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"Betting ForumThis is the risk where most newbie downfall out.",
"The main method to mitigate risks is to place fill up forfeiture on the bet. ",
"When you have placed your bet and noticed it is day one to expend avenue, your spread betting broker require close your situation and obtain it assist again. ",
"This determination prevent you from losing more money. ",
"This is why you should perpetually get a spread betting provider at your side.",
"Avoid using leverage. ",
"This will interdict you from placing a risk of an amount of shin-plasters you don't at first have. ",
"Because leverage is made readily obtainable in the match, you should definitely over recall of not using it. ",
"The no greater than thing you need to memorialize here is to never dish out beyond the means.",
"Another fetish that you should consider is to be traditional with the market you are betting on. ",
"Accounting markets are different and very labile. ",
"Some would spend time with down slowly while others dear low-lying very fast. ",
"This is a vast capability owing a elevated loss. ",
"In what way, other markets are increasing at a immoral or even pace.",
"Always infer from provider terms. ",
"If you from chosen a spread betting broker, there intent on all occasions be rules go down close to them that you want to follow. ",
"An pattern would be a liability incurred if the stake placed goes in the improper direction. ",
"But in the past picking a provider, you should own made some delving and parallel each company.",
"\n\nmcslgf\n\nRegistered: December 2011Posts: 1\n\nFri December 2, 2011 11:26pm\n\nThe Miele Cat and Dog Vacuum would be the favorite tool of most pet lovers and fanatics from all walks in the earth. ",
"Most households have pets usually the dog or a pet. ",
"We love our dogs and cats. ",
"We love every a part of them, at least while these parts are still attached to them. ",
"Cats and dogs often leave several of their fur as each goes nespresso pixie about moving savings around your house. ",
"This can be quite unsightly especially for visitors not to mention when left unattended for extensive periods may become the habitat of germs along with other microorganisms. ",
"This fur can prove quite hard to remove especially when it gets placed on hard to clean surfaces such as carpets. ",
"General purpose vacuum cleaners often would not have enough suction power or perhaps have filters to sensitive for animal hair. ",
"This is why having the one that is specially designed for pet fur generally is a great convenience. ",
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"It also has an extremely powerful suction power that allows it to pull animal hair off from surfaces that often cling or tangle while using fur such as carpeting and rugs and sofas. ",
"Passing the hose within the furred area a few times is often enough to finish the same job. ",
"This greatly reduces the effort and time required. ",
"The Miele Cat and Dog Vacuum is additionally almost as light like a feather. ",
"Anyone can carry and lift it without difficulty even when using merely the non-dominant hand. ",
"This means you will surely have your dominant hand do other things such as talk around the phone or even go through a book. ",
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"You can take the item to tight spots without worries to getting it tangled on this appliances or furniture. ",
"The vacuum head may fit on very tiny spaces allowing easy access to the commonly hard to reach places. ",
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"While NBC's official lineup won't be announced until its upfront presentation next week, the Peacock network has revealed stills from its new and returning shows, along with series descriptions.",
"\n\nUPDATE: NBC has also ordered \"Crossbones,\" a pirate-themed action-adventure series from \"Luther\" creator Neil Cross.",
"\n\n\"Law & Order: SVU\": Detective Olivia Benson and the rest of the SVU squad are back for an impressive 14th season of the NBC legal drama.",
"\n\n\"Chicago Fire\": Starring Teri Reeves, David Eigenberg and Christopher Hermann, \"Chicago Fire\" focuses on the everyday lives of the Chicago Fire Department.",
"\n\n\"Smash\": Returning for a second season, Katherine McPhee, Megan Hilty and the rest of the \"Smash\" crew will be back for a new musical and fresh songs.",
"\n\n\"Grimm\": The fantastical cop drama is headed back to NBC for a second season.",
"\n\n\"Go On\": Matthew Perry is set to to play newscaster Ryan King, a man struggling to move on from a loss in the new dramedy.",
"\n\n\"The New Normal\": Produced by \"Glee\" creator Ryan Murphy, \"The New Normal\" is a comedy about a blended family. ",
"The family includes a gay couple played by \"The Book Of Mormon\" star Andrew Rannells and \"The Hangover's\" Justin Bartha, and the woman (Georgia King) who becomes their surrogate.",
"\n\n\"1600 Penn\": Created by and co-starring \"Book Of Mormon\" actor Josh Gad, \"1600 Penn\" makes room for a more modern kind of family. ",
"The comedy also stars Bill Pullman and Jenna Elfman.",
"\n\n\"Save Me\": Starring Anne Heche, the new comedy series centers on a woman who has an experience that leads her to believe she can channel god.",
"\n\n\"Animal Practice\": NBC has ordered 13 episodes of \"Animal Practice,\" a comedy revolving around a veterinarian (played by \"Weeds\" star Justin Kirk) who loves animals, but hates their owners.",
"\n\nClick through our slideshow to take a look at NBC's upcoming season!",
"\n\nPHOTO GALLERY NBC's New Shows\n\nCorrection: This post originally erroneously mentioned that Christopher Meloni would be back on \"SVU.\" ",
"That was wishful thinking. ",
"The error has since been corrected and at least you can see him soon on \"True Blood\" Season 5."
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"The present invention is also related to U.S. patent Ser. ",
"No. ",
"09/664,671 entitled xe2x80x9cLiquid-Cooled Electrical Machine Having Parallel Flowxe2x80x9d incorporated by reference herein.",
"\nThe present invention relates generally to electrical machines, and more particularly to cooling of electrical machines.",
"\nWays are continually sought to increase the electrical output of automotive alternators. ",
"With increased electrical output comes additional heat generated in the various electrical components of the alternator. ",
"In addition, friction in the bearings which support the rotor shaft of the alternator also generates heat. ",
"Because heat generated in an alternator is frequently the factor which limits the electrical output of the alternator, effective cooling of the alternator is very important.",
"\nCirculating liquid within an alternator has been recognized as one means for providing cooling. ",
"A liquid cooling design which provides effective cooling and which can support demands for ever-reducing package size of the alternator can be particularly advantageous.",
"\nIn a vehicle a cooling liquid supply may be provided by the engine cooling system. ",
"Engine coolant may be routed from the engine cooling system to cool the electrical machine. ",
"One problem associated with placing a component in the cooling system is that typically the pressure drop across the system may be substantial enough to affect the performance of the cooling system. ",
"To alleviate pressure losses bypass hoses and valves have been proposed. ",
"However, the space within automotive vehicles is scarce.",
"\nTherefore it would be desirable to minimize the space requirement for a liquid cooled electrical machine.",
"\nThe present invention provides an electrical machine comprising a rotor mounted on a shaft for rotation therewith and defining an axis of rotation, and a stator disposed coaxially with and in opposition to the rotor. ",
"The electrical machine further comprises a housing enclosing the stator and the rotor, the housing having a first axial end with a wall with an inner surface and an outer surface and a second axial end with a wall with an inner surface and an outer surface. ",
"The electrical machine also includes a first cooling tube having a first end and a second end and an embedded portion thereof embedded between the first inner surface and the first outer surface. ",
"The first end and the second end of the first cooling tube have a port therebetween directly fluidically coupling the first end to the second end. ",
"A second cooling tube has a first end and a second end and an embedded portion thereof embedded between said inner surface and said outer surface of the wall of the second axial end. ",
"The first end of the first cooling tube and the first end of the second cooling tube are fluidically coupled together to permit fluid flow in parallel between the first cooling tube and the second cooling tube.",
"\nDesigns according to the present invention are advantageous in that they can provide effective cooling of an electrical machine while also supporting packaging-efficient electrical machine designs.",
"\nOther objects and features of the present invention will become apparent when viewed in light of the detailed description of the preferred embodiment when taken in conjunction with the attached drawings and appended claims."
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"\n\nNambingué was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.",
"\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Former communes of Ivory Coast\nCategory:Populated places in Savanes District\nCategory:Populated places in Tchologo"
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"\nTwo multicopy suppressors of the cal1-1 mutation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been isolated and characterized. ",
"They are identical to the yeast RHO1 and RHO2 genes, which encode putative small GTP-binding proteins. ",
"Multiple copies of either RHO gene suppressed temperature-sensitive growth of the cal1-1 mutant but did not suppress the cal1 null mutant. ",
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"Q:\n\nsendrawtransaction RPC format across core versions\n\nHas there been any changes across core versions for the sendrawtransaction interface. ",
"I am trying to understand if upgrading the core version from say 12 to 15 needs a change in serialization. ",
"I'd also like to know if there are any versions across which such upgrade would fail.",
"\n\nA:\n\nsendrawtransaction takes transactions in the network serialization format. ",
"There is a new network serialization format for segwit transactions, so such transactions would be broadcast in one format for 0.12 and a different one in 0.15. ",
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"Q:\n\nWhy didn't anyone mention the orbit altitude difference until later?",
"\n\nThe following question is packed full of spoilers:\nIn the movie \"The Martian\" (2015), the Astrodynamics specialist Rich Purnell \n\n comes up with a plan to save Mark by sending the Hermes back to Mars immediately, using the existing velocity to get there sooner. ",
"The Hermes isn't actually going down there to pick him up. ",
"Rather, Mark will himself use a \"MAV\" to launch off from Mars to intercept the Hermes during its bypass. ",
"Rich Purnell says: \"I've done the math. ",
"It checks out.",
"\"Mitch, the Hermes flight director, really loves the plan and tries hard to get it implemented. ",
"The Hermes crew say that it \"would work\" and that they've \"run the numbers, they check out\", and that \"It's a brilliant course.",
"\"Alright, so several highly intelligent people who are all quite well trained with special knowledge for this type of thing have all evaluated the plan. ",
"They do point out that it may be dangerous. ",
"But nobody, not even the plan's critics, point out the most dangerous part of all. ",
"They only get to that, and start improvising to solve it, later when the decision is already made and they have almost reached Mars again. ",
"That part is that the MAV is only designed to reach low Mars orbit. ",
"And the Hermes, which will be picking him up, can't enter low orbit, because if they do they don't have enough fuel to escape Mars' gravitational field and get back home again. ",
"Therefore, the Hermes will only be doing a bypass, and Mark has to come much higher up to meet them outside of Mars' gravitational field. ",
"This means that he has to himself modify the MAV, removing 90% of its mass, including the nose airlock, replacing it with a tarp/canvas. ",
"When the engineer tells the NASA people about this part, they are so shocked about it that they don't even allow him to continue. ",
"When Mark hears about it he says: \"Are you f--king kidding me?\" ",
"I know that the NASA director did reject the plan. ",
"But the people I'm asking about are Rich, Mitch and the Hermes crew. ",
"Why didn't they think about this? ",
"This part of the plan did indeed lead to great difficulty during the intercept. ",
"It's only due to extreme heroism, improvisation, innovation, courage, skill and risks taken by the characters that they actually succeed. ",
"But they had to make up all these emergency plans right then and there.",
"So the question is: Why do they only think of this when they are already approaching Mars? ",
"I mean, nobody even brought this up while they were actually contemplating the decision. ",
"Rich, Mitch, The Hermes crew: They would all have known very well that the MAV can only reach low orbit and that the Hermes would only be able to do a flyby. ",
"So they all \"do the math\", say it \"checks out\" and go to extreme lengths to bypass the NASA director.",
"It's only when they're almost at Mars that people start talking about the difference in altitude between the Hermes and the MAV, and the implications about that, etc.",
"At the point where they decided to go with this plan, they actually had a much safer option ready: They could have used the Chinese rocket to send a bunch of supplies to Mark. ",
"That would have made him last longer, and they could have sent a rescue mission at a later time. ",
"Shoudn't the Hermes crew, who were risking their lives by deciding to go with this plan, have at least thought about this? ",
"When they \"did the numbers,\" why didn't they realize that the Hermes would only be doing a flyby, not going into low orbit? ",
"They, as well as Mitch and Rich, seemed to only think about this later. ",
"They then had to improvise everything, using an extremely dangerous scheme that may seem a bit far fetched, even for science fiction. ",
"Why didn't they think about these challenges before making the decision to risk their lives returning the Hermes to Mars?",
"\n\nA:\n\nEdited to reflect new info:\nBy that point they had exhausted every option. ",
"The flyby was very, very fast and the sheer level of calculations necessary meant a certain amount of art and flying by the seat of the pants. ",
"But by that point, the Martian was running out of food, water, air, and options.",
"\nSo yes, these things didn't occur to folks until later, but the circumstances were such that they couldn't even happen until later. ",
"Modifying the MAV, for example, took the boffins at NASA quite some time to work out, and the necessities of that alone were such that they had to plan accordingly.",
"\nIn short: they exhausted every other option which would have been saner and less desperate, but as a result all of those options took time and resources which didn't pan out.",
"\nEdit: Adding relevant quote here from Chapter 16:\n\nMitch rubbed the back of his head. “",
"Wow…549. ",
"That’s thirty-five sols before Watney runs out of food. ",
"That would solve everything.”",
"\nTeddy leaned forward. “",
"Run us through it, Venkat. ",
"What would it entail?”",
"\n“Well,” Venkat began, “if they did this ‘Rich Purnell Maneuver,’ they’d start accelerating right away, to preserve their velocity and gain even more. ",
"They wouldn’t intercept Earth at all, but would come close enough to use a gravity assist to adjust course. ",
"Around that time, they’d pick up a resupply probe with provisions for the extended trip.",
"\n“After that, they’d be on an accelerating orbit toward Mars, arriving on Sol 549. ",
"Like I said, it’s a Mary flyby. ",
"This isn’t anything like a normal Ares mission. ",
"They’ll be going too fast to fall into orbit. ",
"The rest of the maneuver takes them back to Earth. ",
"They’d be home two hundred and eleven days after the flyby.”",
"\n“What good is a flyby?” ",
"Bruce asked. “",
"They don’t have any way to get Watney off the surface.”",
"\n“Yeah…,” Venkat said. “",
"Now for the unpleasant part: Watney would have to get to the Ares 4 MAV.”",
"\n\nA little bit later in the spaceship:\n\n“Would this really work?” ",
"Martinez asked.",
"\n“Ja.” ",
"Vogel nodded. “",
"I ran the numbers. ",
"They all check out. ",
"It is brilliant course. ",
"Amazing.”",
"\n“How would he get off Mars?” ",
"Martinez asked.",
"\nLewis leaned forward. “",
"There was more in the message,” she began. “",
"We’d have to pick up a supply near Earth, and he’d have to get to Ares 4’s MAV.”",
"\n“Why all the cloak and dagger?” ",
"Beck asked.",
"\n“According to the message,” Lewis explained, “NASA rejected the idea. ",
"They’d rather take a big risk on Watney than a small risk on all of us. ",
"Whoever snuck it into Vogel’s e-mail obviously disagreed.”",
"\n“So,” Martinez said, “we’re talking about going directly against NASA’s decision?”",
"\n“Yes,” Lewis confirmed, “that’s exactly what we’re talking about. ",
"If we go through with the maneuver, they’ll have to send the supply ship or we’ll die. ",
"We have the opportunity to force their hand.”",
"\n\nLater, just After Mark arrives at the MAV:\n\n“So is it ready?” ",
"Venkat asked.",
"\n“Yes, it’s ready. ",
"But you’re not going to like it.”",
"\n“Go on.”",
"\nBruce steeled himself and stood, picking up his briefcase. ",
"He pulled a booklet from it. “",
"Bear in mind, this is the end result of thousands of hours of work, testing, and lateral thinking by all the best guys at JPL.”",
"\n“I’m sure it was hard to trim down a ship that’s already designed to be as light as possible,” Venkat said.",
"\nBruce slid the booklet across the desk to Venkat. “",
"The problem is the intercept velocity. ",
"The MAV is designed to get to low Mars orbit, which only requires 4.1 kps. ",
"But the Hermes flyby will be at 5.8 kps.”",
"\nVenkat flipped through the pages. “",
"Care to summarize?”",
"\n“First, we’re going to add fuel. ",
"The MAV makes its own fuel from the Martian atmosphere, but it’s limited by how much hydrogen it has. ",
"It brought enough to make 19,397 kilograms of fuel, as it was designed to do. ",
"If we can give it more hydrogen, it can make more.”",
"\n ...\n “This is getting really risky, Bruce.”",
"\nBruce sighed. “",
"I know. ",
"There’s just no other way. ",
"And I’m not even to the nasty stuff yet.”",
"\nVenkat rubbed his forehead. “",
"By all means, tell me the nasty stuff.”",
"\n“We’ll remove the nose airlock, the windows, and Hull Panel Nineteen.”",
"\nVenkat blinked. “",
"You’re taking the front of the ship off?”",
"\n“Sure,” Bruce said. “",
"The nose airlock alone is four hundred kilograms. ",
"The windows are pretty damn heavy, too. ",
"And they’re connected by Hull Panel Nineteen, so may as well take that, too.”",
"\n“So he’s going to launch with a big hole in the front of the ship?”",
"\n“We’ll have him cover it with Hab canvas.”",
"\n“Hab canvas? ",
"For a launch to orbit!?”",
"\nBruce shrugged. “",
"The hull’s mostly there to keep the air in. ",
"Mars’s atmosphere is so thin you don’t need a lot of streamlining. ",
"By the time the ship’s going fast enough for air resistance to matter, it’ll be high enough that there’s practically no air. ",
"We’ve run all the simulations. ",
"Should be good.”",
"\n“You’re sending him to space under a tarp.”",
"\n“Pretty much, yeah.”",
"\n“Like a hastily loaded pickup truck.”",
"\n“Yeah. ",
"Can I go on?”",
"\n“Sure, can’t wait.”",
"\n ...\n Mark reacts as you might imagine\n\n>[08:41] MAV: You fucking kidding me?",
"\n\n>[09:55] HOUSTON: Admittedly, they are very invasive modifications, but they have to be done. ",
"The procedure doc we sent has instructions for carrying out each of these steps with tools you have on hand. ",
"Also, you’ll need to start electrolyzing water to get the hydrogen for the fuel plant. ",
"We’ll send you procedures for that shortly.",
"\n\n>[09:09] MAV: You’re sending me into space in a convertible.",
"\n\n[09:24] HOUSTON: There will be Hab canvas covering the holes. ",
"It will provide enough aerodynamics in Mars’s atmosphere.",
"\n[09:38] MAV: So it’s a ragtop. ",
"Much better.",
"\n\nThe crew, meanwhile, has been practicing their maneuvers using the simulators, which haven't been going well:\n\nBeck held a coil of metal wire in one hand and a pair of work gloves in the other. “",
"Heya, Commander. ",
"What’s up?”",
"\n“I’d like to know your plan for recovering Mark.”",
"\n“Easy enough if the intercept is good,” Beck said. “",
"I just finished attaching all the tethers we have into one long line. ",
"It’s two hundred and fourteen meters long. ",
"I’ll have the MMU pack on, so moving around will be easy. ",
"I can get going up to around ten meters per second safely. ",
"Any more, and I risk breaking the tether if I can’t stop in time.”",
"\n“Once you get to Mark, how fast a relative velocity can you handle?”",
"\n“I can grab the MAV easily at five meters per second. ",
"Ten meters per second is kind of like jumping onto a moving train. ",
"Anything more than that and I might miss.”",
"\n“So, including the MMU safe speed, we need to get the ship within twenty meters per second of his velocity.”",
"\n“And the intercept has to be within two hundred and fourteen meters,” Beck said. “",
"Pretty narrow margin of error.”",
"\n“We’ve got a lot of leeway,” Lewis said. “",
"The launch will be fifty-two minutes before the intercept, and it takes twelve minutes. ",
"As soon as Mark’s S2 engine cuts out, we’ll know our intercept point and velocity. ",
"If we don’t like it, we’ll have forty minutes to correct. ",
"Our engine’s two millimeters per second may not seem like much, but in forty minutes it can move us up to 5.7 kilometers.”",
"\n\nAs it approaches, they discuss it more and more but ultimately there's not much more they can do. ",
"Then:\n\nDirectly in his field of view, the Hab canvas patch flapped violently as the ship exponentially gained speed. ",
"Concentration became difficult, but something in the back of his mind told him that flapping was bad.",
"\n\nThe remotely controlled MAV begins to have difficulty being controlled because of the loose canvas.",
"\n\n“VELOCITY SEVEN hundred and forty-one meters per second,” Johanssen called out. “",
"Altitude thirteen hundred and fifty meters.”",
"\n“Copy,” Martinez said.",
"\n“That’s low,” Lewis said. “",
"Too low.”",
"\n“I know,” Martinez said. “",
"It’s sluggish; fighting me. ",
"What the fuck is going on?”",
"\n“Velocity eight hundred and fifty, altitude eighteen hundred and forty-three,” Johanssen said.",
"\n“I’m not getting the power I need!” ",
"Martinez said.",
"\n“Engine power at a hundred percent,” Johanssen said.",
"\n“I’m telling you it’s sluggish,” Martinez insisted.",
"\n\nThe canvas finally rips away and the controls stabilize.",
"\n\n“I’M GETTING more response now,” Martinez said.",
"\n“Back on track with full acceleration,” Johanssen said. “",
"Must have been drag. ",
"MAV’s out of the atmosphere now.”",
"\n“It was like flying a cow,” Martinez grumbled, his hands racing over his controls.",
"\n“Can you get him up?” ",
"Lewis asked.",
"\n“He’ll get to orbit,” Johanssen said, “but the intercept course may be compromised.”",
"\n“Get him up first,” Lewis said. “",
"Then we’ll worry about intercept.”",
"\n“Copy. ",
"Main engine cutoff in fifteen seconds.”",
"\n“Totally smooth now,” Martinez said. “",
"It’s not fighting me at all anymore.”",
"\n“Well below target altitude,” Johanssen said. “",
"Velocity is good.”",
"\n“How far below?” ",
"Lewis said.",
"\n“Can’t say for sure,” Johanssen said. “",
"All I have is accelerometer data. ",
"We’ll need radar pings at intervals to work out his true final orbit.”",
"\n ...\n“We’re working on getting you,” Lewis said. “",
"There was a complication in the launch.”",
"\n“Yeah,” Watney said, looking out the hole in the ship. “",
"The canvas didn’t hold. ",
"I think it ripped early in the ascent.”",
"\n\nSo in the book at least, this was discussed back at NASA at the beginning. ",
"They knew it was a Hail Mary Pass as I understand the term. ",
"They don't super work out the details so much as \"This is how it's going to have to happen, lets get them moving in the direction they need to go and in the meantime we can figure out how we're going to get this to work.\"",
"\nIn the end with all the MAV modifications, the tarp tore loose screwing up the aerodynamics significantly such that it wasn't able to attain the velocity necessary to get to the higher orbit that was necessary.",
"\nGoing to stop adding more quotes for fear of copyright issues at this point :/\n\n"
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"Transmeningeal delivery of GABA to control neocortical seizures in rats.",
"\nTransmeningeal drug delivery, using an implanted hybrid neuroprosthesis, has been proposed as a novel therapy for intractable focal epilepsy. ",
"As part of a systematic effort to identify the optimal compounds and protocols for such a therapy, this study aimed to determine whether transmeningeal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) delivery can terminate and/or prevent neocortical seizures in rats. ",
"Rats were chronically implanted with an epidural cup and an adjacent EEG electrode in the right parietal cortex. ",
"While the rat was behaving freely, a seizure-inducing concentration of acetylcholine (Ach) was applied into the cup. ",
"In a seizure termination study, either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) or GABA (0.25, 2.5, 25 or 50mM) was delivered into the exposed neocortical area during an ongoing seizure. ",
"In a seizure prevention study, either ACSF or 50mM GABA was delivered into the epidural cup before the application of Ach. ",
"Epidural delivery of 50mM GABA completely terminated ongoing Ach-induced EEG seizures and convulsions within 17-437s after its delivery. ",
"ACSF and lower concentrations of GABA did not produce this effect, but 25mM GABA reduced seizure severity. ",
"However, the used GABA concentration could not prevent the development, or affect the severity, of Ach-induced EEG seizures and convulsions. ",
"This study indicates that transmeningeal GABA delivery can be used for terminating neocortical seizures, but to achieve seizure prevention via this route either a more efficient GABA delivery method needs to be developed or other neurotransmitters/pharmaceuticals should be employed for this purpose."
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"Best hotels in Dunville Loop\n\nWith hotels.com we help you find the best hotels in Dunville Loop, New South Wales. ",
"For prices starting at just $0 a night, you can book the perfect hotel for your stay in Dunville Loop.",
"\n\nIf you are looking for Dunville Loop hotels in a particular area, you can use the search feature at the top of the page to search by neighborhood, landmark, address or zip code, or you can search by using the built-in map feature. ",
"You can also browse hotels in Dunville Loop by type, amenities, and star-rating.",
"\n\nThe location of your Dunville Loop hotel is important. ",
"If you are traveling to Dunville Loop, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. ",
"By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. ",
"You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.",
"\n\nWhy use Hotels.com to book your Dunville Loop lodging & hotel?",
"\n\nWe can help you to find the perfect Dunville Loop hotel room for almost any occaision. ",
"With our fast and secure hotel search you may compare different Dunville Loop hotels by:\n\n- Price\n\n- Location within Dunville Loop\n\n- Neighborhoods in Dunville Loop\n\n- Nearby Dunville Loop attractions\n\n- Hotels in different areas of New South Wales\n\n- Genuine Hotels.com guest reviews for Dunville Loop\n\n- Star rating\n\n- Amenities\n\n- Hotel name & chain\n\n- Theme\n\nFor every hotel in Dunville Loop New South Wales we provide:\n\n- Up to the minute hotel rates & availability\n\n- In depth hotel information and photos\n\n- Detailed Dunville Loop maps showing the locations of your hotel in Dunville Loop and the nearest transport and landmarks\n\n- TripAdvisor Dunville Loop hotel review score\n\nIf you are traveling for vacation, figure out which attractions or landmarks you want to see and book a hotel that is within close proximity. ",
"Although hotels near attractions might cost a little more, you may find that spending those extra few dollars is worth the convenience. ",
"You can even find hotels that align with your interests. ",
"For example, if you are looking for a relaxing vacation, a spa hotel may be the perfect choice for you.",
"\n\nYou’ll also want to determine which type of hotels will suit your needs before booking a hotel in Dunville Loop. ",
"For those traveling for an extended period, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. ",
"If you are budget conscious and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.",
"\n\nWhen you make a hotel reservation in Dunville Loop with Hotels.com we'll send you email and text confirmations with the reservation details of your Dunville Loop hotel booking along with contact details, directions, information on nearby Dunville Loop attractions, restaurants and even the weather - and if you get stuck, we're only a phone call away.",
"\n\nYou can compare all of our Dunville Loop hotel rooms including the major Dunville Loop hotel chains using our genuine Hotels.com guest reviews as well as TripAdvisor Dunville Loop hotel reviews to help find the perfect hotel room when booking your hotel in Dunville Loop. ",
"We also feature Expedia Dunville Loop hotels and reviews.",
"\n\nWhen you book your Dunville Loop stay with Hotels.com you may also earn free nights on participating hotels by joining the Hotels.com Rewards program. ",
"It's free to join and only takes 2 minutes to sign up and when you stay 10 nights you receive 1 night free*. ",
"So even a short weekend break in Dunville Loop can get you on your way to a free night.",
"\n\nChoose one of the following to unlock Secret Prices and pay less on select hotels."
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"Q:\n\nApp Engine cron schedule to run on weekdays\n\nI want to run a cron on App Engine every 5 minutes, but only on weekdays.",
"\ncron:\n- description: run \n url: /cron/run\n schedule: */5 * * * 1-5\n\nIt gives the error:\n\nexpected alphabetic or numeric character, but found '/'\n\nA:\n\nIts not possible just using cron. ",
"If what you want is saving instance hours, you can instead schedule a chron to run at midnight daily. ",
"It checks if its a weekday and if so it runs a taskqueue. ",
"The taskqueue starts another taskqueue 5 minutes ahead and also does its work. ",
"Taskqueue stops as soon as day changes.",
"\n\n"
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[
"Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nEstrogens play key roles in regulating various physiological phenomena related to normal growth, development, and reproduction in mammals \\[[@CR1]\\]. ",
"Although estrogens have been considered to be female reproductive hormones, recent evidence has indicated that they play an important role in the development and regulation of the male reproductive system \\[[@CR2]\\]. ",
"Estrogens were detected in male serum as well as in the male gonad \\[[@CR3]\\].",
"\n\nRecent reports have shown that endocrine disruptors are exogenous substances that interfere with the endocrine system and might disrupt hormone function in various wildlife species. ",
"Moreover, it has also been suggested that these compounds may be responsible for a variety of reproductive disturbances in men, including possible declines in sperm concentration \\[[@CR4], [@CR5]\\]. ",
"Many non-steroid compounds in the environment have been found to exhibit estrogenic activity \\[[@CR6], [@CR7]\\], where these include natural phytoestrogens, pesticides, and industrial products with various homologies to estradiol that can bind with estrogen receptors, acting either as agonists or antagonists \\[[@CR8]\\]. ",
"Most studies of xenobiotics have focused on long-term developmental effects on the testis, the male reproductive tract and semen quality. ",
"When xenobiotics are used at relatively high dosages, they disrupt spermatogenesis and hence decrease overall male fertility \\[[@CR9]\\].",
"\n\nLuconi et al. ",
"\\[[@CR2]\\] have identified and characterized novel nongenomic estrogen receptors on the cell membrane of human spermatozoa that interfere with the effects of progesterone (P4). ",
"Thus, spermatozoa may represent a suitable model to study the possible effects of estrogenic xenobiotics on the function of spermatozoa. ",
"Adeoya-Osiguwa et al. ",
"\\[[@CR10]\\] recently reported evidence that very low dosages of several xenobiotics have direct effects on the function of spermatozoa, significantly accelerating capacitation and the acrosome reaction in mice. ",
"However, there are no data on these effects in domestic animals. ",
"Examination of the physiological and nonphysiological effects of estrogenic xenobiotics on sperm function requires a high-quality *in vitro* test system \\[[@CR11]\\].",
"\n\nTo look for any significant effects of treatment length and concentration on the rate of capacitation and acrosome reaction, we examined the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2), P4, and two estrogenic compounds, namely genistein (GEN) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on bovine, mouse and porcine spermatozoa.",
"\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nAll procedures were performed according to guidelines for the ethical treatment of animals and approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chung-Ang University (Approval no. ",
"12-0021).",
"\n\nMedium and reagents {#Sec3}\n-------------------\n\nThroughout this study, bovine, mouse and porcine spermatozoa were treated in modified TCM 199 that comprised TCM 199 with Earle's salts containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (v/v), 0.91 mM sodium pyruvate, 3.05 mM D-glucose, 2.92 mM calcium lactate, 50 IU/l penicillin G, and 30 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate. ",
"A stock solution of 1000 μM E2 and P4 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at −20°C. ",
"Working stock solutions were prepared daily by first diluting the initial stock solution in 10% DMSO: 0.9% NaCl (1:1). ",
"This solution was used for subsequent dilutions of the standard medium. ",
"The other stock solutions (100 μM) of GEN (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), P4 and OP (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) were prepared in absolute ethanol and stored at −20°C. ",
"The working stock solutions were prepared daily using standard medium as diluent.",
"\n\nPreparation of spermatozoa {#Sec4}\n--------------------------\n\nFrozen bovine semen and liquid porcine semen were obtained from the National Agriculture Cooperation Federation (Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea) and Yonam Genetics, Inc. (Chonan, Chungnam, Korea), respectively. ",
"Epididymal mouse sperm cells were collected from 9-week-old male ICR mice (Central Lab. ",
"Animal Inc, Seoul, Korea). ",
"For frozen-thawed bovine and liquid porcine semen, sperm cells were centrifuged at 500 × g for 3 min and the sperm pellets were diluted with modified TCM 199 with or without chemicals. ",
"Subsequently, suspensions were centrifuged at 500 × g for 3 min and sperm pellets were diluted with modified TCM 199 solution containing one of the chemicals examined. ",
"These were incubated for 15 min or 30 min in an atmosphere of 5% CO~2~ at 39°C. ",
"For mouse spermatozoa, caudal epididymal spermatozoa from three mature ICR males were released into sterile plastic dishes containing modified TCM 199 (0.1% BSA). ",
"Suspensions were then allowed to disperse for 5 min on a warming tray and motile sperm cells were collected. ",
"Sperm cells were diluted with modified TCM 199 containing one of the chemicals examined. ",
"These samples were incubated for 15 min or 30 min in an atmosphere of 5% CO~2~ at 37°C. ",
"The analysis of each condition for each animal was replicated 3 times.",
"\n\nCombined Hoechst 33258/chlortetracycline fluorescence assessment of spermatozoa (H33258/CTC) {#Sec5}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe dual staining method performed was based on that described by Perez et al. ",
"\\[[@CR12]\\], with some modifications. ",
"Briefly, 135 μl of semen (2 × 10^8^ cell/ml) was added to 15 μl of H33258 solution (10 μg H33258/ml D-PBS) and incubated at 37°C for 10 min in a light-shielded water bath. ",
"Excess dye was removed by layering the mixture over 250 μl of 2% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in PBS that had been centrifuged at 400 × g for 10 min. ",
"The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was resuspended in 700 μl of PBS and 500 μl of this solution was added to 500 μl of a freshly prepared CTC solution (1.3 mg CTC in 5 ml buffer: 20 μM Tris, 130 μM NaCl, 5 μM cystein). ",
"After 20 sec, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 10 μl of 12.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde solution in 1 M Tris buffer and maintained at 4°C in the dark until evaluation (within 24 h of preparation). ",
"Samples were observed with a Nikon microphot-FXA under epifluorescence illumination using UV BP 340-380/LP 425 and BP 450-490/LP 515 excitation/emission filters for H33258 and CTC, respectively. ",
"Spermatozoa were classified as shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}: dead (D type, when nuclei showed bright blue fluorescence over the sperm head), live noncapacitated (F type, bright green fluorescence distributed uniformly over the entire sperm head, with or without stronger fluorescent line at the equatorial segment), live capacitated (B type, green fluorescence over acrosomal region and dark postacrosome), or live acrosome-reacted (AR type, spermatozoa showing a mottled green fluorescence over head, green fluorescence only in post acrosomal region or no fluorescence on the head) \\[[@CR13]\\]. ",
"All spermatozoa had bright green fluorescent midpieces. ",
"Two slides per sample were evaluated, with at least 100 spermatozoa per slide.",
"Table 1**Determination of capacitation status patterns**Patterns (%)DescriptionFFull fluorescence characteristic of ejaculated spermatozoa: characteristic of uncapacitated spermatozoaBBanded, indicative of capacitated spermatozoa and fluorescence only in the post acrosomal region: characteristic of capacitated spermatozoaARSpermatozoa showing a mottled green fluorescence over head, green fluorescence only in post acrosomal region or no fluorescence on the head: typical acrosome-reacted spermatozoa\n\nStatistics {#Sec6}\n----------\n\nThe data were analyzed using ANOVA performed with SPSS software (v. 12.0; Chicago, Illinois, USA). ",
"This test compares responses within replicates for a significant difference to be obtained, a consistent and reasonable magnitude is required between control and treated samples. ",
"A value of *P* \\<0.05 was considered statistically significant.",
"\n\nResults {#Sec7}\n=======\n\nThis study investigated the possible effects of E2, P4, and two estrogenic environmental estrogens, GEN, and OP, on capacitation and acrosome reaction in bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa *in vitro*. ",
"Bovine and porcine spermatozoa suspensions were incubated with 0.001-100 μM E2, P4, GEN, and OP for either 15 or 30 min at 39°C and then assessed using CTC fluorescence. ",
"Mouse spermatozoa were incubated at 37°C.",
"\n\nEffects of E2 on bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa {#Sec8}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nA concentration-dependent pattern of capacitation was observed in mouse spermatozoa. ",
"E2 (0.001-100 μM) significantly increased the acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa and capacitation in porcine spermatozoa after 15 min incubation (*P* \\<0.05, Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and C). ",
"Following 30 min exposure, E2 significantly increased both capacitation and the acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa, and significantly increased the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoa (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and C). ",
"No detectable effects were observed in bovine spermatozoa treated for 15 min or 30 min (Figures [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ",
"The acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa was responded to E2 at higher concentrations (10--100 μM) after 15 min incubation and responded to 0.001 μM after 30 min incubation. ",
"Capacitation in mouse spermatozoa was increased significantly at higher concentrations (10--100 μM) after 30 min incubation (*P* \\<0.05) (Figures [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ",
"Capacitation was increased in porcine spermatozoa after 15 min incubation in E2 at a concentration of 0.001 μM. This effect decreased gradually with increasing doses (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ",
"E2 significantly increased the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoa, but only after 30 min incubation at the highest concentration (*P* \\<0.05) (Figures [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}C).Figure 1**Effects of 15 min of incubation with 17β-estradiol (E2) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of E2 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of E2 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa under in the absence or presence of E2 (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B,\\ C^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^a,\\ b,\\ c^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the B pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).Figure 2**Effects of 30 min of incubation with 17β-estradiol (E2) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of E2 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of E2 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of E2 (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B,\\ C^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^a,\\ b,\\ c^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the B pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II,\\ III,\\ IV^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).",
"\n\nEffects of P4 on bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa {#Sec9}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nAfter a 15-minute exposure to P4, a concentration-dependent effect on acrosome reaction was observed. ",
"P4 (0.001-100 μM) significantly increased the acrosome reaction in both bovine and mouse spermatozoa treated for 15 min (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"This condition also significantly increased capacitation (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and B). ",
"No detectable acrosome reaction was observed in porcine spermatozoa (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ",
"P4 significantly increased capacitation in a dose-dependent manner in mouse spermatozoa treated for 30 min (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), while no detectable effects were observed in bovine or porcine spermatozoa (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and C).Figure 3**Effects of 15 min of incubation with progesterone (P4) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of P4 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of P4 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of P4 (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B,\\ C^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^a,\\ b,\\ c^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the B pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II,\\ III,\\ IV^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).Figure 4**Effects of 30 min of incubation with progesterone (P4) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of P4 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of P4 (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of P4 (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B,\\ C^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^a,\\ b,\\ c^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the B pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).",
"\n\nIn bovine spermatozoa, the acrosome reaction was significantly increased after 15 min incubation at higher concentrations (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A) (10--100 μM). ",
"The mouse spermatozoa first exhibited a response at 0.001 μM (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ",
"However, no significant effects on acrosome reaction were observed after 30 min incubation in any treated spermatozoa (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nEffects of GEN on bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa {#Sec10}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nGEN (0.001-100 μM) significantly increased the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoa treated for 15 min (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}C), while no detectable effects were observed in mouse spermatozoa (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ",
"GEN also significantly increased the acrosome reaction in both mouse and porcine spermatozoa treated for 30 min (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and C). ",
"A concentration-dependent effect on the acrosome reaction was observed in both mouse and porcine spermatozoa. ",
"Capacitation was increased in bovine spermatozoa after 15 min incubation at a concentration of 0.001 μM. Upon treatment with 0.1 μM, this effect gradually decreased with increasing doses of GEN (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ",
"No detectable effect was observed after 30 min incubation.",
"Figure 5**Effects of 15 min of incubation with genistein (GEN) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of GEN (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of GEN (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of GEN (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^a,\\ b^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the B pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).Figure 6**Effects of 30 min of incubation with genistein (GEN) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of GEN (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of GEN (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of GEN (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B,\\ C^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II,\\ III^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).",
"\n\nEffects of OP on bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa {#Sec11}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nOP (0.001-100 μM) significantly increased the acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa after 15 min (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ",
"This effect was dose-dependent manner. ",
"OP treatment also increased capacitation in porcine spermatozoa incubated for 15 min (Figure [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ",
"OP increased the acrosome reaction in bovine spermatozoa treated for 30 min, however these differences were not significant except at 100 μM. No detectable effects were observed in mouse, porcine, or bovine spermatozoa (Figure [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 7**Effects of 15 min of incubation with 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of OP (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of OP (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of OP (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^a,\\ b,\\ c^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the B pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).Figure 8**Effects of 15 min of incubation with 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on capacitation status. (",
"A)** Change of sperm capacitation status of bovine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of OP (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"B)** Change of sperm capacitation status of mouse spermatozoa in the absence or presence of OP (0.001 to 100 μM). **(",
"C)** Change of sperm capacitation status of porcine spermatozoa in the absence or presence of OP (0.001 to 100 μM). ",
"Capacitation status was distinguished F, B and AR pattern (Black Bar: F pattern, Grey Bar: B pattern, Dark-grey Bar: AR pattern). ",
"Data represent mean ± SEM, n =3. ",
"^A,\\ B^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the F pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05). ",
"^I,\\ II^ Values with different superscripts were significantly different compared to control and the AR pattern group, by ANOVA (*P* \\<0.05).",
"\n\nDiscussion {#Sec12}\n==========\n\nThe present study addressed the question whether estrogens and endocrine disruptors interfere with bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa function. ",
"Four chemicals, namely, E2, P4, GEN, and OP were evaluated at concentrations from 0.001 to 100 μM. Uncapacitated spermatozoa were treated for either 15 or 30 min. ",
"We then assessed capacitation and the acrosome reaction using CTC analysis.",
"\n\nInterestingly, spermatozoa from mice, porcine, and bovine were responded to E2 in a different way. ",
"Mouse and porcine spermatozoa responded at different concentrations and times. ",
"Our results from mouse spermatozoa are in accordance with \\[[@CR10]\\]. ",
"Unfortunately, we could not compare our findings from bovine and porcine with data from others because, to date, no such data has been collected by others. ",
"In various somatic cell systems, E2 has been reported to modulate Ca^2+^ fluxes, generate cyclic nucleotides, activate various kinases and modulate ion channels \\[[@CR14]\\]. ",
"cAMP plays a role in spermatozoa physiology, many treatments that accelerate capacitation cause an increase in cAMP. ",
"cAMP plays a role in spermatozoa physiology many treatments that acceleration of capacitation cause by increasing in cAMP. ",
"Moreover, continuous stimulation of cAMP production appears to be associated with acrosome loss \\[[@CR10]\\], these observations demonstrate the role of E2 in some of the physiological changes that take place in spermatozoa. ",
"Estrogens are classically thought to act by binding to estrogen receptors, ESR1 and ESR2 \\[[@CR15]\\]. ",
"Notably, several studies have reported the presence of ERs on human \\[[@CR16], [@CR17]\\] and rat \\[[@CR18]\\] cell membranes. ",
"GEN and other estrogenic components are able to bind to both estrogen receptors, ESR1 and ESR2 \\[[@CR19]--[@CR21]\\]. ",
"These chemicals may exert their effects by binding to the same receptors. ",
"P4 significantly increased the acrosome reaction in both bovine and mouse spermatozoa treated for 15 min (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and B), while significantly increased capacitation was observed in porcine spermatozoa (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ",
"P4 significantly increased capacitation with dose-dependent manner in mouse spermatozoa treated for 30 min (P \\<0.05) (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), while no detectable effects were observed in either bovine or porcine spermatozoa. ",
"Spermatozoa from mice, porcine, and bovine were responded to P4 in the same way as they responded to E2. ",
"P4 seems to be involved in the physiological induction of the AR \\[[@CR22]\\]. ",
"The changes induced by P4 require intercellular mechanisms dependent on protein kinase C and the Ca^2+^ channel. ",
"Unlike Ca^2+^ ionophores, P4 is a physiological inducer of the AR, because it does not bypass normal regulatory mechanisms \\[[@CR23]\\]. ",
"In most species, P4 concentration within the reproductive tract fluids is still unknown \\[[@CR24], [@CR25]\\]. ",
"In canine spermatozoa, the exposure of P4 binds with its receptors finally correlated with the maturation state of spermatozoa \\[[@CR26]\\]. ",
"In stallions, the proportion of spermatozoa with exposed P4 receptors seems to correlate with the fertility of a given animal \\[[@CR27]\\]. ",
"However, in bulls, P4 is not involved in the capacitation process, but rather initiates the AR, when spermatozoa are under capacitation conditions \\[[@CR28]\\]. ",
"Others have reported that P4 significantly enhances sperm capacitation but does not significantly increase the AR of heparin-capacitated spermatozoa \\[[@CR29]\\]. ",
"Therefore, our results indicate that P4 can induce the acrosome reaction in bovine and mouse spermatozoa, as well as stimulating capacitation in mouse and porcine spermatozoa. ",
"These findings are in contrast to other reports on bull spermatozoa that said P4 has a potential role in capacitation but not in AR. ",
"However, a significant time dependent increases of AR was reported in boar spermatozoa induced by P4 \\[[@CR30]\\]. ",
"P4 also failed to accelerate capacitation or acrosome loss in human sperm suspensions pre-incubated for 1 h prior to a 30-min P4 treatment \\[[@CR10]\\]. ",
"GEN significantly increased the acrosome reaction in both mouse and porcine spermatozoa treated for 30 min (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and C). ",
"A concentration-dependent effect on the acrosome reaction was observed in both mouse and porcine spermatozoa. ",
"GEN accelerated capacitation but this effect was not significant. ",
"Porcine spermatozoa responded to GEN in the same way as mouse spermatozoa did. ",
"In porcine spermatozoa, the acrosome reaction was increased at a concentration of 0.01 μM, but mouse spermatozoa required at least 0.1 μM of GEN to elicit a significantly difference. ",
"Our results from mouse and porcine spermatozoa are in accordance with those of Fraser et al. ",
"\\[[@CR9]\\], who reported that GEN accelerated capacitation and increased the acrosome reaction in human and mouse spermatozoa. ",
"While other investigators \\[[@CR19]--[@CR21]\\] have reported that GEN is able to bind to both estrogen receptors (ERs)-alpha and ER-beta, it has lower affinity than E2. ",
"Therefore, these observations were not in accordance with our data, which revealed similar effects for GEN and E2. ",
"However, other studies have reported that E2 and GEN both stimulate uncapacitated spermatozoa and that capacitation is associated with an increase in protein phosphorylation in humans \\[[@CR31], [@CR32]\\]. ",
"Daidzein, like GEN, is an isoflavone associated with soy isoflavones and has been proven to have the same effect as GEN on uncapacitated mouse spermatozoa. ",
"Thus, soy isoflavones-containing products have at least two components with the potential to alter sperm function \\[[@CR33]\\].",
"\n\nFinally, OP significantly increased the acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa, in a dose-dependent manner (*P* \\<0.05) (Figures [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), and significantly increased capacitation in porcine spermatozoa treated for 15 min (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ",
"Bovine spermatozoa showed significant increases in the AR following 30-minute incubation at the highest concentration of OP studied (*P* \\<0.05) (Figure [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ",
"However, no detectable effects were observed in mouse or porcine spermatozoa following incubation for 30 min. ",
"While OP has been reported to be estrogenic in fish and mammalian cells and mimics the effect of E2 by binding to the estrogen receptor \\[[@CR34]\\], our data revealed that OP had low estrogenic activity in all spermatozoa tested. ",
"This was in accordance with Aydogan et al. ",
"\\[[@CR34]\\], who reported that the estrogenic activity of OP was approximately 10^−3^ to 10^−7^ M relative to E2. ",
"The low efficiency of OP may result from the lower affinity with which it binds to ERs \\[[@CR19]--[@CR21]\\]. ",
"Luconi et al. ",
"\\[[@CR2]\\] also reported that octyphenol polyethoxylate had no detectable effect in humans.",
"\n\nConclusions {#Sec13}\n===========\n\nAll chemicals studied effectively altered capacitation and the acrosome reaction in bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa. ",
"However, when spermatozoa were incubated for 15 or 30 min in all chemicals studied, capacitation status and acrosome reaction were significantly different in the responsiveness of bovine, mouse and porcine spermatozoa to E2, P4, GEN, and OP were significantly different. ",
"Porcine spermatozoa were more responsive than the other spermatozoa. ",
"Therefore, we suggest that porcine spermatozoa can be used as a suitable tool for *in vitro* screening of potential endocrine disruptors.",
"\n\n**Competing interests**\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.",
"\n\n**Authors' contributions**\n\nConceived and designed the experiments: DYR, YJK, MGP. ",
"Performed the experiments: DYR, YJK, JSL, MSR. ",
"Analyzed the data: DYR, YJK, MSR, WSK, SJY, MGP. ",
"Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DYR, YJK, MGP. ",
"Wrote the paper: DYR, YJK, MGP. ",
"All authors read and approved the final manuscript.",
"\n\nThis study was financially supported by the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project no. ",
"PJ008415), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.",
"\n"
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"Battle of Caesarea\n\nThe Battle of Caesarea occurred in 1067 when the Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan attacked Caesarea. ",
"Caesarea was sacked and its Cathedral of St. Basil desecrated. ",
"Following Caesarea, the Seljuk Turks made another attempt invading Anatolia, with an assault on Iconium in 1069. ",
"This provoked Romanos IV Diogenes' second campaign.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Battles of the Byzantine–Seljuq Wars\nCategory:1060s in the Byzantine Empire\n\nCategory:Battles in medieval Anatolia\nCategory:Conflicts in 1067\nCategory:1067 in Asia\nCategory:11th century in the Seljuk Empire"
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"The main objectives of this project are to determine the roles of catecholamines in brain functions that regulate motor activity, neuroendocrine secretion, and autonomic function. ",
"In vivo microdialysis is used to monitor levels of monoamines and their metabolites in extracellular fluid in specific brain regions, with simultaneous measurements of arterial plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and ACTH. ",
"Microdialysis probes with an attached infusion microcannulae are used to introduce drugs or isotopically-labelled compounds and sample extracellular fluid in the same region. ",
"Brain lesions are made surgically or by use of toxins specific to particular cell types. ",
"HPLC and liquid scintillation spectrophotometry are used in assays of materials in the microdialysates and in situ hybridization used to examine brain regional levels of mRNA encoding CRH. ",
"In rats with unilateral striatonigral dopamine (DA) neurons destroyed with 6-OHDA, DA formation from locally perfused DOPA was detected but was less on the lesioned than on the intact side. ",
"Clorgyline (an inhibitor of MAO-A), augmented DA production from DOPA both on the lesioned and the intact side, whereas deprenyl (an inhibitor of MAO-B) had no effect. ",
"Neuroendocrine responses to a variety of stressors (handling, immobilization, subcutaneous formalin injection, insulin, hemorrhage, or cold) indicated stressor-specific patterns. ",
"For example, insulin-induced hypoglycemia evoked marked, correlated increases in EPI and ACTH levels, whereas cold exposure increased plasma NE levels disproportionately compared with ACTH responses, and hypotensive hemorrhage increased ACTH levels disproportionately compared with catecholamine responses. ",
"Administration of cortisol inhibited basal and immobilization stress-induced NE release and catecholamine synthesis in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). ",
"After adrenalectomy, release was enhanced, and the effects of adrenalectomy were reversed by treatment with replacement doses of cortisol. ",
"Thus, central noradrenergic pathways ascending from medullary centers participate in feedback inhibition of HPA axis activity exerted by circulating glucocorticoids. ",
"After brainstem hemisection, which interrupts noradrenergic pathways from the A1 and A2 areas to the PVN, immobilization stress-induced NE release in the ipsilateral PVN was reduced much more than in the contralateral PVN, whereas NE release in the central nucleus of the amygdala was unaffected on either side. ",
"Both basal levels and stress-induced enhancement of PVN mRNA encoding CRH were diminished ipsilateral to the hemisection. ",
"Plasma ACTH responses to immobilization, however, were uninfluenced by brainstem hemisection. ",
"This indicates that there is sufficient CRH release from only one PVN to elicit an unimpaired ACTH response to immobilization."
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[
" \nThe Philosophy of \nOntological Lateness\nAlso available from Bloomsbury\n\nMerleau-Ponty and the Paradoxes of Expression, Donald A. Landes\n\nMerleau-Ponty's Existential Phenomenology and the Realization of Philosophy, Bryan A. Smyth\n\nMerleau-Ponty and Theology, Christopher Ben Simpson\n\nArt, Language and Figure in Merleau-Ponty, Rajiv Kaushik\n\nThe Merleau-Ponty Dictionary, Donald A. Landes\nThe Philosophy of \nOntological Lateness\n\nMerleau-Ponty and the Tasks of Thinking\n\nKeith Whitmoyer\n\nBloomsbury Academic\n\nAn imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc\n\nContents\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nList of Abbreviations\n\nIntroduction\n\nPart 1Cruel Thought\n\n1Philosophical Interrogation and Perceptual Faith\n\n2The Real and the Outside\n\n3A Consciousness without Fissures\n\nPart 2The Deflagration of Sense\n\n4Le sentir du sens\n\n5Temporality disparue\n\n6Freedom and Lateness to Being\n\nPart 3The Philosophy of Lateness, the Lateness of Philosophy\n\n7Eulogy for Philosophy\n\n8At the Point of Departure\n\nConclusion: What Can We Have?",
"\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nGlossary\n\nIndex of Names\n\nThematic Index\nAcknowledgements\n\nI would like to thank Ann Murphy for her generous help in revising and commenting on the manuscript for this work. ",
"I would also like to thank Tom MacCary for his help and support, especially with Ancient Greek. ",
"Finally I would especially like to thank Leonard Lawlor for his support and assistance over the years and in my study of Merleau-Ponty. ",
"Any errors are those of the author.",
"\nList of Abbreviations\n\nWorks by Merleau-Ponty\n\nPHPPhénoménologie de la perception. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1945; Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"Translated by Colin Smith. ",
"London: Routledge, 2006.",
"\n\nHTHumanisme et terreur. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1947; Humanism and Terror. ",
"Translated by John O'Neill. ",
"Boston: Beacon Press, 1969.",
"\n\nSNSSens et non-sens. ",
"Paris: Les Editions Nagel, 1948; Sense and Non-sense. ",
"Translated by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Patricia Allen Dreyfus. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964.",
"\n\nCCauseries 1948. ",
"Paris : Seuil, 2002; The World of Perception. ",
"Translated by Oliver Davis. ",
"London: Routledge, 2004.",
"\n\nEPÉloge de la philosophie et autres essais. ",
"Paris: Les Éditions Gallimard, 1953; In Praise of Philosophy and Other Essays. ",
"Translated by John Wild and James M. Edie. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1988. ",
"Inaugural address at the Collège de France.",
"\n\nMSMELe monde sensible et le monde de l'expression. ",
"Geneva: Metis Presses, 2011.",
"\n\nIPL'institution La passivité: Notes de cours au Collège de France (1954–1955). ",
"Paris: Belin, 2003; Institution and Passivity: Notes from the Collège de France. ",
"Translated by Leonard Lawlor. ",
"Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 2010.",
"\n\nRCRésumés de cours, Collège de France 1952–1960. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1968; In Praise of Philosophy and Other Essays. ",
"Edited by James Edie and John O'Neill John Wilde. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1963.",
"\n\nNCNotes des Cours au Collège de France: 1958–1959 et 1960–1961. ",
"Edited by Stéphanie Ménasé. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1996.",
"\n\nSSignes. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1960; Signs. ",
"Translated by Richard McCleary. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964.",
"\n\nOEL'Œil et l'Esprit. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1960; \"Eye and Mind.\" ",
"In The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader: Philosophy and Painting, by Galen Johnson, 121–49. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1993.",
"\n\nVILe visible et l'invisible. ",
"Edited by Claude Lefort. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1964; The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"Edited by Claude Lefort. ",
"Translated by Alphonso Lingis. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1968.",
"\n\nWorks by other authors\n\nZBHusserl, Edmund. ",
"Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewußtseins. ",
"Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1928; On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1917). ",
"Translated by John Barnett Brough. ",
"Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.",
"\n\nSZHeidegger, Martin. ",
"Sein und Zeit. ",
"Tubingen: Neomarius Verlag, 1927; Being and Time. ",
"Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. ",
"Oxford: Blackwell, 1962.",
"\n\nENSartre, Jean-Paul. ",
"L'être et le néant. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1943; Being and Nothingness. ",
"Translated by Hazel Barnes. ",
"New York: Washington Square Press, 1952.",
"\nIntroduction\n\nPhilosophy finds its source in a certain kind of anxiety. ",
"Plato, for example, seems to have been worried about the apparent irreconcilability of the permanence and transience of being. ",
"No two couches are absolutely identical. ",
"They come into being and pass away, and yet nonetheless partake in some manner of subsistence since they remain, nonetheless, couches. ",
"On a certain reading, Plato appears fixated on this concern, borrowed from Parmenides, about the exclusion of becoming from being. ",
"To put this worry to rest, Plato establishes a system in which that which is never identical with itself but always on the way to its other is regulated by that which is always what it is and never otherwise—being as such, the εἶδος. ",
"How we interpret a philosopher often stems from how we perceive the anxiety often standing silently at the center of his or her thought.",
"\n\nThe anxiety that seems to have motivated Merleau-Ponty's philosophy—at least from Phenomenology of Perception onward—is a concern with the need to be everything, uneasiness with those who wish to arrive at the absolute source, discomfort with those who want to put an end to reflection by accomplishing it completely. ",
"Merleau-Ponty was skeptical of the philosopher's need to \"penetrate into a life,\" as Proust said, to exhaust its possibilities so that this life, this other, conceals nothing, leaving no trace of shadow or ambiguity. ",
"In a word, I think the anxiety that motivates Merleau-Ponty's thinking is a concern with \"knowledge\" in the sense that this term has come to bear since Descartes: the unassailable certainty that I am sane and in possession of my faculties and not mistaking myself for a pumpkin or believing that my body is made of glass, that I am awake and not dreaming, or that there is not an evil demon tricking me into believing there is something when there is really nothing. ",
"Since Descartes, philosophers have tended to take the possibility of knowledge in this sense as their vindication, and this need—to provide assurances and guarantees against madness and error—seems to have dominated Western thinking until only recently. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, the word \"ambiguity\" is set in opposition to this Cartesian need for absoluteness and security.",
"\n\nThe problem with knowledge in this sense—the reason it seems to have disturbed Merleau-Ponty and perhaps should also disturb us—is that epistemology's place as first philosophy and everything entailed therein stems from fear rather than love. ",
"In Descartes—or at least a certain reading of the philosophy of Descartes—the anxiety that motivates his thought also arguably consumes it. ",
"There is a point at which Descartes seems to have had some intolerance for human finitude, embodiment, mortality, history, contingency, and ambiguity. ",
"He had difficulty accepting that we are thrown into a world not of our making, a world that, in spite of our best efforts to see it with mathematical precision, when we look with our eyes, recedes into the opacity of an infinite distance. ",
"Because the world gives itself to us in this elusive manner, we doubt and then seek out that Archimedean point, that place of unassailable security. ",
"We philosophize because we want the apparent chaos of experience to be resolved in the ἀποκάλυψις: the final pulling back of the veil, the revelation of the benevolent λόγος, the word, the reason itself.",
"\n\nBut this desire for absoluteness, for security, which in Descartes expressed itself as a desire for that which is beyond doubt, as we know all too well, comes at a cost. ",
"Merleau-Ponty calls this wish \"cruel thought,\" and his description of this style of thinking gives us some indications of what he thought that cost was and why we should be concerned about it. ",
"By giving itself over to this perhaps distinctively Cartesian fear—the fear of error—philosophy enters into a specific relation to being: it becomes an inquisition, to use Merleau-Ponty's term, and ceases to be φιλία, friendship or love. ",
"One is reminded of Proust's narrator in À la recherche du temps perdu, who feels that he can love the elusive Albertine only when she sleeps because, in sleep, she seems to conceal nothing. ",
"Proust's hero slinks into her chamber, sits and stares, watching her sleep. ",
"The narrator succumbs to this Cartesian desire: to be beyond doubt. ",
"He wishes to find Albertine right where she is, to discover the Archimedean point that would unlock her absolute source, her essence. ",
"In this way, he desires a kind of punctuality, to be on time, for as it is, when he arrives on the scene, it is as if she has already fled, concealed within her impossessable consciousness. ",
"Wherever and whenever he finds Albertine, he always seems to be late, and her apparently constitutive withdraw is what leads him toward the jealousy and inquisitorial domination that drive her away.",
"\n\nThis scene from the Recherche could be taken as a metaphor for the kind of thinking that worries Merleau-Ponty. ",
"In its search for an unassailable certainty, cruel thought seeks to arrive on time to being, to find it right when and where it is in its incontestable finality and presence. ",
"From Phenomenology of Perception to The Visible and the Invisible, Merleau-Ponty's philosophical work was oriented toward articulating another mode and style for philosophizing that overcomes this cruel, Cartesian fear. ",
"I call this style of thought a philosophy of ontological lateness. ",
"Just as Albertine perpetually eluded Proust's narrator, the Archimedean point, the absolute source, the essence that cruel thought seeks is out of reflection's reach. ",
"The possibility of arriving at the center, of disclosing the core is foreclosed to philosophy precisely to the extent that it is subject to an irrecoverable weakness, precisely to the extent that it \"limps.\" ",
"Like Proust's narrator, arriving at the advent of being remains perpetually beyond reflection's reach for it arrives on the scene too late.",
"\n\nThere are two senses of lateness at play here, both of which operate within the designation \"philosophical interrogation,\" which Merleau-Ponty worked to define and mobilize against this cruel, inquisitorial thought. ",
"First is the former just described—the lateness of reflection to the presence of being. ",
"This is not an incidental weakness that could be overcome by placing being under a clearer light or at a better angle. ",
"Nor can it be overcome through reflection's reinvention. ",
"This weakness, rather, is a function of a second, more fundamental sense of lateness: the lateness of becoming to being. ",
"When philosophical reflection arrives on the scene, already too late, it does not find what it expected. ",
"If we follow a truly rigorous method—that of phenomenology—what we discover is not what cruel thought wished for, the incontestable transparency of being, but rather a process of flight, of escape, an expressive, temporal éclatement, an explosion of sense that cannot resolve itself. ",
"In other words, phenomenological method does not disclose the final λόγος, the word or reason, of being—there is no ἀποκάλυψις, no final unveiling and harmony—but only κάλυψις, the veiling and withdraw of being, not the word but the \"permanent dissonance\" of an inarticulate scream. ",
"Phenomenology, in this way, discloses—not \"being\"—but a process of \"becoming,\" a \"dehiscence,\" a splitting open and flux in a process of egress and departure. ",
"Reflection recognizes itself to be inscribed within this process, in the grip of the temporal deflagration on which it attempted to seize, and this is why Merleau-Ponty famously remarks in Phenomenology of Perception that the phenomenological reduction cannot be completed.",
"\n\nIn contrast to the cruel thought that seeks its own dissolution in the fullness of being, phenomenology, understood as a philosophy of ontological lateness, discloses the impossibility of completeness and therefore the impossibility of its dissolution. ",
"Phenomenology, in this way, as Husserl said and Merleau-Ponty liked to repeat, is a process of perpetual beginning, of renewal, and this precisely in virtue of its lateness. ",
"By articulating this thought, Merleau-Ponty wishes to overcome the fear, jealousy, and paranoia that motivate cruel thought and to re-think the sense of φιλία at stake in φιλοσοφία. ",
"Like Proust's narrator, cruel thought begins with the fear of not knowing for sure: not knowing whether I am mad, that I am dreaming, that there is not an evil demon, that Albertine is who she says and that she loves me. ",
"In both cases what is lacking is φιλία based in πίστις, trust or faith. ",
"One who loves does not seek to surveil, possess, and coincide with being but allows for its withdraw, allows for its self-concealing, depth, and shadows, even its \"promiscuity.\" ",
"It is a love present at the point of departure. ",
"It means not only loving what escapes because of and in its withdraw but loving the escape itself. ",
"What is required for this love is not \"knowledge\" in the sense outlined above—not clarity, distinctness, and apodicticity—but πίστις, the kind that Proust's narrator lacked, the faith we demonstrate when we no longer take \"knowing\" as our project, when we let the other—Albertine, being—withdraw, when we allow for the κάλυψις, the veiling, of the λόγος: when we let the other die.",
"\n\nThe reading of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy I offer here strives to be holistic and avoid the temptation of periodization. ",
"The philosophy of ontological lateness, I think, begins with Merleau-Ponty's initiation into phenomenology, which took place early in 1939, some months before his trip to the Husserl archive in May of that year. ",
"The philosophical work that his introduction to Husserl's manuscripts set forth would occupy his thinking from that time until his death. ",
"Phenomenology of Perception, therefore, was the first expression of a project that he would spend the rest of his life developing, and the fragment of The Visible and the Invisible, along with his lectures at the Collège de France, represent its most mature development. ",
"My strategy is to bring these later texts into dialogue with close readings of several key chapters from the Phenomenology, particularly Le sentir, La temporalité, and La liberté. ",
"This shows Merleau-Ponty's philosophy to be a sustained meditation on a consistent anxiety and that, while his later works evince a more mature conceptual vocabulary, the arch of his thought is marked by the more or less continuous development of a philosophy of ontological lateness.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's most important complete work, Phenomenology of Perception, has been received with a certain degree of apprehension by philosophers beginning almost immediately after its publication in 1945. ",
"What has worried readers and commentators is the text's apparent commitment to a certain understanding of consciousness and, consequently, to a certain style of idealism. ",
"The specter of idealism worried readers at the time in the wake of Heidegger's Sein und Zeit and still does today in light of movements in continental philosophy such as deconstruction and the new realisms. ",
"Jean Beaufret, for example, raised this concern in the discussion that followed Merleau-Ponty's 1946 address at the Société française de philosophie, where he attempted to defend and clarify the text's thesis of the primacy of perception. ",
"Beaufret remarks that Merleau-Ponty, in 1945, failed to abandon \"subjectivity and the vocabulary of subjective idealism as, beginning with Husserl, Heidegger has done.\" ",
"Beaufret's concern has been echoed by more recent commentators, who worry that \"guided by the presupposition of consciousness, Phenomenology of Perception remains profoundly dependent on the intellectualism it denounces.\" ",
"This idealist reading of the text, following the impact of Barbaras, has now become a standard approach to Phenomenology of Perception, especially among those scholars those who tend to focus more on the later works, and, to a certain extent, has become a standard approach to existential phenomenology in general. ",
"Merleau-Ponty, however, was neither ignorant of nor insensitive to this worry, and already in the pages of Phenomenology of Perception we find a sustained critical engagement with the \"ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism\" that invites us to rethink the sense of transcendentality at stake in phenomenology. ",
"The transcendental, for Merleau-Ponty, cannot be identified with the ipseity or privilege of a constituting origin, i.e., subjectivity, but must be understood as a field of Einströmen, of \"influx,\" that in virtue of its temporalization is already on the point of departure.",
"\n\nIn light of concerns about the specter of idealism, there has also been some discussion about whether Merleau-Ponty's thought is more closely allied with Husserl or Heidegger. ",
"Beaufret, again, complains that Merleau-Ponty remained a Husserlian phenomenologist who had yet to make the transition to Heidegger, anticipating Heidegger's own assessment of Merleau-Ponty in a letter to Hannah Arendt. ",
"Arendt, having read The Visible and the Invisible, enthusiastically asks if Heidegger had read Merleau-Ponty, noting that she thinks him much better than Sartre. ",
"Heidegger responds saying that he had read some Merleau-Ponty and that he \"comes somewhere between Husserl and Heidegger.\" ",
"While such remarks may seem incidental, the reception of Merleau-Ponty's work, particularly of Phenomenology of Perception, has generally been situated in the context of its proximity and distance to Husserlian and Heideggerian phenomenology. ",
"Most scholars follow Beaufret and Heidegger insofar as Phenomenology of Perception is most often read in terms of the quite explicit influence of Husserl, and Merleau-Ponty's engagement with Heidegger at this time, particularly Sein und Zeit, remains largely ignored in spite of frequent and prominent references. ",
"In reading Merleau-Ponty's work, however, we do not have to choose between Husserl and Heidegger. ",
"Merleau-Ponty certainly never made such a choice. ",
"The strategy I have adopted here is to try to follow the path through phenomenology laid out by Merleau-Ponty, a path that is neither strictly Husserlian nor Heideggerian but is marked along the way with signals from both. ",
"This path, I think, takes us into a territory that at various points belongs to Husserl and Heidegger as well as to Merleau-Ponty and yet, as he says, \"opens out on something else.\"",
"\n\nReaders familiar with Merleau-Ponty's writings may worry that references to lateness and delay are scattered at best and that to organize an interpretation around ontological lateness is somehow unfaithful to the letter of his thought. ",
"I hope to show that this worry is not only textually unfounded—there is a wealth of textual evidence across his oeuvre—but I think this anxiety is also contrary to the spirit of Merleau-Ponty's philosophical effort. ",
"After all, he himself says that \"To think is not to possess the objects of thought; it is to use them to mark out a realm to think about which we therefore are not yet thinking about\" and that\n\nThere is no dilemma of objective interpretation or arbitrariness with respect to these articulations, since [the works and thought of a philosopher] are not objects of thought, since (like shadow and reflection) they would be destroyed by being subjected to analytic observation or taken out of context, and since we can be faithful to and find them only by thinking again.",
"\n\nThe reading offered here I hope is consistent with these views on what it means to read and interpret a thinker, and my aim is to think again with Merleau-Ponty and to signal something that can be found across his works and that seems to have been a driving force throughout his career: giving voice to the philosophy of ontological lateness.",
"\nPart One\n\nCruel Thought\n\nPhilosophical Interrogation and Perceptual Faith\n\nIn this chapter, I will try to clarify several key concepts in Merleau-Ponty's thought. ",
"The first, l'interrogation philosophique, philosophical interrogation, is the name Merleau-Ponty gives to the vision of thought he wished to articulate and its tasks toward the end of his career. ",
"Interrogation first and foremost refers to questioning. ",
"To interrogate is to question. ",
"When one imagines interrogation, we think of stark, Spartan rooms illuminated by harsh lights, the faces of the interrogators hidden in shadow. ",
"We think of beads of sweat rolling down the witness's face and sodium pentothal-induced deliriums. ",
"We think of restraints and beatings. ",
"When we think of interrogation, we imagine a certain image or persona of questioning, most strikingly that of the police, who question in order to elicit facts—truths—about what is the case. ",
"This image of interrogation—the police—is what Deleuze famously calls an \"image of thought,\" an image of thinking and its tasks that remains parasitic on \"un-interrogated\" presuppositions that it innocently denies in the name of their obviousness or universality. ",
"Interestingly, even strangely, Merleau-Ponty does not invoke the language of interrogation in the name of the image of questioning called forth by the police but in order to challenge it, even to destroy it.",
"\n\nThis image brings us to the second concept, what Merleau-Ponty designates as \"cruel thought.\" ",
"Cruel thought, like its counterpart in law enforcement, acts in the name of the \"facts,\" in the name of what is the case, the \"truth.\" ",
"As we shall see, what we mean when we speak of truth becomes contested in Merleau-Ponty's thought. ",
"The interrogation itself and whatever violence that transpires in its course are justified by their end: penetrating the veil of lies and uncertainty that stand between the hand of justice and the matters themselves. ",
"After all, police are there precisely in order to \"keep the peace,\" maintain the rule of law, and ensure an orderly society where each individual is found in their own proper place, and this is accomplished only if the police are in possession of the truth of things. ",
"Cruel thought asks because it wishes to access the purity that lays concealed behind illusion, to have an unfettered view onto the things themselves, to render all in absolute transparency such that nothing remains hidden or concealed. ",
"To this extent, like its equivalent in the national security state, cruel thought is preoccupied with surveillance, what Merleau-Ponty calls pensée en survol, thought that hovers above being so that nothing is concealed.",
"\n\nWhen Merleau-Ponty describes his vision of thought as \"philosophical interrogation,\" which, as we shall see, is too unstable to be called an \"image\" in Deleuze's sense, he has in mind a posture that is different from this cruelty. ",
"In contrast to cruel thought and the image of the police who, in questioning, seek the arrest and detention of the matters themselves, philosophical interrogation is a questioning that releases, that acts in the name of the liberation of what is asked. ",
"Philosophical interrogation allows for the distance and spacing between what asks and what is asked, and its questioning takes place across this distance, which it does not attempt to eliminate. ",
"In contrast to the cruel thought that seeks the transparency and pure visibility of the things themselves, philosophical interrogation allows for depth, shadow, and ambiguity; it allows for the withdraw of that which is interrogated and even allows for its own interrogation, for itself to be questioned by the things it sees.",
"\n\nIn allowing for the withdraw of what we ask, we give up on the possibility of absolute certainty: we even give up on a certain image of truth as that which is unassailably the case. ",
"This brings us to the third concept under consideration. ",
"In recognizing the impossibility of certainty, Merleau-Ponty calls for what he calls foi perceptive, perceptual faith. ",
"On the one hand, this is the faith demonstrated when I believe that what appears before my eyes are the things themselves in their unconcealment and that there is no epistemic veil drawn between my eyes and the world. ",
"On the other hand, however, it names the faith demonstrated by my vision insofar as it allows for—even requires—the intervention of distance, the depth of the things I see but cannot touch. ",
"This is the faith demonstrated by Mary Magdalene, who at the appearance of the λόγος, does not reach out her hand to grasp and detain; she does not lay hold of her beloved in an effort to keep him but lets him withdraw. ",
"In this way, Mary demonstrates a posture for thinking that no longer seeks for the absolute diapason of all things, that no longer attempts to achieve this harmony in fusion and coincidence. ",
"It is this other posture, philosophical interrogation, that Merleau-Ponty attempted to elaborate at the end of his life.",
"\n\nSection 1 of the chapter turns to cruel thought in the context of some of Merleau-Ponty's later writings, including his final, unfinished work, The Visible and the Invisible, an earlier draft of one the chapters from this work, and one of his later lectures at the Collège de France called \"Philosophy Today.\" ",
"I will also turn to some others works by Merleau-Ponty as well as to some by other philosophers such as Aristotle, Heidegger, and Proust. ",
"Part 2 takes up a more detailed elaboration of what Merleau-Ponty means when he speaks of philosophical interrogation and how it departs from cruel thought. ",
"This is accomplished largely in the context of a discussion of The Visible and the Invisible along with the same lecture from the Collège de France. ",
"The chapter closes by turning to the third concept under consideration, perceptual faith, in the context The Visible and the Invisible.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Cruel thought\n\nTo begin, we must understand what anxieties motivate Merleau-Ponty's project to articulate a new posture for the tasks of thought. ",
"From a certain point of view, for a philosopher to call into question the task of acquiring and articulating knowledge, the task of establishing truth in opposition to populist belief in mythology, ideology, or mere \"opinion\" seems to be the height of hubris and audacity. ",
"If not in the name of truth and knowledge, then in what name does a so-called philosophy of lateness speak? ",
"Can such an inquiry, if one can really call it that, still bear the name \"philosophy\"? ",
"As Merleau-Ponty himself notes at the close of his final published writing, L'Œil et l'Esprit, \"Eye and Mind\":\n\nWhat, says the understanding, like [Stendhal's] Lamiel, is that all there is to it? ",
"Is this the highest point of reason, to note that slippage [glissement] of the soil under our feet, to pompously name \"interrogation\" a state of continued stupor, \"research\" [recherche] a circular path, to call \"Being\" that which never fully is?",
"\n\nIt seems that in calling for a new modality for thought, Merleau-Ponty wants to undermine the most sacred tenets of philosophical inquiry, which has always acted in the name of reason, truth, justice, beauty, and the good. ",
"Since at least Plato, philosophy has dedicated itself to this pursuit in opposition to the interests of the οἱ πολλοί, \"the many,\" who are content with the wisdom of common sense, the \"obvious,\" which more often than not is presided over by the powerful. ",
"Philosophy, in this way, has traditionally sought the things themselves which lay occluded behind the mere appearances or semblances of truth and the inherently conservative, dogmatic faith in the obvious that is supposed to be the defining feature of the masses and their uneducated appetites for all-you-can-eat buffets, pornography, and senseless violence. ",
"Philosophy searches for the truth concealed by popular (or populist) opinion, more durable than fad or fashion, a truth obscured by everyday life and its irrationalist tendencies, habits, and needs.",
"\n\nAnd yet does not this image of thought and its assigned tasks—to philosophize is to seek out truth and knowledge behind the veil of lies—already invite us to call it into question and confront it with its own perhaps unrecognized dogmatism? ",
"What is the justification for conceptualizing the tasks of philosophy in terms of the search for truth other than tradition and the shadow of Platonism? ",
"What possibilities does this image of thought conceal from us? ",
"Is it not possible that this image of thought is just that—an image, an appearance that occludes another stance for thinking that itself asks for other tasks? ",
"Perhaps we were hoping for something more, the revelation and unveiling of the final order of things, and we feel as if we have been let down by this idea of a philosophy that cannot arrive at the source, that cannot arrive on time. ",
"But perhaps we should reflect on what we asked for when set this expectation for thought and what we presuppose. ",
"Perhaps thinking is less of a science and more of an art. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty goes on to note in L'Œil et l'Esprit, comparing the tasks of thought to those of the painter:\n\nBut this disappointment is that of false imaginary, which claims a positivity which fills in [comble] exactly its emptiness. ",
"It is the regret of not being everything. ",
"Regret which is not even entirely justified. ",
"For if, neither in painting nor even elsewhere, we cannot establish a hierarchy of civilizations nor speak of progress, it is not because some destiny turns us back, it is, rather, because the very first painting in some sense went all the way into the depths of the future. ",
"If no painting completes painting, if no work is itself ever absolutely completed, each creation changes, alters, clarifies, deepens, confirms, exalts, re-creates, or creates in advance all the others. ",
"If creations are not an acquisition, it is not just that, like all things, they pass: it is also that they have almost their entire lives before them.",
"\n\nThis passage touches on a number of themes essential to Merleau-Ponty's thought that will have to be developed over the course of these reflections. ",
"For now, let us note how what he says here sheds some light on the posture of thought that was his concern, namely, that philosophy which seeks to make up \"for its own emptiness\" by coinciding with being in its positivity, purity, and self-identity, the philosophy that, upon reflection, betrays itself as nothing other than a regret of not being everything—bitterness because philosophy turned out to be a concern for mere mortals, because it has taken place here on Earth, and because the magical sage promised in the figure of the philosopher turned out to be, after all, just another human being.",
"\n\nThis posture for philosophy—the desire to be at the center, the desire to see being itself, to have and see all things in their own proper place—worried Merleau-Ponty. ",
"He seems to have changed his mind about what designation to use for this agenda for thinking, often approaching indirectly, through ellipses rather than confronting it directly. ",
"For the purposes of simplicity and because it brings together a number of motifs and threads that run throughout his texts, both his published works as well as the notes to his courses, I will borrow one such designation: cruel thought. ",
"In this section, before turning to the posture for thinking Merleau-Ponty attempted to articulate at the end of his life in opposition to cruel thought, \"philosophical interrogation,\" I will try to elaborate in detail what the designation \"cruel thought\" means and why he believed that another posture for thinking was necessary. ",
"To do so, I will turn to the text where he uses this designation, a brouillon d'une rédaction, a draft of a revision for one of the chapters published as The Visible and the Invisible, in concert with the published version of that work. ",
"When Merleau-Ponty calls this thought \"cruel,\" as we shall see, it recalls the love affair between the narrator and the fugitive Albertine in Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu, and I will turn to this text in addition to some of Merleau-Ponty's own reflections on it as they appear in the 1954 lecture, \"Institution in Personal and Public History.\" ",
"But first, in order to frame what I will say in the context of Merleau-Ponty, I would like to return to one of the oldest and in a sense most formative statements of the tasks of thinking: Aristotle's Metaphysics A.\n\nThe text famously begins by saying:\n\nπάντες ἄνθρωποι τοῦ εἰδέναι ὀρέγονται φύσει.",
"\n\n\"All human beings reach out to know in accordance with nature.\" ",
"There is a great deal to say about this statement, but we will restrict ourselves to the word ὀρέγω. ",
"This is usually translated as \"desire,\" but it's important to note that Aristotle does not say ἐπιθυμία, which means desire in the sense of a passion or an appetite. ",
"Human beings may possess such an appetite for knowledge, but this is not what Aristotle means to say here. ",
"Knowing, in the verbal sense, is something we reach out for, something we wish to take in hand, to grasp, in the sense of the German word for concept, Begriff, which is what we conceive insofar as it lies within our grasp. ",
"By nature human beings reach out to take hold of the truth, to tighten our fingers around it and keep it. ",
"When it succeeds and we have the truth firmly under our control, we call this reaching out and grasping \"knowing.\" ",
"So much of Western metaphysics before and since Aristotle has been concerned with this possession: with reaching out to touch the essence itself in its purity, unencumbered, with no intervening distance, with no degree of alterity, and with no écart, no fissure or gap separating this reach from that toward which it extends its hand. ",
"To this extent, this gesture, this reach and grasping, signifies a desire for fusion and indifferentiation; this extended hand wants to arrive at the scene of being, right where and when it is.",
"\n\nUnderstanding this posture in terms of reaching toward and grasping—as touch, contact, and fusion—highlights something about the object toward which we extend our hand: οἶδα, \"knowing.\" ",
"In the Metaphysics, Aristotle defines this as having access to the αἰτία, the \"why\" of things, usually translated as \"cause.\" ",
"To have an αἰτία is to have an antecedent reason for being, an excuse, if you will, for why one is thus and not otherwise. ",
"In this way, knowledge becomes about laying hands on being in its culpability and compelling it to confess its \"why\" to us. ",
"In this regard, philosophy, as the pursuit of truth and knowledge, becomes about compelling the objects of its inquiry to reveal their secrets: one could say \"interrogation\" here, but as we shall see, Merleau-Ponty uses this term in quite a different sense. ",
"In lieu of this name, we will use \"inquisition\" to refer to this other manner of questioning and its perhaps cruel desire to have truth in hand as well as the tasks this desire assigns to philosophy.",
"\n\nIt is possible, however, to offer a different understanding of Aristotle's extended hand: hospitality, an open, welcoming hand that reaches out and offers a gift rather than reaching out to lay hold of and detain. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, it is in modernity, with Descartes specifically, that this extended hand becomes a truly paranoid desire to possess, for there knowledge is equated with certainty: it is not enough that being confess its why; we must also be assured that this confession is without error, that there are no deceptions, and that this confession is secured absolutely beyond any possible doubt. ",
"Doubt is in a way the primary theme of the Meditations, for this work begins with doubt in the form of a certain fear and anxiety about error—that he is not mad and mistaking himself for a pumpkin or in thinking that his body is made of glass—and ends with the method of radical doubt. ",
"The remaining meditations are the demonstration of the method's success. ",
"Descartes's methodical doubts—that he is dreaming, that there is evil demon tricking him—are motivated by an original despair in the face of madness and uncertainty and its corresponding desire: to be free from the possibility of error, to enter the world in such a way that it would conceal nothing, where every contingency could be accounted for and indexed, every variable controlled, each outcome predicted with mathematical and geometrical precision such that we would become, as he says in the Discourse, \"the lords and masters of nature.\" ",
"We truly would have it in hand with no hope of its escape. ",
"In this way, Descartes wishes, as Proust says, to \"penetrate into another's life,\" and to see the world from the absolute perspective of a pensée en survol, a thought that flies over in survey, a \"thought in surveillance,\" a God's eye perspective perched absolutely above being, seeing everything in its pure frontality, leaving nothing concealed. ",
"Just as God knows neither \"before\" nor \"after,\" likewise there is no \"behind\" nor \"depth\" for a gaze from which nothing may hide. ",
"There are only exposed surfaces to the eye of God. ",
"The coincidence afforded in the touch and grasp of this extended hand is, for Descartes, understood in terms of absoluteness, total transparency, a diaphanous being that has surrendered all shadow, depth, and ambiguity.",
"\n\nIt is this desire, which animates so much philosophy, that Merleau-Ponty names \"cruel thought.\" ",
"In a draft of a chapter from the text now published as The Visible and the Invisible, simply called Brouillon d'une rédaction, he describes this desire and its attendant vision of the tasks of philosophy as \"closed thought,\" \"proximal thought.\"",
"\n\nWe mean by that a thought which is haunted by the ideal of an absolute proximity, be it that of ideal significations pierced to all the way to their ground [fond] by the mind, or that of existent things we see at the very point and at the very instant where they are. ",
"This thought which wants to be closest to things, which believes neither in distance nor in appearance, cruel thought, which subtracts [retranche] and denudes, fear of error rather than love truth, it is she who shuts us into our significations, in the garden of things said and in accordance with language, sensible things [sensées]. ",
"When she seeks the outside, the world itself, she only conceives it as an opaque Being with which we would have to coincide [confrondre].",
"\n\nThe cruelty of thought does not result from a methodology, though many methodologies act in the name of this cruelty; nor does it result from any specific philosophical content, though much philosophical content is organized around it. ",
"Rather, thought becomes cruel at the point where it makes a certain demand, at the point where it takes up a certain attitude with respect to truth and being. ",
"Thought becomes cruel at the point where its own αἰτία, its own why, is a certain kind of compulsion: not desire per se, but a need, a fictive, delusional longing motivated by what it experiences as a lack and absence. ",
"It is a kind of obsessiveness that passes itself off as desire, for it is not love that drives this thought forward but fear: of error, of deception, a fear brought forth by the vicissitudes of finite life, anxiety and terror in the face of not being everything. ",
"There is the great weight of this finitude behind this fear and its longing: that we have mortal bodies, history, that there are others who pierce us with their gazes and who we will never truly understand, with whom communication will fail, and who will forever remain a mystery on the hither side of un-traversable distances. ",
"We grow old and sick; our friends and loved ones pass on (in one way or another); the minute and yet sublime details of life pass into oblivion; we live and die in time, and in this way, \"getting a grip\" on our existence passes beyond our reach. ",
"Our projects remain unfinished and we too pass into oblivion. ",
"Thought becomes cruel in its intolerance for this passage, for it wishes to reach out and hold the thing, to sustain it in its haecceity, its \"here-ness,\" and to insure that there is at least something that will not pass away even if everything that inhabits the visible is destined to fade and die. ",
"St. Augustine notes this so eloquently in the Confessions:\n\nnam quoquoversum se verterit anima hominis, ad dolores figitur alibi praeterquam in te, tametsi figitur in pulchris extra te et extra se. ",
"quae tamen nulla essent, nisi essent abs te. ",
"quae oriuntur et occidunt, et oriendo quasi esse incipiunt, et crescunt, ut perficiantur, et perfecta senescunt et intereunt: et non omnia senescunt et omnia intereunt. ",
"ergo cum oriuntur et tendunt esse, quo magis celeriter crescunt, ut sint, eo magis festinant, ut non sint. ",
"sic est modus eorum.",
"\n\nWherever the soul of man turns, unless toward you, it cleaves to sorrow, even though the things outside you and outside itself to which it cleaves may be things of beauty. ",
"For these lovely things would be nothing at all unless they were from you. ",
"They rise and set: in their rising they begin to be, and they grow towards perfection, and once come to perfection they grow old, and they die: not all grow old but all die. ",
"Therefore when they rise and tend toward being, the more haste they make toward fullness of being, the more haste they make toward ceasing to be. ",
"That is their law.",
"\n\nSt. Augustine finds solace in the divine, the eternal outside that lies beyond the temporal passage that defines created existence, and we need only open our eyes and see to know that everything that dwells within the visible comes into being and passes away. ",
"It is this becoming and passing that fills the philosopher with dread. ",
"After all, how can there be truth as such if everything is destined to pass into something else, if all we see is the infinite ῥέω, the flux? ",
"In response to this fear, cruel thought wishes to find something outside of this passage, outside of time, and in so doing to tame the caprice of being, its brutality and savagery, to domesticate, integrate, and nativize its strange, foreign ways, civilize its barbarity, to make safe and recognizable what is perhaps most strange.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty, this cruel desire has haunted the history of Western metaphysics—one may even argue that it is the essence of Western metaphysics and that philosophy since Plato has been the sublimation of this obsession and its attendant anxieties. ",
"In The Visible and the Invisible, he remarks that \"metaphysics remains coincidence.\" ",
"The metaphysics of realism and idealism, the monstrous offspring born of the dismemberment of Cartesian thought, whose tedious debate has occupied so much of Western philosophy since this mutilation, are not so different, in Merleau-Ponty's view, insofar as they are but two paths toward seizing upon and capturing being. \"",
"They are two positivisms,\" he says, where\n\nphilosophy is flattened to the sole plane of ideality or to the sole plane of existence. ",
"On both sides one wants something—internal adequation of the idea or self-identity of the thing—to come stop up the look, and one excludes or subordinates the thought of distances [lointains], horizonal thought.",
"\n\nWhen Merleau-Ponty engages realism and idealism, it is frequently with an aim to show their dialectical kinship and instability as one collapses into the other under serious scrutiny. ",
"It is their shared desire for adequacy—the desire to be sufficient—that unites these poles and, ultimately, renders them into figures of cruelty. ",
"Such a desire is perhaps what defines all forms of positivism: the desire to possess, to exhaust, to illuminate completely, a desire for transparency and clarity, the desire to eliminate the distance between thought and its object. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, also in The Visible and the Invisible, the philosopher, at the point where he has indulged in this desire, has taken as his task \"the search for an original integrity, for a secret lost and to be rediscovered, which would nullify our questions and even reprehend our language.\" ",
"In seeking to rid being of all its shadows, depth, latency and ambiguity, the philosopher identifies himself with the one, as Leonard Lawlor puts it, that \"asks for 'titles and definitions' (NC, 377) so as to enclose the other in a spectacle,\" and to this extent \"we can say that the persona of the philosopher who understands (entend) is the jailor.\" ",
"Or, alternatively, we could suggest that he identifies himself with the inquisitor, the one whose question, whose inquirere, seeks to resolve itself in an absolute judgment of truth and falsity that establishes the difference categorically, unequivocally, between those included within the zone of doctrine and those on the outside, beyond the border. ",
"Only the paranoia and jealousy of cruel thought wishes to fix this difference, and it is precisely its need for such purity, its romantic longing after lost integrity, its call for authenticity, the need to fix, designate and index, that makes thought cruel.",
"\n\nThe cruelty at play in this kind of inquisition is dramatized perhaps most clearly in a scene from Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu. ",
"In a way, this is no coincidence since Proust was consistently present on the horizon of Merleau-Ponty's thought. ",
"At the same time, Proust is an obvious inspiration since so much of the drama in the Recherche revolves around the distance between subjectivities and the desire to traverse and thus eliminate it, to make oneself commensurate with and fuse with the other. ",
"This desire is illustrated in vivid and striking clarity in the narrator's affair with Albertine, \"daughter of the mists and the outside.\" ",
"It is not enough for the narrator to share her company, for while awake, she remains elusive, distant, concealing her essence in bodily movement, speech, and in her glance as it escapes toward invisible thoughts and desires. ",
"It is only when she is asleep, when she seems still and lifeless, that he feels that he can love her—precisely insofar as she ceases to conceal herself in the wakeful impenetrability of her gestures, in the thoughtful gleam of her eyes and smile: only when she ceases be a consciousness. ",
"The following episode famously illustrates the narrator's desire:\n\nIn this way her sleep did to a certain extent make love possible. ",
"When she was present, I spoke to her, but I was too far absent from myself to be able to think. ",
"When she was asleep, I no longer needed to talk to her, I knew that she was no longer looking at me, I had no longer any need to live upon my own outer surface.",
"\n\nBy shutting her eyes, by losing consciousness, Albertine had stripped off, one after another, the different human characters with which she had deceived me ever since the day when I had first made her acquaintance. ",
"She was animated now only by the unconscious life of vegetation, of trees, a life more different from my own, more alien, and yet one that belonged more to me. ",
"Her personality did not escape at every moment, as when we were talking, by the channels of her unacknowledged thoughts and of her gaze. ",
"She had called back into herself everything of her that lay outside, had taken refuge, enclosed, reabsorbed, in her body. ",
"In keeping her before my eyes, in my hands, I had that impression of possessing her altogether, which I never had when she was awake. ",
"Her life was submitted to me, exhaled towards me its gentle breath.",
"\n\nProust's narrator is attracted to Albertine at the point where she ceases to elude him: when she puts to rest the uncertain intentions concealed behind her eyes and closes off her possibilities, when she becomes vegetative, inanimate, more like a thing—like an automaton. ",
"In sleep, Albertine no longer escapes the narrator as she did when she was awake, speaking in conversation. ",
"The demonic, cruel, imaginary Albertine slips away, and he no longer need worry about her secret desires, whether she is a lesbian or enjoys orgies in the company of cyclists. ",
"She becomes a surface without depth, pure visibility that has no invisible, no dimensionality. ",
"In sleep, Albertine casts no shadows. ",
"There is nothing ambiguous or yet indeterminate in her manner of being. ",
"Therefore, it is only in sleep that the narrator feels that he can \"love her\"—that is to say, it is only when she sleeps that he feels that he can possess her, that he feels that his reaching hand may finally hold her decisively in its grip. ",
"In sleep, Albertine becomes geometrical, mathematical, and the narrator is able to indulge in a certain kind of apodicticity as he sits, staring at her while she sleeps.",
"\n\nThe narrator's jealousy, his desire to possess Albertine, is akin, if not identical, to the need that characterizes cruel thought. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in his remarks on Proust in his 1954 lecture, \"Institution in Personal and Public History,\" it would be a mistake to confuse this compulsion with φιλία, with love, for this kind of longing \"is founded on analysis rather than self-esteem, doubt about oneself\"; it is a lonely need locked away in its study, gazing out at the people crossing the square, wishing they were automatons, \"for there are people for whom there is no such thing as shared love.\" ",
"At the foundation of the narrator's ambivalence toward Albertine and everything entailed by it—\"domination, unpleasantness, inquisition, jealousy, alternating with tenderness,\" indeed, cruelty—is the secret that he utterly lacks in φιλία toward her, and this is why he believes that Albertine must also lack such regard toward him, harboring another life which she conceals out of deceit and malice. ",
"Even in death Albertine remains elusive to the narrator as well as the reader, quite purposively on the part of the author, for the point seems to be that the narrator's (and perhaps the reader's) mistake was in trying to decipher this mystery. ",
"We fail at love when our concern becomes \"truth.\" ",
"Love, φιλία, remains impossible for Proust's narrator, like the philosophy that wishes to coincide and fuse with being, because what he wants from her is something like an answer given over to correctness and incorrectness. ",
"He imagines that Albertine is a problem to be solved, and in this way his relationship to her remains fundamentally epistemological, and this, like for Descartes, is the source of his fear. ",
"He cannot love because he experiences only dread in the face of her distance and inexhaustibility, which he finds intolerable. ",
"He fears, as Merleau-Ponty says, because of \"the intermittences of the heart, because of generality, the contingency of love.\" ",
"He fears in the face of her absence and the distance between them, and we understand that this is fear and not love at the point where his hand reaches out to possess Albertine, to wrap his fingers around her and enclose her totally within his grasp. ",
"As perhaps Descartes understood better than any other, it is because we have bodies, the past, because of the distancing and spacing between our desires and the world that we worry about our sanity, worry if we are dreaming, and whether we are here at all. ",
"Corporeality, temporality, history, finitude, the presence of others, the rising and setting of all things, give us cause for doubt. ",
"In the face of our finitude and temporality we doubt and seek to traverse the depth of being to mollify our anxieties in the other or in philosophy. ",
"We want our longing to be satisfied, our efforts to complete being, to ensure that there are no demons and that we will wake up in the morning. ",
"It was not enough for Descartes to take things on faith—philosophy requires a rigorous method capable of dispelling our nightmares and providing an assurance and certainty that could arrest being and coerce it to display itself in naked transparency, concealing nothing. ",
"Is this kind of appetite what is meant when we speak of φιλία in regard to σοφία? ",
"Is this cruelty what there really is for philosophy? ",
"As Merleau-Ponty rightly points out, such an epistemological desire is not love at all, for the love that seeks certainty is a love that is merely \"known\" rather than a love that is lived. ",
"No one but a philosopher would recognize the longing that afflicts Proust's narrator as love—it is cruelty that ends in the beloved's flight, her fuga, and the narrator wakes to find that she has gone, disparue.",
"\n\nIt is because of its cruelty, its desire for possession and fear of not being everything, that, for Merleau-Ponty, philosophy remains in a state of crisis and requires rehabilitation. ",
"From at least Phenomenology of Perception forward he was concerned with articulating a philosophy of openness that dispenses with this need to incarcerate, limit and resolve. ",
"As he says in his 1958–9 course, \"Philosophy Today,\" the task of thinking, following Husserl, is like the phoenix that rises up from the ashes of this crisis, outlining itself as \"either stammering, near silence or [which] expressly presents itself as non-philosophy.\" ",
"There is another posture, gesture, and modality for love of wisdom that distains the romanticism of cruel thought—a territory beyond the domain of the \"decadence of express, official philosophy\" that as of yet barely manages to articulate itself but nonetheless is opening itself up as a possibility: a non-philosophy, as he says, that challenges philosophy's cruelty. ",
"As he notes in the Brouillon text:\n\nthe two failures are avoidable if the demand for an absolute proximity of being is a prejudice, if the internal adequation of the idea as well as the self-identity of the thing is a myth, if it is essential to the idea as to the thing to present itself in a distance which is not an impediment for knowledge.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty, cruel thought must not be identified with φιλοσοφία as such, for its desire is not motivated by esteem: not by φιλία but by \"fear of errors\" rather than a \"love of truth,\" the kind of fear that motivated Descartes's desire for certainty and the surreal, paranoid, and disquieting philosophy that followed and which still haunts us. ",
"What is at stake for Merleau-Ponty's reflections on the meaning and possibility of philosophical interrogation, then, is to think philosophical desire again, beyond its misidentification with the fear of not being everything and beyond the need for guarantees that accompanies this fear.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Philosophical interrogation and perceptual faith\n\nAlready in Phenomenology of Perception and throughout the development of his late, incomplete ontology, Merleau-Ponty was trying to give voice to a different posture for philosophizing, a posture he names \"interrogation.\" ",
"At first blush, interrogation calls to mind the kind of cruelty outlined in the previous section: the police who demand papers, documents, proper names and designations, who place being under the harsh light of reason and by threats and force, sometimes through violence, get the truth from the suspect one way or another. ",
"At the end, a document is signed and the truth is formalized; it becomes \"official.\" ",
"Interestingly, even strangely, this is not what Merleau-Ponty means when he chooses this word as the representative of a new ontology.",
"\n\nIn this section, we will explore the concept of l'interrogation philosophique. ",
"Even in a cursory reading of The Visible and the Invisible one sees this language appear virtually everywhere, so much so that the published portions of the text are easily legible as a rumination on this theme. ",
"And yet what, exactly, does Merleau-Ponty mean by this, and more importantly, how is this idea to be distinguished from what we have called cruel thought? ",
"Interrogation, as we will see, is the name of Merleau-Ponty's attempt to maintain the openness of the tasks of thinking and philosophy against the desire for closure and possession. ",
"Merleau-Ponty describes this openness in terms of the astonishment that defines the philosophical—and painterly—gaze, the ability to look at the world across its distances, to allow for those distances, and, in a way, to make those distances themselves visible without also attempting to bring them into proximity. ",
"The interrogative posture of philosophy, for Merleau-Ponty, is what is at stake in what he calls foi perceptive, the perceptual faith that he speaks about in his later work. ",
"Philosophical interrogation is the posture of philosophy when it understands itself as a kind of vision, which takes place only in virtue of distance, which looks across at things and does not seek their approximation. ",
"For it is impossible to see the things we hold too closely, so near that their bodies touch ours completely. ",
"In its interrogative mood, the task of thinking is concerned with keeping open this questioning posture and gesture that makes space for the occlusion and occultation of being. ",
"I want to explicate the concept of philosophical interrogation by turning to Merleau-Ponty's engagement with Heidegger, specifically in his 1958–9 course, \"Philosophy Today.\" ",
"Then I will turn to passages from The Visible and the Invisible in reference to the foi perceptive.",
"\n\nReaders of Heidegger will recognize the particular importance of the concept of interrogation, Befragen, has for his work, especially in light of the Seinsfrage, the question of the meaning of being, and the interrogation of Dasein staged in Sein und Zeit. ",
"In that text, Dasein is the name Heidegger uses for that being for whom being is an issue, the being who asks about what we mean when we speak of being and who shows concern with this question. ",
"Interrogation is used by Heidegger in a specific sense to be distinguished from \"investigation,\" Untersuchung, as in Husserl's Logische Untersuchungen, the Logical Investigations. ",
"In investigation, Heidegger notes, \"one lays bare that which the question is about and ascertains its character.\" ",
"The object of inquiry is conceptually fixed and designated. ",
"Interrogation, by contrast, seeks to open the question and maintain it in its openness. ",
"Dasein is the being questioned because it is the one who wonders, who is able to stand before being in an interrogative, questioning posture. ",
"Already in Heidegger, then, we see the reciprocity between the being who questions and what it questions, a reciprocity that Merleau-Ponty will take up and develop. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in the précis to the \"Philosophy Today\" course, the aim of Sein und Zeit was \"not to describe existence, Being-there [Être-là]... as a fundamental and autonomous sphere—but, through Da-sein, to get to Being, the analysis of certain human attitudes being undertaken only because man is the interrogation of Being.\" ",
"As he puts it in the notes from this lecture:\n\n[The] Preface [of Sein und Zeit] presents the analytic of Dasein as access to the question of Sein—Dasein is only considered insofar as it is interrogation of Being, that being who has a privileged relationship to Being (S.u.",
"Z., p. 8) being itself the Fragen, being the being who is in question in its being (S.u.",
"Z., p. 15).",
"\n\nThe important methodological place that Dasein occupies in the way Heidegger frames and structures the Seinsfrage is not primarily a function of an incipient anthropocentrism, according to Merleau-Ponty. ",
"The importance of Dasein is a function of its structure: Dasein must be interrogated because this being is already a question, already an interrogation under way. ",
"Dasein stages this interrogation, this questioning, in the operative understanding of being expressed in its comportments, the postures it takes up with respect to its world. ",
"These postures, gestures, at the point where they are disclosive, at the point where they indicate and reveal, also call what they reveal into question. ",
"In this way, Dasein is already a questioning of the being of being. ",
"But Dasein itself is a being, and thus its interrogative posture toward being is also a questioning it addresses to itself.",
"\n\nIt seems to be this Heideggerian sense of interrogation that inspires Merleau-Ponty, who appropriates it as a starting point he wishes to radicalize and take further. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, interrogation is employed as a means to signal a posture for thought that departs from its traditional confinement to the indicative mood where it limits itself to making mere énoncés, mere statements about beings. ",
"The interrogative does not simply state but opens itself in an astonished regard; it looks at things in their shining forth, predicating nothing. ",
"The indicative, on the contrary, designates and specifies, and in so doing, narrows and limits possibilities. ",
"The indicative closes, and it accomplishes this closure in the proposition: S is P, where the copula serves to delimit and encapsulate, defining categorical limitations and boundaries. ",
"Traditionally, the tasks of philosophy have been understood in terms of the issuance of judgment in the name of truth. ",
"The function of the copula in a categorial act is to fix the relationship between concepts, categories for which clear boundaries must already be drawn and demarcated. ",
"According to this traditional way of thinking, philosophy becomes the work of establishing such boundaries, i.e., defining concepts, and then fixing the necessary predications that obtain between concepts in statements that can be assessed in terms of their correctness or incorrectness. ",
"Such limitations and boundaries are the logical units of predication and are expressed in our ordinary, sedimented language that takes itself for granted. ",
"Traditionally, philosophy has presupposed that such an austere language, reduced to its function of expressing propositions, was the only or at least the preferable medium for thought, and in this way the tasks of philosophy are assigned in terms of generating propositions that can be assessed in terms of their \"truth\" or \"falsity,\" at the point where they are adequate or inadequate to a state of affairs. ",
"We see now, of course, the manner in which the understanding of the tasks of philosophy, as well as its posture and modality, are linked with how we understand truth. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in \"Philosophy Today\" a propos of Heidegger:\n\nLanguage in its wesen [presence] (verbal) is not stated [énoncé] (Richtigkeit [correctness]). ",
"It is interrogation—interrogation and not \"question\"—\"proposition... \" There are no statements, representations of being, [which] is not to say: being is unspeakable in the sense of a transcendent (which in itself would be adequation)—[it] means to say: the statement, the representation, are in principle unable to speak of Being, being productions of Being, particularizations of Being. ",
"Being dwells in [habite] bewohnen [inhabits] language, it is its motor, and it is because it is not attained by language as object, language [which] is gewöhnlich [ordinary].",
"\n\nAs interrogation, the tasks of philosophy are no longer to be understood in terms of making statements, no longer limited to the expression of propositions. ",
"The proposition, for Merleau-Ponty, is no longer the basic unit of thought, for language in its indicative mood is not sufficient for the manifestation of being. ",
"This is because, as Heidegger said and Merleau-Ponty liked to quote: it is not we who speak language but language who speaks us. ",
"Our statements are already the issuance of being, already its articulations as it makes itself known through us. ",
"An objectified, sedimented language is not sufficient to turn back upon being and disclose it, for this language necessarily presupposes and is even parasitic upon being itself, which it forgets in its work of designating and circumscribing—another posture, another mood for thought is necessary. ",
"Only a language that opens itself is capable of giving voice to being, one that does not seek closure in the correctness of the proposition but one that allows for the distancing of its object, a language that no longer attempts to close around what it seeks but that allows for its depth and withdraw.",
"\n\nIn its indicative, propositional posture, thought becomes organized around the line: the line that circumscribes the concept and establishes the border of inclusion and exclusion in accordance with the genus and differo of its definition; the line that fixes and determines the predicative relations between these territories, another border that establishes the propriety of such relationships and fixes the difference between truth and falsity. ",
"Logic is the name of the discipline that concerns itself with these lines and territories, a game, if you will, derived from the accretion and concretization of sense in language. ",
"Merleau-Ponty goes on to elaborate:\n\n\"Logic\" as variant of speech and not the inverse. ",
"Transformation, by Greek philosophy, of φύσις in ἰδέα (visibility), of λόγος as \"gathering\" [rassemblement] (necessarily identical to the Dingen [thingness] of the thing) in λόγος as \"Rede\" [discourse], \"narrative\" [récit], \"statement\" [énoncé], therefore the reduction of the truth of opening [ouverture] to the truth of Richtigkeit [correctness]—categories as modes of Gesagtsein [being-said] – The possible defined by a pure formal property of non-ἀντίφασις [contradiction].",
"\n\nThe play of categories, concepts, and their predications that is for the most part the concern of logic is founded upon the birth of sense in its openness, in its uncertainty. ",
"This openness, however, already in Greek thought is transmuted into the closure of the proposition. ",
"Nature, φύσις, is transformed into the ἰδέα that is always self-identical and does not change; the λόγος that makes visible in its gathering becomes the λόγος of discourse, of the proposition; truth as openness, ἀλήθεια or unconcealment, is converted into truth as correctness, and the open field of possibility is reined in by the principle of non-contradiction. ",
"The birth of the world, the φύω, the bloom and coming into presence of everything named φύσις by the Ancient Greeks, is recast as a system of correctness and incorrectness established by the border wall drawn between what is and what is not, propriety and impropriety, Q and ~Q. At the point where philosophy becomes identified with the line, with the border, it also becomes about enclosure, establishing differentials of inclusion and exclusion, interior and exterior, yes and no. ",
"The tasks of thinking are assigned in terms of the wall and the fence and philosophers become identified with the persona of border agents who police what can be invoked in the name of truth and what cannot.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty eventually calls his thinking philosophical interrogation precisely in order to call the sovereignty of this indicative, propositional model into question and to consider the possibility of another modality. ",
"After all, the initiating gesture of philosophy is not the assertion: I know x but the question: what do I know? ",
"Philosophy does not begin with the line, the border, fixation and determination, inclusion and exclusion, but begins in the interrogative—a questioning regard addressed to this φύω, this efflorescence of things that also returns this question to the gaze that stands before it in astonishment. ",
"One of the primary tasks at play in Merleau-Ponty's later philosophy is to return to this beginning, philosophy's initiating gesture. ",
"As he notes in The Visible and the Invisible,\n\n\"What do I know?\" ",
"is not only \"what is knowing?\" ",
"and not only \"who am I?\" ",
"but finally: \"what is there? ",
"and even: \"what is the there is?\" ",
"These questions call not for the exhibiting of something said which would put an end to them, but for the disclosure of a Being that is not posited because it has no need to be, because it is silently behind all our affirmations, negations, and even behind all formulated questions, not that it is a matter of forgetting them in its silence, not that it is a matter of imprisoning it in our chatter, but because philosophy is the reconversion of silence and speech into one another: \"It is the experience... still mute which we are concerned with leading to the pure expression of its own meaning.\"",
"\n\nThe fixation of meaning in the definition and the proposition seeks to put an end to questioning: an end called a solution or answer that encloses being in the \"chatter\" of its truth-functionality. ",
"Philosophical interrogation is not merely the inversion or reversal of differing indicative forms but the reorganization of philosophical expression in terms of the primacy of the interrogative, as he says, a question-savoir. ",
"To interrogate, to question in this sense, is not to elicit assertions or propositions from a witness or perpetrator, for this kind of questioning still remains discursive, within the indicative, what we have called \"inquisition\": it is concerned only with answers, and it is the need for answers and statements, for knowledge, that motivates its desire to fix lines and establish zones of affirmation and negation. ",
"Perhaps somewhat paradoxically, then, \"interrogation\" is not concerned with eliciting information as such. ",
"It is in some way the opposite of interrogation in the mundane sense. ",
"It is not, as Merleau-Ponty notes in the section of The Visible and the Invisible called \"Perceptual Faith and Interrogation,\" concerned with knowledge [connaissance], nor is it concerned with realization [prise de conscience]; the primary concern of philosophical interrogation is ouverture: opening, and maintaining this opening against the all too ubiquitous forces of cruelty that seek its closure.",
"\n\nWhat philosophical interrogation aims at, as Merleau-Ponty goes on to elaborate in these pages, is not an approximation of discourse and being—in which we must hear \"proximity,\" the \"proximal\" thought that wishes to be closest to things and coincide with them—but being \"at a distance, by way of horizon, latent or dissimulated.\" ",
"We are mistaken in understanding knowledge as the aim or end of philosophy as long as this entails a termination of thought in the adequacy of the proposition to a state of affairs, a fulfillment, a solution or answer, because philosophy, understood as interrogation, is nothing other than the openness of the question and maintaining the questioning posture in its openness, to see and to look precisely across the distances that stand between being and our reaching hand. ",
"Merleau-Ponty says, \"here the lacuna will never be filled in [comblée], the unknown transformed into the known; the 'object' of philosophy will never come to fill in [remplir] the philosophical question, since this obduration would take from it the depth and distance that are essential to it.\" ",
"Sustaining the interrogative posture as interrogative means guarding against the desire to be filled in, to be satisfied, that has characterized most of Western metaphysics. ",
"To stand in the openness of questioning means to withhold one's touch, that the hand that reaches does not seek to close but endeavors to remain open, to maintain the experience of wonder and astonishment in face of the φύω of all possibilities.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty, the model of this astonishment has always been found in the gaze of the painter, whose task is to look at the world with the naiveté of the child who sees something for the very first time, to make visible the strangeness and newness of the world otherwise concealed by its familiarity. ",
"What the painter and the child have in common is the ability to look and see without the need to also hold what they see in their grasp, to find fascination in what otherwise appears as domestic and ordinary. ",
"This painterly and childlike posture requires a certain kind of generosity, the ability to make way and to let be, what Heidegger called Gelassenheit. ",
"Merleau-Ponty clarifies this point in a passage from the same section of The Visible and the Invisible:\n\nThe effective, present, ultimate and primary being, the thing itself, are in principle apprehended in transparency through their perspectives, offer themselves only to someone who wishes not to have them but to see them, not to hold them with forceps under the objective of a microscope, but to let them be and to assist [assister] their continued being—to someone who therefore limits himself to giving them the hollow, the free space they ask for in return, the resonance they require, who follows their own movement, who is therefore not a nothingness the full being would come to stop up, but a question consonant with the porous being which it questions and from which it obtains not an answer, but a confirmation of its astonishment. ",
"It is necessary to comprehend perception as this interrogative thought which lets the perceived world be rather than posits it, before which the things form and undo themselves in a sort of slippage [glissement], beneath the yes and the no.",
"\n\nAs interrogation, philosophy stands in astonishment before the world—an astonishment whose hand remains open and does not attempt to grasp that to which it bears witness. ",
"It is a question that maintains its openness as a question and does not seek its own resolution in an answer. ",
"It actually forbids us to speak of solutions, as Merleau-Ponty says, and sustains itself as an \"approach to the distant as distant,\" and to this extent, \"is also a question put to what does not speak.\" ",
"This is why Merleau-Ponty tends to privilege vision over touch or other senses. ",
"When I look at the world with my eyes, what manifests itself does so, necessarily, at a distance and may only show itself within the clearing and space of that distance. ",
"It is because the things before my eyes withdraw and recede that they become visible, because they stretch out into an expanse that no touch could ever traverse. ",
"I see only when I allow between myself and the world the intervention of a distance that allows the world to come to presence before open eyes, the \"'inarticulate scream,' as Hermes Tresmigestus said, which seemed the voice of light.'\" ",
"The gaze, in this manner, does not seek answers or solutions—it bears witness only to the luminosity of being as it rises up and makes itself known. ",
"It does not grasp and hold close but it allows the world to depart; vision sends the visible away into the distance, for as things come to pass beneath it, so they recede into the unfathomable depth. ",
"In witnessing the flux of this coming tide of the world across this distance, the philosopher finds herself astonished and perplexed, and asks that \"inexhaustible question turning from us to the world\": Where am I? ",
"What time is it? ",
"In other words, questions about space, time, the appearing of what appears, its texture, nuance, rhythm and style.",
"\n\nThe gaze itself is already this questioning, but a questioning that responds to an interrogation already posed and asked by the world itself, for \"the existing world exists in the interrogative mode.\" ",
"As the gaze questions the visible things, so does the visible question the gaze, for it is not just that vision opens forth on the distancing of the visible but the visible too takes up a perspective on vision. ",
"Not only do I look at things and occupy a perspective but things too occupy this perspectival depth and have a point of view on me as well as on the other things I see. ",
"The vase here on the table of the cafe is situated with respect to the wall, with respect to the counter, the windows, the entrance, the bench, and myself, and all of these things stand in their own referential posture with respect to the vase. ",
"If they could see, the surrounding world would manifest itself in terms of this posture and its references. ",
"The world is not spread out in transparency for any of these perspectives because all of us occlude the lines of sight pointing from one thing to the next. ",
"In this way, not only am I the seat or site of vision, which comes forth through and thanks to my body, its structure and organization, but I too am visible, am seen, as this is already called forth by the possibility of vision. ",
"To see is already to be seen. ",
"This thought is captured most eloquently in an expression attributed to Paul Klee favored by Merleau-Ponty: \"In a forest, I have felt many times over that it was not I who looked at the forest. ",
"Some days I felt that the trees were looking at me, were speaking to me.\" ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, it is no coincidence that painters should understand better than others that the questioning gaze of vision is referred back to them by the visible, that they not only question the world with their gaze but are also questioned by what is seen. ",
"What becomes visible on the surface of the canvas is not primarily the figure or the line, perhaps not even color, but this interrogation staged between the eyes of the painter and the opening of the visible. ",
"In this sense, the questioning posture of philosophical interrogation does not proceed in a single direction from the spectator to the world but is already of the world as the things look at me from their equally astonished point of view. ",
"It is a questioning that takes place between, in the interstices, the gaps or écarts that issue throughout the flesh of being, in the space and distancing that makes everything visible in its fissuring, its explosion, its splitting open and dehiscence.",
"\n\nPhilosophy, for Merleau-Ponty, is the task of occupying, insofar as it is possible, this interstice, this reflexive questioning, this interrogation: \"the perceptual faith questioning itself about itself.\" ",
"Perceptual faith, foi perceptive, is one of the important ideas articulated in The Visible and the Invisible, and it will be worth spending some time looking at it in the context of philosophical interrogation. ",
"First, perceptual faith refers to the belief, inscribed in the eruption of perceptual experience itself, that it is the things themselves that we see and that there is no epistemic veil between what we see and what there is. ",
"In other words, when I see the world, things present themselves in a manner unclouded by doubt or uncertainty. ",
"These only come later when I undertake a certain kind of reflection or meditation. ",
"Pre-reflectively, pre-philosophically, I inhabit a world that shows itself to my eyes with all the fullness and presence of its haecciety. ",
"It is only when I attempt to articulate in words what \"seeing\" means, \"who\" sees, or \"what is seen\" that difficulties emerge. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty says at the beginning of the The Visible and the Invisible,\n\nWe see the things themselves, the world is what we see: formulae of this kind express a faith common to the natural man and to the philosopher—the moment he opens his eyes; they refer to a deep-seated set of mute \"opinions\" implicated in our lives. ",
"But what is strange about this faith is that if we seek to articulate it into theses or statements, if we ask ourselves what is this we, what seeing is, what thing or world is, we enter into a labyrinth of difficulties and contradictions.",
"\n\nWe can say of our perceptual experience, as Merleau-Ponty goes on to note, what St. Augustine says about time: \"quid est ergo tempus? ",
"si nemo ex me quaerat, scio; si quaerenti explicare velim, nescio\"; \"What is therefore time? ",
"If no one asks me, I know; if someone asks me to explain, I do not know.\" ",
"Like time, our perceptual experience and the world we perceive are \"perfectly familiar to each, but... none of us can explain [them] to others.\" ",
"When I look at the stool here in the café, my perceptual experience insists that it is the stool itself that appears and that there is no intervening epistemological dissonance. ",
"It is round, with a long stem and four legs, painted gray. ",
"The paint is old, scratched, and chipping off, revealing the dull metal beneath in places. ",
"I am sure that if I were to move over and take another seat, it would be still be there, that if I were to touch it, it would return my touch. ",
"It is this faith in the perceived that Descartes both acknowledges and casts into doubt in the Meditations. ",
"By casting this faith into doubt, he ushers the epistemological dissonance between what I see and what there is into modernity and exacerbates centuries of debate and controversy about how this dissonance must be resolved. ",
"By bringing us back to our faith in the perceived, Merleau-Ponty wants to restore a certain relationship to the world of perception that has been put in jeopardy by philosophers since at least Plato and show that the problem rearticulated by Descartes is an abstraction, a philosophical excess and artifice.",
"\n\nBut perhaps more importantly is the foi, the faith, of perceptual faith. ",
"In place of the fear that corresponds with the desire for certainty and which characterizes cruel thought, Merleau-Ponty wishes to articulate a relationship to the world that has been obscured by this anxiety: πίστις—trust or faith—which as Plato understood, is how we stand with respect to the perceived in the absence of the cruel need for certainty. ",
"When I say that I do not know, that I am not certain, that my hand is open, I assume a posture of trust; I have faith in what presents itself before my eyes. ",
"We should be careful not to confuse this faith with a kind of fanaticism, a militant belief in the absolute λόγος of being, in its completeness and totality, a totality that could banish the demons to secure and guarantee certainty beyond any possible doubt. ",
"This latter faith is not faith at all insofar as one presupposes that they are already in possession of the final diapason of being. ",
"This would be a faith confused by absolute certainty. ",
"Precisely at the point where this faith no longer demands security, it dispenses with this desire for the λόγος as well: rather than faith in the final harmony of being, it is the acceptance of its \"permanent dissonance,\" not faith in the word but acceptance of the cri, the inarticulate scream. ",
"It is a kind of faith that invites and accepts the occultation and withdrawal of being as the very means of its openness. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty says later in The Visible and the Invisible a propos of perceptual faith:\n\nIf philosophy is to appropriate to itself and to understand this initial openness to the world which does not exclude possible occultation, it cannot be content with describing it; it must tell us how there is openness without the occultation of the world being excluded, how the occultation remains at each instant possible even though we be naturally endowed with light. ",
"The philosopher must understand how it is that these two possibilities, which the perceptual faith keeps side by side within itself, do not nullify one another.",
"\n\nIt is in this sense that philosophical interrogation calls for faith rather than certainty—to love wisdom means to be open to being precisely in its occlusion, in its chaos. ",
"To philosophize is not to issue subpoenas and seek the arrest of being, to lay it bare in its full transparency, but to maintain the disclosive, illuminating movement of astonished questioning side by side with the recognition that doubts and shadows will remain, that the beloved that we seek will always be both real and imaginary at the same time and that the movement of philosophy does not end in stillness, in the resolution and consonance of contact of self with self, but is an invitation to maintain this openness even through its difficulty, even in the face of the nonchalance, the sanctimoniousness, even the violence of those who too easily speak the words \"I know.\" ",
"When one has faith, one's hand is open; when one has faith, one does not touch but looks with the open eyes of the painter or the child.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty speaks of perceptual faith for this reason: because what shows itself to my eyes is not a transparency, not a certainty. ",
"What I see before my eyes manifests itself across this ineluctable distance and is therefore open to the possibility of being otherwise, open to the possibility of doubt. ",
"It was this possibility, this distance, that was apparently intolerable to the philosophies that wished to secure being from this spacing, this écart, and who, therefore, wished to overcome and escape the visible for access to that which is never otherwise than what it is, that which does not recede and escape. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty says, \"It is a faith because it is the possibility of doubt, and this indefatigable ranging over the things, which is our life, is also a continuous interrogation. ",
"It is not only philosophy, it is first the look that questions things.\" ",
"To philosophize, for Merleau-Ponty, is to allow for this continuous interrogation, the maintenance of our possibilities as possibilities, the texture of our lives in their openness. ",
"When Plato writes that \"practicing philosophy in the right way, in fact, [is] training to die easily,\" it is with a view to casting aside the visible, that is to say corporeal, contaminants that impede the soul's ascent to the purely intelligible, to the invisible. ",
"This invisible, precisely at the point where it cannot be seen, has no shadows cast over it and has no depth, but as a pure, uncontaminated access to the things themselves, this invisible closes possibility at the point where there is both literally and metaphorically \"nothing else to see\": nothing to see because the visible has now been left behind and nothing to see because there are no further possibilities on the horizon beyond the εἴδη. ",
"As Heidegger notes in Sein und Zeit, death is the possibility of the end of all possibilities, the final closure and \"end\" of one's existence in this sense. ",
"In death, nothing else is possible and thus there are no further questions, and it is in this sense that it can be said to be a \"solution.\" ",
"Merleau-Ponty's aim is to overturn this Platonic legacy: to philosophize is to return to the perceived in all its elusiveness and ambiguity, in all its openness, and precisely not to seek the resolution of possibility in the clarity of the purely invisible εἴδη but to live in the open interrogation philosophers have always recognized the visible to be; not to scrape off the incrustations of corporeality in order to slip easily into death, but to live with them and their contingency, their withdraw and distance. ",
"Dwelling within the visible in this manner requires faith, foi perceptive in the sense described.",
"\n\n***\n\nIn this chapter I have endeavored to elaborate what Merleau-Ponty means when he describes the vision for philosophical inquiry he was elaborating at the end of his life as \"interrogation\" against the backdrop of its foil, what I have called, following Merleau-Ponty himself, \"cruel thought.\" ",
"Cruel thought describes a certain posture for philosophy, a certain gesture or stance, characterized by reaching out toward being in order to possess it, in order to exhaust it, to render it in transparency and index its possibilities. ",
"This need, this compulsion, which may not warrant the name \"desire,\" is motivated by \"fear of error,\" by an intolerance for the finitude, passage, and temporalization of mortal life—and in this way, this obsession with taking being into possession in its entirety is a need to step out of the mortal coil, to leave it behind and become, in a sense, God. ",
"For longing to see to being in total transparency is a longing to see it from point of view of God—that is to say, a longing to see from nowhere, to be nowhere. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty will suggest elsewhere, such a longing is nothing other than desire for death.",
"\n\nTraditionally, the accomplishment of this possession has been identified with the assertion, and the tasks of philosophy have been assigned in terms of generating propositions, where truth is understood in terms of correctness or incorrectness. ",
"In this way, thought becomes about establishing the line and border between fact and myth, enclosing the true within the walls of reason and sanity at the exclusion of their opposites. ",
"Merleau-Ponty borrows the word \"interrogation\" from Heidegger in order to challenge this image: thinking is no longer understood to be organized around the primacy of the assertion, the proposition and its correctness or incorrectness but is to be understood in the interrogative mood: as a questioning glace that allows for distance and spacing between thought and being, that no longer seeks to resolve itself in coincidence and fusion. ",
"In contrast to the cruel thought that only seeks to dominate being, philosophical interrogation is able to allow being to recede into its depth, mystery, and enigma with the astonished gaze of the child or painter. ",
"The properly philosophical gesture is not the hand that reaches out in order to take and grasp but an open hand that lets the other depart. ",
"The ability to allow for the departure of being in its spacing and distance is what is expressed when Merleau-Ponty speaks of a foi perceptive, the perceptual faith that, precisely as faith, does not seek resolution in certainty. ",
"Faith means that we no longer need to know, that we are willing to open our hands to what eludes us and accept the occlusion and occultation of being, to accept its depth and ambiguity.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's thought is often discussed in terms of the critical stance he takes up with respect to realism and idealism, and we hear that a phenomenology of perception or an ontology of the flesh are offered as a better alternative to these. ",
"Or, similarly, we hear that Merleau-Ponty's thought stands in opposition to Cartesianism, and that a new ontology is the necessary remedy for this error. ",
"But one wonders then why the designations of \"realism,\" \"idealism\" or even \"Cartesianism\" are so intolerable? ",
"What is it that these designations represent that is unsatisfactory to the point where we would need the rehabilitation of our ontology, to the point where philosophy finds itself in a state of crisis? ",
"I think that the answer to these questions is to be found in cruel thought: realism and idealism, which for Merleau-Ponty are already strands of Cartesian thinking, are unacceptable because they are figures of this cruelty, two ways of expressing the same fundamental compulsion to possess being that reach for it from different directions, realism from the integrity of the thing itself and idealism from the primacy of constituting consciousness. ",
"Now that we have some idea of what cruel thought means, why it is a problem for Merleau-Ponty, and how it stands with respect to his own thinking, the next chapters will turn to further investigations of these figures of cruelty. ",
"What we see is that while we hear familiar arguments against both figures, a quasi-Kantian critique of realism and a quasi-realist critique of idealism, they share a fundamental error. ",
"Both realism and idealism are committed to the project of coincidence, both seek to end thinking in consummation, the final ἀποκάλυψις of the λόγος itself. ",
"Realism and idealism are figures of cruel thought because both act in the name of finality. ",
"The following chapters take up this line of thinking in order to show more clearly the point at which realism and idealism evince this need and this cruelty.",
"\n\nThe Real and the Outside\n\nRealism is cruel at the point where it seeks to end thought in coincidence with the thing in its absolute exteriority, at the point where it seeks to extricate itself from the distance and spacing that defines the visible and fuse with the thing beyond the distortions of perspective. ",
"This cruelty is tied to a certain claustrophobic anxiety—the fear of being confined and enclosed within the immanence of constituting consciousness. ",
"This fear is correlated with a desire for the open spaces of the transcendent, the real in its indifference to experience, purified of value and significance. ",
"Realist metaphysics, for Merleau-Ponty, is a wish to escape and to make contact with the absolute outside, the absolutely transcendent, and thus to gaze upon being itself in total transparency—cleansed of color, depth, shadow, and the distance of things as they appear in vision. ",
"Phenomenology, from the point of view of realism, is seen to be an incarceratory philosophy that limits thought to what appears, that closes it in the immanence of sense. ",
"Part 1, \"Phenomenology and Incarceration,\" considers this incarceratory anxiety and its correlated longing for the great outdoors from the point of view of a recent critique of transcendental philosophy, speculative materialism, as articulated by Quentin Meillassoux. ",
"The realist philosophy articulated in his book, After Finitude, is explicitly framed in terms of a desire for the \"great outdoors\" beyond what has sense and meaning, the absolute exterior of sense achieved in the real.",
"\n\nRealist worries about incarceration and the great outdoors, however, are premised upon a certain, arguably Platonic understanding of the meaning of immanence, transcendence, and appearance. ",
"Part 2, \"Appearance, Immanence, and Transcendence,\" turns to Heidegger's account of the meaning of \"phenomenon,\" appearance, in Sein und Zeit in order to clarify and respond to these claustrophobic anxieties. ",
"Contrary to the realist worry about being enclosed in mere appearances, we misunderstand the phenomenological sense of immanence if we suppose that the manifestation of things conceals a transcendent reality outside, beyond that manifestation. ",
"For phenomenology, the φαινόμενον is not an εἰκόν that both conceals and announces the essence, the εἶδος, which lies in the great beyond. ",
"The phenomenological account of the φαινόμενον rather poses a challenge to the opposition between inside and outside, immanence and transcendence presupposed by realism, and it does so by reversing the traditional relationship between being and time. ",
"For phenomenology, there is no being, no εἶδος outside of the φύω, the becoming of what shows itself in time. ",
"Time, rather, is the measure of what there is as it shines forth in vision.",
"\n\nThe temporalization of things in their appearance is taken up in detail by Merleau-Ponty in Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"Part 3, \"Ek-stasis and the Temporalization of the Phenomena,\" turns to this account in order to illustrate more clearly how things appear—both in the haecceity of their indifference and solidity and at the same time in their distance, incompleteness, and ambiguity. ",
"The co-belonging of these poles, transcendent thinghood and immanence to sense, is accounted for by the phenomenological structure of time. ",
"What we understand in the phenomenological account of things, however, is that their transcendence, their ek-stasis, their alterity and difference, are ineluctably inscribed in their immanence, in the meaningfulness of their appearance. ",
"There is no absolute outside of sense, as the realist thinks—rather what shows itself in vision is never a self-enclosed kernel of being but is already transcendent, already on its way elsewhere, already in the process of its departure. ",
"There is no opposition, no exteriority between immanence and transcendence: rather, phenomenology provides what we can call, with Jean-Luc Nancy, a philosophy of \"transimmanence.\"",
"\n\n1. ",
"Phenomenology and incarceration\n\nTo begin, I will consider a realist critique of phenomenology in order to establish some context and frame the discussion of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological critique of realism that will follow. ",
"Most generally, the realist worry about phenomenology is that it compromises \"objectivity,\" an impersonal standard of rational adjudication, in favor of a merely \"subjective\" view on things and the world. ",
"I put these terms in quotation marks because their meaning is highly contestable, and as we shall see, we misunderstand phenomenology in general and Merleau-Ponty's thought in particular if we fail to take into account how these are addressed in his work. ",
"The realist worry seems to be that the solidity, durability, independence, and externality of things, their \"transcendence\" with respect to my consciousness of them, is reduced to or even confined to a merely subjective standpoint, just a perspective on things and the world, and that the objectivity of the object, the thing's thingness, the resistance it poses to the subject, are lost in phenomenology. ",
"From the realist point of view, phenomenology is a philosophy of subjectivity in the most pejorative sense because everything—all possible beings—become imprisoned in a first-personal perspective. ",
"This confinement, the interiority of sense to the subject, is called \"immanence.\" ",
"If nothing is possible without the intervention of a gaze, without taking place within a point of view, then it seems that all possibility is limited, even incarcerated, within the borders of the subject who brings forth and constitutes the manners of appearance of things through their gesture and look.",
"\n\nSuch anxieties about limitation and incarceration come about in part because phenomenology is, for better or worse, a moment in the history of transcendental philosophy, which in Kant was originally and quite explicitly concerned with establishing and designating limits. ",
"The Critique of Pure Reason is full of premonitory notes and remonstrations, a book of etiquette concerning the propriety of the faculties and which admonishes thought to stay at home and not cross into the wilderness of speculation, full of dangers like God, the immortality of the soul, freedom, and so forth. ",
"In a telling passage, invoking seafaring imagery, Kant says:\n\nWe have now not merely explored the territory of pure understanding, and carefully surveyed every part of it, but have also measured its extent, and assigned to everything its rightful place. ",
"This domain is an island, enclosed by nature within unalterable limits. ",
"It is the land of truth—enchanting name!—surrounded by a wide and stormy ocean, the native home of illusion, where many a fog bank and many a swiftly melting iceberg give the deceptive appearance of farther shores, deluding the adventurous seafarer ever anew with empty hopes, and engaging him in enterprises which he can never abandon and yet is unable to carry to completion.",
"\n\nFor Kant, transcendental philosophy—in its opposition to the excesses of speculative metaphysics—restricts itself to the domain of what can have sense. ",
"What can have sense, for him, is determined, generated, and regulated by the machinations of the faculties, and if we employ them in accordance with their proper function, we will remain safe, clean, and sane. ",
"For Kant, like Husserl and other phenomenologists, the outside of what is constituted through the activity of the faculties and their proper employment, the outside of sense, is non-sense, the meaningless, that which is unintelligible, unimaginable, that of which we cannot speak. ",
"Speculative metaphysics is in error because it longs to speak of that for which we have no language, to see and describe the thing itself outside of perspective, something that by definition would be invisible. ",
"As Jean-Luc Nancy points out, the longing for such an outside is the legacy of Platonic-Christian ontotheology, where the origin and principle of the world's sense lies radically beyond in the ἀγαθόν that makes being possible by being outside of being. ",
"For Kant, such an outside is impossible precisely because it is the outside of and the beyond of all possibility: it is the im-possible, that which is outside of the possible by being before it, and it secures the possibility of the possible in virtue of its exteriority to sense, in virtue of its ex-possibility, so to speak. ",
"Kant both acknowledges the desire for the ex-possible and forewarns against it—forewarning, here, in the context of his imagery, in the name of safety and in the name of responsibility, for there is a duty to maintain the propriety of the faculties. ",
"Venturing beyond the possible and into the wilds of the open sea will only bring us to ruin, wreck, and catastrophe. ",
"We ought to stay at home and not concern ourselves with such adventures.",
"\n\nThere is no shortage of anxiety concerning phenomenology on this matter, especially in light of Husserl's insistence on the necessity of positing some version of transcendental subjectivity as the referent sin qua non for the possibility of sense and thus for the possibility of anything whatsoever. ",
"Husserl, of course, takes up this Kantian note of caution, especially in the transcendental turn staged in and around the publication of his Ideen and after. ",
"Immanence, for Husserl, means to be the noematic correlate of a noetic act of Sinngebung or \"constitution.\" ",
"At the center of Husserl's account of Sinngebung is a purified, transcendental subjectivity that is the pole of all such constitutive acts. ",
"While Husserl's understanding of transcendental subjectivity evolves over the course of his career, from a more Cartesian and Kantian Cogito in texts like the Ideen and Cartesian Meditations to a more historical and inter-subjective account in the Crisis and texts of around the same period, to have sense, to appear, means to be immanent to the constitutive activity of transcendental consciousness. ",
"For Husserl, that which appears as transcendent, outside, beyond, does so only at the point where it nonetheless remains within the field of sense. ",
"For Husserl, all transcendence, all the exteriority and durability of the thing, its resistance, is transcendence in the immanence of the constituting subject. ",
"In the Cartesian Meditations, for example, Husserl says:\n\nThat the being of the world \"transcends\" consciousness in this fashion (even with respect to the evidence in which the world presents itself), and that it necessarily remains transcendent, in no wise alters the fact that it is conscious life alone, wherein everything transcendent becomes constituted, as something inseparable from consciousness, and which specifically, as world-consciousness, bears within itself inseparably the sense: world—and indeed: \"this actually existing\" world.",
"\n\nIt is remarks like these that cause philosophers to wonder if phenomenology allows for an outside at all, a beyond of sense, a territory that cannot be referred to and thus touched by consciousness, a center that would touch everything while simultaneously remaining untouched at an infinite distance. ",
"It seems that phenomenology, at a point, represents a philosophy in which all being is organized and oriented around the centrality and sovereignty of a subject to whom everything is referred as its \"correlate,\" without which nothing would be possible, nothing would appear.",
"\n\nThis picture of phenomenology is perhaps not uncommon among critics and yet bears further scrutiny. ",
"The central question seems to be this: Does sense, that which is meaningful, what manifests itself, have no exteriority other than the impossible, i.e., non-sense? ",
"This question itself, however, evinces the kind of metaphysical wanderlust Kant warned against, a desire for peregrination, a philosophical exoticism: to escape the familiar, banal confines of sensicality, to flee the tedium of what shows itself and venture into unknown lands, to become a foreigner, a stranger, and walk an utterly unfamiliar path. ",
"Such longing, as well as a correlated frustration with phenomenology, is expressed quite clearly by a recent realist critic of phenomenology, Quentin Meillassoux:\n\nFor it could be that contemporary philosophers have lost the great outdoors, the absolute outside of pre-critical thinkers: that outside which was not relative to us, and which was given as indifferent to its own givenness to be what it is, existing in itself regardless of whether we are thinking of it or not; that outside which thought could explore with the legitimate feeling of being on foreign territory—of being entirely elsewhere.",
"\n\nMeillassoux is engaged with transcendental philosophy precisely at the point of the latter's apparent agoraphobia. ",
"Moreover, the attraction to pre-Critical thought in his book After Finitude, the allure of methodological speculation, even the draw of realism, are all motivated by this longing for the outside and by boredom with the humdrum shining forth and appearance of sense. ",
"One, apparently, becomes sick of the possible and longs for what lies beyond it.",
"\n\nThis desire for the outside, in Meillassoux, is correlated with two other motifs that characterize his anxiety about incarceration in immanence that it will be worth considering briefly: contingency and the mathematically absolute. ",
"The question that motivates consideration of the former seems to be whether philosophy has ever properly been able to think contingency itself. ",
"Let us take an example to clarify this worry. ",
"I see the glass on the table. ",
"It is a large pint glass, transparent with etched horizontal stripes. ",
"It is empty, but it had water in it. ",
"It presents itself to my vision at a certain angle, showing its sides to me in accordance with the perspective I have on it. ",
"This perspective changes slightly as I move my head and eyes. ",
"Phenomenology states that the presentation of glass, its givenness, and ultimately its very being, is a function of its possible perspectival variations—it is nothing other than its manners of appearance, and these manners of appearance are made possible by my bodily relation to the thing, which constitute it and make it possible. ",
"I cannot see the glass otherwise than within the context of my gaze, across the distance that separates my vision from its visibility. ",
"In this way, it could not appear otherwise than it does in relation to my body; it could not appear otherwise than within a certain perspective, within a certain point of view. ",
"The realist worry is that all the possibilities for this glass are limited to these manners of givenness, limited to the sense and meaning the glass takes on as it appears in my vision. ",
"The realist worries that, because the glass is limited in this fashion, what is possible for it is determined in advance by its conditions of appearance and that therefore contingency itself is effectively eliminated. ",
"There is nothing for this glass other than what is given through its manners of appearance, nothing that can happen to it other than that which is confined and limited to the possible, limited to what can have sense and meaning. ",
"Phenomenology thus also effectively eliminates the possibility of chaos in advance, since everything that appears must be \"worked over\" in accordance with the transcendental conditions of possibility of sense. ",
"Thus, phenomenology allegedly eliminates the possibility of surprise, the possibility of the event. ",
"As Meillassoux says,\n\nthe term \"contingency\" refers back to the Latin contigere, meaning \"to touch, to befall,\" which is to say, that which happens, but which happens enough to happen to us. ",
"The contingent, in a word, is something that finally happens—something other, something which, in its irreducibility to all pre-registered possibilities, puts an end to the vanity of a game wherein everything, even the improbable, is predictable. ",
"When something happens to us, when novelty grabs us by the throat, then no more calculation and no more play—it is time to be serious.",
"\n\nIt is fairly clear how the desire for the outside is correlated with the desire for the contingent and the event. ",
"The contingent event, that which is utterly unforeseen, the ex-possible, ruptures the border between immanence and transcendence; it is what takes us to the absolute exterior of sense, that which is utterly beyond any possible point of view. ",
"The glass breaking would not be a contingent event, for example, for this remains within the realm of the possible, within the rules of the game established by sense-giving transcendental subjectivity. ",
"The contingent event would be that which, for us, with our vision and point of view, would be utterly unforeseeable—not only unpredictable but completely impossible to envision. ",
"It would be a rupture, a void, if you will, in what could possibly be whatsoever. ",
"In a way, if it were to appear it would appear as nothing since it would be precisely that which is outside of all possibility.",
"\n\nFor Meillassoux, the outside of sense named in the contingent event is the absolute. ",
"That is to say, absolute in the sense of non-relative, where we understand everything that appears within a perspective to be relative to a spectator to whom it shows itself. ",
"For phenomenology, the appearance of the world is relative at the point where it appears to a vision. ",
"By being non-relative, that is, non-relational, the absolute is indifferent—to vision, to perspective, indifferent to whether it appears or not. ",
"The absolute names a visible, though this word is hardly appropriate, that does not call to be seen, something that adheres and persists in that zone outside of the merely possible. ",
"Such a zone, accordingly, can be described using the language of mathematics. ",
"For Meillassoux, absoluteness means that\n\nIt is meaningful to think (even if only in a hypothetical register) that all those aspects of the given that are mathematically describable can continue to exist regardless of whether or not we are there to convert the latter into something that is given-to or manifested-for.",
"\n\nHe is quick to point out that we should not confuse this position with mathematical idealism. ",
"Rather, what he seems to have in mind is the idea that mathematics itself is a language, a framework, a point of access or conduit from the finite perspectivity of human affairs to the great outdoors, to that which is utterly beyond the visible, that which is \"contingent while simultaneously being absolute.\" ",
"The mathematically absolute, he continues, is\n\nconceivable if it is construed as absolutely indifferent to the thought that envisages it... Whatever is mathematizable can be posited hypothetically as an ontologically perishable fact existing independently of us... What is mathematizable cannot be reduced to a correlate of thought.",
"\n\nIn some ways unsurprising, Meillassoux makes an explicit appeal to Descartes, who had already called for the absolutization of mathematics as the measure of nature and as the standard for what is thinkable. ",
"Meillassoux seems to want a calculus for the thinkable, in which everything could be graphed, reigned in, and circumscribed within a speculative system where truth no longer matters (since this is a calculus of the thinkable rather than what is the case), and indeed, indifferent to whether such possibilities appear or not (since again, it is a speculative calculus for the possibly thinkable). ",
"According to such a calculus, thought is no longer confined to the consideration of beings, Being, and their manners of appearance; thought is no longer confined to its habitation in the human form, its two eyes, its perspective, but is free to fly across the bounds of the thinkable and gaze upon the absolute itself, uninhibited by the gravity and burden of what shows itself. ",
"Thought would no longer be a prisoner in immanence but would be free to traverse the great frontiers.",
"\n\nIs this really a fair assessment of phenomenology? ",
"Is it really incarcertory in the sense elaborated? ",
"Does it necessarily confine and limit thought to the territory inside the limits of sense in the manner described? ",
"If the answer is no, it is because phenomenology does not merely claim that everything is immanent to sense but says that there is already transcendence in immanence. ",
"This means that objects appear as transcendent, as exterior, in virtue of the sense-bestowing processes that allow for their manifestation. ",
"But it also means that the possible, what is internal to sense, is always projected beyond itself. ",
"In other words, the genesis and becoming of sense is not identical with the Platonic being that would always be identical with itself and never otherwise but, rather, is an ecstasis: it is always projected toward, on its way to manifestation, and thus always on its way elsewhere, on the way to becoming what it is not yet, to the outside, in excess of itself. ",
"Phenomenology thus does not concern itself so much with the interiority of sense, with the merely possible, but rather dwells within the gap, the differential between the possible and impossible, sense and non-sense, the inside and outside.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Appearance, immanence, and transcendence\n\nClaustrophobic anxieties about being enclosed in immanence are one element of the realist critique leveled against phenomenology. ",
"This anxiety, however, is arguably motivated by a certain desire for truth and by presupposed tasks assigned to thinking: what we have described in the previous chapter as cruel thought. ",
"Realism succumbs to this desire at the point where it wishes to close and end thought in the thing itself—especially at the point where touching the real is equated with arriving at the absolute. ",
"Before proceeding to Merleau-Ponty's assessment of realism and the question of immanence and transcendence in more detail, it will do to consider the point at which realism is haunted by the specter of cruel thought.",
"\n\nThe drama that seems to have given rise to the debate between realism and transcendental thought is very old, presumably going back to at least Plato, since it is a drama about how an incontestable and unassailable absolute somehow remains concealed behind the manifestation of a world. ",
"For Plato, of course, the hidden gem of thinking was identified with the εἴδη, behind which nothing could be hidden, since these are always what they are and never otherwise. ",
"But the debate between phenomenology and realism is more recent. ",
"It is effectively between the Kantian idea of a transcendental turn and a pre-Kantian belief in absoluteness of the real. ",
"What seems intolerable to realism seems to be the language of phenomena. ",
"To speak a language of appearances is to lock us in the dark basement of immanence: what we know or perceive are appearances only. ",
"We can speculate about some hard kernel of reality behind those appearances, but whatever it may be will never make contact with our experience—it will never appear. ",
"Thus, from the realist perspective, phenomenology traps us in phenomenalism: all we perceive, all of our experience, is mere appearances, phantoms of the real, correlated with some subject who bears witness to them. ",
"What is at issue in the language of \"appearance,\" then, is that it easily slides into a confused and derelict state, and it does so, probably, because we almost cannot help but hear it in its Platonic register: the φαινόμενον is only an εἰκών of the εἶδος, an image, a shadow, a reflection, beyond which there is the thing itself, hiding nothing in the great and luminous \"outside,\" the absolute itself, which designates the outermost limit to the thinkable and beyond which there would be nothing else.",
"\n\nRealism becomes cruel at the point where it identifies such an outside with a certain demand for truth and a presupposed vision of what that truth should be: the absolute, the incontestable, what is beyond the distortion, perspectivity, blurriness, and the uncertainty of what appears and gives to all appearance its reason, its form, coherence, and legitimacy. ",
"By reaching out and touching the thing itself, in reaching this luminous outside, one is finally able to look back and understand the difference between a mere appearance and a thing itself as well as that which those appearances were signaling and to which they were referring themselves. ",
"One sees what the appearance \"meant,\" sees the reason for it all, and is now able to offer explanations for the appearances' \"why.\" ",
"In having made such a journey beyond the threshold, in having stepped into the great outdoors and understood its wisdom, there is nothing left to do but journey back into the darkness of the world. ",
"As soon as one has gazed upon the thing itself, the absolute, in its unconditioned purity, once one has fused with it, the tasks of thought are finished and done. ",
"One only need bear the light of the outside into the darkness to demonstrate, once and for all, that the εἰκόνες are \"merely\" images and that the truth lies elsewhere. ",
"The absolute thing itself, the outside of mere phenomena, is apocalyptic: ἀποκάλυψις, finally and at last, ἀπο, pulling away the κάλυψις, the veil or covering, the epistemic shroud that stands between us and the absolute. ",
"Coinciding with the absolute is the revelatory act that ends thought, and it is this need to finalize, to terminate, to place the period, that makes realism cruel. ",
"As we shall see later, it is along these lines that Merleau-Ponty claims that realism is a desire for death.",
"\n\nBut one does not have to read very deeply into the canon to see that phenomenology remains and has always been a means of escape from this Platonic drama—but it accomplishes this escape only insofar as it is able to overcome the traces of cruelty that have haunted it. ",
"The desire not to be closed in immanence, to release oneself into the outside beyond appearances, tends to misunderstand what phenomenon and appearance mean. ",
"For if our need is to gain access to the outside of the phenomena, then it presupposes that there is an outside, i.e., that the phenomena are either copies of the real, εἰκόνες, representations, or emanations of things themselves mysteriously hidden behind them. ",
"No phenomenologist has ever subscribed to such an understanding of what phenomenon and appearance mean. ",
"To see this more clearly, it will be useful to turn to the Introduction to Heidegger's Sein und Zeit, where he goes to great pains to clarify what φαινόμενον means for phenomenology.",
"\n\nWhat Heidegger shows is that the realist understanding of phenomenon—\"mere appearances\" that stand in front of and thus hide the real—is already Kantian insofar as it requires an outside that is, according to its own terms, constitutively inaccessible. ",
"In other words, for the version of Kant described by Heidegger, the phenomena become \"emanations\" of an absolute, noumenal entity that by definition cannot show itself, and thus this outside, pure transcendence, is established only as the lining or the reverse of what appears. ",
"The phenomena point back toward an outside that itself does not appear in their appearing. ",
"In other words, as \"mere appearances,\" the phenomena, precisely in their appearing, refer to a non-appearance, an outside that they are not insofar as they are there, manifest. ",
"As Heidegger says,\n\nThat which does the announcing—that which, in its showing-itself, indicates something non-manifest—may be taken as that which emerges in what is itself non-manifest, and which emanates [ausstrahlt] from it in such a way indeed that the non-manifest gets thought of as something that is essentially never manifest.",
"\n\nThe things themselves stand behind the phenomena, which emanate forth from them. ",
"The thing as it is outside of its appearance is referenced by the appearances: I know that there is a real house there, behind my perceptions. ",
"I know this because, on one hand, none of my individual perceptions are identical with the house itself. ",
"After all, they are in a state of flux as I walk around its perimeter, as my body moves, shifting and distorting the frame within which the thing appears. ",
"At the same time, however, each of these individual perceptions are woven together into a continuous whole, the unity of which is said to lie in the thing itself. ",
"My perceptions are not the thing itself—they are only perceptions—and yet the thing itself must be there, outside of them and yet weaving them together in the fabric of my experience. ",
"The house itself, as the outside of my experience, is never manifest, and yet it is somehow still the source of my experiences. ",
"In this way, according to Heidegger,\n\nWhen that which does the announcing is taken this way, \"appearance\" is tantamount to a \"bringing forth\" or \"something brought forth,\" but something which does not make up the real being of what brings it forth: here we have appearance in the sense of \"mere appearance.\"",
"\n\nMy perceptions of the house as \"mere appearances\" announce the real house but precisely in making this announcement, simultaneously announce that the real house is not present—for only mere perceptions appear. ",
"The perceptions \"represent\" and are brought forth by the real concealed behind them but, precisely because it is represented, the real itself does not appear. ",
"It is the real, concealed behind perceptions, that brings them forth, but in so doing, it refuses to appear. ",
"Here Heidegger is describing the mechanism through which the real comes to establish itself as outside: its outsidedness is a function of its non-manifestation; the real is outside because it is announced and at the same time non-present. ",
"We hear it called upon and yet we fail to see it in person—thus it must be elsewhere. ",
"As Heidegger continues, \"That which does the announcing and is brought forth does, of course, show itself, and in such a way that, as an emanation of what it announces, it keeps this very thing constantly veiled in itself.\" ",
"Phenomena appear—and phenomena only—but as \"mere appearances\" they do so in manner where they announce, point to something that is constitutively non-manifest: for the realist, it is the real; Kant, of course, calls this \"noumenon,\" but it would of course be a mistake to conflate that with the thing itself in the realist sense. ",
"The shadows of the εἰκόνες are not εἰκόνες—they are shadows. ",
"And yet the shadow, as shadow, already indicates this non-presence in its non-presence, that there is an εἰκόν somewhere, as of yet invisible. ",
"Likewise the εἰκόνες are not the things themselves, they are only copies, and yet they too announce that the thing itself is not present because it lies elsewhere, outside.",
"\n\nHeidegger's intention here is to clarify that this Platonic sense of phenomenon as \"mere appearance\" is not its proper phenomenological sense. ",
"It is important that when Heidegger invokes the Greek sense of φαινόμενον, he intends us to hear it as the middle-passive voice of φαίνω, to bring to light or make appear. ",
"The middle-passive voice is an interesting possibility in Greek grammar: it is neither strictly active nor passive but somehow both. ",
"The appearance of the phenomena is not strictly active insofar as \"appearing\" is not being done to something—it has no object (grammatically speaking and otherwise). ",
"The φαινόμενον does not make appear in the sense that I throw the ball. ",
"Importantly, it is also not strictly passive insofar as appearance is not something the phenomena undergo. ",
"The φαινόμενον is not made to appear like the ball is thrown, and in this sense, it is impossible for it to be an emanation of a concealed force acting upon it. ",
"A phenomenon is not something that appears by victimizing another in its thrall, nor is it something that appears because it is brought forth by its master. ",
"The phenomenon appears, rather, as das Sich-an-ihm-selbst-zeigen, that which shows itself in and of itself, by virtue of its own power and not another, in its own interest, and only thus \"signifies a distinctive way in which something can be encountered.\" ",
"The phenomenon is therefore not a \"mere\" appearance indicating an outside that is not present, concealed and yet to be known, and in this way there is nothing outside of the phenomenon, no hidden secret, locked away, that it would be task of thought to discover and display.",
"\n\nWhen phenomenology speaks of immanence, it does not refer to an inside that as inside refers to an outside. ",
"Nor does transcendence mean that which lies concealed behind the veil. ",
"Immanence means \"immanent to sense,\" that what appears does so within a fabric, a texture of significance. ",
"For phenomenology, to be means that an entity appears within an open horizon of possible significations and that what is, therefore, is always more than a transcendent, self-enclosed kernel of being, an external reality indifferent to its manner and style of appearance. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty argues, to be indifferent to, to be outside of sense is to have no contact with experience and life. ",
"For Kant, Husserl, and all thinkers part of the transcendental tradition, such an outside would be equivalent to a territory that lies beyond any possible experience, beyond the temporal horizon and vicissitudes of life. ",
"It would be meaningless in the most profound sense—it would have no contour, no articulation, not even the most basic sense of positivity or negativity. ",
"It would be a nothingness beyond absence, destruction, negativity, or even the zero. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty tries to show, even mathematical objects show themselves within the horizon of possible experience; even they are born from this tissue of meaning and significance and become articulated within the horizon of human life and dwelling on Earth. ",
"Even to be nothing, to be negative, is to manifest. ",
"The kind of transcendence that realists dream about would be more absent than nothingness since even nothingness shows itself within the flesh of being.",
"\n\nTranscendence, for phenomenology, does not refer to the beyond and its indifference to sense, the absolute outside of the real. ",
"That kind of transcendence is the legacy of the Platonic ἀγαθόν, the good that lies concealed behind the forms, illuminating them but not itself becoming present, the invisible sun casting its light on a visible that can only be seen by the mind and not by the eyes. ",
"Of course such an invisible is equivalent to the God who is the cause and source of all created things and yet himself remains hidden and concealed, who remains invisible and incomprehensible to mortals. ",
"In place of this onto-theological sense of transcendence, phenomenology understands transcendence as ek-stasis, as standing outside of oneself: that what appears within the tissue of sense shows itself not as a self-enclosed atom or monad of meaning but as already displaced, stretched, and underway in a process of becoming and differentiation. ",
"What shows itself, the phenomenon, is in this way already outside. ",
"When phenomenologists speak of transcendence in immanence then, what is meant is that everything manifests itself within this horizon of sense, this texture and flesh of significance (immanence), but in so doing, in becoming manifest, what there is never becomes fully present but shows itself only in its departure, becomes visible only because it is already occluded, because it is not quite itself, because it is already outside itself (transcendence). ",
"Claustrophobic anxiety about incarceration and confinement seems to be premised on a misunderstanding of what transcendence and immanence mean for phenomenology, and it will be worth trying to clarify these with the help of Merleau-Ponty. ",
"In order to clarify the phenomenological sense of immanence and transcendence at stake, however, we must turn to the vehicle of manifestation, temporality. ",
"In order to open this account of immanence and transcendence further in the context of Merleau-Ponty's thought, I will turn to the account of the real staged in the chapter of Phenomenology of Perception called \"The Thing and the Natural World,\" the third chapter of Part II of that book. ",
"This text provides one of the clearest and most compelling responses to realism as well as its attendant anxieties and desires offered by Merleau-Ponty. ",
"It also provides some important insights into how his thought specifically, but also how phenomenology in general, navigate the question of transcendence in immanence and the ek-stasis of sense as it takes us to the outside.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Ek-stasis and the temporalization of the phenomena\n\nThe apparent transcendence of things in perceptual experience confronts us with a striking tension: on one hand, what appears stands at the thither end of processes of sense-genesis that render and frame the manners of appearance and that allow for the object to be, and, on the other hand, this immanence of the thing within the fabric of sense nonetheless does not subvert its apparent positivity, constancy, and exteriority. ",
"I see the glass here on the desk. ",
"It shows itself to me through the perspectival distortions of its angle, the light coming in from the nearby window, which is slightly faint since it is a cloudy afternoon. ",
"There are the vague reflections of the surrounding world, shining back as vertical stripes due to the curve of its cylindrical shape. ",
"The mouth, though from one angle looks circular, appears as ovular from where I sit. ",
"It casts a refracted shadow since the light is shining through it at more than one angle. ",
"When I look at it, I am reminded of the possibility of another glass of water, or perhaps a beer since it is a pint glass. ",
"As it sits there, empty, it calls for being filled with something. ",
"I could fill it with gravel, blood, or even feces, but something about this proposal strikes me as strange since that is not what this thing here is for. ",
"Glasses are for \"drinking beverages\" and gravel, blood, and feces are not (usually) considered beverages. ",
"But when I say that \"glasses like this are for beverages\" and not for those other things, I have already admitted that its appearance as what it is, a glass and not a wheelbarrow, blood bag, or toilet, is a function of certain styles of sense. ",
"Filling any of these other items with sparkling water would be almost as absurd as filling my glass with the things for which those other containers were intended. ",
"And yet we see that \"container\" is in some way essential to the kind of being that the glass as well as any one of those other things is. ",
"It is not just \"some thing,\" empty of significance; it is only the thing it is—only a thing at all—in virtue of its sense, its meaningfulness, and the reference it makes to its surrounding environment of significance. ",
"It only becomes a glass as such, it only takes on this meaning, at the point where it occupies this referential, meaningful horizon, what phenomenologists call \"a world.\"",
"\n\nAt the same time, it is clear to me that when I leave the glass on the desk and go to another room, the manner of being that it has is not strictly dependent on my presence there or on my vision. ",
"I understand that it will not vanish if I am not looking at it and that it does not need to be seen in order to be. ",
"It gives itself within this horizon of sense and meaningfulness, a horizon that at certain points is structured by my bodily opening onto it, and yet even so it nonetheless also gives itself in all the exteriority that makes it an object. ",
"As Heidegger famously notes in Sein und Zeit, one encounters this naked objecthood of things only when their link to the nexus of significations of the world is broken, when they take on some ulterior meaning, when, for example, they are broken, are taken out of context, or used for something else. ",
"The glass is a container, but when the cat knocks it off the desk and it shatters, it no longer appears as a container—it no longer calls to be filled, no longer calls forth beverages and drinking. ",
"At that point, it becomes just a thing, only a pile of broken shards that I now have to carefully clean up. ",
"Its significance is reduced to something like \"garbage\" only because it no longer points toward other possibilities, other futures for itself. ",
"Its possibilities are closed. ",
"It is dead, and only in its deadness do I really encounter it in its \"objectivity,\" the indifference to myself and to the world that indicate its externality. ",
"As a glass, in its calling forth of beverages and drinking, in the reference it makes to any number of possibilities, it matters; it means something insofar as it indicates and gestures toward these—even the strange possibility of being filled with something inappropriate. ",
"Broken, however, it ceases to matter, and it only calls for disposal. ",
"It ceases to be significant and to link up with the tissue of possibilities that are the world. ",
"This is at least in part why it is painful when a treasured item breaks, for the death of the object reveals the passage and, in a sense, loss of meaning and the world encountered in time. ",
"The thing breaks, and we are reminded that the past is indeed past and that with the severing of our connection to it signified by the thing, we stand at a greater distance to it and that it recedes more into oblivion.",
"\n\nThe question that Merleau-Ponty will take up in his account of the objectivity of the object is how these two poles of its presentation function together: the object's sense and meaningfulness, on one hand, and its externality and neutrality on the other. ",
"Objects are strange because they emerge within a point of view to which they also show cold indifference. ",
"How can the real be both here before my eyes in its irrefutable haecceity and yet at the same time be the function of a temporal sense-genesis that constitutes its meaningfulness and which, as Merleau-Ponty claims, also remains incomplete? ",
"As he says, \"How can any thing ever present itself to us for good, since its synthesis is never completed, and since I can always expect to see it break down and pass into a mere illusion? ",
"Yet there is something and not nothing.\" ",
"Merleau-Ponty elaborates this thought as follows:\n\nBelief in the thing and the world can only signify the presumption of a completed synthesis—and yet this completion is made impossible by the very nature of the perspectives which have to be inter-related, since each one of them refers indefinitely, by its horizons, to other perspectives.",
"\n\nIt is easy to misunderstand the phenomenological account of the real at stake here. ",
"What is important about the sense of transcendence outlined is that the real, insofar as it shows itself as an exteriority, is never an absolute exteriority; its indifference is never an absolute indifference. ",
"Rather, the real always shows itself in terms of the \"coherent deformations\" of a perspective: the contours, angles, light, shadow, and ambiguity that ineluctably accompany the appearance of things. ",
"The real always shows itself as sense, and things appear insofar as they call forth possibilities of meaningfulness. ",
"What is essential to Merleau-Ponty's account of the real—and perhaps what is essential to phenomenology in general—is this primacy of perspective: that what is, insofar as it is, shines forth from a certain angle, with the luminosity and complexity of color, the refraction of light, in accordance with the imperceptible movement of the eyes, within or out of reach, in short, within the perspectival horizon of the possible that we call \"the world.\" ",
"It is this deformation of perspective that at some point seems intolerable to Meillassoux and other realists—intolerable precisely because it precludes the possibility of the absolute—and the new realism wishes to break out of it, to transcend the ambiguities and distortions of sense in order to seize the real right where it is, to leave the \"broken crock\" of the human figure behind, and gaze at being from everywhere simultaneously, from the point of view of an absolute outside, a perspective beyond all possible perspectives.",
"\n\nRealism, in order to construct this absolute outside, posits an ontology of what Husserl calls blosse Sachen, bare or naked things, the thing simply as a thing, \"stripped of every action-predicate and every value-predicate.\" ",
"It seeks the thing behind its sense and meaningfulness—it wants the thing at the point where it no longer signifies, where it no longer opens itself onto possibility, the thing in its deadness. ",
"This ontology claims to speak in the name of pure objectivity, an externality cleansed of all perspectival color and distortion. ",
"But as Merleau-Ponty argues via Husserl, on closer scrutiny this ontology is just a mask for an attitude that is of the most perniciously theoretical kind, for blosse Sachen presuppose the absolute gaze of a pure spectator, an eye that could see these things in their nakedness, to whom they would display all of their sides at the same time as their interiors and would do so with a mute neutrality that no longer refers to the world of sense. ",
"Such an eye, however, is a speculative and philosophical fiction that realism attempts to conceal in the purity of the absolute, whether this is considered a thing qua thing or a mathematimatized factiality. ",
"In other words, realism attempts to keep concealed that it has always been the most highly artificial and theoretical attitude toward the world that nonetheless passes itself off as the most natural approximation to things. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes,\n\nWhat is false in the ontology of the blosse Sachen is that it absolutizes a purely theoretical attitude (or one of idealization), neglecting or taking as given a relation with being, which founds the purely theoretical attitude and measures its value.",
"\n\nOperating beneath the artificial perspective constructed by realism, the perspective before which the absolute unveils itself in its naked purity, there is the φύω of the visible, its distance and all its color and confusion, which the ontology of the blosse Sachen silently presupposes, which it disavows, and upon which it is parasitic. ",
"As Husserl emphasizes in the passages of the Ideen to which Merleau-Ponty is referring above, when the objects that inhabit and populate our experience show themselves, they do so always as more than mere things; they appear in their immediacy, first, with all the weight and density of use and value, goals and obstructions, as beautiful or ugly. ",
"Objects are purified of the weight of this value only later, after one has adopted a philosophical posture and made viewing them in their purified thingness the end of a process of philosophical reflection. ",
"In this way, the realist inhabits a highly stylized point of view, and, as Husserl notes, \"in this 'pure' or purified theoretical attitude, we no longer experience houses, tables, streets, or works of art; instead, we experience merely material things.\" ",
"The thing itself in the realist sense, that which lies concealed behind its manners of appearance, is unknown to a naïve relation to the world that is lived. ",
"A child, for example, does not look at the world as an array of mute and indifferent things but is open to first and foremost to their meaning. ",
"This is why the world appears magical to the child, because the child trusts in its sense and allows to the things their references and significance. ",
"The ontology of the blosse Sachen is an artifice that must be learned—it is for adults, who have undergone a certain reflective initiation into making the world manifest in this way. ",
"Husserl's point is that we must not forget that this ontology is precisely that—a style of making the world appear and one that presupposes a certain reflective posture, one that is made possible only through the accomplishments of reflection.",
"\n\nIt is not just the object that is made and rendered in the ontology of the blosse Sachen, however. ",
"The realist, in stripping what appears in their experience of all its value-predications, in purifying it of its signification, also constitutes themselves as a certain manner of spectator. ",
"In so doing, rather than eliminating sense and value from the manifestation of the world, the realist simply privileges a specific set of values that they also disavow through their pretension of indifference. ",
"As Husserl notes,\n\nTo be sure, [this attitude] is a subject that is indifferent to its Object, indifferent to the actuality constituted in appearances; that is, this subject does not value such being for its own sake and thus has no practical interest in the transformations such being might undergo and so no interest in fashioning them, etc.",
"\n\nRealism wants to transcend—that is to say, escape—the weight of our corporeal point of view, to leave behind perspective, light, and color like so much molted skin, and they would have us believe that mere \"subjectivity\" has been discarded once and for all. ",
"What they attempt to keep concealed, however, is the secret that realist metaphysics is already a certain relationship to things, a certain perspective, and that in adopting this metaphysics, the realist succeeds in constituting themselves as a certain manner of subjectivity, a certain way of seeing things. ",
"When I pick up the coffee mug and feel the weight of its cold porcelain, the slosh of coffee and ice, hear the thud that it makes as I set it back on the table, and contemplate its indifference, all of this takes place within a field of significance that I temporarily suspend in my contemplation. ",
"In adopting a realist point of view on things, I perform a kind of epoché in which the more immediate and living manner in which things show themselves is put out of play in favor of this metaphysical, reflective, and indeed speculative way of looking. ",
"Even speculation, however, is a certain attitude, a certain posture on things, and in making a case for speculative metaphysics, I already constitute myself as a certain style of being. ",
"By opposing this metaphysics, by opposing realism, phenomenology seeks to unearth the φύω, the bloom and becoming of the visible as it appears in experience as it is lived beneath the artificial constructions of reflection, to return to the naïve and childlike perspective in which things become what they are through the sense references they make to the world, to the flesh of significance that is already manifest prior to philosophizing.",
"\n\nIt is this realist sense of transcendence, the desire for the outside and the absolute, which is the problem rather than the solution; for it longs to leave behind the situatedness of vision, its finitude, corporeality, and perspectivity, in order to look down on being from a place that is no place. ",
"Realism seeks the absolute outside because it wishes to coincide with being without distance, and it is at this point that it becomes a figure of cruelty. ",
"The escapism and philosophical adventurism evinced by realism lead down the path of what Merleau-Ponty calls the pensée en survol, thought that hovers above all perspectives and subjects being to its calculating, mathematizing surveillance. ",
"This thought, for Merleau-Ponty, is precisely utopian; it is the desire to be nowhere. ",
"After all, is longing for the outside of all sense, of all that appears, not simply a longing to coincide with nothing? ",
"Merleau-Ponty puts it this way:\n\nIf my experience forms a closed system; if the thing and the world could be defined once and for all; if the spatio-temporal horizons could, even ideally, be explicated and the world thought without point of view, then nothing would exist; I would hover above [survolerais] the world beyond all places and times; far from becoming simultaneously real, they would cease to be because I should live in none of them and would be engaged nowhere. ",
"If I am always and everywhere, then I am never and nowhere.",
"\n\nThe realist error is to infer from the perspectivity of vision, that one sees from a point of view, to the claim that the one who sees is thereby imprisoned and confined (within subjectivity, with the body, etc.). ",
"When we examine what it means to see, what it means to have a point of view more closely, however, we understand that experience is not a cage from which we must escape. ",
"What most clearly defines our experience, rather, is its expansiveness, that it opens out onto an infinite horizon. ",
"In its desire for the absolute, however, realism wants to render this openness into a closed system in which the object would stand forth in its naked indifference and in which we would be able to touch that which always is and never otherwise. ",
"Such a closed system, however, would no longer be experience—things would no longer be the things that appear and that I see, and my perspective would cease to be embedded in the circumstances I confront here on Earth. ",
"It would cease to be vision, and a world that conceals nothing, that has no shadow or ambiguity, would simply be invisible—it would be nothing. ",
"Realism, because it is motivated by a desire to escape perspective, to exceed the boundaries of sense, is committed to a certain brand of Cartesianism. ",
"As Descartes understood, guaranteeing the absoluteness of what is, its geometric and mathematical elegance, requires a perspective that is no perspective: the disembodied all-seeing eye of God.",
"\n\nRealism posits the ontology of the blosse Sachen because it wishes to overcome perspective and take up this divine point of view (which it simultaneously refuses to acknowledge as a point of view). ",
"But this is because perspective is considered to be a veil that occludes and obstructs access to the thing's purity and nakedness, a wall that prohibits entry into the great outdoors. ",
"Realism desires the clarity and certainty of an unobstructed view, to find being in its own proper place and seize upon it. ",
"In this sense, realist metaphysics is organized around the primacy of being itself—it is a philosophy that wishes to arrive at the scene of that which is always identical with itself and never otherwise, that which, without ambiguity, could be said to be. ",
"Realism thus establishes an identity between being as such and the indifference and externality of the thing: the flux of the object, its perspectival distortion, its distance, and its uncertainty are merely functions of vision. ",
"It is because the world becomes visible from a point of view that the possibility of deception arises, that the world may be imaginary or a fiction. ",
"The ambiguity of the perceived, the possibility that I may be mistaken about what I see, has, since at least Plato, been linked to its temporality. ",
"What shows itself in vision is in a state of process, coming into being and passing away, on its way to being otherwise, and never closed in the self-identity of absolute being. ",
"Philosophers have concluded that the perceived must therefore be merely a veil that conceals the absolute. ",
"The truth must lie elsewhere, somewhere on the outside, beyond. ",
"To secure the absolute beyond the flux of the perceived, realism in this way desires to step outside of time and establish the truth of the perceived on the basis of a-temporal being. ",
"Realism presupposes the primacy of being over time.",
"\n\nWhat is at issue, for Merleau-Ponty, is this desire to attain the absolute—for this desire is oriented toward that which always is and never otherwise, that which is immune to the φύω, the becoming of sense that appears in vision. ",
"As we have seen, this desire is the mark of thought's cruelty, for philosophy constitutes itself as possession and surveillance in order to satisfy this desire. ",
"Phenomenology, by contrast, invites thought to turn aside from this fixation on being as such and realize that what shows itself does so in and thanks to time—and that as a result, what it seeks will remain at a distance and that what there is never resolves itself into self-identical, closed, and absolute being. ",
"The problem of immanence and transcendence, as it is posed by realist metaphysics, and the attendant desire for the outside are exacerbated, not solved, by defaulting to the absolute exteriority and integrity of the real. ",
"The opposition between immanence and transcendence, inside and outside, which agonizes the realists, operates, as Merleau-Ponty notes, only so long as we \"remain within being.\" ",
"What is required, then, is abandoning the absoluteness of what is as the measure for thought's possibilities and to cease prioritizing the positivity of being over the open indefiniteness of time. ",
"Indeed, the entire problematic is transformed, Merleau-Ponty argues, once we \"operate in time and understand time as the measure of being.\" ",
"If we wish to make existence intelligible, rather than longing for the absolute outside and exteriority of sense, we must look at it through the temporality thanks to which the visible becomes visible, thanks to which what there is appears, the temporalization that renders the visible into insufficiency and that disintegrates this plenum into an open and indefinite region of possibility—the possibility located at the edge or interstice of impossibility. ",
"Merleau-Ponty thus shifts the framework for this question to an investigation of the temporal horizon within which things and the world appear. ",
"Rather than prioritizing being over time, we must understand how what there is announces itself within the temporal framework of process, passage, and becoming.",
"\n\nTime, to which we shall return in detail later, is the principle of the world's perspectivity. ",
"The real is perspectival because it is temporal—or to use Merleau-Ponty's locution, because what there is \"temporalizes itself.\" ",
"The sense of the world, Merleau-Ponty says, \"merges with the very movement whereby time passes,\" and the horizons of what shows itself \"form a single temporal wave, one of the world's instants.\" ",
"The meaningfulness of the visible, the multiplicity of its possible perspectives, comes to be and passes away in a manner analogous to the horizons of the landscape as seen from a moving train. ",
"The past recedes into the background, becoming dim, blurred, degenerating to the point where it passes into oblivion as in the case our earliest childhood memories. ",
"Things come to presence only as they occlude others, which move into the background and only as the inverse of their occlusion by others still to come. ",
"The thing's determinacy, the solidity of the real, is founded upon the possibility of this occlusion which takes place through the passage of time. ",
"The presence of the glass here on the desk stands out against the backdrop of a past and before an open future. ",
"It has been here since yesterday and the slight traces of fingerprints and watermarks call for it to be cleaned. ",
"It is not merely a pure or naked thing, then, but becomes what it is—somewhat dirty—only because it is embedded within a temporal wave that bequeaths onto it the precise sense it has. ",
"There is a perspective on it thanks to its temporal horizonality. ",
"Not only is it in need of cleaning, but it is also a glass that I have had for some time over the course of various places and eras of life. ",
"I can remember it sitting on other tables, in the presence of others who are now absent. ",
"As it shows itself here and now, it carries with it the weight of that past. ",
"At the same time, it posits a horizon of possible futures for itself—that it gets broken, lost, or forgotten. ",
"Its presence here, now, would not be possible without these temporal horizons. ",
"In this way, because it is ineluctably temporal, the sense of what is here is not a totality circumscribed by a limit; there is not a closed system of presence, for a \"sum of things or of presents makes nonsense\"; a perspective that has no temporal depth and thus which sees everything simultaneously is not a perspective, and the thought that seeks to overcome the horizonality of time in the absolute outside seeks only death. ",
"Realism, in a sense, is suicidal:\n\nA present without a future, or an eternal present, is precisely the definition of death; the living present is torn between a past which it resumes [reprend] and a future which it projects. ",
"It is thus essential to the thing and to the world to present themselves as \"open,\" to send us beyond their determinate manifestations and promise us always \"another thing to see.\"",
"\n\nA glass that does not stand out against the backdrop of its past and project itself into the open possibilities of a future is not a glass—or at least not a real glass. ",
"To this extent, its temporal horizonality—that the world always takes up and resumes a past projected toward the future—is the ineluctable condition sin qua non for the real, for \"there is nothing to see beyond our horizons but other landscapes and other horizons; nothing interior to the thing except other smaller things. ",
"The ideal of objective thought is both based upon and ruined by temporality.\" ",
"The absolute outside of what shows itself within the temporal horizon of sense is merely the emptiness of the impossible, the meaningless. ",
"What is real, then, is not this outside but the infinite series of horizons initiated by the articulateness of temporality, an incomplete, that is to say infinite, enchaînement of discordant perspectives. ",
"Transcendence, then, is poorly understood as breaking out of perspective, as attaining to an outside of all outsides. ",
"Transcendence rather is the manifestation of sense and its horizonal incompleteness. ",
"The real is nothing other than this endless series of horizons which is always other, always beyond, incomplete, open, and this is what is most immanent, most \"innermost\" to it. ",
"The outside and the beyond are not the antitheses to immanence but what is closest and most intimate to it, and it seems to be this that is meant when we speak of \"transcendence in immanence,\" what Leonard Lawlor has described as \"a thought from the outside that is about the outside.\" ",
"We have a picture, then, that is very different from the incarceratory image constructed by the realist. ",
"Rather than a philosophy that closes thought within immanence, transcendence, escape, is already inscribed within the appearance of the world as such. ",
"The desire for the beyond and the great outdoors is already—and ineluctably—satisfied by temporality.",
"\n\nTo this extent, contrary to allegations otherwise, phenomenology is perhaps furthest from the philosophy that seeks to bind, limit, and incarcerate. ",
"Because it shines forth in and through time, the real, sense, already pushes the boundary and transgresses the limit. ",
"In pursuing this desire to approach the outermost limit, however, we must simultaneously give up on the absolute sufficiency of being in the name of time. ",
"Merleau-Ponty says: \"Under these circumstances one may say, if one wishes, that nothing exists absolutely, and it would be, in effect, more exact to say that nothing exists and that everything temporalizes itself.\" ",
"What is real is neither the thing in itself and its transcendent, self-enclosed haecceity nor the absolute mathematically ideal, for both of these are the children of pensée en survol and its desire to be everything simultaneously—which is to say, its desire to be nothing, its desire for death. ",
"What is real, rather, is the horizonal passage of the visible through time: the passing landscapes of sense, which, precisely as a function of their manifestation, always point to the beyond. ",
"What is real is the incomplete series of horizons that time brings into articulation but only as the inverse of its passage, and what is shows itself only by being carried toward these infinite horizons.",
"\n\nIn this way, we could say with Nancy that we are beyond the opposition of immanence and transcendence, an opposition presupposed by the claustrophobic anxiety of realism. ",
"Because it is carried forth in time, the outside of sense is already on the inside and vice versa. ",
"This is what Nancy means when he speaks of \"transimmanence\":\n\nAs soon as the appearance of a beyond of the world has been dissipated, the out-of-place instance of sense opens itself up within the world (to the extent that it would still make sense to speak of a \"within\"). ",
"Sense belongs to the structure of the world, hollows out therein what it would be necessary to name better than by calling the \"transcendence\" of its \"immanence\"—its transimmanence, or more simply and strongly, its existence and exposition.",
"\n\n\"Transimmanence\" is the becoming outside of the inside, expeausition, as Nancy says elsewhere, both \"intimacy and withdraw,\" exposure, a desquamation of sense as it peels off its layers, slides outside of itself, and in so doing, gets under way in its departure. ",
"This departure, for Merleau-Ponty, is the principle in virtue of which the world appears, for to become present is to do so in and thanks to time, \"nothing but a general flight out of the Itself [hors du Soi], the one law governing these centrifugal movements, or again, as Heidegger says, an ek-stase.\" ",
"When we reverse the old, Platonic order that privileges being over time and think truth otherwise than in its identity with that which is always what it is and never otherwise, we allow for the departure of presence; we allow, if you will, for the visibility of the visible: its distance and spacing; we allow it to escape and to withdraw from our reach and from our glance. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, to think and philosophize in accordance with the primacy of time; to think being through time and to understand temporalization as the means by which something becomes articulate, is precisely to give up on the desire to possess, to penetrate, and to fuse with being that characterizes cruel thought. ",
"As we shall see, such fusion is impossible precisely because time is an influx constitutively unable to catch up with itself. ",
"It is both the vehicle through which sense articulates itself and the means through it which it is torn apart, the principle of the world's unity and at the same time the principle of its disintegration. ",
"It is this departure, the disintegration of the visible, that cruel thought cannot tolerate. ",
"Realism seeks to compensate this departure, to secure itself against this disintegration, in the indifference of the real and its absoluteness. ",
"It is in the name of this cruelty, the desire to seize and arrest, that realism begins with the primacy of being over time. ",
"The desire for the great outdoors, for the outside of sense, is the desire to escape from the fragmentation, the alteration of all things brought about in the flux and uncertainty of time and to take refuge in absolute being, in the eternal that knows no change nor loss.",
"\n\n***\n\nIn this chapter, I have tried to address an important anxiety typically associated with phenomenology from the perspective of realist metaphysics: that it encloses thought in immanence and that it is, therefore, an inherently incarcertory philosophy. ",
"In addressing this anxiety, I have also tried to clarify some associated concepts, immanence and transcendence in particular, and to show that, inversely, realist metaphysics is driven by the cruel desire to enclose being in a spectacle, to extricate itself from time in order arrive at the scene of being with absolute punctuality. ",
"Realism seeks to secure this punctuality in the absolute exteriority of the real, that which lies beyond the confines of vision, perspective, the world of sense illuminated thanks to my bodily openness to it, the great outdoors. ",
"This absolute exteriority is what \"transcendence\" means according to realism. ",
"In this way, phenomenology is said to reduce all possibilities for thought to that which is correlated to the constituting subjectivity that functions as the sole referent for the world's meaningfulness, and therefore thought becomes limited, confined to a subjective point of view. ",
"This absolute interiority is what \"immanence\" means according realist metaphysics. ",
"What is at issue is the opposition between this absolute exteriority (transcendence) and absolute interiority (immanence), and it is this, I have tried to show, that is challenged in Merleau-Ponty's thought.",
"\n\nThe realist conception of transcendence is in error at the point where it desires that which, according to its own terms, cannot appear. ",
"The real is understood as the blosse Sachen, the thing as mere thing, purified of its value and reference to the meaningfulness of the world. ",
"Realism wishes to see the real in its absolute transparency, bereft of the horizonality of perceptual experience. ",
"It wishes to see being from the perspective of a pensée en survol, thought that soars and hovers above all things in order to keep them under surveillance. ",
"Realism, however, in its need to attain the thing in its absolute transparency, attempts to purify the real of its value by positing its exteriority as the sole and absolute value and at the same time constitutes itself as the pure spectator of that which is also said to be absolutely beyond the visible. ",
"This purified thing, for the realist, signifies the absolute outside of sense, that which makes no reference to vision, that which is absolutely beyond the possibility of sense. ",
"This absolute exteriority to sense, however, is equivalent to absolute non-sense, that which would be absolutely meaningless, absolutely invisible. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty argues, the desire for this kind of exteriority, this version of transcendence, is a desire to coincide with nothing: the desire for death. ",
"For the phenomenologist, by contrast, everything that appears does so as a certain manner of being, with a certain sense and style that renders it as the being it is and without which it would be unable to appear at all. ",
"All things, insofar as they are things, belong to this texture and flesh of significance. ",
"It is the sensicality, the meaningfulness of all that is, its style, line, and contour, that is meant by \"immanence.\"",
"\n\nRealism's desire for the absolute outside and the metaphysics it constructs in order to satisfy this desire, according to Merleau-Ponty, follow from the prioritization of being over time. ",
"In order to understand the world and the object as it appears to vision, we must reverse this prioritization and think time as the measure for being. ",
"In this way, we can make sense of the co-belonging of the object's indifference and exteriority along with its perspectivity and horizonality. ",
"Objects appear from a certain point of view, appear both in their reference to vision and in their exteriority, thanks to the incomplete synthesis of their sense in time. ",
"Because vision is temporal, because everything we see shines forth in the wake of a temporal éclatement, an explosion of difference in continuity, the things that appear occlude one another, modulate through gradients of color, light and shadow, in a word, appear across the unpassable distance that is vision. ",
"Everything appears against the backdrop of the past in a manner similar to how a wave appears only within and against the backdrop of the flow and heave of the ocean; the thing is a crest of an entire mass of sense, projecting itself into the open indefiniteness of the future. ",
"What shows itself to my eyes is not the absolute transparency and exteriority longed for by realism but always points toward more than it is now, toward significations that open it out onto an expanse of possibilities. ",
"Because what appears to my vision does so in time, it is never an absolute, self-enclosed exteriority but an open system of sense references, and in this way, always points beyond itself. ",
"The visible, because it appears in time, is beyond itself, ek-static, otherwise than what it is. ",
"It is this ek-stasis of the visible, this differing, alteration, that constitutes its distance, what makes the visible seen, and what phenomenologists mean by \"transcendence.\"",
"\n\nWhereas realist metaphysics construes immanence and transcendence in terms of interiority and exteriority, confinement and the great outdoors, phenomenology understands these terms in their intertwinement, in their mutual implication. ",
"To be immanent to sense is already to be involved in the ek-static transcendence of time; to be \"inside\" the sensible is already to be beyond. ",
"Likewise, to be \"outside\" is exactly what it means to appear, to be visible, as the haecceity, externality and indifference of objects is inscribed into their style of appearance, in the sense they have as the manner of beings that they are. ",
"As we shall see in more detail, the co-belonging of immanence and transcendence in the visibility of things, in the dehiscence of all things in time that constitutes the distance between the seer and the seen, is the principle of the lateness of becoming to being. ",
"The thing is not the solidity, the nakedness that gives itself transparently to my reach but the withdraw into the distance of the world that appears before my eyes—and only becomes what it is in this withdraw, in its occlusion. ",
"Likewise, as we shall see in more detail in the next chapter, the world is also not enclosed within the grasp of a pure, transcendental subject that brings the sense of the world into being through its constitutive activity. ",
"Phenomenology, as it was articulated by Merleau-Ponty, at the point where it confronts the desire of realism to fuse the thing in its absolute transparency, at the point where realism is a manifestation of thought's cruelty, also opposes idealism in its desire to fuse with being in the absolute spectator of transcendental consciousness.",
"\n\nA Consciousness without Fissures\n\nRealism, in its attempt to make contact with the thing outside of all perspective, constitutes itself as the pure spectator of this object. ",
"There is a point at which, then, realism becomes a strange form of idealism in which the object is spread out before this spectator in absolute transparency. ",
"The alternative to realism, historically, has been some version of transcendental philosophy: crudely construed, a philosophy that does not concern itself with objects beyond perspective but that tries to understand the manner in which objects appear within perspective, their manners of givenness, how they appear as the beings that they are. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's critical stance with respect to realism requires that we include him in the tradition of transcendental thought. ",
"We must do so, however, without misunderstanding his own relationship to this tradition, which, especially concerning Kant and Husserl, was fraught and complicated. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's concern with what he calls the \"ordinary perspective transcendental idealism\" was the same as his concern with realism: while realism seeks the closure of reflection in the transparent possession of the thing purified of its perspectival distortion, idealism seeks the same closure on the side of the subject. ",
"Where realism seeks to finalize and complete the movement of reflection through coincidence with the thing itself, idealism seeks this finality in the absoluteness of transcendental subjectivity, in the a priority of the transcendental field that orders, orients, and gives law to the phenomena in advance of their appearance. ",
"In other words, idealism, like realism, is a figure of cruel thought.",
"\n\nThis chapter, similarly to the previous one, will elaborate Merleau-Ponty's anxiety about cruel thought, now as it concerns idealism. ",
"Part 1, \"Transcendental thought and the closure of philosophy,\" turns to the critique of idealism staged in the section of the Introduction to Phenomenology of Perception, \"Le champ phénoménal.\" ",
"Phenomenology begins with the methodological precept of the phenomenological reduction, the suspension or epoché of our preconceived notions. ",
"This method, accordingly, returns to the \"phenomenal field,\" the world of perceptual experience that we occupy and live through. ",
"The disclosure of the perceived world, however, requires a further reduction to the \"transcendental field,\" the set of functions or processes that make the sense of the perceived possible. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's worry with the typical manner of how this method is understood is that there is a tendency to think that what is disclosed in the transcendental field is a reason, a λόγος in advance of the phenomena that orients and organizes their givenness. ",
"Identifying the transcendental with such a pre-given λόγος would be a mistake, according to Merleau-Ponty, because it violates phenomenology's precept to be faithful to the phenomena in their appearance. ",
"This was the error of the Gestalt psychologists, accordingly, who nonetheless claimed a certain allegiance with phenomenology. ",
"The problem is that positing this λόγος was only necessary insofar as transcendental idealism attempted to guarantee the adequacy of the reflecting and that which it reflects upon, insofar as it wanted to guarantee the completeness and closure of thought.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's critique of idealism in Phenomenology of Perception is not completed until Le cogito in the context of his discussion of the French neo-Kantian philosopher, Pierre Lachièze-Rey. ",
"This discussion highlights the point at which idealism has tended to understand the transcendental field of sense-genesis as a point of origin exempt from the temporal unfolding of sense it is said to initiate: it understands the transcendental as éternitaire. ",
"The a-temporality of the transcendental, however, raises two important problems: the impossibility of passivity and the impossibility of others. ",
"Passivity, accordingly, becomes reduced to the activity of a constituting origin, and likewise, others are bereft of their alterity insofar as this transcendental origin can tolerate nothing outside of its absolute grasp. ",
"These problems, according to Merleau-Ponty, compel us to consider another account of the transcendental that restores its temporal thickness: that what the idealist took to be eternal is shown to be the result of temporal processes of sense-genesis and acquisition. ",
"In this way there is nothing outside of time, for Merleau-Ponty, and when we recognize the temporal extension of the transcendental field, we see that it cannot hope to accomplish the fusion of reflection and that upon which it reflects imagined by idealism. ",
"We must, rather, recognize the transcendental in its permanent dissonance.",
"\n\nThese worries with transcendental idealism are taken up in a different context and register eight years later in Merleau-Ponty's first course at the Collège de France, Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression. ",
"Part 3, \"Survol absolu: Infinite proximity, infinite distance,\" turns to this lecture to explore his critique of transcendental idealism more thoroughly. ",
"As the origin of the sense of the world, transcendental consciousness takes up a curious and insupportable stance: on one hand, because all sense refers to this origin, there is no sense that is not already in its grasp. ",
"There is no intervening distance between the origin and what it constitutes. ",
"On the other hand, however, as origin, transcendental consciousness also remains untouched by what it constitutes: it touches everything and yet is touched by nothing; it makes everything visible and yet it itself remains invisible. ",
"The absolute proximity of constituting consciousness is at the same time absolute distance. ",
"In other words, the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism generates a paradox that it cannot resolve. ",
"In place of constituting consciousness, Merleau-Ponty offers what he calls \"perceptual consciousness.\" ",
"Unlike its idealist counterpart, perceptual consciousness is not immune to or exempt from the sense of the world but is immersed in it, touched by it. ",
"Merleau-Ponty expresses this with the word empiètement: \"encroachment\" or \"overlapping.\" ",
"The constituting and constituted, while remaining distinct, nonetheless cross one another. ",
"They are, to use a term Merleau-Ponty borrows from Husserl, Ineinander: one is embedded inside the other. ",
"What we learn from Merleau-Ponty's considerations of transcendental idealism is that, like its realist counterpart, it too is motivated by a desire to overcome the distance between reflection and what it reflects on, to grasp being itself in its pure transparency. ",
"This is accomplished in the purity of transcendental constituting consciousness—but as Merleau-Ponty tries to show, such purity is only a myth held and cherished by idealism. ",
"The philosophy offered by Merleau-Ponty, one of contamination, of empiètement, shows the impossibility of the coincidence and punctuality longed for by idealism: that the object of reflection will remain at a distance, across the indeterminacy and spacing of the visible as it effloresces and makes itself manifest.",
"\n\nAll of this, however, is to show that like realism, idealism is a figure of thought's cruelty. ",
"Idealism insists upon the primacy of the constituting origin and generates the problems addressed by Merleau-Ponty because it wishes to end reflection in the absolute harmony of the reflecting and the reflected. ",
"Part 4, \"Idealism and cruelty\" takes an inventory of idealism's cruelty and the point where it, like realism, seeks to arrive at the scene of being, right where and when it is. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's thought, against this cruelty, offers a philosophy that attempts to make way for what he calls the \"experience of chaos\": that what we seek in our reflections eludes our attempts to reach out and take it in hand, that when we arrive on the scene we find that what we were looking for has departed, that it is gone—disparue. ",
"The lateness of reflection to that upon which it reflects is not a defect that could be overcome, but is constitutive of the kind of movement reflection is. ",
"Realism and idealism, at the point where they imagine that they close in upon being and seize it, give themselves over to a fantasy in their refusal to recognize thought's own delay. ",
"The delay of thought, as we shall see in more detail in Part 2, is a function of the very structure of sense-genesis itself and its temporal eruption. ",
"Philosophy arrives late because it is already immersed in the flux that it attempts to turn back around on to see: it is already carried away in the stream that it reaches out its hand for and therefore cannot hope to arrive at the source.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Transcendental thought and the closure of philosophy\n\nTranscendental philosophy, most generally, seeks to elaborate the conditions of possibility for the appearance of the world. ",
"In Kant, for example, this manifestation is accomplished in the operation of the faculties and the subsumption of sensible intuitions under the form of a concept. ",
"For Kant, the world appears thanks to these operations, which are accomplished by the transcendental unity of apperception. ",
"For Husserl, the sense of the world is not restricted to judgment forms but includes any manner of intentional relationship to the world's sense: imaginative, interrogative, dreamed, visible, and so forth. ",
"The transcendental unity of apperception is replaced with Husserl's perhaps elusive \"transcendental subjectivity,\" which is at times identified with intersubjectivity and at other times with temporality itself. ",
"The important feature of Husserl's articulation of the transcendental project, however, is the phenomenological reduction, which we will have the opportunity to discuss in more detail later. ",
"The phenomenological reduction is a methodological regulation that stipulates that in order to understand how the world comes to have sense, we must not presuppose any given sense as foundational. ",
"For example, when I look at the pen here and say \"it is a real, external object,\" I mean that it has the sense of appearing as real, external, and that these concepts and their meaning constitute the possibility of its objectivity. ",
"In other words, realism, as we have seen, posits a certain sense of the world and then assumes that all beings must be understood within the framework of that sense. ",
"It does not question or interrogate how the objects come to appear as external, real, objective, and so forth. ",
"In the phenomenological reduction, the philosopher attempts to set aside any such preconceived prejudices and to look at the world with a vision purified of the ordinary sense of things we take for granted, to set aside, and even work against the authority of common sense. ",
"Therefore, if this method is to be radical, it must adhere to a strict operation in which it refuses the sense-accomplishments and theses which guide our typical and mundane orientation in the world, the \"natural attitude\" that we have when we wake up in the morning and go about our business, as opposed to the transcendental attitude, which the philosopher attempts to assume in the course of her reflections.",
"\n\nThe relation between the transcendental and natural attitude is a fundamental question for Merleau-Ponty. ",
"This question, however, is not taken up in Phenomenology of Perception until Part III, since adjudicating it requires the interrogation of the transcendental sense of temporality. ",
"We will return to this in Part 2 after turning to the question of sense-genesis in more detail. ",
"While he argues that the transcendental attitude is necessitated by the critique of realism, which he thinks is also necessitated by results of the Gestalt psychologists, most notably in their critique of the constancy hypothesis, Merleau-Ponty's critique of transcendental philosophy is primarily directed at his neo-Cartesian and neo-Kantian contemporaries such as Brunschvicq, Alain, and Lachièze-Rey. ",
"While it would be far too onerous to go into a detailed account of his critical relationship with his contemporaries, and since the critical remarks directed at Kant and Husserl often seem quick and insufficiently charitable, my account will only focus on what he calls the \"ordinary perspective\" of transcendental philosophy. ",
"Ultimately his worry is not with the letter of Kant or Husserl so much as a tendency in their philosophies, as well as transcendental thought in general, toward cruelty. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's proximity to idealism and what he calls the \"philosophy of consciousness,\" especially in Phenomenology of Perception, has become a subject of debate among scholars. ",
"Barbaras, for example, has argued that Merleau-Ponty fails to recognize the degree to which idealism haunts Phenomenology of Perception and, as a result, fails to conceive the originality of the perceptual field in a radical way. ",
"Merleau-Ponty himself was not ignorant of nor insensitive to this proximity, however, and much of his work in the years following its publication was intended to demonstrate his critical distance from the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty criticizes transcendental idealism on two points: first, transcendental philosophy comes under fire for its failure to be guided by the phenomena in their appearance. ",
"As he notes in the Preface to Phenomenology of Perception, ordinary transcendental philosophy begins by making a distinction between the world as it appears in experience and the ideal, transcendental conditions of possibility for that appearance. ",
"By explaining what appears in experience according to such conditions, however, ordinary transcendental idealism tacitly assumes that there is a reason or λόγος that conditions the appearance of the phenomena in advance of them showing themselves, a transcendental rule or law that makes the visibility of the world possible without itself becoming visible. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, ordinary transcendental idealism thus fails to be guided by the phenomena insofar as it understands the sense of the transcendental in accordance with a pre-established norm given in advance. ",
"Second, in taking up the transcendental attitude, ordinary transcendental thought understands the transcendental field as éternitaire. ",
"Indeed, it is only insofar as this perspective attunes itself to a pre-understanding of the phenomena rather than to the phenomena in their appearance that ordinary transcendental philosophy is entitled to identify the transcendental field with a form of a-temporal thinking consciousness, a cogito that constitutes by being unconstituted, that makes time possible by being a-temporal. ",
"It is this division and the purity of the transcendental that concern Merleau-Ponty.",
"\n\nTogether these points entitle ordinary transcendental philosophy to a claim to final contact and coincidence between the reflecting and the reflected. ",
"Transcendental philosophy's promise to overcome the naïveté of the natural attitude by disclosing the transcendental field of sense is thus compromised by its commitment to the prejudices of cruel thought. ",
"Ordinary transcendental idealism makes a claim to arriving at the scene of being by presupposing the possibility of distinguishing between the appearance of things in experience and their ideal, a priori conditions of possibility, conditions designed to guarantee the unmediated contact between the act of reflection and that on which it reflects. ",
"The contact between the reflecting and the reflected, furthermore, is said to thereby secure an eternal and apodictic ground for philosophy, guaranteeing a final resolution and accord to inquiry. ",
"Ordinary transcendental idealism thus proposes to dissolve the perspectivism, deformations and incongruences, indeed, the \"permanent dissonance\" of being, into the total diapason and unity of a transcendental, constituting consciousness. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's thought is critically oriented toward this style of philosophizing, what we have called cruel thought, precisely in its attempt to articulate a more radical form of reflection, a modality of thinking that no longer begins with the demand for the adequacy of the reflecting to the reflected. ",
"Such a philosophy would be capable of recognizing its own constitutive lack of punctuality and timeliness as well as the structural inadequacy, non-coincidence and divergence, the écart, that ruptures the reflecting and the reflected and which defines the becoming of sense. ",
"As we shall try to show in the subsequent chapters, bringing such a philosophy into articulation, a philosophy of lateness, which begins in Phenomenology of Perception, is the concern of Merleau-Ponty's thought in general.",
"\n\nWe may begin considering the first point, idealism's refusal to be guided by the phenomena in their appearance, by turning to the section of the Introduction to Pheomenology of Perception entitled Le champ phénoménal and the critical engagement with the project of transcendental phenomenology that Merleau-Ponty stages there. ",
"In these pages, he addresses the position of phenomenological psychology, of which the Gestaltists were for him the most important representatives. ",
"To summarize this position very briefly, while Merleau-Ponty was quite aware of the philosophical and historical reasons for tracing a direct line between Husserl on one hand, and Köhler and Koffka on the other, his complaint against the Gestalt psychologists is that while their critique of the constancy hypothesis necessitates an investigation of perceptual experience from the point of view of the transcendental attitude, they failed to take it up with a sufficient degree of consistency and radicality. ",
"This complaint is not exclusively addressed to the Gestaltists, however, but circumscribes the failure of the ordinary perspective of transcendental philosophy in general, which, importantly, includes the program of a transcendental phenomenology. ",
"What defines this perspective is a certain understanding of the regressive movement that proceeds from what appears, the naturé, as Merleau-Ponty says, (or the naturata or \"natured\"), to the naturant, (the naturans or \"naturing\"), i.e., from the constituted to the constituting. ",
"In other words, the defining feature of the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought, for Merleau-Ponty, is that the disclosure of the transcendental field would amount to the coincidence, the self-possession of the naturant and the adequacy of the reflecting and the reflected. ",
"The demand for this adequacy is achieved, Merleau-Ponty argues, only at the expense of infidelity to the phenomena in their appearance and a naïve understanding of the structure of sense-genesis and the appearance of the world.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty begins his critique in Le champ phénoménal by claiming that the Gestalt psychologists at least implicitly recognized the necessity of taking up the transcendental attitude in order to overcome the naïveté of the empirical psychologies of the time. ",
"In the discovery of the Gestalt, the form or figure, the phenomenological psychologist begins to overcome the \"psychologism\" implied by the concept of sensation insofar as the percept is understood as \"a whole [ensemble] which develops a law of internal coherence\" rather than as a concatenation of sensory atoms or qualia. ",
"The discovery of the Gestalt in many ways is essential: what shows itself in my perceptual experience are contours, textures, lines, trajectories, that stand out in the foreground of vision like the figure of a painting. ",
"When I focus on the pen on the desk, the white surface of the desk recedes; it takes up its position as background, allowing the pen to stand forth. ",
"Likewise, I can again shift my focus so the orange cap stands out against the backdrop of the gray shaft, the notebook it is laying on and other clutter, all of which fades and becomes more obscure as the pen comes into focus. ",
"In fact, my entire perceptual field is nothing other than a network of these shifting figures and grounds, and the objects that appear come into focus as what they are only as other things take up their position in the less differentiated, less precise background. ",
"What is necessary, from Merleau-Ponty's point of view, and what the Gestalt psychologists failed to do, is account for the genesis of the sense and structure of the Gestalt as well as the field of perceptual experience in general. ",
"In other words, in taking the Gestalt as an original phenomenon, the Gestalt psychologists failed to show what makes this dynamic field possible and thus required an account of sense-genesis that they failed to offer. ",
"Once the problem of sense-genesis is recognized as fundamental, as it is for Merleau-Ponty, philosophical reflection is compelled to make this problem its explicit theme, and it is at this point that \"a psychology is always presented with the problem of the constitution of the world\" and is thus compelled to adopt the transcendental attitude. ",
"While the phenomenological psychology of the Gestaltists had made certain advances over the empirical psychologies it criticized by moving toward the transcendental attitude, the limitations of its positivism necessitated a more radical methodology, namely, that of a transcendental phenomenology, indeed, necessitated a phenomenology of perceptual experience.",
"\n\nFor phenomenology, taking up the transcendental attitude means that the commonplace postulates of our ordinary understanding of perception must be suspended. ",
"Like its realist correlate, sensation and its qualia, the concept of the Gestalt must also be taken out of play, and we are compelled to interrogate the possibilities by which the \"structure,\" \"form,\" and \"sense\" of the world come into being. ",
"Phenomenology thus begins by \"recognizing the originality of the phenomenon with respect to the objective world\" and by positing the originality of the transcendental field in which the processes that orient and provide the means for the articulation of sense give themselves. ",
"A preliminary reduction of objective relationships shows the manner in which sense becomes possible through the living and primordial modes of evidence that bring it into articulation—what Merleau-Ponty calls le monde vécu, the \"lived world,\" what Husserl calls the Lebenswelt, the \"lifeworld.\" ",
"The lifeworld, operating underneath beliefs that are the product of a reflective attitude, is the ground that an objective world of sense always presupposes. ",
"The curtain at the window here hangs down before my eyes and unfolds itself before me, neither as a system of experiential data nor as the correlate of a constituting mind but as \"here, in the living room,\" inhabiting the daily space of an existence. ",
"Its \"hereness,\" however, is accomplished only in the references it makes to this space—the window, the view from the window it occasionally occludes, the way the light comes through the window, which is not any possible light, but only this, here, with its peculiar color, the angle at which it strikes the window, occasionally illuminating the curtain's burnt orange color; the reference the curtain makes to the desk, where I sit writing, the lamps on either side, and so forth. ",
"The unfolding of the curtain in this stream of references, indeed, the complex of sense that makes it the curtain it is—and not another one—are more primordial than the attitude I take up on it in philosophical reflection or scientific analysis, older than claims that it is an \"object,\" more immediate, in a sense, than whatever metaphysics issues from such reflections. ",
"In this way, the curtain has a \"living evidence.\"",
"\n\nAs Husserl insisted, however, the force of the world's living evidence is relative to the experiencing subject. ",
"The curtain does not show up here arbitrarily, but in this case is only a curtain as it inhabits a point of view and vision, a perspective that is ineluctably \"mine.\" ",
"This point of view, however, the subjective one, is not primary. ",
"The reduction of objective relationships to this perspectival evidence necessitates a further reduction to that which makes any point of view possible whatsoever, a \"transcendental field\" beneath this \"phenomenal field\" of living experience, what Husserl called transcendental subjectivity. ",
"By making transcendental subjectivity the focus of its interest, phenomenological description, for Husserl at least, takes its place in the tradition of transcendental inquiry. ",
"In the disclosure of transcendental subjectivity, the living, intentional relations to the world and its evidence are suspended, and what appears as the remaining referent for the constitution of sense is an active, positional singularity that renders such openness possible. ",
"As Husserl says in an especially important text for Merleau-Ponty, the Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy:\n\nAt all events, however, we must—for the most profound philosophical reasons, which we cannot go into further, and which are not only methodical in character—do justice to the absolute singularity of the ego and its central position in all constitution... Accordingly, as against the first application of the epochē, a second is required, or rather a conscious reshaping of the epochē through a reduction to the absolute ego as the ultimately unique center of function in all constitution.",
"\n\nThe phenomenological reduction is twofold: first there is the suspension of the natural attitude, which includes the hypotheses about my experience derived from philosophical reflection as well as the sciences. ",
"This discloses le monde vécu, the world of living evidence that dwells in experience. ",
"This world refers to my living point of view, and in this way, the experience I have of myself as a perceiving subject. ",
"But what constitutes this point of view? ",
"What constitutes the sense of this subjectivity? ",
"A second moment of reduction is required that suspends even my own point of view, this phenomenal field, in order to disclose a transcendental field, the birthplace of the processes that render the sense of the world in its vividness and color. ",
"Merleau-Ponty puts it this way:\n\nThe explication [l'explicitation] which has laid bare le monde vécu beneath the objective world continues toward [se poursuit à l'égard] le monde vécu itself and exposes, beneath the phenomenal field, the transcendental field.",
"\n\nIt is at this point that transcendental phenomenology risks degenerating into a more ordinary form of transcendental thought by positing a demand for the adequacy of the reflecting to the reflected. ",
"For ordinary transcendental philosophy, the transcendental field disclosed in the reduction is identified with a form of constituting consciousness, a cogito, and all sense is understood to refer back to this consciousness as its point of origination, and to this extent, the project of transcendental phenomenology risks limiting the possibility of sense to the primacy of thinking being. ",
"The difference between the founding, eternal term of transcendental consciousness and the founded, temporal term of the world, things and others disclosed in the reduction, furthermore, is a strategy for ensuring the indubitability of what we may predicate to the transient and insecure realm of experience. ",
"That which is always self-identical and unchanging secures that which always changes and is never the same in experience, and the order and organization of experience is achieved thanks to the positing activity of an eternal res cogitans.",
"\n\nAs Merleau-Ponty will try to show, differentiating between the naturé and the naturant in this fashion cannot be maintained for, as he argues, it begins by presuming the intelligibility of the distinction between what appears in experience and the ideal, invisible conditions of possibility that would secure and guarantee its articulation and lawfulness that are allegedly disclosed in the reduction. ",
"What Merleau-Ponty objects to in the ordinary form of transcendental philosophy is a tendency toward a certain strand of Cartesianism, a strand, accordingly, that is precisely antithetical to the most fundamental gesture of phenomenology: to return to the phenomena as they present themselves through their own power and not as the consequents of a pre-conceived antecedent. ",
"Husserl himself, in fact, is named in this critique, as Merleau-Ponty notes in Le champ phénoménal. ",
"Insofar as Husserlian transcendental phenomenology proposes that the reduction \"would enable me to take complete possession of my experience and realize the adequation of the reflecting to the reflected [réfléchissant au réfléchi],\" it fails to attune itself to the phenomena and remains committed to the ordinary perspective of transcendental philosophy. ",
"This tension plays itself out in the first chapter of Part III of Husserl's Ideen, \"Preliminary Methodological Deliberations.\" ",
"In these pages, we see Husserl quite explicitly considering the apparent tension between the demand for \"perfect clarity,\" a demand placed upon transcendental phenomenology insofar as it claims to be rigorously scientific, and the \"residue of unclarity,\" as he says, that remains insofar as transcendental consciousness is understood as \"fluctuation in flowing away in various dimensions in such a manner that there can be no speaking of a conceptually exact fixing of any eidetic concreta or of any of their immediately constitutive moments.\" ",
"As Merleau-Ponty argues, overcoming this residue of unclarity requires positing a law or model that conditions the appearance of the phenomena \"according to which the phenomena of structure realize themselves,\" and their appearance is thus understood as the \"external unfolding of a pre-existing reason.\" ",
"Merleau-Ponty's complaint against ordinary transcendental philosophy is that it posits a λόγος in advance of the appearance of the phenomena that would function as their guide and law. ",
"The a priority of this λόγος, furthermore, is intended to secure the infallibility of its method: in order to guarantee the possibility of a reductive movement from the naturé to the naturant, transcendental philosophy must begin by assuming that the phenomena will show themselves only in obedience to a an internal logic. ",
"Insofar as the necessity of this λόγος is taken to be self-evident and assumed in advance of the manifestation of the phenomena in the reduction, Husserl's method is guided by this understanding rather than by the appearance of the phenomena. ",
"To this extent, then, Husserl's articulation of the project of transcendental phenomenology could be said to betray its own most fundamental gesture.",
"\n\nIt is this move on the part of ordinary transcendental idealism that Merleau-Ponty explicitly wishes to challenge when he claims that the distinguishing feature of phenomenology is that it is \"a study of the appearance of being to consciousness, rather than presuming its possibility as given in advance.\" ",
"To be radical, Merleau-Ponty insists that phenomenology must elucidate the manifestation of things in experience only in accordance with the reduction, in attending to the φύω of le monde vécu, and not according to a λόγος assumed in advance as the law of its intelligibility. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's complaint against classical transcendental philosophies is that they precisely take the possibility of the appearance of the world for granted, and it is this assumption, accordingly, that leads Husserl, at least in certain instances, to inscribe the project of transcendental phenomenology within the framework of the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought. ",
"To think sense-genesis and constitution as the work of an active, constituting consciousness is to assume too much, for it posits a law in advance of the word's shining forth. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, this inscribes phenomenology within a traditional form of rationalism as it presupposes a certain set of parameters for the intelligibility of the phenomena—in this case, that sense-genesis is legible only as the rule-governed activity of thinking.",
"\n\nIn contrast, Merleau-Ponty claims that the appearance of the phenomena must be interpreted only within the strict methodological confines of the phenomenological reduction. ",
"As he says, disclosing the field in which the phenomena appear \"is not the external unfolding of a pre-existing reason... it is the very appearance of the world and not the condition of its possibility; it is the birth of a norm and is not realized according to a norm.\" ",
"A radical phenomenological method does not begin by assuming the harmony or lawfulness of the phenomena in advance of their appearance, but by suspending the requirement that it coincide with the object of its reflections, the phenomenological method constitutes itself as a problem and a question. ",
"If our reflections are guided by the phenomena themselves, the reduction cannot be assumed to be the illumination of a pre-existing consonance—it is not the pre-determination of the sense of unreflective experience—but, as Merleau-Ponty notes, the reduction is a \"creative operation which itself participates in the facticity of the unreflective [l'irréfléchi].\" ",
"In other words, the phenomenological reduction itself is immersed in the temporal éclatement or eruption of sense in its becoming, and \"our reflections are carried out in the temporal flux on which we are trying to seize (since they sich einströmen, as Husserl says).\" ",
"Realizing the radicality promised by transcendental philosophy in the disclosure of the transcendental field requires a new form of philosophizing: a \"reflection on this reflection [réfléchir sur cette réflexion],\" that we \"not merely practice philosophy, but give an account of the transformation which it brings with it in the spectacle of the world and in our existence.\" ",
"Phenomenology of Perception in this way means to initiate a meta-reflection, a \"phenomenology of phenomenology,\" a method that subjects itself to the same interrogation to which it subjects the self-evident sense of the natural attitude. ",
"What is required is a more rigorous method for the project of transcendental philosophy that anticipates what Merleau-Ponty will call in The Visible and the Invisible a surréflexion.",
"\n\n2. ",
"The permanent dissonance of the transcendental\n\nThe theory of the transcendental that Merleau-Ponty offers, which can also be considered an attempt to put into practice this surréflexion, is articulated in Part III of Phenomenology of Perception in the section of the Le cogito chapter entitled \"Éternitaire interpretation of the cogito.\" ",
"This account is staged in the context of a discussion of the neo-Kantian philosopher Pierre Lachièze-Rey. ",
"In taking up the transcendental attitude, transcendental idealism, of course, has the great advantage of having overcome the naïveté and duplicity of metaphysical realism, for which, as he says, there is no question of justification. ",
"Transcendental idealism, however, at least as it was manifest in the work of Lachièze-Rey, conceives the transcendental field as a set of conditions that dictate the genesis of sense but are not themselves subject to this genesis: transcendental consciousness constitutes but is not itself constituted; it is the pivot around which the sense of the world is organized but is not itself subject to the sense it articulates. ",
"It is exempted from the generative and articulating process it initiates and stands apart from the flux of becoming. ",
"In other words, Lachièze-Rey understands the transcendental field as éternitaire: it is the origin of time that is not itself subject to time, the a-temporal ground of temporal becoming. ",
"This particular articulation of the transcendental field, according to Merleau-Ponty, is possible only as a result of the idealist's refusal to be guided by the phenomena in their appearance. ",
"Merleau-Ponty will argue here that the idealist's account of the transcendental field is motivated the cruel desire for the adequation and contact between the reflecting and the reflected. ",
"Against this desire to be adequate and in place of a set of a-temporal conditions of possibility \"without which\" that generate the temporal unfolding of sense, Merleau-Ponty conceives the transcendental field as a temporal extension subject to its own genesis, as an eruption for which a final accord and resolution is constitutively impossible. ",
"In other words, in place of the desire for a diapason of being that characterizes ordinary transcendental idealism, Merleau-Ponty's account of the transcendental field compels us to think being in its \"permanent dissonance.\"",
"\n\nThe discussion begins with a summary of Merleau-Ponty's understanding of Lachièze-Rey's thought, particularly as it was articulated in his book L'idéalisme kantien. ",
"If we accept a set of claims basic to transcendental philosophy, that there is something wrong with realism, that the world is composed of phenomena, what appears does so to a point of view, and that there is an underlying field of reference for any possible point of view, a transcendental field, we seem to be left with two possibilities for understanding what this field is like: either the transcendental field is itself situated in a context of relations external to it, is a thing among things, an event among events, in which case it is no transcendental field at all, or it is the necessary a priori condition of possibility for events and temporality. ",
"If we refuse the former thesis, which seems to compromise its transcendentality, we are compelled to acknowledge that, as the condition of possibility for temporal relations, the transcendental field, identified by the idealist with a cogito, an \"I think\" that owes \"nothing to time.\" ",
"In its attempt to think the a priority of the transcendental field as transcendental consciousness, idealism identifies the transcendental with the a-temporal. ",
"In so doing, however, the idealist's argument takes advantage of a certain presumed understanding of the sense of eternity and its contradistinction with respect to temporality. ",
"The result, Merleau-Ponty says, still following Lachièze-Rey, is that \"eternity, understood as the power to embrace and anticipate temporal developments in a single intention, becomes the very definition of subjectivity\": experimur nos aeternos esse. ",
"Interrogating the promise of transcendental philosophy and the extent to which it can succeed in overturning the naïveté of metaphysical realism will therefore involve broaching the question of temporality. ",
"What is at stake in this interrogation, however, is whether idealism is justified in identifying the transcendental ground of sense-genesis with the a-temporal—specifically with an a-temporal, constituting consciousness, a point of origination that has the entire sense of the world in its grasp.",
"\n\nWhat Lachièze-Rey takes for granted, according to Merleau-Ponty, is a certain understanding of the difference between the temporal and the a-temporal. ",
"What does it mean to speak of eternity? ",
"Since at least St. Augustine, the eternal has been thought in this way: as an order entirely otherwise, completely distinct and separated from the temporal, that which is not subject to temporal generation and decay. ",
"In Augustine, the distinction between the eternal and temporal is aligned with the difference between the mortal and the divine. ",
"Only created beings that live and die exist in time: the divine, as the origin of time and principle of creation, initiates temporal flow but is not subject to it. ",
"It is this Augustinian way of thinking about eternity that was inherited by idealists like Lachièze-Rey. ",
"But, Merleau-Ponty asks, what happens if we set this traditional understanding of eternity, taken for granted by the idealists, aside? ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, there is something odd in speaking of a being that creates the sense of the world and yet is not subject to this sense, something that sets time forth and yet can have nothing to do it. ",
"What Merleau-Ponty will undertake in his account of the transcendental field is to restore it to time and insist that if there is sense—if a phenomenon appears—it must do so within the horizon of the temporal flux, that what is, insofar as it is, comes forth from within the becoming, the φύω, of time. ",
"As we shall see in Part 2, this basic thesis cuts across Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis. ",
"To speak of some entity outside of time, whether this entity is named God or transcendental subjectivity, is to construct a fiction that remains parasitic on the unfolding of our lived experience in time. ",
"If we put our preconceived understanding of the difference between eternity and temporality aside and attend to the phenomena in their appearance, according to Merleau-Ponty, we see that what appeared as eternal to the idealist is in fact a function of the process of temporal acquisition, a process that is itself a function of the unfolding of temporality. ",
"Things present themselves to us as timeless not because they exist in some Platonic heaven that has extricated itself from the growth and decay of the visible but because of the heaviness, the density and weight of their sense, because this sense has been articulated and re-articulated within the world.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's argument against Lachièze-Rey in Le cogito is a reductio that identifies two insupportable consequences for understanding the transcendental field as éternitaire: the impossibility of passivity and the impossibility of others. ",
"In briefly outlining these consequences, we will begin with the former, the force of which is actually established by the latter. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's complaint against the first consequence lies in the extent to which idealism identifies its cogito with \"a transcendental field with no folds [replis] and no outside.\" ",
"If all sense refers to the cogito as its pivot and center of orientation, then anything lying beyond the scope of this center would only be non-sense. ",
"If this is the case, then how can the idealist account for the possibility of pathos, of passivity and affectivity? ",
"Does it not follow from this idealist construal of the transcendental that passivity and affectivity must be a function of the constituting activity of thinking being—that what overcomes us and has us in our grip is nonetheless a function of our constituting power? ",
"This is to suggest, however, that the mind would constitute itself as affected, and this effectively eliminates any robust account of passivity since all passivity becomes reduced to the activity of transcendental consciousness. ",
"This reduction, however, simply reaffirms the idea that the transcendental field is an absolute with no relative, and Merleau-Ponty's complaint against this claim gains its force only in the context of the second objection: the impossibility of others. ",
"If transcendental consciousness is an absolute without relative, if it is indeed the referential center of all sense, then it is impossible to claim that there could be more than one, and we are left within the reaches of the problem of inter-subjectivity.",
"\n\nWhile there is not space here to consider the problem of inter-subjectivity in the detail it deserves, it is necessary to make a few remarks about its significance in this context. ",
"Very generally, for Merleau-Ponty, the problem of inter-subjectivity involves at least two interrelated issues: first, how the other makes herself present as a consciousness, as an animate being whose movements cannot be reduced to causal or mechanistic relations; second, how certain aspects of her being remain hidden and unaccountable. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, these two points always function in concert—I recognize another consciousness precisely as that being for whom I cannot fully account, whose actions and movements are motivated by a principle that remains perpetually invisible, and it is the other's elusiveness that constitutes her alterity. ",
"If it is to overcome the problem of inter-subjectivity, transcendental philosophy must provide itself with the resources to account for both the appearance of the other, her sense, while simultaneously not reducing that sense to the aseity and ipseity of transcendental consciousness. ",
"The absolute consciousness of idealism fails on both counts, and the former because of the latter: on one hand, others are possible only within the matrix of sense that transcendental subjectivity establishes, and therefore are recognizable only insofar as they appear within the world. ",
"The others that appear, of course, unfold themselves within the visible world with their own distinct sense—sense that makes them precisely the beings that they are not otherwise: the idiosyncratic style others have, a way of walking, smiling, laughing, carrying and comporting themselves within this fabric of meaning. ",
"Others, like everything else, only appear within a point of view. ",
"If this is the case, however, others would be recognizable only in the reference they make to the ipseity of transcendental consciousness and thus only as constituted \"exteriorities,\" only as the visible surfaces made present within the order of sense, only other things among things. ",
"After all, what we see of others is only their surface, only the outer layer they display to the world—that inner principle of movement, their intentions, and desires, in a word, their \"mind,\" remains intractably invisible. ",
"Under such conditions, it remains impossible to say why this being is another consciousness and not simply an automaton—why the other is more than the appearance of \"hats and coats.\" ",
"This human-shaped being that I see here would precisely lack an interior reference to another consciousness, since, within this field of absolute visibility without folds, all constitutive analysis points back to transcendental consciousness as the site for the origination of sense. ",
"The other lacks interiority for transcendental consciousness precisely because there is nothing beyond transcendental consciousness; it has no exterior. ",
"Such an \"impervious\" [bien fermé] and secured being, for Merleau-Ponty, precisely lacks the openness to sense that transcends the constituting activity of a pure mind. ",
"For such a being, others as such amount only to non-sense. ",
"Restoring the otherness of the other, according to Merleau-Ponty, requires re-thinking the transcendental field otherwise than as a closed singularity with no outside. ",
"As he says, \"unless I have an exterior others have no interior.\" ",
"The alterity of the other is premised upon my own exposure, my own surface, that I am not an invisible consciousness holding the visible under my gaze but that I too am visible, that I take up my place in this fabric of sense, of folds and fissures, and am seen by other gazes, other points of view that I am able to recognize as points of view.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's claim is that thinking through the problem of inter-subjectivity and restoring the other her alterity requires an account of the transcendental field that restores its temporal extension. ",
"Others can appear to me precisely as others, as elusive beings concealing their own intentions and desires, only if the condition of sense-genesis is not a singularity, an absolute and a-temporal point of reference to which all sense points back. ",
"Rather, transcendental phenomenology must be capable of thinking the transcendental field as a domain in which a multiplicity of referential structures are possible; in which sense comes into being through a kind of dehiscence or eruption rather than through a unidirectional movement of constitution. ",
"The transcendental condition of sense-genesis must be thought, not in accordance with the self-identity and a-temoporality of a point of origin but precisely in its temporal extension. ",
"Recasting the question of the transcendental field in terms of its temporal extendedness, however, introduces, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"another philosophy which does not take us out of time.\" ",
"Indeed, what this other philosophy, a phenomenology of perception, accomplishes is re-thinking the transcendental field in terms of what Merleau-Ponty describes as \"the fundamental mode of the event and Geschichte.\"",
"\n\nIn order to unpack the sense of the event of sense at stake in this account, we can now turn to Merleau-Ponty's discussion of the temporal extension of the transcendental field in the context of Le cogito. ",
"He begins by first turning to a brief discussion of speech and expression. ",
"What this foray is intended to illustrate is the necessity of a temporal account of the transcendental field if we are to make sense of speech in its expressive function. ",
"In this account, Merleau-Ponty re-introduces an earlier distinction between what he calls parole parlante and parole parlée: the originating, speaking speech that expresses and the sedimented, spoken speech that is repeated in expression. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty says earlier in La corps comme expression et parole:\n\n[Speaking speech] is the one in which the significative intention is in a nascent state. ",
"Here existence is polarized into a certain \"sense\" which cannot be defined in terms of the natural object... But the act of expression constitutes a linguistic world and a cultural world, and allows that to fall back into the being which it was tending beyond. ",
"Hence spoken speech, which enjoys available significations like an acquired fortune.",
"\n\nWhen I speak, I do not bring a static and eternal set of significations into being but carry forward a tradition that must be constantly repeated and renewed. ",
"Expression, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"is at a stroke to incorporate the past into the present, and to weld that present to a future, to open a whole temporal cycle in which the 'acquired' thought will remain present as a dimension, without our needing henceforth to summon it up or reproduce it.\" ",
"We know and understand the words of our language without having to explicitly recall each one. ",
"Language constitutes for us a field that envelops us, and it does so thanks to articulations that have condensed and hardened over the course of its history, through changes in nuance, usage, slang, and so forth. ",
"It is available to us precisely as this massive acquisition of sense and meaning, an acquisition that nonetheless must be sustained and nurtured through repetitions and reprisals in future expressions. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, \"alone of all expressive processes, speech is capable of sedimenting and constituting an inter-subjective acquisition.\" ",
"What appeared to the idealist as eternal, a-temporal, the definition of a triangle, for example, is understood as a function of this expressive process of acquisition and, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"the presumption of a completed synthesis in terms of which we have defined the thing.\" ",
"In other words, the idealist's vision of the a-temporal presupposes that the sense of the world has been articulated once and for all and that there is nothing further to say, no further tasks of expression set before us, and that its articulation has been completed and is over and done with. ",
"In short, the idealist thinks that sense and meaning are closed when Merleau-Ponty insists upon their openness.",
"\n\nIf what initially appeared as the eternal is really a function of temporal acquisition, then eternity is not an order distinct from time, but \"the atmosphere of time\"; eternity does not refer to an order independent or prior to that of temporality but refers more specifically to time's own power of sense-accomplishment. ",
"What the idealist took to be the immutability of the transcendental field is thus possible only through expressive acquisition—indeed, \"the non-temporal,\" Merleau-Ponty says, \"is the acquired.\" ",
"Sense, accordingly, is not ensured by a transcendental field of a-temporal conditions of possibility but is the event of the temporal passage of expressive origination and sedimentation. ",
"What the idealist took to be eternal is the function of the sedimenting movement of expression, spoken speech, and the irreversibility of the past in time's passage. ",
"Sedimentation is possible because each moment of time succeeds another and passes into the past, and what is accomplished and acquired in this passage attains its \"inalienable place\" as having been; it is in virtue of the phenomenon of acquisition, then, that the idealist was able to derive the idea of eternity, and consequently, affirm the necessary a-temporality of the transcendental field as transcendental consciousness.",
"\n\nThe idealist's elision of the temporal structure of acquisition and the appeal to an a priori eternity is no accident, however. ",
"It is a desire for an immediate contact between the reflecting and the reflected that motivates the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism to insist on the éternitaire nature of the transcendental field. ",
"In the retrieval of an a-temporal, transcendental, constituting consciousness as the origin of all temporal relations and all sense, transcendental idealism seeks to arrest and overcome the dispersion of reflection in time. ",
"Idealism tries to account for time by passing it over in favor of conditions that are not subject to its erosion, passage and contingency, and thus secure for itself a necessary ground. ",
"The a-temporality of the transcendental field was intended to ensure the appearance of the world with apodictic evidence: as that which is always the same and never changes, the transcendental field is an absolute guarantee for the articulation and appearance of the world, a guarantee that, precisely because as the condition of temporality, is never subject to temporal dissolution or \"disarticulation.\"",
"\n\nIf it is faithful to the phenomena in their appearance, on the contrary, the phenomenological disclosure of the transcendental field of sense-genesis must not take this pre-understanding of the distinction between eternity and temporality for granted. ",
"Indeed, we can now see that the λόγος ordinary transcendental thought posited in advance of the appearance of the phenomena was that of an eternal cogito, and sense, likewise, was taken to be the external unfolding of this cogito. ",
"If we attend to the phenomena in their appearance, we no longer begin our analysis of the transcendental field with a certain presupposed sense of the eternal but recognize that the idealist's understanding of eternity is a function of temporality itself and its power of acquisition. ",
"We are thus compelled to think through the manner in which the transcendental field itself has a certain temporal extension, and this is what Merleau-Ponty proposes when he remarks that he is \"restoring to the cogito a temporal thickness.\" ",
"The cogito, Merleau-Ponty says, is not an eternal or a-temporal constitutive singularity but rather designates a certain \"advent\" [avènement] or \"transcendental event\" [évènement transcendantal]. ",
"The transcendental field is not a static absolute, not the eternal singularity of mind, but a temporal continuum in a process of dynamic passage—the transcendental field would be more accurately designated, for Merleau-Ponty, as the event of sense in its éclatement, désintégration and déhiscence.",
"\n\nFollowing this thread, the transcendental field disclosed in the reduction is not a pure constituting activity—thinking being—but the field of the passage of sense in its temporal becoming. ",
"Because the transcendental field is a temporal field, furthermore, it cannot provide an accord or resolution for the reflections initiated by phenomenology. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty remarks in Le cogito, quoting Valéry:\n\nA thought does not exist which exterminates the power of thinking and concludes it—a certain position of the bolt which definitively closes the lock. ",
"No, there is no point of thought which is a resolution born of its own development and, as it were, the final resolution [accord] of this permanent dissonance.",
"\n\nIn contrast to the consonance of the reflecting and the reflected sought by the idealist in the a-temporal, the transcendental field, thought in its temporal extension, is the field in which being shows itself in its permanent dissonance. ",
"It is the field for the appearance of the dissonance entailed by the becoming of sense in its temporal passage, and the task of philosophy, if it is radical, is not to attempt a cadence that would bring it to resolution but to hearken itself to this temporal concatenation of being.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Survol absolu: Infinite proximity, infinite distance\n\nBefore turning to Merleau-Ponty's temporal account of the transcendental field and its irresolvability, it will be worth considering how the critique of transcendental idealism outlined in Le cogito is developed in the years following Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"We can do this by turning to his first course at the Collège de France, delivered in 1953, entitled Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression. ",
"Here, he makes the concept of consciousness that distinguishes idealism the focus of an extended critique in an effort to clarify the sense of the transcendental already articulated in Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"By considering this lecture, we get a clear indication of how Merleau-Ponty took up and elaborated the ideas put down earlier in the 1945 text. ",
"In this lecture, he argues that the kind of transcendental consciousness identified with the transcendental field by the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism is, as he says, \"a consciousness without fissures,\" what he calls a pensée en survol, \"thought that soars over\": an individuated, intellectual consciousness, as he says in Phenomenology of Perception, \"in full possession of itself,\" a constituting unity that stands at the center of sense as its fountainhead and around which being is oriented and organized. ",
"For such a consciousness, nothing remains latent or hidden from its absolute gaze, and spread out before this consciousness in \"absolute transparency,\" being has no shadows, dimensionality or depth. ",
"As the pure source of the world's meaning, this consciousness constitutes the sense of the world while simultaneously remaining uncontaminated by that which it articulates—it has the world absolutely in its grasp, on one hand, and yet retains an absolute distance from the sense it iterates.",
"\n\nWhile there is perhaps nothing surprising in this critique to readers familiar with Merleau-Ponty, this lecture provides important insights into why this understanding of consciousness constitutes a philosophical problem that will occupy his reflections and writings until his death. ",
"Elaborating his critique first requires that we come to grips with the worries associated with such an understanding of consciousness and its identification with the transcendental field disclosed by the phenomenological reduction. ",
"In other words, beyond what could perhaps be described as an aesthetic objection to this understanding of consciousness—Merleau-Ponty's taste for the ambiguous, the oblique, and the indirect—we must seek out the philosophical problems that the idealist understanding of the transcendental generates: why precisely must phenomenology abandon the concept of consciousness and become an ontology, for example, of the flesh? ",
"While of course this lecture does not go as far The Visible and the Invisible in treading this path, it nonetheless provides some clues for answering this question and, importantly, sheds light on the theory of sense-genesis at stake already in Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"In turning to this lecture, we will anticipate some of our reflections in Part 2, which takes up Merleau-Ponty's theory of sense-genesis in more detail.",
"\n\nAs we have seen, Phenomenology of Perception problematizes the idealist equation of the transcendental field with a cogito, absolute consciousness, through the themes of finitude and inter-subjectivity. ",
"This lecture takes up an elaborates these anxieties in a new register. ",
"As Emmanuel de Saint-Aubert has suggested in his commentary on this lecture, this problem has to do with the possibility of the relationship between the constituting and the constituted: on one hand, sense requires some form of relationality, indeed, transcendence, as its condition of possibility; on the other hand, the idealist understanding of consciousness as survol absolu renders any proper relationality for consciousness impossible; insofar as it is the condition of possibility sin qua non for anything whatever, the transcendental condition of possibility for the sense of the world has no outside and therefore can only relate to itself. ",
"It becomes imprisoned in its own absoluteness. ",
"As Saint-Aubert says, such a consciousness would be\n\nEnjoying the \"pure unfolding of an in-itself before a for-itself,\" it is for it solely a matter of \"having\" consciousness, in the appearing, \"before the obscurity of the subject,\" of a being that is and is only for the latter, pure clarity for this pure darkness. ",
"The relation of this subject to this object is therefore not a genuine relation.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty seeks to maintain the difference of the constituting and constituted: in order to constitute sense, consciousness must enter into a relation with something other than what it is—there must be a divergence or écart between the constituting and the constituted that differentiates them and sustains their irreducibility. ",
"For absolute consciousness, however, because it is the center of sense and being, any alterity can only be \"absolute non-sense for it\"—only what it has constituted counts for it, and therefore it can, in a sense, only be significant for itself—it can have no relations as such, a stance toward an outside; for there is nothing that is not already part of this consciousness. ",
"The result is that the traditional understanding of consciousness is rent by an insuperable tension: for it to be consciousness, for it to count as constituting, it must be capable of a relationality that is impossible for it.",
"\n\nIn Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression, Merleau-Ponty articulates this worry through a discussion of proximity and distance. ",
"The problem with the traditional, idealist understanding of consciousness as survol absolu is that it moves unidirectionally toward the world, and this unidirectionality generates a paradox that renders this understanding of consciousness insupportable. ",
"The first thesis of the idealist's understanding of consciousness is that, as a transcendental condition of possibility for the appearance of being, there is nothing that does not reference this consciousness as its origin. ",
"As origin, constituting consciousness stands in an absolute proximity with respect to what it constitutes that eliminates all distance to being. ",
"Being, as a result, stands completely unveiled under its gaze, withholding nothing. ",
"As the origin of the world's sense, this consciousness is \"immediate presence\" to its objects; it \"reaches them without distance.\" ",
"This thesis demarcates the status of consciousness as a transcendental condition of possibility for beings—as their condition of possibility, there are no beings that do not refer to this consciousness for their sense, and in its infinite proximity to things it holds them absolutely in its grasp. ",
"In this way, this sense of transcendental origin eliminates any distance between the réfléchissant and the réfléchi: they become fused under the law of the λόγος that establishes the absolute harmony of the sense of being.",
"\n\nThe second thesis of transcendental idealism is that, as the transcendental condition of possibility for the appearance of beings, as survol absolu, consciousness constructs sense unilaterally and is, therefore, simultaneously \"cut off from being\" since objects and the world stake no claim on it. ",
"It touches only; it is not touched. ",
"If the constituted could stake a claim on what constitutes it, consciousness would no longer be a pure transcendental condition of possibility: it would be part of the world, just another thing among things. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in the lecture, \"Nothing can affect it except by awakening within it one of the significations that it conceives. ",
"Receptivity is the death of this consciousness.\" \"",
"Consciousness does everything or else is nothing.\" ",
"Because it is the transcendental origin of the sense of the world, it constitutes sense without being subject to the genesis that it initiates; as the origin of sense, this consciousness stands wholly outside sense. ",
"The absolute proximity of consciousness to being is thus simultaneously absolute distance: it is both an absolute inside with no outside and at the same time an absolute outside with no inside. ",
"Constituting consciousness, for Merleau-Ponty, must sustain both this proximity and distance at the same time in order to maintain its place at the heart of being. ",
"Its proximity to being is absolute immediacy and imminence, but this immediacy establishes itself only as absolute distance since the being that this consciousness constitutes has no hold on it. ",
"As he says, \"Proximity of what it intends: it is immediate presence to every being. ",
"Distance to what it intends: it is 'absolute overview' (Ruyer), it can never be 'held' by the object.\" ",
"This sense of the transcendental fails to understand the relationality intrinsic to the transcendence of sense-genesis: the idealist imagines that the transcendental origin is a presence that makes visibility possible while remaining invisible, that touches everything while itself remaining untouchable. ",
"Constitution is understood as \"the immediate presence of this consciousness to its objects: nothing separates it, it attains them without distance—and at the same time, it is with respect to them a survol absolu, and they cannot turn against it, it is entirely distant [éloignée].\" ",
"Transcendental consciousness grasps all but is not grasped, both immediately present and infinitely remote; it is the origin of a world in which it remains uninvolved. ",
"When Merleau-Ponty emphasizes the theme of chiasm and reversibility in his later work, it is with an eye to reassess the logic of sense-genesis. ",
"What we must understand is that to be able to see, to participate in the visible through our eyes, presupposes that we are also able to be seen; to be able to touch the world or another means to be able to be touched, and we know that it is impossible to touch without at the same time being touched. ",
"It is this reversibility of the constituting and the constituted that the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism fails to recognize, what Merleau-Ponty will here, in this lecture, call empiètement, \"encroachment,\" \"overlap,\" the χ, the crossing of these terms.",
"\n\nIt is in this sense that, as indicated above, absolute proximity and absolute distance make the relationship between constituting and constituted unthinkable as a relationship and thus undermine constitution as such. ",
"As Saint-Aubert remarks: we have here a \"[p]aradox of an abolished distance and a total distance, of a situation of fusion which is also an absolute separation: this consciousness is ambivalent.\" ",
"Its relationship of absolute proximity and distance, because it is utterly ambivalent, is no relationship at all, and the result is that consciousness, understood as survol absolu, in principle eliminates what makes it what it is: that it relate to things and the world as their origin. ",
"Since it can have no relations, such a consciousness becomes a \"prisoner\" of its own unrivaled constituting power, and the survol absolu is like a hand that would be capable of touching without itself being capable of being touched. ",
"Such a hand, of course, is impossible. ",
"As Saint-Aubert comments,\n\nTo open itself to nothing but what it constitutes in complete clarity, consciousness is imprisoned to it and to itself. ",
"Consciousness and its signification are absolutely two and absolutely one, radically shielded from the intrusion of an indetermination or a blurring, which alone however could give life to their relation.",
"\n\nThe transcendental, for the idealist, is rendered worldless—rendered meaningless in a sense, since it by definition cannot appear. ",
"It remains intractably beyond visibility, like an absent God, utterly incapable of having anything to do with the world it is said to bring into being.",
"\n\nWhile Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression does not yet go so far as the ontology of la chair, the \"flesh,\" Merleau-Ponty nonetheless attempts to re-think the meaning of the transcendental in terms otherwise than the paradox of absolute proximity and distance. ",
"In opposition to the concept of consciousness as survol absolu, he posits the concept of what he here calls \"perceptual consciousness,\" which attempts to challenge the understanding of consciousness operative in the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism. ",
"While the survol absolu is undermined by the paradox of absolute proximity and absolute distance, perceptual consciousness eliminates this paradox by establishing an authentic understanding of the relationality between the constituting and constituted. ",
"Unlike its idealist counterpart, perceptual consciousness is not cut off from being but dwells within the constituted and is enveloped by it. ",
"This envelopment, however, nonetheless resists solipsism insofar as it maintains an irreducible divergence or écart between the constituting and constituted. ",
"The concept of perceptual consciousness is thus intended to make an authentic relationship between the constituting and constituted thinkable while simultaneously maintaining their mutual irreducibility—without relapsing into a form of metaphysical realism. ",
"As we shall see, this idea of the mutual envelopment of the constituting and the constituted is already anticipated in Phenomenology of Perception in the Sentir chapter where Merleau-Ponty suggests that we understand sense-genesis in terms of the reprendre, taking up again, of a sense already constituted.",
"\n\nIt is in the context of this discussion of perceptual consciousness and its difference from the survol absolu that Merleau-Ponty introduces the concept of empiètement here. ",
"While the survol absolu is completely removed from the being it constitutes in absolute distance, perceptual consciousness, on the contrary, \"does not deal with values or significations but with existing beings, and is itself not absolutely cut off from the being that it presents to us, which encroaches [empiète] on it, surrounds it.\" ",
"Rather than being immune to the sense it constitutes, and thus a prisoner of its own constituting power, perceptual consciousness \"part of the world,\" is \"near things,\" which \"takes possession of my body in order to be perceived by it\"; unlike its idealist counterpart, which remains untouchable, perceptual consciousness is \"taken by things.\" ",
"As a perceptual consciousness, I find that rather than being a stranger to the world which I soar over, things impinge upon me; I find myself subject to the force they exert on me, that I am in their grip; being and the world constitute for me a situation that was not of my design. ",
"It is virtue of this weight, because what is constituted flows back on the constituting movement, that the world appears with the density and exteriority of the real. ",
"Not because it is real in the realist sense, but because its sense is older than the explicit intentional relations I may take up with respect to it when I make a judgment. ",
"As we shall discuss in more detail later, the world carries this weight and density because the transcendental was never pure, never strictly demarcated from what it constitutes, but is contaminated, stained and marked by sense as it piles up and sediments through its passage.",
"\n\nThe empiètement of the constituted on perceptual consciousness institutes another model of proximity and distance that is not that of the survol absolu: \"Proximity that is not impalpable like the one just discussed — And which also goes with a different distance, for the perceived only reveals itself like this through its vibration in me, it is thus always beyond.\" ",
"The proximity between the world and perceptual consciousness is not the total proximity of the survol absolu, a direct line or fusion between the constituting and constituted, but a relative proximity established in the interstices of the relation between perceptual consciousness and the constituted sense that impinges upon it. ",
"Proximity, Merleau-Ponty says, \"is not ideal presence (intentionality in the sense of referring to an εἶδος), absolute ubiquity. ",
"Consciousness is not cut off absolutely, being encroaches [empiète] upon it, goes around it.\" ",
"Proximity is not the immanence of the thing in the consciousness that establishes its sense through an explicit l'intentionnalité d'acte but things articulate themselves through this consciousness precisely to the extent to which this consciousness articulates itself through them. ",
"Perceptual consciousness and the world it articulates are reversible, chiasmatic, Ineinander, as one only manifests itself through and thanks to the other. ",
"There is in this way an indirect expression of the sense of the world where things express themselves through consciousness, and in which we recognize that there is a consciousness there thanks to the manifestation and presentation of things. ",
"Expression is thus neither unilateral nor unidirectional—the visible is not merely the emanation or replication of a concealed reason, an εἶδοϛ, but the intertwining of what speaks and what is spoken. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, \"It is from within the world that I perceive, and neither outlines nor geometric forms would have any meaning otherwise.\" ",
"It is a \"Dizzying proximity, not impalpable, mixture, expressive relation.\" ",
"In other words, the myth to which the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism remains enthralled is the myth of purity—that for the transcendental to be transcendental, it must be purified of the contaminants of the world. ",
"In place of this mythos of purity, Merleau-Ponty offers a theory of sense-genesis centered around mixture, contamination, and impurity. ",
"I do not soar over the visible spectacle; it does not extend out before me in absolute transparency, but I am amidst it—if it is before me, it is also behind me, surrounding me. ",
"If I am something like a consciousness, it is only because the world of sense precedes me; I am embedded in it, and it works its way out through my body; if I arrive at its scene, I do so not with the punctuality of one who would see all of it. ",
"Rather I catch but a glimpse as it recedes into the depth, the transcendence that is proper to its manifestation, in virtue of the absence that is proper to its presence.",
"\n\nDistance, likewise, is not the total distance of a consciousness that soars over the world but is a function of the écart, the gap or fissure, that establishes itself between the constituting and constituted.",
"\n\nDistance: used to come from the thing's being of another order, unable to look back upon the consciousness that thinks it. ",
"Here, distance comes from the fact that the thing, precisely because it vibrates me bodily and reaches me from within, obsesses me, is always beyond this vibration that it communicates to me.",
"\n\nFor perceptual consciousness, distance designates the mutual irreducibility of the thing and consciousness. ",
"On one hand, I experience myself as something that cannot arrive at the density and closure of the thing, and this is precisely because I am defined by an open field of possibilities that are not yet. ",
"Insofar as I remain open to a future, it is impossible for me to become a thing. ",
"Likewise, on the other hand, the thing establishes itself only in the distance it takes up from me: it is this distance that makes it a thing, because it eludes me, because it escapes my attempts to grasp it. ",
"And yet this distance is not absolute, for even in their distance, things nonetheless vibrate beneath my eyes, even within me insofar as they compose the very world in which I find myself. ",
"Even in their distance, things are inescapable as they encroach upon me and I upon them, and if they even go so far as to crawl into my insides, it is only because I am already inside them. ",
"In place of the absolute proximity and absolute distance required by the traditional, idealist understanding of consciousness, perceptual consciousness provides, as Saint-Aubert observes, a \"new play of proximity and distance,\" which \"thus escapes from the ambivalence of the fusional relation maintained by monadic consciousness.\" ",
"Proximity and distance are not absolute, as for the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, but stand in ambiguous relation of play, of shifting levels, fluidity and dynamism, of \"promiscuity,\" to use a term favored by Saint-Aubert.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Idealism and cruelty\n\nIn spite of their important differences, what realism and idealism have in common, for Merleau-Ponty, is that both are motivated by a certain desire for the adequation or coincidence of the reflecting and the reflected. ",
"Realism betrays this desire by taking the sense of being established by perceptual experience for granted, the sense of the thing as a third-personal, consciousness-independent reality. ",
"If being is such an ensemble, partes extra partes, then philosophical inquiry can be dissolved in the absolute exteriority of the thing displayed before a pure spectator. ",
"To philosophize in this way, for Merleau-Ponty, is to forget the origin of the sense of being in perceptual experience—a forgetting that is a constitutive structure of perception itself. ",
"What is required is a transcendental philosophy that dispenses with the philosophical conveniences with which realism begins, and Merleau-Ponty's thought opposes realism precisely insofar as it takes up the transcendental attitude.",
"\n\nAdopting the transcendental attitude, while an advance over realism, does not in itself absolve thought of its cruelty. ",
"What makes the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism cruel is that it too is motivated by a certain desire for the adequation or coincidence of the reflecting and the reflected. ",
"I have tried to show how this desire functions within the space of Merleau-Ponty's thought on three important points: 1) its understanding of the manifestation of the world as the unfolding of a pre-existing λόγος, a singular point of origination that gives law to the phenomena in their appearance; 2) its understanding of the transcendental field as éternitaire; and 3) the paradox of absolute proximity and distance. ",
"On the first point, ordinary transcendental philosophy fails to follow through on its promise to be faithful to the phenomena in their appearance insofar as it understands the appearance of the sense of the world in accordance with a reason established in advance of the shining forth of the world. ",
"On the second point, ordinary transcendental philosophy misconstrues the transcendental field by taking a certain understanding of the distinction between the eternal and the temporal for granted. ",
"On the third point, ordinary transcendental philosophy understands the transcendental field as being infinitely close to the world it constitutes by holding it within its grasp and at the same time completely removed insofar as it touches but is not touched. ",
"Together, what these points accomplish is an attempt to secure and guarantee the adequacy of the reflecting to the reflected, resolving reflection into the total and singular diapason and harmony of transcendental, constituting consciousness. ",
"In its critique of these points, therefore, Merleau-Ponty's thought does not merely take up the transcendental attitude in its traditional sense but proposes a methodological radicalization—as we have seen, a surréflexion—which, instead of resolving itself into a finalized and exhaustive appropriation of being, attempts to hearken itself to the permanent dissonance of the temporal extension of the transcendental.",
"\n\nRealism and idealism are not merely expedient or convenient standpoints from which to begin philosophizing, but have a deeper, rationalistic motivation, namely, the desire for a certain \"transparent philosophy\" at which we arrive by continuing the movement of knowledge inaugurated by perception. ",
"This philosophy of transparency or lucidity, from the beginning, seeks to disclose being in its fullness and provide a total and systematic explication: it seeks a universal thought in which all rational beings would confront one another on the plane of reasons and be reconciled; where scientific method would open nature to total and unified explanation; where the transcendental method would disclose a field that secures the apodictic grounds for the reflection it initiates; and where a society of reasonable minds would form the basis of a strictly rational and just world. ",
"Such are the dreams of a total contact and coincidence between the reflecting and the reflected, a contact in which philosophy reaches out and seizes its object, once and for all; where being, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"spreads itself out in an absolute transparency\" and by means of which reason could be guaranteed and certainty beyond all doubt secured. ",
"Such is a philosophy that begins from the standpoint of the timeliness of reflection with its object, a philosophy for which the task of coincidence and contact is, in principle, finalizable. ",
"It is of course such a philosophy that, in the Brouillon text, Merleau-Ponty names cruel thought: it constructs philosophy as a series of \"problems\" and sets the tasks of thinking as the generation of \"solutions\" that serve to close it.",
"\n\n***\n\nWhile at no point can Merleau-Ponty's thought be identified with realism, as we have tried to show over the course of the previous chapter, it also cannot be strictly identified with idealism—at least not with the \"ordinary perspective\" of transcendental idealism that comes under criticism. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's thought, like all phenomenology, is perhaps strangely situated with respect to the history of metaphysics as it aims to sustain a position irreducible to either realism or idealism. ",
"It is not realism because it rejects the absoluteness of things and any cogency they may have outside sense. ",
"It is in some sense, then, a kind of \"transcendental\" philosophy—but one that contests the meaning of the transcendental at play. ",
"While traditional iterations of transcendental idealism maintain some idea of transcendentality as a pure, constituting consciousness, it is precisely this idea of transcendentality—its absoluteness, its purity—that is called into question by Merleau-Ponty. ",
"The worries that motivate this critique are, first, that the concept of a pure transcendental origin, a transcendental subject that is not contaminated by the sense that it constitutes, betrays a certain infidelity to phenomenological method, to be faithful to the phenomenon and their manner of appearance. ",
"The ordinary perspective idealism assumes that the phenomena must obey the law of a λόγος given in advance of their appearance and that their manifestation is nothing other than fulfillment of this λόγος. ",
"Transcendental consciousness in this way secures its a priority and necessity, but it in so doing it closes the appearance of sense within the grasp of the consciousness that gives it law: its necessity closes the futurity of sense, its openness.",
"\n\nThis articulation of the tasks of transcendental thought is exemplified, for Merleau-Ponty, by the work of Pierre Lachièze-Rey. ",
"What Lachièze-Rey makes explicit is idealism's identification of the transcendental with an origin that does not participate in what it brings forth, an éternitaire plane that is exempt from the temporal flux it is said to set forth. ",
"Idealism, in this way, attempts to extricate thinking from the temporal flux of the visible, and in so doing, secure the absolute coincidence of reflection with that upon which it reflects—to dissolve reflection in the absolute diapason and harmony of these poles. ",
"Merleau-Ponty outlines two anxieties associated with this conception of the transcendental: that it effectively renders passivity unthinkable and that it eliminates the possibility of alterity. ",
"It makes passivity impossible because all that appears results from the constituting agency of this transcendental origin—obstacles only appear in virtue of the intervention of this origin. ",
"Likewise, others can never appear as others for this constituting origin but only as things. ",
"For there to be others, this constituting agency must have an outside, an exteriority that it is not allowed by the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism. ",
"Overcoming these problems, for Merleau-Ponty, requires that we restore the transcendental to temporality, that we think it as embedded within the temporal eruption of sense it is said to set forth. ",
"We require a re-thinking of the transcendental, not as a movement that would end reflection in the perfect harmony of the transcendental but as the permanent dissonance of temporal flux and passage.",
"\n\nAs he elaborates in Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression, the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought, with its transcendental, constituting consciousness, its survol absolu, limits its understanding of transcendentality to the paradox of absolute proximity and absolute distance. ",
"Sense stands in absolute proximity to constituting consciousness precisely at the point where there is nothing that does not refer to such consciousness as its transcendental condition of possibility: because it is the source of the world's meaningfulness, its articulation, there is nothing beyond its grasp; everything is \"inside\" its constituting movement. ",
"At the same time however, because it is the condition of sense, because it is what makes sense possible, it must not be confused with what it constitutes. ",
"As the possibility of all things, consciousness itself is precisely not a thing: it holds everything in its grasp and yet is not itself part of the world it makes visible; it touches but remains untouched; it makes visible and yet remains invisible. ",
"At the same time that transcendental consciousness maintains an absolute proximity to sense, then, it also maintains an absolute distance. ",
"Against this image of the transcendental, Merleau-Ponty offers what he calls here \"perceptual consciousness.\" ",
"Perceptual consciousness, unlike its idealist counterpart, is involved, intermixed, in the world to which it gives sense—it is both touching and touched, seeing and seen. ",
"Rather than being immune to the sense it articulates, the sense of the world bleeds onto it, stains it in a refluxive movement of empiètement, \"encroachment,\" \"overlapping.\" ",
"Insofar as I perceive the world, it also has me in its grip; my surroundings envelop me, and only make themselves known under my gaze insofar as I too take my place as one of the visible things. ",
"This crossing of the constituting and constituted, this χ, this chiasm, announced in the concept of empiètement will of course become central in the years of The Visible and the Invisible, and we will take this up in more detail in Part 3.",
"\n\nWhat we can take note of here is that Merleau-Ponty's underlying worry with idealism is the extent to which its formulations—transcendental constituting consciousness, its a priority, necessity, and so forth—are all in the name of taking possession of being and of eliminating the uncertainty, the openness, that defines our perceptual experience. ",
"In short, we see the sense in which idealism, alongside its partner realism, is also a figure and expression of thought's cruelty. ",
"Idealism posits the absoluteness of transcendental consciousness precisely in order to secure being itself in its absolute transparency, and we can see at this point that idealism and realism are not so different: for both establish and constitute being as a spectacle exposed beneath the gaze of an absolute spectator. ",
"Realism accomplishes this in the absoluteness of the thing that exposes all its sides simultaneously to such a spectator; idealism accomplishes this in the fullness of constituting consciousness, which keeps being firmly in its grasp. ",
"Either way, realism or idealism, we find this thought which needs to be closest, which needs to fuse with its objects, to liquefy itself and eliminate the difference, the distance, the écart that defines our experience, and for Merleau-Ponty, defines both philosophy and the becoming, the φύω, it investigates.",
"\n\nThe aim of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, initiated in his pivotal work, Phenomenology of Perception, is to show us that through a radicalized transcendental philosophy and the phenomenological method, such a transparent and timely philosophy begins to fall into ruin [se détruit] before our eyes. ",
"What is called into question is the very idea and possibility of such transparency, and the rationalist values and traditions that motivate cruel thought, accordingly, fall asunder in the face of what Merleau-Ponty calls \"the experience of chaos.\" ",
"This remark, of course, invokes the political chaos of the Second World War, which composed the historical backdrop of his visit to the Husserl archive in Leuven, Belgium in 1939 and the composition of Phenomenology of Perception in the years following. ",
"The experience of chaos, however, has not subsided with the end of that war, and Merleau-Ponty's philosophy should be understood as the attempt to confront chaos without attempting to artificially resolve it into the harmony we may perhaps desire. ",
"How do we confront chaos as chaos, on the plane of chaos, rather than reducing it to a state of coincidence, fusion, and harmony that we construct? ",
"Merleau-Ponty wants us to begin philosophizing from the point of view of our perceptual experience because it opens us out into uncertainty and precarity without closing us within the space of a predetermined consonance; the chaos of the perceived world never quite resolves itself into the perfection of a planimetric perspective but retains a trace of the fundamental disorder that, according to Merleau-Ponty, is the mark of time. ",
"Our situation in the world is ineluctably both ambiguous and precarious. ",
"As he says in a radio broadcast from 1948: \"Reason does not lie behind us, nor is that where the meeting of minds takes place: rather, both stand before us waiting to be inherited. ",
"Yet we are no more able to reach them definitively than we are to give up on them.\" ",
"This remark, in a way, captures the sense of lateness that appears to be a recurrent theme in Merleau-Ponty's philosophy. ",
"He will make a similar remark in the notes to his first course at the Collège de France: \"the thing itself is never captured [prise] by the philosopher: it is the concretion of an infinite experience, it is therefore not possessed. ",
"It is unquestionably before us, but as something we can't lay our hands on without losing it.\" ",
"If we attend to the becoming of the visible, as it flourishes and withers before our eyes, without positing a pre-established λόγος and law in advance of its manifestation and hearken our reflections to the dissonance of sense and of the perceived without attempting to resolve them into a total diapason, then we are compelled to articulate a philosophy that dispenses with the ideal of a completed and transparent world. ",
"In place of this punctual thought, which would render the world in its total lucidity and clarity, we must rather, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"seek a philosophy which explains the upsurge of reason in a world not of its making and to prepare the substructure of living experience without which reason and liberty empty themselves and decompose.\" ",
"We must relinquish our cruel desire to take possession of being, to reach out and grasp it, to keep and detain it, and allow for a modality of thinking that allows for the departure of sense, of the world, and of others. ",
"We must reconceive the tasks of thinking as a philosophy of lateness that acknowledges that it will never arrive at the scene of being and that the beloved it seeks will be gone, disparue.",
"\n\nWhat we call the philosophy of lateness is not articulated as merely the negative of cruel thought. ",
"In fact, Merleau-Ponty's claim is not that this vision of philosophy is an alternative to another philosophy that would arrive on time, but that philosophical inquiry is constitutively late. ",
"The metaphysics of cruel thought, realism and idealism, are, in a sense, mythical philosophies, fantasies inspired by the rationalist desire for certainty and finality that have not be able to recognize and admit to their own lateness. ",
"A radical philosophy, by contrast, is one that recognizes itself as subject to lateness—a philosophy that dispenses with the desire to seize upon and detain, one that recognizes its own finitude, incompleteness and contingency. ",
"Articulating such a philosophy is, as I hope to show in the following chapters, the consistent aim of Merleau-Ponty's thought beginning with Phenomenology of Perception.",
"\n\nThere are three significant threads in Phenomenology of Perception that provide evidence for the constitutive lateness of philosophy, all of which result from Merleau-Ponty's proposed radicalization of the transcendental project: 1) his account of sense-genesis; 2) his account of temporality; and 3) his account of freedom. ",
"Of course these themes are all intimately intertwined as they are developed over the course of the text. ",
"His claim is that, if we take up the transcendental attitude in a radical way, if we are faithful to the phenomena in their appearance, the result is an account of sense-genesis in which sense is always already constituted and yet never fully constituted and that all explicit or \"thetic\" acts of sense-bestowal always find themselves late to a world not of their making. ",
"Rather than a theory of constitution that is the hallmark of the philosophy of consciousness, Phenomenology of Perception offers an account of the dehiscence or becoming of sense, closer to what Merleau-Ponty proposes in the texts and lectures leading up to and including The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"This claim is borne out in the pages of Phenomenology of Perception if we attend to the extent to which the genesis of sense is understood precisely as a temporal structure. ",
"The theory of sense-genesis offered there thus becomes fully intelligible only in the context of Merleau-Ponty's account of temporality, particularly in the manner in which this account addresses Husserl's Zietbewußtsein. ",
"In contrast to an ontology that emphasizes the primacy of the present and presence in time's passage, Merleau-Ponty attempts to articulate a theory of temporality that understands the becoming of time as the simultaneity of a dynamic écoulement, flow, and éclatement, eruption. ",
"As a result of this dual temporal structure, there is an important lag and non-coincidence that defines the very passage of time itself, the lateness of becoming to being.",
"\nPart Two\n\nThe Deflagration of Sense\n\nLe sentir du sens\n\nWhile Part 1 focuses on clarifying what Merleau-Ponty meant by \"cruel thought\" and its difference from philosophical interrogation, on showing how this manifests itself in realism and idealism, and on giving some indication of what kind of response is required, Part 2, \"The Deflagration of Sense,\" shows how he begins formulating this response in the pages of Phenomenology of Perception, specifically in his theory of \"sense-genesis,\" otherwise known in phenomenology as the processes of \"sense-giving,\" Sinn-gebung, or \"constitution.\" ",
"Merleau-Ponty develops his theory of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception in the chapters Le sentir, La temporalité, and La liberté, and anticipating motifs that would become more salient in the years of The Visible and the Invisible, I will try to show that he was already on the way to trying to understand sense-genesis in terms of empiètement, encroachment, what he will later call the \"chiasm,\" and that it is in the context of this discussion of sense-genesis that we understand the manner in which we can say that becoming is late to being: sense becomes articulate, not through \"centrifugal\" processes of construction, constitution, and synthesis, but through a process of temporal dehiscence, éclatement, explosion, and deflagration. ",
"Because this process is temporal, and because Merleau-Ponty understands temporality itself to be an influx of articulation and disarticulation, the emergence or expression of sense remains constitutively incomplete, a process of becoming that can never catch up to itself and arrive on time.",
"\n\nIn this chapter, I will turn to the chapter of Phenomenology of Perception, Le sentir, to show how, according to Merleau-Ponty, sense-genesis is not a function of the constituting operations of a transcendental origin but rather has an institutive, historical structure: sense comes to be, on one hand, through a process of reprendre, resumption, and, on the other hand, is the reprise, reprisal or repetition, of sense that is already under way. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty will argue almost ten years later in his 1954 lecture, \"Institution in Personal and Public History,\" it is for this reason that phenomenology must jettison the language of \"constitution\" for translating Husserl's word Stiftung in favor of \"institution\" or later, in the years of The Visible and the Invisible, \"initiation.\" ",
"What phenomenology discovers in disclosing this historical reiteration of sense is that being does not have the structure of a determinate finality: indeed, there is no such thing as \"being\" as such but only a \"becoming,\" a continuous emergence of gathering and dispersal as the sense that is expressed is never fully expressed, never finalized. ",
"We see that the very principle of its articulateness is at the same time the principle of its disintegration. ",
"This principle, as we shall see, is temporality. ",
"It is in virtue of this logic that the becoming and unfolding of sense is late to being: sense emerges as the resumption of a tradition that it cannot fully inherent nor with which can it coincide. ",
"The coincidence and fusion desired by cruel thought, then, is not forbidden on the basis of some static principle in advance of the manifestation of the visible but impossible according to the manner in which what there is comes to presence. ",
"Cruel thought, in this way, is subject to a kind of illusion as its longing for a final contact, closure, and the wholeness of being is based on a fantasy.",
"\n\nWe have already had some occasion to see the extent to which Phenomenology of Perception is addressed to cruel thought. ",
"On one hand, cruel thought is figured in realism at the point where reflection ends in the absoluteness of the real, the outside of sense, beyond the reach of any constituting power. ",
"Realism wishes to end reflection in the haecceity and unassailability of the thing. ",
"Such an outside, however, is only non-sense: the meaningless, that which would remain invisible by being absolutely impossible. ",
"If we reject realism, and recognize that what appears does so with the line and contour of sense, then we must account for how that sense is expressed, how the meaningfulness of the texture of our experience is brought forth. ",
"On the other hand, cruel thought is figured in the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, a philosophy that begins by making the adequacy of the réfléchissant to the réfléchi—of reflection to its object—its principle and condition of possibility. ",
"This manner of thinking subjects itself to this demand, first, insofar as it understands the manifestation of the world in terms of the articulateness of a preexisting λόγος, an a priori principle and reason around which meaning is organized and oriented, and second, insofar as it identifies this λόγος with a res cogitans, the unity and self-identity of an a-temporal, éternitaire transcendental consciousness. ",
"These characteristics of the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism function together to guarantee the apodicticity of its results as well as the completion and closure of the reflection it initiates. ",
"If we abandon realism as well as the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, how then are we to account for the becoming of sense? ",
"The account of sense-genesis that Merleau-Ponty initiates in Le sentir follows through on the critique of cruel thought initiated in Le champ phénoménal and Le cogito to the extent that the ontological primacy of transcendental consciousness is challenged and in order to show how the world becomes meaningful without simultaneously becoming closed within the grasp of constituting consciousness.",
"\n\nContrary to standard interpretations that, following Merleau-Ponty himself, cite its commitment to a theory constitution as one of Phenomenology of Perception's most significant shortcomings, I argue that by attending more closely to certain moments of the text's development of a theory of sense-genesis, we see the concept of constitution appropriate to the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism undergo an important de-stabilization and revision. ",
"The result is that his account of the genesis of sense resists an appeal to a self-identical and a-temporal \"constituting power\" that would count as the mark of the ordinary idealist position so often attributed to Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"Anticipating a position that becomes more clearly articulated in the Brouillon text, Merleau-Ponty already remarks in Phenomenology of Perception that the genesis of the sens of sentir, the sense of sensing, should not be understood as the centrifugal activity of a constituting consciousness but as the \"re-creation\" and \"re-constitution\" of sense that has already been underway. ",
"As the reprisal and repetition of a historical fund of sense that already has been, Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception is more accurately understood as offering a philosophy that accounts for the manner in which reflection is delayed with respect to the genesis of sense, on one hand, and which recognizes itself as subject to this delay on the other—a philosophy of lateness.",
"\n\nThe first part of the chapter returns to the Phenomenology and Le sentir in order to elucidate the manner and extent to which his theory of sense-genesis in 1945 already resists the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism and the philosophy of consciousness. ",
"While perhaps not unproblematic, we see Merleau-Ponty begin to move in a direction that will become more thematic in his first lecture and later writings insofar as he argues that the sense of perceptual experience is not the product of an active Sinngebung but emerges through the reprisal and repetition of a sense that is already under way. ",
"While this claim may at first seem to indicate a return to realism, turning to Merleau-Ponty's discussion of temporality in Le sentir, the second section shows that we must understand the reprisal of sense not as a return to an account that takes the articulation of sense for granted but as a temporalizing structure of genesis and dissolution. ",
"In these passages, Merleau-Ponty offers a theory of sense-genesis as a temporalizing differentiation characterized by non-coincidence and lateness. ",
"The lateness at stake in Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, then, at least on one level, is not merely incidental—it is not a lateness that could be overcome—the lateness of a body, for example, in contrast to the punctuality of transcendental consciousness—but a lateness constitutive of the very appearance of sense itself, indeed lateness at the level of being: ontological lateness.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Le sentir and the genesis of sense\n\nThere are numerous points of entry into Merleau-Ponty's critique of idealism in Phenomenology of Perception, as each of the thematic analyses that make up the body of text follow a dialectical pattern of immanent critique. ",
"Merleau-Ponty will inhabit the realist and idealist accounts of the phenomena in order to locate their points of de-stabilization, and from these points, elaborate a phenomenological description that attempts to account for this de-stabilization. ",
"Beneath the dialectic of realism and idealism, according to this method, lies the phenomenal field of what is given to perception and which constitutes, as Merleau-Ponty says in Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression, our mode of \"access to being.\" ",
"In order to explicate this field, we must not only cease to presuppose the world of ready-made sense required by realism but also abandon the traditional understanding of sense-genesis as constitution. ",
"We must seek to understand that while sense is never available independently of a system of sense-genesis, sense becomes or unfolds beneath the positional forms of ipseity and intellectual consciousness that circumscribe the classical, idealist accounts of constitution. ",
"The phenomenon of sentir, sensibility or feeling, which designates a certain capacity and openness to sens, openness to meaning, will offer a clue for understanding sense-genesis as becoming rather than constitution and in this way for overcoming the dialectic of realism and idealism, what Merleau-Ponty calls the dialectic of the in-itself and the for-itself.",
"\n\nHe broaches the question of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception as early as the Preface. ",
"There, he provides an account of the meta-theoretical limits of phenomenology by addressing its major themes: phenomenological description, reduction, essence and intentionality. ",
"Looking at this part of the text, we see the author consistently attempt to distance phenomenology from the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism and its claim to be able to \"trace back the course followed by a prior constituting act and arrive... at a constituting power which has always been identical with [an] inner self.\" ",
"The idea of constitution at play here is that for there to be relations among things, for the meaning of the world to stand out in its articulation, there must be a corresponding act of relating, and the agent of this activity is a form of transcendental consciousness. ",
"This, of course, was the position of Lachièze-Rey, and in taking up the transcendental attitude, the discovery of constitution by idealist philosophies is to be acknowledged as an advance over realism. ",
"It is not until Le sentir, La temporalité and ultimately La liberté, however, that the question of sense-genesis is taken up directly. ",
"Le sentir, insofar as it connects the question of our capacity and openness to sens to temporality, functions as an introduction to the discussion of sense-genesis, elaborated in the context of the chapter on temporality and that culminates in the account of freedom at the end of the text. ",
"In order to begin addressing this question, then, it will be useful to turn to a relatively detailed account of sense-genesis as it is offered in Le sentir.",
"\n\nThe question of sense-genesis is raised in Le sentir in the context of Merleau-Ponty's introductory discussion of the experience of quality in the section titled \"Relation of sentir and behavior: quality as a concretion of a mode of existence.\" ",
"Following a study by the Gestalt psychologists Goldstein and Rosenthal, Merleau-Ponty problematizes the traditional notion of the quale too often associated with discussions of sensing. ",
"The question is: when I attend closely to what appears in my perceptual experience, what do I see? ",
"The theory of the quale posits an atom or individual unit of sense data said to correspond with some representation formed in the mind. ",
"Does any such unit ever appear, however? ",
"Furthermore, can I account for the texture and structure of what appears in my perceptual experience on the basis of such a unit? ",
"Merleau-Ponty's answer, in reference to this study, is no. ",
"Goldstein and Rosenthal's study shows that there is a significant correlation between certain colors in the visual field and certain motor reactions or, in other words, that colors have a certain motor significance or \"physiognomy.\" ",
"Colors are not simply raw \"data\" but already appear in perception imbued with meaning and significance—color is part of the sensible, meaningful texture of what we see. ",
"In patients suffering from diseases of the cerebellum, according to the study, the color of the visual field has a significant and notable effect on their gestures, particularly in abductive and adductive arm movements. \"",
"Red and yellow,\" for example, \"are particularly productive of smooth movements, blue and green of jerky ones; red applied to the right eye, for example, favors a corresponding stretching of the arm outwards, green the bending of the arm back towards the body.\" ",
"Even when presented with colors in such short duration or which are so weak that the subject is not explicitly aware of them, they can nonetheless be identified through the motor reaction invoked by attending to the body's responses. ",
"This study, according to Merleau-Ponty, provides a further indication of what painters have always known: namely, that quality, in this case color, has a more complex sens than can be admitted by the realist metaphysics of traditional empirical epistemologies (and psychologies) insofar as such philosophies remain committed to explaining sensing in terms of atomistic qualia. ",
"A color, as it shows itself in experience, is always more than an objectively real qualitative atom or unit of experience and entails a certain \"vital signification\" that points beyond its presentation as an \"objective spectacle.\" ",
"Quality, according to Merleau-Ponty, \"is inserted into a certain form of behavior [conduite].\" ",
"As the painter Kandinsky said, green \"makes no demands on us and does not enjoin us to do anything,\" while blue, according to the poet Goethe, \"seems to 'yield to our gaze.\" ",
"That color should signify in painting and in the world, as red signifies effort or violence or green restfulness and peace, is thus not the mystery or enigma that it remains for the realist, for the appearance of quality, like color, is already the appearance of a complex of sens. ",
"In this way, in spite of our commonsensical, empiricist manner of thinking, we may recognize that color entails entire complexes of significance: it shines forth beneath my eyes not as data or input but against the background of the past as it reaches forward into the open future. ",
"Color shines forth at the thither end of a process of Sinngebung—and it is this bringing forth that must be understood.",
"\n\nThe idealist response to the question of quality, however, is also inadequate insofar as it is compelled to appeal to the spontaneity of constituting consciousness in order to account for the genesis of this sens and its complexity. ",
"As soon as quality is explained in terms of the spontaneous, constituting activity of a consciousness, it ceases to be an experience of sensing at all and becomes yet another modality of thought. ",
"Quality, in this case, would simply be yet another thing \"noted\" by consciousness in its sense-bestowing activity. ",
"Seeing would be reduced to a form of thinking. ",
"What the idealist cannot account for is the constitutive passivity that circumscribes the possibility of sensing—that the experience of color is not something constituted by a thinker, but is something that one undergoes in the same manner that one cannot think oneself to sleep. ",
"The experience of a color thus comes, like sleep, \"when a certain voluntary attitude suddenly receives from outside the confirmation for which it was waiting.\" ",
"In this way, Merleau-Ponty, anticipating the motif of empiètement, says that \"the sensible takes possession of my ear or my gaze, and I surrender a part of my body, even my whole body, to this particular manner of vibrating and filling space known as blue or red.\" ",
"It would be absurd to describe my experience of color as thinking precisely at the point where it overtakes me, where the brightness of the world fills and overwhelms my vision like a fever dream that is so vivid it cannot be distinguished from waking life. ",
"In our ordinary navigation of our environments, this experience slides into the background, forgotten, as it is taken for granted. ",
"It becomes reawakened, however, the moment that the purples and oranges of the sunset or the pristine, clear blue of a beautiful person's eyes consumes us. ",
"It is this kind of sensitivity to the significant brilliance of color, of course, that distinguishes the gaze of the painter, who is able to reawaken this experience of wonder more easily, and for whom color would be unimaginable as a unit or bit of information.",
"\n\nWhat is peculiar about our experience of and openness to the sensible, and why neither realism nor idealism can adequately explain this openness, is that it lies somewhere between activity (on which side the idealist errs) and passivity (on which side the realist errs). ",
"On one hand, the sensible is not given as the culmination of an intellectual, constituting act, but like sleep, it comes upon us and envelops us, usually in spite of our reflections. ",
"The sensible shows itself as part of the world and situation in which we find ourselves and of which we are not the authors; it is something we encounter and which takes possession of us. ",
"On the other hand, the sensible is also not an \"inert setting,\" part of a ready-made world—a quale which would act upon a wholly passive sentient. ",
"The sensible has sens and the question that must now be addressed is this: if the sens of the sensible cannot be attributed to a constituting consciousness, and if it also does not inhere in a ready-made world, then how does it emerge? ",
"If we are to admit that quality and color always entail an excess of signification—if the sens of a color is always more complex than an atomistic quale—then we must inquire into how this sens becomes instituted or established. ",
"In other words, what follows from Merleau-Ponty's discussion of quality and color is that sentir must have an intentional structure—the question for this account, however, is what kind of intentionality is appropriate to this experience since it cannot be a matter of thinking or intellectual construction.",
"\n\nWhat these reflections on color establish, for Merleau-Ponty, is the opportunity to recover the sense of the sensible, that what shows itself in vision is ineluctably meaningful. ",
"As he says, it now \"becomes possible to give back to the notion of sens a value which intellectualism has refused it,\" namely, a phenomenological value. ",
"Classical phenomenology states that all consciousness is consciousness of something and therefore the consciousness of a quality must have an intentional structure. ",
"For classical phenomenology, however, \"The object is made determinate as an identifiable being only through a whole open series of possible experiences, and exists only for a subject who carries out this identification. ",
"Being is exclusively for someone who is able to step back from it and thus stand wholly outside being.\" ",
"As we have seen, such remarks anticipate what Merleau-Ponty will make more explicit in Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression under title of survol absolu. ",
"To conceive intentionality and the structure of sense-genesis as \"determination\" and \"identification\" carried out by a constituting subject renders the very sens of sentir unthinkable—for we are left within the limits of a perhaps distinctively Cartesian form of intellectualism in which all sense-genesis is reduced to a form of cognition sustained by a transcendental subject, one that occupies the referential center of all sense, a constituting consciousness that reaches being only across an infinite distance which is simultaneously infinite proximity. ",
"Such an understanding of intentionality therefore re-inscribes phenomenology within the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, which, as we have already seen, is the target of Merleau-Ponty's critique. ",
"In place of a transcendental subject that can have no relation to the being it constitutes, we see Merleau-Ponty respond to this problem in Phenomenology of Perception by describing the genesis of sense in terms of a movement of reprendre or resumption and reprise, recovery and repetition. ",
"It is this logic that circumscribes the account of genesis offered in this text, and it directly challenges the idealist theory of sense-genesis, understood as \"constitution,\" which, as he later makes explicit in the \"Institution\" lecture, requires consciousness as its necessary correlate.",
"\n\nIn the first place, every instance of sense-genesis takes the form of reprendre, \"taking up\" or \"resumption.\" ",
"While the idealist typically understands sense-genesis in terms of the spontaneity of constituting acts, for Merleau-Ponty, the sense of the sensible emerges only in the resumption of sense that was already under way. ",
"Reprendre, accordingly, has two important features that differentiate it from the spontaneity that characterizes constituting consciousness: first, reprendre necessarily references a past sense that, in being resumed, is again made present. ",
"Second, because this past is never made fully present, the sense that is accomplished by resumption is never fully accomplished but retains a certain \"haecceity\" or \"this-ness.\" ",
"As reprendre, sense is not constituted extemporaneously at each instant by an identifying act but emerges in its reference to the sense that it elaborates and carries forward. ",
"As resumed, the becoming of sense follows through on \"a certain rhythm of existence,\" and any instance of what Merleau-Ponty calls l'intentionnalité d'acte, our thetic or explicit intentional comportment, is always late with respect to l'intentionnalité opérante, an intentionality always already at work. ",
"The accomplishment of sens in this way opens upon a world of \"autochthonous significance,\" and sense-genesis, as reprendre, is never an unanticipated and spontaneous genesis—the birth of a fully constituted sense in the presence of an identifying consciousness—but the recreation or rebirth of sense that already dwells in being.",
"\n\nThe autochthonous sense that is taken up in the shining forth of our experience, however, does not dwell in being in the realist sense—this sense is not ready-made nor does it inhere in an objective reality. ",
"This should already be clear insofar as Merleau-Ponty refers this sense to an l'intentionnalité opérante. ",
"Rather, its autochthonousness is a function of its temporality—it has the structure of \"always already\" or \"having-been.\" ",
"Insofar as sense-genesis resumes a sense already under way, every instance makes reference to the horizon of the past; the world, as Merleau-Ponty notes, is always \"already constituted.\" ",
"In its function of reprendre, however, sense-genesis does not reference the past strictly as past but folds this past into the present. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, speech, in its expressive function, \"is to ensure, by the use of words already used, that the new intention resumes [reprend] the heritage of the past, it is at a stroke to incorporate the past into the present.\" ",
"In other words, each expressive instance is the heir to an entire history of sense that has the structure of \"having been\"—this history is its \"heritage,\" as Merleau-Ponty here invokes Heidegger's terminology, and in this manner, expression precisely lacks the timeliness that has characterized the spontaneity of constituting consciousness. ",
"The sens of the sensible does not emerge from a punctual intentionality, a spontaneous consciousness, but takes up the movement of sense that is always its forebear and ancestor. ",
"It is in this manner that, as reprendre, the sens of the sensible is characterized by a certain lateness and delay with respect to this historical sense, the depth of a significant past that is already under way and that echoes through our present experience.",
"\n\nThe second feature of reprendre is that it remains constitutively incomplete. ",
"Though sense-genesis is understood as the resumption or, to put it slightly differently, the inheritance of a certain history, it is never able to fully attain this inheritance. ",
"In other words, what is resumed in sense-genesis is never fully resumed, and the sense of the past retains a certain opacity and depth in becoming present, and what is resumed in expression never manages to be fully elaborated. ",
"The sense of the sensible, therefore, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"is not constituted in full clarity, it is reconstituted or resumed [repris] by a knowledge which remains latent, leaving it with its opacity and its haecceity [eccéité].\" ",
"This incompleteness is a function of a certain \"blindness\" [aveuglément] through which sense shows itself, a blindness resulting from the fact that the sense of the world is not posited by a consciousness but works itself out in the appearance of a living body, a flesh, which in turn, is immersed and enveloped by this sense. ",
"As reprendre, sense-genesis picks up the past and resumes it, but never picks it up completely, and this resumption in this way remains an attempt that fails to articulate the sense of the world in exhaustive clarity, an articulation that never manages the lucidity of a statement.",
"\n\nIn the second place, in addition to being characterized by reprendre, every instance of sense-genesis is simultaneously understood in terms of reprise, repetition. ",
"Insofar as it references a heritage of sense already under way, sense-genesis only ever incompletely and blindly resumes this heritage. ",
"The sense of this heritage, as reprendre, then, simultaneously requires reprise, the repetition of this heritage in the present. ",
"This reprising function of sense-genesis is a result of the perpetual failure of reprendre to fully elaborate the sense it resumes—because the sense that is resumed is never fully articulate, the task of articulation remains always to be done and thus requires an infinite repetition that never fully succeeds and results in a perpetual disappointment. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, \"the pretention to objectivity of each perceptual act is repeated [reprise] by its successor, again disappointed [déçue] and again repeated [reprise].\" ",
"Sense becomes articulate not ex nihilo in the spontaneity of consciousness but only in the reference it makes back to its heritage of acquired meanings—a heritage which it resumes, repeats and carries forward into the future, albeit always incompletely and never as an exhaustive elaboration.",
"\n\nTo reiterate the points thus far, we have seen that the experience of quality cannot be reduced to an inert and atomistic quale but that each qualitative experience entails an excess of sens that transcends this traditional, empiricist account. ",
"To understand the sense of the sensible, we must account for it in terms of the intentional structure of its genesis. ",
"Classical phenomenology, however, insofar as it understands intentionality as the explicit acts of a spontaneous consciousness, risks re-inscribing itself within the framework of the intellectualist position he challenges. ",
"In place of a spontaneous constituting consciousness, Merleau-Ponty invites us to understand the genesis of sense as the resumption and reprisal of a sense already under way, a resumption and repetition that remains constitutively incomplete and unfinalizable insofar as it is the result of a blind, incarnate intentionality that leaves sense a certain historical density and obscurity. ",
"Even if we accept this invitation, however, we must still see the extent to which Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception manages to overcome the traditional understanding of passivity and activity that circumscribes realism on one hand and the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism on the other. ",
"It seems that even within the context of Merleau-Ponty's emphasis on reprendre and reprise in this text, we still have the duality of the active term of the recovering and repeating subject and the passive term of the heritage of sense which is resumed and repeated—the sentient and the sensible seem to remain nothing other than \"two mutually external terms.\" ",
"What we must now see is the extent to which Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception succeeds in challenging this traditional duality and the extent to which this text anticipates what he will describe in The Visible and the Invisible as a philosophy capable of thinking the \"passivity of our activity.\"",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty addresses this question in the wake of his discussion of the blindness of sense-genesis in the context of a somewhat pointed engagement with Sartre, all the more rare in Phenomenology of Perception for its apparent explicitness. ",
"What we see is at stake in the question of passivity and activity is a deeper ontological problem—what he calls the alternative of the \"for-itself\" and \"in-itself.\" ",
"On one hand, the sentient, as we have seen, is not a pure spontaneity—it does not posit objects, accordingly, but \"sympathizes with them.\" ",
"On the other hand, \"sensation is not an invasion of the sensible in the sentient [sentant].\" ",
"Rather, in the échange between the sentient and the sensible, it is impossible to assign the values of passivity and activity, to designate one as the term of origination and one as the term of effect. ",
"In fact, we cannot say which gives sense to the other. ",
"In place of the opposition of passivity and activity, what we have is an important ambiguity, what Merleau-Ponty will later designate as a chiasmatic relation: the sentient and the sensible are Ineinander—the sentient is \"inside\" the sensible precisely to the extent that the sensible is \"inside\" the sentient. ",
"As mutually enveloped and enveloping, the sensible only gives back what is put there by the sentient, and the sentient only confers sense when it has already taken its cue from the sens of the sensible. ",
"This is stated quite eloquently in a famous passage quoting Valéry:\n\nAs I contemplate the empty blue sky, I am not set over against [en face] it as an a-cosmic subject; I do not possess it in thought, or spread out towards it some idea of blue as might reveal the secret of it, I abandon myself to it and plunge into this mystery, it 'thinks itself within me' [se pense en moi], I am the sky itself drawn together and unified, and as it begins to exist for itself, my consciousness is saturated [engorgée] with this limitless blue.",
"\n\nOn one hand, the blue of the sky is by no means a static object lacking sense—this blue is \"sensitive\"—and thus, as Merleau-Ponty notes, becomes \"the milieu of a certain vital vibration that my body adopts.\" ",
"The sky is not merely an inert en soi, and it is in this sense that one can say that it exists \"pour soi.\" ",
"Likewise, on the other hand, insofar as the sensible is not a pure or unadulterated en soi, so the subject \"need not be a pure nothingness with no terrestrial weight.\" ",
"Such a Sartrean opposition between pure being and pure nothingness, accordingly, \"would be necessary only if, like constituting consciousness, it had to be simultaneously omnipresent, coextensive with being, and in the process of thinking universal truth.\" ",
"While there is certainly room for debate regarding Merleau-Ponty's apparent identification of Sartre with the idealist tradition under attack, it will be helpful to briefly attempt to spell out what is at stake in more detail.",
"\n\nThe worry that motivates Merleau-Ponty's accusation is that Sartre's understanding of consciousness is the correlate of a very specific understanding of the sense of being, a sense that Sartre, allegedly, uncritically adopts from the history of philosophy and which he thus shares with the intellectualist tradition. ",
"The problem is that Sartre's ontology of being and nothingness retains the specter of a finalized and total being—a being that would indeed be what it is and nothing more, a pure en soi. ",
"For Sartre, the solidity and presence of objects, their completeness and objectivity, are the inverse of a consciousness not of their order—the consciousness that, while in a certain movement of objectification, perpetually fails to become anything in particular and is to this extent adequately described as nothingness. ",
"For Sartre, it is because consciousness is the condition of possibility for things, because it is their source, that it cannot be identified with any being. ",
"The purity of nothingness, in Sartre's account, is really a function of the purity of the being which it is not.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty, what is at stake in the dilemma of the for-itself and the in-itself is precisely an ontological claim about the purity or completeness of being. ",
"This dialectic is premised on an understanding of being as completed, enclosed and finalized—that being is what it is and nothing more. ",
"On the contrary, if we jettison a commitment to the purity of being, we are no longer obligated to conceive consciousness as a nothingness—we are no longer obligated to conceive of the world as an inert in-itself nor the movement of sense-genesis in terms of the freedom of a pure for-itself. ",
"This movement, rather, is part of the very fabric or flesh of the world itself, and if there are subjects there, it is only because they are the articulation of an \"anonymous\" expressivity always already at work. ",
"The perceived world, Merleau-Ponty says,\n\nis not of pure being. ",
"Taken exactly as I see it, it is a moment of my individual history, and since sensation is reconstitution, it presupposes in me sediments left behind by some previous constitution, so that I am, as a sentient subject, a repository stocked with natural powers at which I am the first to be filled with wonder.",
"\n\nOnce we abandon the idea of pure being, we need not, with Hegel and Sartre, speak of the negativity of consciousness, \"a 'hole in being' [un 'trou dans l'être'].\" ",
"Rather, we have an impure being, an unfinished being that is not quite something and not quite nothing—what might more aptly be described as a \"becoming.\" ",
"The perceiving subject is in this way also not a pure negativity in the fullness of being but \"a hollow [un creux], a fold [un pli] which can make itself and which can unmake itself.\" ",
"The sentient is only a plicature in the sense of the sensible as it becomes, a fold in the living dehiscence and \"deflagration\" of the sense of the world.",
"\n\nTo elaborate this understanding of sense-genesis, we must re-consider the synthesis through which sense becomes articulate, but before delving into the discussion of perceptual synthesis and temporality that concludes Merleau-Ponty's reflections on sense-genesis in Le sentir, it will be useful to sum up the results so far. ",
"On one hand, the study of motor physiognomy indicates that empiricism is inadequate insofar as the sensible is not an array of ready-made qualia but stands at the thither end of a process of sense-accomplishment. ",
"On the other hand, intellectualism is also inadequate insofar as we must understand the \"initiation\" of the sense of the sensible in terms otherwise than the spontaneous, constituting activity of transcendental consciousness. ",
"The solution to this dilemma, ultimately, lies in being able to think the sentient and the sensible in their mutual envelopment and implication rather than as two mutually external terms. ",
"In order to understand the intentionality through which the sense of the sensible is articulated, we must no longer understand the world as an inert en soi nor the sentient as pure nothingness, for such a duality presupposes the ontological purity of being and nothingness. ",
"The sentient, rather, must be understood as something like a defect, a lacuna, an imperfection in that which is neither fully being nor fully nothingness. ",
"What a phenomenology of perception introduces, and what Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis articulates, then, is an ontology no longer founded on the idea of a \"summation of being\" but one which is capable of rendering the deflagration of sense in its nascence, its incompleteness—indeed, in its impurity and becoming. ",
"In order to come to grips with this philosophy in the context of Le sentir, however, we must turn to Merleau-Ponty's remarks on perceptual synthesis and temporality. ",
"What we see in the closing gamut of Le sentir is that the intentionality appropriate to this deflagration of sense is not the movement of a \"consciousness of...\" toward an object, but the power of time as the simultaneous movement of articulation and disarticulation, its systole and diastole. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's theses regarding sense-genesis and the relation of the sentient to the sensible, then, will not receive their full articulation until La temporalité, to which we shall turn in some detail in the next chapter.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Perceptual synthesis and temporality\n\nMerleau-Ponty begins his discussion of synthesis in the second-to-last section of Le sentir, \"Perceptual synthesis is temporal,\" by considering the traditional, idealist account. ",
"For the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, synthesis is typically understood as the imposition of an a priori form onto the matter of sensation. ",
"Synthesis is the active constitution of sense from what is given by mere sense impressions or intuitions, which must be then \"worked through\" into order to make sense. ",
"According to this understanding, synthesis is identified with the spontaneous activity of intellectual consciousness—a consciousness that acts upon inert and passive sense-data in order to render it into sense. ",
"If we are to abandon this idealist understanding of constitution as well as the manner in which activity and passivity have been assigned here, then, following our previous reflections, synthesis can no longer be understood as the activity of consciousness on sensations, and the whole sense of \"working through\" must be rethought.",
"\n\nThe first thing to be noted is that the intellectualist understanding of synthesis is the correlate of a perceptual field that has been distorted by the introduction of the idea of the quale, which Merleau-Ponty already challenged in his discussion of color sensations. ",
"What is important and what the idea of synthesis misses is that perceptual experience is not characterized by an array of sensible impressions or intuitions but by an original and primary phenomenological unity. ",
"When I am looking at a table, Merleau-Ponty says, I am not aware of a manifold of sensory units nor am I aware of a reflecting consciousness that subsumes these units under the rule of a concept. ",
"Rather, what I am aware of is the table only in its various perspectival deformations and the possibilities it presents—perhaps work or a meal, perhaps tidying if it is messy. ",
"Perceptual experience, in this way, begins as a unity of sense and becomes divisible into qualities, sensations, impressions or intuitions only later and secondarily, and, indeed, precisely as the result of taking up a reflective, analytic attitude on it. ",
"Atomistic sense-data, according to Merleau-Ponty, are not actual features of the world as it is perceived—for they never appear in the perceptual field—but are reflective constructs resulting from a certain epistemological attitude. ",
"The philosophies littered with various forms of sense impressions, intuitions, qualia, and so forth thus remain confined to a certain theoretical attitude that has failed to attune itself to the perceptual field and what is given in it. ",
"Indeed, only the philosopher reflecting on the nature of knowledge is concerned with sense impressions, intuitions or data and not the person perceiving the table or making use of it.",
"\n\nThe traditional notion of synthesis, understood as the subsumption of sensory matter under the form of a concept, emerges only as a necessary auxiliary for reconstructing the unity and coherence of the perceptual field from atomized sense impressions, for of course such impressions on their own would only be blind without being subsumed under a concept. ",
"If we begin with such a \"mutilated and dissociated\" perceptual field—one that has already been broken down into atomized qualities—then we must account for the reconstruction of these atoms into the phenomenological unity of the perceived world. ",
"We must be able to move from discrete units of sense-data, qualia, or color patches, and so forth, to the concrete unity of the world as it is given in perceptual experience and lived. ",
"The idea of synthesis, of course, is supposed to account for this movement and show how our knowledge of the world can begin with sense impressions and end in the phenomenological unity of the perceived—how the recognition of things and a world can proceed from the original, blind givenness of sensible intuitions. ",
"The ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, of course, posits transcendental consciousness as the agent of this synthesis, and the unity of the perceived world is the outcome of this agency and its spontaneous synthetic activity. ",
"Through such activity, transcendental consciousness takes the matter of the sensibly given and organizes and orients it into a perceived world of sense—into a world in which objects stand out and are recognizable in their unity. ",
"We have already seen, however, some of the ways in which the plausibility of such a transcendental, constituting consciousness is challenged in Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"If we are to follow through on Merleau-Ponty's critique of this understanding of consciousness, the idea of synthesis that has been the correlate of consciousness must also be revised since it appears only in conjunction with a perceptual field mutilated and atomized by a certain epistemological attitude. ",
"While Merleau-Ponty will not abandon the notion of synthesis entirely in Phenomenology of Perception, what we have is an understanding of this idea that has been reworked through the introduction of the concept of \"perceptual synthesis.\"",
"\n\nFirst of all, as Merleau-Ponty's account of sensing as reprendre and reprise suggests, perceptual synthesis is not a punctual, transcendental origin. ",
"Rather, he says, it\n\ntakes advantage of work already done, of a general synthesis constituted once and for all, and this is what I mean when I say that I perceive with my body or my senses, since my body and my senses are precisely that habitual knowledge of the world [savoir habituel du monde], that implicit or sedimentary science.",
"\n\nThis is to simply repeat the claim that perceptual experience is not reducible to a synthetic consciousness which must bring the sense of the world into being ex nihilo, indeed, from nothingness—it does not construct a world through spontaneous acts of constitution but, as Merleau-Ponty has remarked earlier, always takes the form of resumption and reprisal. ",
"Perception takes advantage of a heritage of meanings with respect to which it has arrived late and of which it is not the author. ",
"Because perceptual experience is late to rather than the source of the world's meaning, it relies, Merleau-Ponty says, on a \"latent knowledge... which remains forever beneath [deçà] our perception.\" ",
"Objects confront our gaze with their characteristic thickness and depth not because they are born through the synthetic act but precisely because perception \"makes use of something which it does not put in question [qu'elle ne met pas en question].\" ",
"Perception in this way is not a matter of apodictic certainty, but of a certain kind of faith—believing in the perceived in spite of its perpetual withdraw, precariousness and contingency. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty will remark later in the text, \"perception is the 'opinion' or the 'primary faith' which binds us to a world as to our country, and the being of the perceived is the antepredicative being to which our total existence is polarized,\" and we recognize here the idea of perceptual faith that becomes so central in The Visible and the Invisible and that we have already had occasion to encounter.",
"\n\nThere is a more fundamental problem with synthesis that Merleau-Ponty must address, namely, that it seems to entail a paradox: on one hand, sense stands at the thither side of a process of sense-accomplishment and, on the other hand, this sense is always already constituted—it is also on the hither side of the same process. ",
"In other words, the unity of the perceived world stands at the end of an order of sense-genesis—it is, in a sense, a \"constituted\" unity; and yet, on the other hand, its genesis is never the work of a constituting consciousness but is always the reprisal of sense already under way. ",
"How can we speak of a world that is already constituted without lapsing into metaphysical realism? ",
"As Merleau-Ponty asks, \"what is the unified without unification, what is this object which is not yet an object for someone?\" ",
"To put it differently—where in this order is the expressive moment of the first word, the moment of origination? ",
"Perception finds itself in the midst of a sensical and sensible world because the perceiving subject is late: because she \"has historical density [épaisseur], [she] takes up a perceptual tradition and is faced with a present.\" ",
"In perception, we do not constitute objects in the present but take up a sedimented heritage of sense that was already there. ",
"But how is this pre-constitution achieved? ",
"The task for a phenomenology of perception is to think through this paradoxical thesis: thinking the emergence of sense, not as its spontaneous birth in the present of constituting consciousness, but in an original past, as having-been. ",
"This question—the question of origin—which has been raised in the context of an investigation into our openness to the sensible, brings Merleau-Ponty's reflections to the question of temporality.",
"\n\nIn Le sentir, Merleau-Ponty has argued against idealism by suggesting that perceptual experience is not the work of constituting consciousness but that it takes advantage of a sense already under way. ",
"This is to say that the moment of origination is not to be found in the presence of a pure spectator, a constituting consciousness, but in the heritage of a past which has already gone by. ",
"To understand the order of sense-genesis and the manner in which the world is always already constituted yet never fully constituted, we must consider the manner in which sense-genesis itself is already an order of temporalization—for as Merleau-Ponty notes near the end of Le sentir, \"the perceptual synthesis is a temporal synthesis, and subjectivity, at the level of perception, is nothing but temporality.\" ",
"To further elaborate the extent to which Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception contributes to the articulation of a philosophy of lateness, and the manner in which this philosophy addresses the paradox of synthesis, it will be useful to consider the discussion of time that concludes Le sentir and the extent to which the phenomenon of time contributes to Merleau-Ponty's early theory of sense-genesis. ",
"In fact, the closing gamut of Le sentir makes a striking promissory note with respect to the question of temporality:\n\nIf we are to solve the problem which we have set ourselves—that of sensoriality, that is to say of finite subjectivity—it will be by thinking about time and showing how it exists for a subjectivity, since without the latter, the past in itself being no longer and the future in itself being not yet, there would be no time—and how nevertheless this subject is time itself, and how we can say with Hegel that time is the existence of mind, or refer with Husserl to a self-constitution [autoconstitution] of time.",
"\n\nA more detailed account of whether Merleau-Ponty fulfills this promise in La temporalité will have to wait. ",
"For now, however, it will do provide some indications of how these reflections on the temporality of perceptual synthesis contribute to the question of sense-genesis and how these reflections challenge the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism by articulating a philosophy of lateness.",
"\n\nIn place of the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism that \"reveals me as the non-temporal thinker of the object,\" perceptual synthesis understands sense-genesis not as a temporalization founded upon a non-temporal origin but in terms of a bottomless or abyssal temporality—a temporal deflagration of becoming. ",
"This thesis is worked out in the closing gamut of Le sentir. ",
"First of all, the perceptual \"synthesis,\" as temporal, is nothing other than a structure of prospection and retrospection—both looking forward to an object that as yet remains on the horizon and looking back toward an object that gives itself as the motif or le premier moteur of the gaze. ",
"When I look at the table, my gaze always has a temporal orientation insofar as the table is sliding through time from a future of imminent possibilities on the horizon of the perceived to an immediate past of what has been perceived. ",
"The table presents itself as a series of potentialities that slip into the past without ever being fully realized, and the genesis of sense, precisely as this temporal passage, Merleau-Ponty says, is \"based on the unfolding of time.\" ",
"The perceptual gaze can only fix objects insofar as it projects \"around the present a double horizon of past and future,\" insofar as it \"secretes time\" and in this way receives \"a historical orientation.\" ",
"The perceptual field is structured by this modulation of the temporal horizon in which potentialities—the gray surface of the table, the angle of its edge against the background of the brown carpet—constantly slide into the immediate past, giving way for further perceptual potentialities, which are themselves in the same state of modulation.",
"\n\nSense therefore comes into being through time, but precisely because it is temporal, sense is simultaneously subject to a perpetual dissolution and disintegration. ",
"Sense is constantly menaced by dissolution, importantly, because the \"syntheses it performs are themselves temporal phenomena.\" ",
"Because perceptual synthesis is itself immersed in temporal flux, what it initiates is always tenuous and subject to the erosion and decay brought about by temporal becoming and the constant temporal modulation of the perceptual field. ",
"Each instance of sense-accomplishment, reprendre and reprise, is both the instant of its dissolution and repetition. ",
"The result is that sense-accomplishment, understood as the crystallization of the world into a final sensible and sensical order, is a perpetual disappointment [déçue] and failure [échec]—indeed, a failure \"foreseeable from the start.\" ",
"Therefore, even though each perception always resumes and reprises the sense of the past, it nonetheless always fails to \"realize the synthesis of the object\" because \"the unity of the object makes its appearance through the medium of time, and because time slips away [s'échappe] as fast as it catches up with itself [se ressaisit].\" ",
"As temporal, the accomplishment of sense is simultaneously its undoing, as \"every synthesis is both distended [distendue] and remade [refaite] by time which, with one and the same movement, calls it into question and confirms it because it produces a new present which retains the past.\" ",
"Sense is in this way nothing other than a temporal deflagration of being—the immolation of sense as it makes itself visible and its burning away. ",
"The world as it is perceived never manages to live up to my expectations of clarity and objectivity and in this way is never quite finished. ",
"It is, therefore always there, waiting to be perceived. ",
"Sense-accomplishment fails because each perception, each moment of sense-genesis, is succeeded by another and because what is accomplished in and through time is always simultaneously undone by it. ",
"It is precisely this conflagrant movement of articulation and disarticulation that comes to characterize Merleau-Ponty's account of time in La temporalité.",
"\n\nThe repetition of sense as reprendre and reprise is made necessary by the dissolution entailed in its temporal becoming, and indeed, in this manner, sense-genesis is always an attestation to and renewal of a \"prehistory.\" ",
"Because what I perceive constantly gives way to further potentialities, each fixation of an object must perpetually be repeated and renewed [renouvelé] lest it \"fall into the unconscious.\" ",
"Insofar as time possesses the power to dissolve sense, it is simultaneously the means by which sense is articulated as resumption and reprisal. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty will now indicate, however, this resumption and reprisal is possible only in virtue of the retentive and historical structure of sense-genesis and its temporality. ",
"Sense can be repeated in perception only because its reprisal, Merleau-Ponty says, referencing Hegel, \"keeps a past in its present depth [gardait un passé dans sa profondeur présente]\" and because it contracts the past \"into that depth.\" ",
"The present is never an unanticipated spontaneity but always, again to use Hegel's words, contains the \"traces\" or \"patterns of the past\" in their \"shadowy outline.\" ",
"The present is, as Hegel understood perhaps better than any other, always haunted by these shadows and, indeed, presence is nothing other than the resumption and reprisal of these traces, the manner in which they remain inscribed in and on us, and the myriad ways they find to remain with us. ",
"Our present is thus like a scar, and as Merleau-Ponty says, \"time never completely closes over itself and it remains like a wound through which our strength ebbs away.\"",
"\n\nIt is in virtue of time's inability to close over itself, to coincide with itself, that the present is subject to its perpetual dissolution and thus never saved from openness, fragility and precariousness. ",
"The present is, in a sense, never fully present. ",
"In other words, to carry on with Merleau-Ponty's metaphor, there is no healing for this wound, for with such a cure-all, an a-temporal constituting subjectivity, for example, time would simply cease to be time. ",
"Because it is temporal, sense-genesis is a becoming or unfolding of sense perpetually on its way to being but never coincident with being. ",
"The lateness of sense-genesis thus has precisely this structure of \"always on the way to\"—always on its way because it cannot arrive, because it is always late to being, and this becoming is not the work of a constituting subject but of time in its deflagration. ",
"At the end of these reflections on sense-genesis, it is no longer a question of understanding the activity of the naturant or the passivity of the naturata, but of understanding the structure of temporality as both—that on the level of this abyssal temporal synthesis, sense-genesis is always auto-affective because time is always both \"constituted and constituting time.\" ",
"Sense, in its unfolding through time, we could say, enfolds or inflows on itself—sense-genesis is the reprisal of its own past that is simultaneously its dissolution and disintegration—that is to say, its renewal as differentiation. ",
"Sense-genesis, therefore, as temporal, is sich einströmen, and it is precisely in this manner that sense is never constituted as such but, following Husserl, is a bottomless auto-constitution.",
"\n\n***\n\nWhat we have tried to show is that already in Phenomenology of Perception we see Merleau-Ponty begin to work out a philosophy that dispenses with the cruelty of realism and idealism and to point toward another philosophy that no longer stakes a claim to arriving at the scene of being. ",
"Against cruel thought, Phenomenology of Perception begins the task of thinking through a philosophy of lateness that makes no claim to finality. ",
"While Phenomenology of Perception may not yet go as far as making the empiètement of the constituting and constituted thematically explicit, we nonetheless see this text approach this thought in its theory of sense-genesis. ",
"Sense-genesis, for Merleau-Ponty, is not the spontaneous activity of a constituting survol absolu but has the dual structure of reprendre and reprise—sense always articulates itself as the resumption and reprisal of a sense always already under way, a resumption, however, that remains constitutively incomplete because of its incarnate blindness. ",
"Sense-genesis is never constitution as such but always takes the form of reconstitution. ",
"In order to come to terms with the full implication of his understanding of sense-genesis as reprendre and reprise, however, it was necessary to turn to Merleau-Ponty's treatment of the concept of synthesis.",
"\n\nIn place of the traditional understanding of synthesis as the subsumption of an intuition under a category, Merleau-Ponty offers a theory of \"perceptual synthesis\" in which the world is already constituted and yet never fully constituted. ",
"In place of a theory of sense-genesis that takes the constituting to be an a-temporal survol absolu, perceptual synthesis is, on the contrary, characterized by a bottomless or abyssal temporality, and unsurprisingly, Merleau-Ponty's final remarks in Le sentir on the question of sense-genesis take up the theme of temporality explicitly. ",
"Because of its temporal structure, perceptual synthesis is not the organization of sense into a final or absolute order—rather, the sense articulated through this process is subject to a perpetual dissolution, a dissolution that precisely necessitates its resumption and reprisal. ",
"The articulation of sense thus remains constitutively incomplete—sense never quite reaches a final expression but is always under way and in the process of articulating itself. ",
"Phenomenology of Perception, in the theory of sense-genesis offered in this text, thus evinces a certain understanding of being—not as pure being, self-identical, complete and enclosed—but as becoming. ",
"Sense is not constituted but becomes or unfolds through a bottomless or abyssal temporal dehiscence or deflagration. ",
"Sense is not noted by a consciousness but, like a flame, shows itself only in the dynamic incompleteness of its appearance, and indeed, this term seems apt since fires are precisely the kinds of things that show themselves without every fully becoming anything.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty attempts to think the appearance of sense not at the thither end of a constituting or sense-bestowing act of consciousness, but as he will say in La temporalité, the éclatement or eruption of sense in its temporal articulation and becoming. ",
"This éclatement, as we have already seen in Le sentir, is not the attempt to think the adequacy of the réfléchissant to the réfléchi, but to understand the extent to which consciousness, as well a philosophy itself, arrives late to the becoming of sense. ",
"What is essential is not the lateness of a body, thought or philosophy but the lateness of becoming to being—the manner in which the articulation of sense remains incomplete because sense-genesis is structured by an important temporal non-coincidence and delay. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty himself has already suggested in his promissory note at the end of Le sentir, it will be only through thinking about temporality more explicitly and in more detail that we will have the clues necessary to understand the full implications of this philosophy of lateness and the lateness of becoming to being. ",
"We shall therefore now turn explicitly to Merleau-Ponty's engagement with Husserl in La temporalité in order to get a sense of the theory of temporality articulated in Phenomenology of Perception, its importance for continuing the theory of sense-genesis began in Le sentir and, finally, for understanding the philosophy of lateness articulated in this text.",
"\n\nTemporality disparue\n\nAs Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis suggests in Le sentir, temporality is the central phenomenon—probably for understanding Merleau-Ponty's thought overall. ",
"The chapter of Phenomenology of Perception dedicated to investigating the nature of time, La temporalité, as Barbaras has suggested, may be considered the central chapter of the text. ",
"In this chapter, I will turn to this part of Merleau-Ponty's work in an effort to further elaborate his theory of sense-genesis. ",
"Our openness to sense and the sensible, as we have seen, is not a function of data or qualia to which we are wholly given over or passive; nor is it the outcome of a process of calculation or relation effected by an active transcendental origin. ",
"Making sense, rather, is the resumption, reprendre, of a sedimented history of meanings that press down upon us and that we inherit, albeit problematically and incompletely and at the same time, a repetition and reprisal, reprise, of this sense. ",
"It is in virtue of this movement, its systole and diastole, its respiration, that the sense of the sensible shines forth. ",
"This movement, according to Merleau-Ponty, is ineluctably temporal. ",
"The discussion of sense-genesis taken up in the previous chapter in this way necessitates turning to Merleau-Ponty's account of temporality in more detail.",
"\n\nI begin by turning to what is perhaps the most important point of reference for Merleau-Ponty's discussion of temporality, Edmund Husserl's Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewußtseins or Lectures on the Phenomenology of Inner Time Consciousness. ",
"Merleau-Ponty had the opportunity to study this text along with some of its at the time unpublished Beilagen on his visit to the newly established Husserl Archive in Leuven, Belgium, during May of 1939 as he began writing Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"We will turn to Merleau-Ponty's discussion of the famous time diagram and what he calls le champ de présence, the field of presence, in order to demonstrate that, contrary to some standard interpretations of La temporalité, what we have is far afield from a \"metaphysics of presence.\" ",
"The field of presence, rather, must be understood as the framework for time's manifestation, which is not presence itself nor does it take place in the present. ",
"Instead we must hear this in terms of what Husserl describes as a continuity of Ablauf, of lapse or flow. ",
"This discussion again brings us before the problem of \"synthesis,\" and we turn to Merleau-Ponty's discussion of operative intentionality, transition synthesis, and passive synthesis, all of which he borrows from Husserl. ",
"What we learn from this discussion is that temporal synthesis—or temporal articulation—is simultaneously characterized by a kind of disarticulation, that what is bound together in time is simultaneously disintegrated in the total phenomenon of what Merleau-Ponty describes as temporal \"dehiscence,\" the bursting open of time like an unhealed wound. ",
"In so far as time is understood as this bursting open, this explosion or deflagration, there is no present as such, according to Merleau-Ponty: there is only this wave of becoming and decay we call time, its perpetual flight and escape from actuality and fullness of being.",
"\n\nIn the context of this account of temporality, the second part turns to what Heidegger called Zusammenhang des Lebens, the unity of a life. ",
"It is a strange term for Merleau-Ponty, for as we shall see, unity is not a function of a resolute decision in which one grasps and comes to terms with the manner of being that they are. ",
"Such a coincidence is foreclosed by the ecstatic structure of time's dehiscence and differentiation. ",
"Rather, the unity of a life is only the continuity of its sense as it unfolds in time, a problematic unity that remains open and that sets itself forth toward the indefiniteness of the future. ",
"Because our lives are set forth in time, they have no final or ultimate meaning and therefore they remain open and everything remains to be done. ",
"But this absence of a final reason given in advance is exactly the nature of our encounter with time, the very problematic that leads Merleau-Ponty to turn to Husserl's time diagram. ",
"Time does not appear as presence or in the present; time, rather, because it is ek-static, because it is beyond, outside, has already departed: it is gone, disparue, like the elusive Albertine from Proust's Recherche.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Husserl's Zeitbewußtsein in La temporalité\n\nTo begin we shall turn to the section of La temporalité entitled \"The 'field of presence:' the horizons of past and future,\" and Merleau-Ponty's reading of Husserl's diagram from his Lectures on Internal Time Consciousness, or as Merleau-Ponty likes to say, simply the Zeitbewußtsein. ",
"It is arguably through and thanks to Husserl that temporality becomes such a central figure of Merleau-Ponty's thought, and it is Husserl who guides his endeavor, as he says, to \"arrive at authentic time.\" ",
"In light of this influence, however, Merleau-Ponty's reading of Husserl in these pages has become the subject of some controversy among scholars: that in his commitment to what appears to be a Husserlian model, Merleau-Ponty retains the vestiges of a \"metaphysics of presence,\" especially in light of his discussion of le champ de présence or \"field of presence\"; and that the signs pointing beyond this perhaps over-emphasis on presence, found in Bergson especially, remained under-exploited by Merleau-Ponty. ",
"It is not my intention to go into the details of this discussion here. ",
"Rather, I will turn to Merleau-Ponty's engagement with Husserl's lectures on temporality, the famous diagram specifically, in order to begin outlining what Merleau-Ponty thought about time and how this exceeds what Husserl may have had in mind. ",
"Time, for Merleau-Ponty, is precisely not a \"point\" or \"unit\" of presence, but rather the bursting forth of a movement of simultaneous bringing-forth and erosion, becoming and decay, articulation and disarticulation. ",
"It is thanks to this model of temporality, as we shall see, that we can say, with Merleau-Ponty, that becoming is late to being, that what is remains only ever partially here and that all things manifest themselves only in their disparue, that their shining forth here before us is granted only by their departure.",
"\n\nThe philosophy of time is a very old and fairly complicated area, and as philosophers over the millenia have discovered, our attempts to come to terms with it—something that everyone experiences, that is so close and familiar to us—often end in confusion. ",
"Much of this confusion revolves around making sense of the being of time and the strange paradox of the present. ",
"When one begins to reflect on time, accordingly, one finds that the temporal dimensions of the past and future refer themselves to the present and that this referral, furthermore, appears primary with respect to time's passage. ",
"In other words, time apparently only \"exists,\" only has \"being\" in the present—since neither the past nor the future could be said \"to be.\" ",
"The past is no longer and the future is not yet. ",
"Thinking the being of time seems to require accounting for the manner in which time makes itself present—the manner in which time appears and manifests itself, and we are confronted with the strange task of accounting for the presence of time, the presence of the present. ",
"It is through this kind of reasoning—time may only appear in the present and as presence—that the temporal dimension of the present seems to have a privileged position with respect to the past and future in the manifestation of time. ",
"After all, it seems that past and future must in some way make reference to the present in order for them to appear at all since neither temporal dimension could be said to \"exist.\" ",
"The past accomplishes this reference by being the past of a present that has already passed, and likewise, it is in what Merleau-Ponty calls le champ de présence, the field of presence, that the future gives itself as being anticipated by the present and as \"sliding into the past.\" ",
"The past is of a present that is no longer and the future of a present that is not yet, and both past and future \"exist\" insofar as they are connected to the present in this way. ",
"The field of presence seems to be, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"the originary experience in which time and its dimensions appear in person, with no intervening distance and with final evidence [évidence dernière].\" ",
"This is to say that the field of presence circumscribes that domain within which time makes its appearance: the field of temporal manifestation. ",
"Time makes itself known, announces itself, insofar as it is structured and organized around the present.",
"\n\nAccounts of time that emphasize presence and the present like this are fairly traditional, and at the beginning of the chapter on temporality in Phenomenology of Perception, it seems to be the kind of position that Merleau-Ponty takes up and defends. ",
"If we read the text more closely, however, and if we consider more carefully the structure of this reference and the manner in which the temporal dimensions make their appearance in this field, the story Merleau-Ponty tells in La temporalité becomes considerably more complicated. ",
"In the pages following the remarks cited above, we see that \"presence,\" in this context, is not restricted to designating the temporal dimension of \"the present\" but is employed in a narrower sense—it is intended to circumscribe the field of temporal appearance and manifestation and the sense of time's appearance as what Husserl calls Ablauf, passage and flux. ",
"In order to flesh out the stakes of Merleau-Ponty's remarks on le champ de présence, we must turn to his dialogue with Husserl's diagram from the Zeitbewußtsein in more detail.",
"\n\nHusserl's discussion of the structure of time in this text is intended to account for the experiential continuity of time in consciousness. ",
"If we attend to our experience closely, we see that we never experience something like an immediate, punctual \"now point.\" ",
"We do not experience a present as such, but only a present that is always on its way out of the future and into the past. ",
"The diagram, and the attendent discussion of what Husserl calls \"primal impression,\" \"retention,\" and \"protention,\" are intended to account for this continuity and at the same time the distinctness of past and futural temporal horizons. ",
"Let us briefly consider the phenomenon of retention (see Fig. ",
"1). ",
"In becoming past, the present that I have experienced does not simply vanish from the horizon of my experience—rather, it is retained, like a temporal halo or atmosphere that recedes into the background and against which my present experiences stand out. ",
"For example, in considering my relationship to the past, I need not recall each instant of the day in order to feel that \"it weighs upon me with all its weight,\" and though I may not be tracking each instant that has passed, I can nonetheless recall what has passed without effort. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty says, quoting Husserl, \"I still 'have it in hand,'\" and having the past \"under control\" in this manner is possible thanks to the retentive aspect of time's organization. ",
"The past is available precisely insofar as its passage is characterized by the modification of primal impressions into retentions. ",
"It is this retained past to which Merleau-Ponty is referring when he notes that \"it is there, like the back of a house of which I can see only the façade, or like the background beneath a figure.\" ",
"When we attend to our experience, what becomes visible under our eyes does so as a sliding back into the past—a past that simultaneously presses down upon us and in a way structures what we see. ",
"The tree here outside the window is swaying the breeze, and the movement of the branches and leaves unfold a rythmic dance. ",
"The scene that unfolds has a kind of liquid coherence, as each movement, each gesture of the tree follows from and is anticipated by its predecessor. ",
"In this way, the swaying movements of the tree throw themselves back into an immediate past that is just barely gone as the new present comes to take its place. ",
"Likewise, the future does not make itself present through \"guesswork or daydreams,\" as Merleau-Ponty says, but rather the world is carried forward by \"lines of intentionality which trace out in advance at least the style of what is to come\"—the future makes itself present through the protentional intentionalities that anticipate the \"not yet.\" ",
"As its branches move and dance, the tree outlines a future for itself. ",
"One can \"see\" the probable tilts and shakes of its branches on the very tip of the present as it throws itself forward into the future. ",
"In this way, through this retentional-protentional structure, the unfolding of time is not the broken chaos of temporal units that would have to be reassembled by the mind but is composed of lines and curves that blend and bleed into one another without at the same time becoming undifferentiated or indistinct. ",
"The shining forth of time, accordingly, cannot be accounted for as a series of now points but must be understood, to use Husserlian language, as the progressive modification of primary impressions, retentions, and protentions. ",
"Each impression, in its passage, is retained and each retention is in turn modified as a retention of a retention, and so on. ",
"As retained, however, the primary impression of the present that has now passed nonetheless exerts a certain weight on the present. ",
"Likewise, each impression has its futural or protentional dimension as well, and Merleau-Ponty actually goes so far as to transcribe a version of Husserl's diagram from the Zeitbewußtsein, which we copy here.",
"\n\nFigure 1\n\nMerleau-Ponty's purpose, however, is not to merely repeat what Husserl says, and the account offered in fact serves to introduce and set up a series of problems, the solution to which will provide the opportunity for finding something perhaps \"unthought\" in Husserl's account of time. ",
"The first problem is a problem of presentation, and indeed, Husserl's diagram in the Zeitbewußtsein may seem somewhat misleading and paradoxical insofar as it appears to provide only an analytics of time. ",
"In other words, Husserl, by diagramming time, seems to reduce a dynamic phenomenon to a system of static relationships that would lend themselves to pictorial representation in the first place. ",
"It presupposes time's reprensentationality and, in a way, linearity, and thus it seems that Husserl is presupposing a series of claims about time in the very act of diagramming. ",
"This is the paradox of Husserl's diagram, for as Merleau-Ponty notes, \"time is not a line, but a network [réseau] of intentionalities.\" ",
"This is not to repeat Bergson's complaint about the spatialization of time, Merleau-Ponty is quick to note, nor does the task consist in dwelling on the letter of what Husserl says in the Zeitbewußtsein but in thinking through what that text nonetheless offers us to think about. ",
"Following through on this task, for Merleau-Ponty, requires thinking about the manner in which Husserl's sketch provides a theory of time's manifestation as a totality of Ablauf, as flow or passage. ",
"What we must recall is that Husserl's diagram only represents a cross-section of an instant of time, and while it is true that the \"field of presence\" is the field in which past and future show themselves, as the field of temporal phenomenalization, it in fact designates a field of Ablauf in which the lapse between the temporal dimensions become manifest. ",
"The continuity of time, then, is the perhaps strange continuity of a fission, the continuity of passage and flux.",
"\n\nIt will be worth citing some passages from the Zeitbewußtsein to see how this concept figures in Husserl's text and to provide some context for Merleau-Ponty's reading. ",
"The key term here is Ablauf, which can mean \"flow\" but also \"course,\" as in the course of a river or a course of events, as well as something like \"discharge.\" ",
"We will stick with \"flow.\" ",
"In §9, for example, Husserl says that \"Every temporal being 'appears' in some mode of flow [Ablaufsmodus] that changes continuously, and in this change 'the object in its mode of flow' is always and ever a different object.\" ",
"The tree outside does not simply appear, once and for all, but manifests itself only through the liquidity of its movements, only across the modulation of its sway, and in this way there is not simply \"a tree\" but a continuity of differences, a sequence of changes that constitute the thing, the tree in this case, only in the unity of their rententive and protentive profiles. ",
"This claim is elaborated in a lengthy passage from §10 when he says that\n\nWe speak here of the \"phenomenon of flow,\" [der Ablaufsphänomenen] or better still, of the \"modes of temporal orientation;\" and with respect to the immanent objects themselves, we speak of their \"flow characters\"... (e.g., now, past). ",
"We know that the phenomenon of flow is a continuity of constant changes. ",
"This continuity forms an inseparable unity, inseparable into extended sections that could exist by themselves and inseparable into phases that could exist by themselves, into points of continuity. ",
"The parts that we single out by abstraction can exist only in the whole flow; and this is equally true of the phases, the points that belong to the flow-continuity.",
"\n\nThe manifestation of time does not take place in a present that itself would be already wholly present or wholly real. ",
"In other words, we misunderstand time if we ask of it a final statement, to give us something beyond becoming or decay. ",
"What there is, rather, is the continuity of this flux, the wholeness, the flow of constant variation and change—an aqueousness that is precisely not divisible into units, \"moments\" that could be adumbrated, quantified, or calculated. ",
"We divide time into parts, and thus construct the edifice of its division into countable digits only upon reflection and only through the abstraction of the time that is lived and that we suffer. ",
"To this extent, clocks and calendars represent a kind of fantasy or illusion—time does not tick away: it bleeds. ",
"The sun sinks only slowly over the horizon and the light fades into darkness almost imperceptibly, and it would be impossible to draw a precise line between one and the other; likewise, one season slowly, gradually melts into the next. ",
"There is no precise or exact instant when summer gives way to autumn, and it is in the name of this continuity, this variation of things in the course of this whole, that we say that time passes.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty, following this line of thought, translates Husserl's word \"Ablauf\" as \"écoulement\" in Phenomenology of Perception, \"flow,\" \"flux,\" or \"passing,\" and it is thinking through time as flow and passage that becomes the focus of the account in La temporalité in the pages following the inscription of the diagram. ",
"In fact, Husserl's diagram, on Merleau-Ponty's reading, is intended to represent this temporal whole which is always in passage or under way: this parting of things in which we could only say that it is already disparue, already gone. ",
"We tend to think of past, present, and future as distinct, as if we could differentiate between them by drawing a line. ",
"But because the manifestation of time is a continuity, a flow of differences, this is not the case. ",
"This, however, means that we must think carefully about how we understand Husserl's diagram. ",
"The points on the diagram, representing primal impressions and their retentive and protentive profiles, are misleading insofar as they seem to suggest discrete and successive instances or units. ",
"We know, however, that there is no such thing as a temporal unit. ",
"In fact, for Merleau-Ponty, as for Husserl, \"There is... not a multiplicity of linked phenomena\" but \"a single phenomenon of écoulement,\" a single phenomenon of \"flow, \"circulation,\" or \"flux.\" ",
"What is designated as the \"field of presence,\" then, precisely as the zone of time's presentation, is not a static framework in which time shows itself as divisible into self-identical temporal units that could be assigned the values of A, A´, A´´, B, etc., ",
"as one might think looking at the diagram (see Fig. ",
"1), but is more aptly described as the field of manifestation for time's passage and expiration, the field in which time manifests itself precisely in its Ablaufmodus, in its mode of flow and passing.",
"\n\nBeyond this perhaps merely presentational problem, however, there is yet another issue with Husserl's account in the Zeitbewußtsein that Merleau-Ponty will address. ",
"The problem is this: if time is a kind of synthetic principle, in other words, if it has the function of giving sense, articulating, and bringing into manifestation, then does it not require a synthesizing agent standing at its point of origination? ",
"Given that the moments of primal impression, retention, and protention form a dynamic totality of passage, does the web of intentionalities that constitutes the passage of time and allows for its manifestation nonetheless not require a primordial synthesis that would organize and orient the sense of this passage and that would establish the relationships between impressional, retentive and protentive profiles precisely in their passing? ",
"One of the important features of Merleau-Ponty's account of temporality is that he denies the necessity of positing any a priori identifying synthesis that would unite and organize the givenness and presentation of time's passage as well as the necessity of a synthesizing agent. ",
"Time is a self-articulating whole, not the accomplishment of some transcendental agency. ",
"Positing such an agent and unification is unnecessary if we take into account the fact that Husserl's discussion of the matrix of temporal intentionalities, according to Merleau-Ponty, was never intended to provide a temporal mechanics—the interaction of the discrete temporal components of primary impression, retention, and protention—but rather to disclose a temporal continuity precisely in its dynamic passage. ",
"It will do to turn to Merleau-Ponty's remarks on Husserl's diagram in more detail in order to understand the sense in which time is not \"constituted\" but instead is \"auto-consituting.\"",
"\n\n\"Synthesis,\" σύνθεσις in Ancient Greek, \"bringing together,\" has since Kant been the correlate of a constituting agency—the idea being that any relation requires a point of view that establishes the relationship, that all sense is always \"sense for\" someone. ",
"In this way, the concept of synthesis has been associated with the primacy of subjectivity and consciousness in the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought. ",
"Merleau-Ponty, on the other hand, in his account of the auto-constitution of sense in time, offers an important re-evaluation of this. ",
"Because time is self-articulate, because it is a primordial whole and unity that needs no prior synthesizing agent, what he says in Phenomenology of Perception renders the traditional idea of synthesis problematic and suspect. ",
"In fact, it is probably more accurate to suggest that even though he does not quite go so far as to abandon the language of synthesis all together at this stage, what he says about it looks forward to what becomes more explicit later in the years of The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"To begin unravelling this web, let us consider what Merleau-Ponty designates, following Husserl, as \"operative intentionality,\" l'intentionnalité opérante and \"synthesis of transition,\" synthése de transition. ",
"The continuity of temporal profiles, the reference one moment makes to another, my ability to recognize A in A´, A´´, etc., ",
"does not come about because each profile \"participates in an ideal unity of A which is their common reason,\" but, indeed, because the visibility of A is dependent on its reference to the system of profiles precisely in their passage and not the reverse (see Fig. ",
"1). ",
"In other words, the manifestation of a temporal profile is not grounded in the originality of the primal impression—primal impression, here, does not have the function of origin (nor do retentions or protentions). ",
"Looking at the diagram, one may imagine that as A passes to B and is thus retained as A´, etc., ",
"A would function as a the \"cause\" or \"reason\" of both B and A´. ",
"This, however, is not the case. ",
"As I watch the tree outside dance in the breeze, it is impossible to locate a single \"master\" instance around which everything else is organized. ",
"The unfolding of the wind and the tree in time takes place across a matrix of references, a complex of sense, a temporal expanse across which the scene unfolds. ",
"The appearance of a temporal profile is possible only in its reference to this matrix, this continuous bursting forth of sense in time. ",
"Merleau-Ponty elaborates:\n\nWhat is given to me is not first A´, A´´ or A´´´, and I do not go back from these \"profiles\" to their original A, as one goes from the sign to its signification. ",
"What is given to me is A transparently visible through A´, then the ensemble through A´´, and so on, as I see a pebble through the mass of water that slides over it... If the Abschattungen of A´ and A´´ appear to me as Abschattungen of A, this is not because they all participate in an ideal unity A which is their common reason. ",
"It is because through them I obtain the point A itself, in its irrefutable individuality, founded once and for all by its passage in the present, and because I see it flow [jaillir] from the Abschattungen A´, A´´... .",
"\n\nWhat is at stake is the function of the primal impression in structuring this field of passage. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's argument, perhaps against the letter of Husserl's text, is that it would be a mistake to construe the primal impression as the ground or origin of this flux. ",
"This passage is not instituted or initiated by the immediacy of the primal impression. ",
"Rather, the primal impression as such depends on its placement in the flux for its very recognizability—we do not see a primal impression that subsequently generates its retentive and protentive profiles but, indeed, only see the profiles precisely in their flux—in the very reference they make to the system as a whole. ",
"Insofar as there is a present, it is not given as an absolute transparency but only translucently, through the flow of time as it washes over. ",
"The tree dances in the wind through the layers of the past that accumulate and sediment behind it and into the openness and indefiniteness of the future. ",
"The present is thus never fully present but only visible as in its disintegration, as it dissolves into the past and is pushed away by the onslaught of the future. ",
"The present is only the blur between these poles that render it into non-presence. ",
"The result of these considerations, for Merleau-Ponty, is that the constitution of this web or matrix of references is not the work of an explicit act of identification but of an intentionality that was already under way. ",
"The articulateness of sense in time unfolds in advance of any attitude I take on it—and in this way, the movements of the tree as they emerge across this temporal continuum outrun my reflections, come to me in advance of my reach or relation to it. ",
"Thanks to this operative intentionality, \"my present outruns itself [se dépasse] in the direction of an immediate future and an immediate past and touches [touche] them where they are, namely in the past and in the future themselves.\" ",
"Past and future need not be brought into articulation through a relational agent who expressly posits the series of profiles, beginning with the primal impression, but rather this matrix and its referentiality \"possess a natural and primordial unity.\"",
"\n\nIf the traditional concept of synthesis is inadequate for thinking this operative intentionality and the primordial unity of time, perhaps Husserl's idea of passive synthesis will suffice. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty will go on to argue, however, the concept of passive synthesis in Husserl \"is clearly not a solution, but an index for designating a problem.\" ",
"The tension here is between needing to provide an account of the genesis of time's sense while thinking this genesis in terms otherwise than an explicit, positing act. ",
"The problem is to account for the presentation of time as passage in terms of what Merleau-Ponty will later famously designates as \"the passivity of our activity,\" and indeed, Merleau-Ponty elaborates the primordial phenomenological unity of temporality in the section of La temporalité aptly entitled \"Passivity and Activity,\" to which we will now turn.",
"\n\nThe problem of passive synthesis, which circumscribes the enigma of passivity and activity more generally (an enigma, of course, that spans Merleau-Ponty's reflections from Phenomenology of Perception onward), is that \"subjectivity\" is both capable of authorship and agency, and yet its authorship is always limited and circumscribed by a situation of which it is not the author. ",
"The world is constituted and yet we cannot claim to be the authors of this constitution. ",
"The world has sense and meaning, and yet we cannot claim to have brought it into meaning. ",
"Time is not something we dominate—it both opens the sense of the world and at the same time closes it. ",
"This tension becomes pronounced in the context of a reflection on time because, as Merleau-Ponty indicates, while realism cannot account for time at all (since it reduces time to the succession of now-points), idealism seems to require a transcendental synthesis of time. ",
"In rejecting realism, we can admit that time is, therefore, constituted in some sense, but can this constitution really be attributed to the agency of a transcendental subjectivity? ",
"The concept of passive synthesis, accordingly, is both the site for and the key to this enigma. ",
"It will be worth citing a lengthy passage in which Merleau-Ponty articulates this tension:\n\nA passive synthesis is contradictory if the synthesis is composition, and if the passivity consists in receiving a multiplicity instead of composing it. ",
"We wanted to say, by speaking of passive synthesis, that the multiple is penetrated by us and that, however, it is not we who effectuate the synthesis. ",
"Now temporalization, by its very nature, satisfies these two conditions: it is clear, in effect, that I am not the author of time any more than of the beating of my heart; it is not me who takes the initiative of temporalization; I did not choose to be born, and, once I was born, time gushes [fuse] through me, whatever I do. ",
"And yet this flowing [jaillissement] of time is not a simple fact that I suffered; I can find in it a remedy against it itself, as it happens in a decision which engages me or in an act of conceptual fixation. ",
"It tears me [m'arrache] from what I was going to be, but at the same time gives me the means for taking hold of myself at a distance and for realizing myself as myself [et de me réaliser comme moi]. ",
"That which we call passivity is not the reception by us of a foreign reality, or causal action from outside of us: it is a surrounding [investissement], a being in situation [un être en situation], before which we do not exist, that we perpetually recommence and which is constitutive of our selves.",
"\n\nThe very idea of a passive synthesis might well immediately strike one as paradoxical since any synthesis, by definition, seems to entail activity and agency. ",
"Time, however, is both the emblem and solution to this paradox—it is, as it were, the hinge or vinculum of passivity and activity, the place where the one reverses itself and becomes the other, the site of their Ineinander. ",
"On one hand, I am completely passive with respect to time. ",
"It constitutes for me a situation, a world, of which I am not the author—it comes upon me and passes regardless of the decisions I make or the paths I take or do not take, and once it has passed, that which time has deemed to be the case is irrevocable as having been. ",
"In its passing, then, time is that through which the world makes its appearance as the passage of events. ",
"Through time, the sense of our lives comes to be as events take shape; it is the means of growth and decay, of birth and death, and these events come to me from beyond what could be initiated through a decision, indeed, beyond what could come from any resolve, determination or \"unwavering discipline\" on my part. ",
"Time is the means given to everything for it to be, a gift that comes to us in spite of what we will, what we want or even, sometimes, in spite of what we could possibly imagine. ",
"This power that time exerts over us is expressed simply by saying that I did not choose to be born and yet I am here anyway, and because of my passivity with respect to time, it perpetually eludes my mastery as I am by definition subject to it.",
"\n\nOn the other hand, in the same manner in which I am subject to time, it is the very means of my openness and possibility. ",
"At the very moment time seems to subjugate me to the law of what it brings to pass, what has been and what cannot be undone; in time's very passing, it simultaneously cracks open for me an indefinite future, yet to be determined, yet to be lived. ",
"Time passes and closes off the future by making it present and past, and yet at the same time, each present and past open onto the unknown, that temporal distance into which we cannot penetrate. ",
"It is precisely in the indeterminacy of its passage, that time provides me with the means for overcoming its seemingly ruthless domination of everything. ",
"For because the future is open and indefinite, I can, in a sense, outrun the vicissitudes of my passivity by making the indeterminacy of the future determinate—by making a choice or exercising my agency. ",
"In this way, insofar as time is the measure of my passivity—insofar as I am ineluctably subject to its law—it is also the measure of my freedom.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's accesses the concept of passive synthesis through Husserl's Formale und Transzendentale Logik, and it will be worth situating his reflections on passivity in La temporalité in light of the conclusion of this text. ",
"It is in the context of Husserl's discussion of the a priori and his claim that a \"transcendental aesthetics... functions as the ground level [Grundstufe]\" that the concept of passive synthesis is mentioned in this text. ",
"Beneath the explicit sense-giving activities of consciousness, for Husserl, there is already an operative sense of the world—an αἴσθησις, a meaning already inscribed in our percpetual opening onto things. ",
"Such a transcendental aesthetics, accordingly, undertakes the task of describing the \"universal a priori,\" which includes \"the aesthetic a priori of spatio-temporality.\" ",
"This aesthetics assumes the task of disclosing the primordial λόγος, the reason, the logic of space and time beneath the derivative and secondary λόγος of \"objective worldly being.\" ",
"This primordial λόγος is the \"Logos of the aesthetic world,\" and it precedes any categorial acts in the order of sense-genesis and constitutes a primordial unity of the world as a \"passively synthesized unity.\" ",
"This \"Logos of the aesthetic world,\" for Husserl, refers to the very articulateness and eloquence of time itself—time's potency for bringing sense into being beneath l'intentionnalité d'acte and its explicit intentional comportments of meaning-bestowal.",
"\n\nIn summarizing his position on passive synthesis, Merleau-Ponty echoes these remarks from Husserl. ",
"As he notes in La temporalité, \"the subject was no longer understood as a synthetic activity, but as ek-stase, and... every active process of signification or Sinngebung appeared as derivative and secondary in relation to that pregnancy of meaning [prégnance de la signification] within signs which could serve to define the world.\" ",
"Beneath l'intentionnalité d'acte, a phenomenology of perception discloses an operative intentionality \"already at work before any positing judgment,\" a λόγος of the aesthetic world or, quoting Kant, \"an art hidden in the depths of the human soul.\" ",
"Passivity designates the extent to which I am immersed in this λόγος and the extent to which one's agency, one's individual λόγος, is an expression of this more fundamental eloquence of sense in its temporal deflagration.",
"\n\nThe eloquence of things, their visibility, is not the work of an active or thetic synthesis but is the passive synthesis of time's own unfolding and autoconstitution, what Merleau-Ponty describes, borrowing another concept from Husserl, as a synthèse de transition or Ubergangsynthesis. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes,\n\nThe synthesis of time is a transition synthesis; it is the movement of a life which unfolds, and there is no other manner of effectuating it than of living this life; there is no place of time; it is time which carries itself and relaunches itself. ",
"Time as indivisible thrust and as transition alone can make possible time as successive multiplicity, and what we place at the origin of intratemporality is a constituting time.",
"\n\nAs we can see, the concept of transition synthesis is crucial for understanding time's eloquence, but it is actually introduced as early as the Introduction. ",
"Besides the discussion in La temporalité that we will take under consideration here, Merleau-Ponty will also mention it explicitly in L'espace and then again La chose et le monde naturel under the section titled \"Transition synthesis.\" ",
"In both instances, what Merleau-Ponty wants to underline is that if we must retain the concept of synthesis at all, and by now we should be sensitive to Merleau-Ponty's skepticism about this need, we must think about this process not as the organizing and orienting activity of a consciousness—not as an identifying synthesis—but precisely as the Ablauf, the flow and passage between temporal dimensions. ",
"The discussion of Husserl's diagram and le champ de présence, then, really do anticipate the discussion of passive synthesis and transition synthesis that follow. ",
"Transition synthesis is not a matter of establishing a link between discrete and atomized units through an act of identification but of describing how one temporal profile or phase expires, flows and passes into the next without the positing activity of transcendental subjectivity underlying and effectuating this passage. ",
"The transition synthesis of time's eloquence is self-effectuating, and this is just what it means to describe temporality as auto-constitutive.",
"\n\nTime requires no identifying synthesis because the logic of its passage is established only in its occurrence, its unfolding and becoming—an event described by Merleau-Ponty as éclatement or \"eruption.\" ",
"The logic of this explosion, this conflagration, is immanent to time's manifestation, and, indeed, time manifests itself only as the passage of this flow. ",
"There is no pre-established reason or law in advance of temporal becoming—its λόγος is established only in its eventuality. ",
"Precisely as eruption, time cannot be understood as a succession of temporal instants—for it is a flow, a continuum of eruptivity—nor can it be understood as the product of an identifying synthesis that would condition the possibility of its eruption. ",
"It cannot, therefore, be understood as being. ",
"Rather, by designating the passage of time as éclatement, Merleau-Ponty's aim is to understand the manifestation and shining forth of time precisely in its becoming, and he describes this becoming or passage as a \"disintegration\" [désintégration]. ",
"Time, we could say, is the force thanks to which being is never able to maintain its integrity as being—because what is shines forth in time, it lacks the strength, the completeness, and coherence of being as such. ",
"It is, rather, only becoming—the constant washing away of its wholeness. ",
"As he says in a striking remark:\n\nWhat there is in reality, is not a past, a present, a future, not discrete instants A, B, and C, nor really distinct Abschattungen A´, A´´, B´, nor finally a multitude of retentions on the one hand and a multitude of protentions on the other. ",
"The upsurge of a new present does not cause a heaping up [tassement] of the past and a tremor [secousse] of the future, but the new present is the passage of a future to the present, and of the former present to the past and is a single movement that begins moving across time from one end to the other. ",
"The 'instants' A, B and C are not successively but differentiate themselves from each other and correlatively A passes into A´ and from there into A´´.",
"\n\nTime is a constant flow of change, of mutation and modification. ",
"In spite of what we may think looking at the diagram, which is misleading at this point, there are not clear distinctions between one temopral instant and another—each \"moment,\" if we must retain that term, disintegrates, collapses into the one that follows, and so on. ",
"It is this process of flux, this liquidity as the future melts into the present, which already is melting into the past, this process, that time itself is and that Husserl and Merleau-Ponty attempt to capture with the concept of \"transition synthesis.\" ",
"The eruption of time is not a self-identical, static structure, but, as Husserl says, a continuum of Ablauf—of passing or flow—and the passage of this continuum, Merleau-Ponty says, takes the form of self-differentiation. ",
"The continuity of time's passage is thus not the continuity of identity or homogeneity between instants: temporality is not composed of discrete parts that must be sorted out and related to one another through a master transcendental synthesis. ",
"One might even go so far as to suggest that each temporal profile is \"identified\" only in its difference from the others, and that therefore the field of temporal phenomenalization is not a system of temporal identities or units at all but nothing other than a system of continuous divergences. ",
"The passage from one moment to the next is, he says, rather like a \"continuous emission of Abschattungen, [profiles]\" which, he says, \"no sooner has come into existence than it already begins to lose its substance.\" ",
"As éclatement, then, Merleau-Ponty can conclude that temporality \"is nothing but a general flight out of the Itself [hors du Soi], the one law governing these centrifugal movements, or again, as Heidegger says, an ek-stase.\" ",
"The passage from one temporal profile to the next, time in its autoconstitutive appearance, is also aptly described by Merleau-Ponty as the total déhiscence of sense, its splitting and bursting open like a wound that cannot heal. ",
"Because time shows itself in this dehiscence, as éclatement, there is no absolute presence of time in a twofold sense: no temporal present which is not already the disintegrative passage between past and future and simultaneously no presentation of time that is not already its departure and its \"disarticulation\" [désarticulation].",
"\n\nInsofar as the primordial unity of time is effectuated through transition synthesis, the dimensions of time described by Husserl's diagram in the Zeitbewußtsein are not linked through an act-intentionality but through an operative intentionality, which we now understand as the total phenomenon of lapse or flow, the Ablaufsphänomenen, that time itself is. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in La temporalité,\n\nWhile B becomes C, it becomes also B´; and simultaneously A which, while becoming B, had also become A´, collapses [tombe] into A´´. ",
"A, A´ and A´´ on the one hand, and B and B´ on the other, are interconnected, not by a synthesis of identification, which would freeze [figerait] them at a point in time, but by a transition-synthesis (Übergangssynthesis), in so far as they issue [sortent] one from the other, and each of these projections is merely one aspect of the total eruption [éclatement] or dehiscence.",
"\n\nThe future becomes present and the present past. ",
"As the future flows into the present, its sense is not lost but retained as an echo in continuity with the new present, and in this way one temporal moment splits open into the next. ",
"Insofar as the primordial unity of time is established by transition synthesis, its power of articulation is indeed nothing other than this fission, this passage, which by its very nature is characterized by collapse, decay and disarticulation, an unending state of departure. ",
"The primordial unity of time is thus the curious unity of an eruption, a unity established only in its transition, in its dehiscence and differentiation. ",
"In the passage of this continuum, precisely because it is a passage, what is inscribed fades, and the eloquence of time is thus only the inverse of its silence.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's account of the passage of temporal dimensions as éclatement, however, requires further elucidation. ",
"If it is the case that time shows itself as passage, and that we must understand the transition between primal impression, retention and protention as a passage of disintegration, as eruption, then how can we account for the apparent stability and unity of time? ",
"To put it differently: how can time present itself as the relatively ordered unfolding of \"before\" and \"after\" such that the \"temporal ek-stase\" is not an absolute or total disintegration in which \"the individuality of the moments disappears?\" ",
"Does accounting for this unity not require the priority of a reason or logic given in advance of time's manifestation, the primacy of an identifying synthesis? ",
"In order to answer this question and show how the primordial givenness of time's passage as écoulement and éclatement, flow and eruption, can generate and account of objective time, we must consider the manner in which the disintegration of time is the inverse function of its eloquence.",
"\n\nThe disintegration of the present in becoming past is not its absolute dissolution—the loss of time in becoming past is not a total loss, for as Merleau-Ponty says, \"its disintegration is forever the inverse or the consequence of its coming to maturity,\" or perhaps better:\n\nTime maintains what it has caused to be, at the very time it expels it from being, because the new being was announced by its predecessor as destined to be, and because, for the latter, to become present was the same thing as being destined to pass away.",
"\n\nIt is precisely this that concept of retention accomplishes. ",
"The differentiation of the present in becoming past and the loss of integrity it undergoes do not spell its total erasure but rather its transformation, its modification into a now-retained past. ",
"At the same time, the modification of a moment in time gives voice to its protentive profile and so forth. ",
"In this way, the event of time's éclatement, its total dehiscence, establishes the sense of time's eloquence but only as the inverse of the lapse and disintegration between temporal dimensions in its passage. ",
"A quote from Claudel's Art poétique, cited in full, summarizes Merleau-Ponty's point:\n\nTime is the means offered to all that which will be to be, in order to be no more. ",
"It is the Invitation to death, to each phrase to decompose in the explanatory and total harmony, to consummate the speech [parole] of adoration in the ear of Sigé [silence], the Abyss.",
"\n\nTime's eloquence, its expressive, consummating power, is the inverse of its passage—its disintegrative logic—because the shining forth of the present is nothing other than the affirmation and repetition [reprise] of the past which had anticipated it. ",
"Time's power of disarticulation is thus the inverse of its power to articulate, to bring sense into being. ",
"We are still not brought back to the ontological primacy of an identity, however, because the consummating power of time must also be understood as part of a larger structure of écoulement and Ablauf. ",
"For, as Merleau-Ponty notes,\n\nwhat there is, is not a present... there is only one single time which is self-confirmatory, which can bring nothing into existence unless it has already laid that thing's foundations [fondé] as present and a past to still come [passé à venir], and which establishes itself at a stroke.",
"\n\nTime's eloquence, its power of articulation, then, does not lead us back to the ontological primacy of the present for this power itself is bound to the total structure of time as passage, expiration, and lapse—as disintegration and disarticulation. ",
"If I were to try and identify a \"present\" as I watch the tree dance in the wind, I would fail—because there is no present. ",
"There is only the total unfolding and shining forth of the tree, its swaying movements, the light reflecting off the green leaves, only the continuous becoming of its dance, the deliquescence of its passage before my eyes. ",
"And of course there is no terminus, no point of arrival for this passage—even when the wind stops and the tree is still its sway and dance remain behind it, and the slight tremors in the leaves recall those more grandiose gestures and sweeping movements of its branches. ",
"If I were to sit here long enough watching the tree, both of us together would be carried off into the future by time's disintegration.",
"\n\nThe becoming of time, we could suggest, is this dual movement of articulation and disarticulation: the contractions and respiration of temporality as it unfurls itself and that in doing so, sets forth the sense of the world. ",
"Actually, one of the two epigraphs to La temporalité, another quote from Art poétique, brings Merleau-Ponty's theory of the passage of time into focus. ",
"The Claudel passage reads: \"Time is the sense of life (sense: as one says of the direction of a course of water, the sense of a phrase, the sense of a fabric, the sense of the sense of smell).\" ",
"There is something lost in the translation of the French word sens into the English \"sense\" that this line from Claudel underlines. ",
"Time is what gives life meaning, such as it is. ",
"More than that, however, time is the principle through which there is a life to be lived at all, that which opens possibility before it and in this way sets one on a certain path, in a certain direction. ",
"It is in this way also the principle of life's orientation, of trajectory, and in a way, fate. ",
"But it is also what gives life its feel, its texture, color, flavor, its sentir, and in this way time is the principle of the sense of the sensible. ",
"But time only gives sense as the dual movement of articulation and disarticulation that is its éclatement—the eruption of time is the floration of the visible but one that, in its departure, remains incomplete and uncompletable, \"a unique structure,\" Merleau-Ponty says, \"which is presence.\" ",
"Time is that thanks to which sense comes to life, that thanks to which sense comes into being—not as a final resolution, not as complete and enclosed, but only insofar as it we find it at its point of departure, as that which is already outside, beyond. ",
"Time is a respiration, breath, the passage of a rhythm of affirmation and disintegration, and it illuminates the world and things only insofar as they are subject to temporal undifferentiation, a kind of oblivion or forgetfulness, as what is accomplished in time lapses into non-sense.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Time and the sense of life\n\nMerleau-Ponty's reflections on passive synthesis and the synthesis of transition culminate at the end of \"Passivity and Activity,\" where he turns briefly to what Heidegger called the \"Zusammenhang des Lebens\" or \"cohesion of a life.\" ",
"It seems that these reflections include some of the important lessons we can take away from La temporalité. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty the unity or coherence of life is not a function of a decision or even an act—not even the resolute determination to confront the terminus of one's possibilities—but the \"cohesion\" of time in its lapse, passage and disarticulation. ",
"The unity of life is not given from the futurity of the closure of one's possibilities but through life's very passage and unfolding—through time's eloquence, achieved precisely in its collapse and dehiscence. ",
"The coherence of a life, we could say, is thus the event of its own manifestation and becoming in and through time. ",
"While Heidegger stresses the thither end of Dasein's life—its death—Merleau-Ponty, again following Husserl, shifts the emphasis to the opposite end—birth. ",
"As he notes:\n\nOur birth, or, as Husserl has it in his unpublished writings, our \"generativity,\" founds both our activity or individuality, and our passivity or generality—that inner weakness [faiblesse] which prevents us from ever achieving the density of an absolute individual. ",
"We are not, in an incomprehensible manner, an activity joined to a passivity, an automatism surmounted by a will, a perception surmounted by a judgment, but wholly active and wholly passive, because we are the emergence [surgissement] of time.",
"\n\nThe event, or to use one of Merleau-Ponty's preferred locutions, the advent of life's cohesion is the becoming of something that affirms, as Merleau-Ponty says in \"Cezanne's Doubt,\" \"that there was something rather than nothing to be said.\" ",
"The means for this adventure is not a pre-ordained reason, not an originative principle that gives shape to what is to come, but the becoming of temporality in its dual movement of articulation and disarticulation. ",
"The becoming of time is the ek-stase of life, its transcendence, and this transcendence is both the means for its unity and cohesion and the means of its dispersal and fragmentation that no resolution could outstrip. ",
"Because life and time have this form of becoming, there is no question of an opposition between an active, thetic consciousness, which organizes and orients the sense of the world, on one hand, and a passive body, itself merely an effect of external causal forces. ",
"Because the cohesion of our lives is nothing other than the cohesion of time in its becoming, we are, in a sense, both activity and passivity at once. ",
"Of course these remarks recall an oft quoted working note from The Visible and the Invisible in which Merleau-Ponty refers to Valéry's thought about \"a body of the spirit.\" ",
"The passage reads:\n\nnew as our initiatives may be, they come to birth at the heart of being, they are connected onto the time that streams forth in us, supported on the pivots or hinges of our life, their sense is a 'direction'—The soul always thinks: this is in it a property of its state, it cannot not think because a field has been opened in which something or the absence of something is always inscribed. ",
"This is not an activity of the soul, nor a production of thoughts in the plural, and I am not even the author of that hollow that forms within me by the passage from the present to the retention, it is not I who makes myself think any more than it is I who makes my heart beat.",
"\n\nAs living beings, beings who are born, the cohesion of that life emerges from our situation in time—because as living beings, we are time. ",
"It was this kind of passivity, or, indeed, the \"passivity of our activity\" that the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism seemed to overlook when it identified this unity with the activity of a constituting consciousness. ",
"We are bodies of course. ",
"But this means that, like the tree, we are organisms that are born from the splitting open of time. ",
"As the tree dances in the wind, so do our own lives unwind across the distancing, the spacing, the transcendence of temporality, which both makes us possible and at the same time ensures that we too will mutate, disintegrate, that we will be unable to catch up with ourselves and that we will always be other, on the outside of what we were.",
"\n\nTo sum up this analysis of La temporalité, we have seen that while Merleau-Ponty frames his discussion of Husserl's diagram from the Zeitbewußtsein in terms of le champ de présence, this field is not a designator for the primacy of presence but rather describes the field of manifestation in which time shines forth. ",
"This field, furthermore, precisely as the field for time's appearance, is a field of Ablauf, flow, which is characterized both by its écoulement and its éclatement. ",
"As écoulement and éclatement, flow and eruption, time manifests itself in the field of presence only as the dehiscence and differentiation of sense, a structure that makes sense and at the same time ensures that, in its disintegrative movement, its sense is never closed. ",
"The disintegration of time in its éclatement, however, is not a total disintegration or loss, and time is nonetheless the power that sustains the unity of our lives. ",
"This unity and cohesion is not the result of an identifying synthesis but of time's passive synthesis, its synthesis of transition. ",
"The unity and cohesion of life is established in the very advent of temporality as it unfolds, in its éclatement and dehiscence.",
"\n\nIt will be worth returning to some considerations about the extent to which the reflections outlined above fulfill the theory of sense-genesis opened in Le sentir. ",
"Let us recall the striking promissory note Merleau-Ponty offers in the closing gamut of that chapter:\n\nIf we are to solve the problem which we have set ourselves—that of sensoriality, that is to say of finite subjectivity—it will be by thinking about time and showing how it exists for a subjectivity, since without the latter, the past in itself being no longer and the future in itself being not yet, there would be no time—and how nevertheless this subject is time itself, and how we can say with Hegel that time is the existence of mind, or refer with Husserl to a self-constitution [autoconstitution] of time.",
"\n\nFrom this remark, it seems as if everything in Phenomenology of Perception hinges on the theme of temporality and that La temporalité, therefore, should be read as the central chapter. ",
"This remark also suggests that understanding what it means to say that time is autoconstitutive is the key for understanding the significance of subjectivity for this text. ",
"As we have seen, time's autoconstitution can be understood within the horizon of the advent of its éclatement and dehiscence—time's lapse or disintegration, which is always the inverse of its eloquence and power to bring sense into being. ",
"It is probably no coincidence, then, that Merleau-Ponty returns to the question of sense genesis in the closing gamut of La temporalité. ",
"We will briefly turn to this discussion before closing.",
"\n\nAt the opening of one of the final sections of La temporalité, \"The world as the place of significations,\" Merleau-Ponty summarizes the task of his earlier work, La structure du comportement, which was understood to be the elaboration of the exchange between consciousness and nature, the inner and the outer. ",
"Phenomenology of Perception presumably takes a step beyond the first book insofar as it is, perhaps, no longer bound to the earlier dualistic ontological framework of consciousness and nature. ",
"As he says it was articulated elsewhere, Merleau-Ponty sees his philosophical task in Phenomenology of Perception in terms of \"understanding what, in our world and in ourselves, is the relation between sense and non-sense.\" ",
"To put it differently, the task of this pivotal work, as stated here, is to elaborate the passage between the disarticulation of sense, non-sense, and the moment of expression, the time of the first word. ",
"In cashing out this passage or differential between sense and non-sense, Merleau-Ponty briefly rehearses some of the arguments from Le sentir. ",
"Of course, Husserl and other idealists have understood this passage to be established in the intervention of constituting consciousness. ",
"As we have seen, sense, for idealists, is understood as the product of \"centrifugal\" processes of construction [construire], constitution [constituer], and synthesis [synthèse]. ",
"The analyses of perception and the body that Merleau-Ponty takes up in Phenomenology of Perception, however, \"have revealed a more profound significance\" for the genesis of sense. ",
"As we have already seen, for Merleau-Ponty in this text, we no longer have a theory of sense-genesis understood as the centrifugal activity of constituting consciousness but understood as the reprendre and reprise of sense always already under way, understood, as he says here, referencing Heidegger of course, as \"ek-stase.\" ",
"Sense is thus no longer understood to refer to constituting consciousness as its origin, its cradle or dwelling, as Merleau-Ponty says, but to the world itself, to the flesh of things, which is on its way to articulating itself and yet never arrives. ",
"It is along these lines that Merleau-Ponty will claim that Phenomenology of Perception discloses a \"a new sense of the word 'sense.'\"",
"\n\n***\n\nAt the beginning of Merleau-Ponty's reflections on temporality he considers the framework, the modality, and style through which time announces itself. ",
"There is already something strange in this question: where does one find time? ",
"How does one encounter it? ",
"It is strange because it surreptitiously poses a spatial question (where?) ",
"to a phenomenon that is distinctively non-spatial, and as Bergson understood, defies our attempts to reduce it to space or see it only thanks to space. ",
"Time has no place. ",
"Therefore, when I ask this question about how one encounters it, we must conclude: nowhere. ",
"Time has already gone—it is, like Albertine in Proust's Recherche, disparue. ",
"When we engage in this task of encountering time and understanding its manner of making itself known, we find that we have missed it: the room is empty; it has already departed. ",
"But this is because this departure, its absence, is essential to what time is. ",
"It is not a phenomenon that manifests itself right where (and when) it is: being—rather it is an ek-stase, outside of itself, a passage to the beyond. ",
"In this way, there is something problematic in Merleau-Ponty's insistence on le champ de présence. ",
"There can be no field of presence as such because time, as he himself admits, is not present (nor presence). ",
"It is the total dehiscence of sense in its becoming, differentiation, disintegration, flow, eruption, and explosion: the deflagration of the visible, its flaring up, the brightness of its color, its burning as it shines forth. ",
"This fire metaphor, which Merleau-Ponty invokes in L'Œil et l'Esprit, is appropriate: fire is an element that is difficult to locate since it has no definite outline, since it is only a flicker, a dance. ",
"Fire is decisively visible, for it is light, and yet like all light, it shines forth without boundary, without shape, without quite becoming a thing. ",
"It is in this sense that the visible manifests itself: as an emergence, a φύω that rises and sets, and because it is temporal, ek-static, it never quite manages to catch up with itself. ",
"It remains open, even in its decay.",
"\n\nIn a way, this answers the question Merleau-Ponty asks about our encounter with time. ",
"We do not encounter time in the present or as presence. ",
"For in that case we would not encounter time itself but something outside of time. ",
"Rather we encounter time only in its escape, in the flight of the visible, in the distance and spacing between what it is seen the eyes of the seer. ",
"We encounter time in the spectacle of what appears in its unreachability, in its withdraw from our grasp, in the eloquence of sense that is already its unraveling. ",
"This is why Merleau-Ponty favors the language of disintegration and dehiscence: we encounter time in the becoming of things but must recognize this advent as a flux that renders the sense of the visible into liquid, a flow that splits open, into fission, into deflagration. ",
"Time, then, becomes visible in the indefiniteness of movement, in the depth that recedes beyond the horizon, in the concealment and withdrawal of what is before my eyes. ",
"I see the world through time as I see the pebble or the tile at the bottom of the pool only through the flux and distortion of the water. ",
"As the tree sways in the wind outside the window, I encounter time in its blurred outlines and changes in focus; I encounter time because, insofar as it is visible to my eyes, I cannot say for sure where or that the tree itself is. ",
"The rock of the branches, the flicker of the leaves under the sun, makes it elusive, and like fire, it has no definite outline as it gently sways in the continuous vibration and tremor of its manifestation. ",
"If I were to take a photograph of the tree or make a sketch, this tree here would precisely cease to be the visible one that I see, not only because now I would have a representation or image of it, but because these create the illusion of an a-temporal essence, the manifestation of the thing behind time. ",
"What we learn from Merleau-Ponty, however, is that the reverse is true: there is nothing outside becoming in time, and the representation of things as outlines, as essences, as beings in their own proper place and at their proper time, is a fiction. ",
"What is true, if we must use this language, is the indefiniteness, the openness of the visible—that when we look with our eyes, we only find the visible at its point of departure, in its distance and egress. ",
"In other words, we encounter the world as we encounter time: not present but as missing, having already gone, disparue.",
"\n\n***\n\nAs indicated in the previous chapter, Merleau-Ponty's account of the genesis of sense in Phenomenology of Perception relies on a \"perceptual synthesis,\" a form of sense-making that he says is ineluctably temporal. ",
"In an effort to expand upon this account of sense-genesis, this chapter has turned to the La temporalité chapter of that text. ",
"The sense of the world, Merleau-Ponty says, following Husserl, comes to be in the temporal framework of le champ de présence. ",
"Examining Merleau-Ponty's reading of Husserl's Zeitbewußtsein lectures, however, we see that this problematic designation does not indicate a commitment to the ontological primacy of the present or presence but rather refers to the modality of our encounter with time, the field in which time announces itself and becomes manifest. ",
"Time, Merleau-Ponty argues, makes itself known not in accordance with a pre-established reason or law, and not as the result of an a priori, transcendental synthesis that would organize and orient what comes to pass in advance, but rather through an operative intentionality already at work. ",
"Time is not the succession of \"nows,\" not an array of discrete temporal units standing in mutual exteriority and in need of being related through the intervention of a pre-given constituting origin. ",
"The \"synthesis\" of time, insofar as we can still retain this concept, must rather be understood as a \"transition synthesis,\" which is also a \"passive synthesis.\" ",
"Transition synthesis, accordingly, is not the active relation of pre-given components but the emergence of sense through fissure and differentiation. ",
"Temporal dimensions are not exterior to one another but part of this common flux and come into their distinctness in virtue of their divergence, in the wake of the total phenomenon of splitting open, of the continuous explosion and deflagration that is time. ",
"This emergence is not under the authority of a constituting agent but is \"autoconstituting,\" and insofar as we can attribute something like agency or freedom to our acts and decisions, it is only as the inverse of the passive synthesis of time that works its wonders both upon us and through us.",
"\n\nThe unity of a life, then, what Heidegger called Zusammenhang des Lebens, is not accomplished in the certitude or resolution of a decision. ",
"It is rather only the strange unity of flux, the continuousness of our shining forth, which is already our disintegration in time. ",
"Time, as Heidegger understood, is an ek-stase: transcendence, already on the outside, already beyond being what it is, beyond being whatsoever. ",
"In this way, such unity remains elusive: because we live in time, because in a way we are time, there is no ultimate meaning to the unfolding of our lives, no beautiful or perfect narratives, only the humdrum mess of how and what we live as we live. ",
"Insofar as we live, time continues to unfold and unwind us, allowing to us our own φύω, our own floration and bloom, such as it is. ",
"But if we were to look for the secret key that would unlock the mystery of this becoming—the final harmony and λόγος that would pull back the veil—we would look in vain. ",
"There is no such secret because it is not of the nature of time to be present itself. ",
"Time, precisely because it is ek-static, outside, has already gone: disparue. ",
"We have missed it—we encounter it only in the distance between our eyes and the visible, in the blur of movement, in the uncertainty of our finite perspective and the occlusion of what makes itself visible in the depth of vision. ",
"We encounter time at the point where the object of our reach escapes, in the flight, the fuga of becoming as it breaks open.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's discussion of time places a special emphasis on the extent to which our lives are subject to its rule. ",
"This emphasis, and the attendant account of passivity, is addressed to the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought, which, for Merleau-Ponty, effectively excludes the possibility of passivity in the name of the constituting agency of transcendental subjectivity. ",
"As we have already seen, albeit briefly, we would misunderstand the sense of passivity at stake in Merleau-Ponty's thought in general and Phenomenology of Perception specifically if we concluded that we are wholly passive with respect to time—as if we were mere effects, epiphenomena of an underlying cause. ",
"Merleau-Ponty rejects this understanding of passivity right along with the absolute activity endemic to the traditional perspective of transcendental thought. ",
"In order to come to terms with Merleau-Ponty's account of passivity and activity, we must turn to the final chapter of Phenomenology of Perception, La liberté, and his most explicit engagement in that text with his friend and eventual enemy, Jean-Paul Sartre.",
"\n\nFreedom and Lateness to Being\n\nIn the final chapter of Phenomenology of Perception, La liberté, the account of sense-genesis and temporality that was set in motion in Le sentir and La temporalité reaches its fullest articulation. ",
"Though obviously essential to moral and political questions, this chapter is also Merleau-Ponty's opportunity for concluding the theory of sense-genesis set forth. ",
"Beneath its ethical and political register, the story told about freedom here is also, and perhaps more urgently, about the power of expression and, ultimately, the incompleteness and lateness of becoming to being—more urgent because whatever moral and political conclusions we wish to draw presuppose the ontological architecture that makes such questions possible. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's claim is twofold: on one hand, our freedom, our ability to interrupt and to bring sense into being through our explicit intentionalities, is late with respect to the dehiscence of sense described and which we encountered in the previous chapter. ",
"Our freedom is not identified with an unmitigated and pure néant, nothingness, but is, as Merleau-Ponty insists, être en situation: inscribed within a situation. ",
"Our freedom always finds itself in a fecund history of which it cannot claim to be the author. ",
"This is one sense of lateness at stake, and we get a glimpse of the extent to which Merleau-Ponty was critically situating the philosophy of lateness with respect to Sartre. ",
"On the other hand, however, this story of sense-genesis is not just about the lateness of \"consciousness\" to a \"world,\" but, as we have already seen, is about the lateness of becoming to being—ontological lateness. ",
"While freedom finds itself immersed in a historical sense of which it cannot claim to be author, the becoming of sense itself is characterized by a certain delay, non-coincidence and unfinalizability. ",
"These themes come together in La liberté, and this chapter will attempt to reconstruct some of the narrative that closes Phenomenology of Perception in order to provide some further indications of the philosophy of lateness it articulates. ",
"While Sartre remained committed to the ontological purity of the néant as it surges up into the fullness and plenitude of being, Merleau-Ponty argues that ontological purity is precisely what we cannot have: instead we have an ontology of \"mixture\" and \"confusion\"—indeed \"contamination.\" ",
"The point of contention between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty is not Sartre's account of facticity or even his identification of sense-genesis with freedom but the alleged ontological purity of the en soi and pour soi, the \"in-itself\" and \"for-itself.\" ",
"Following through on the account of sense-genesis developed in the previous chapters, we see that sense is not oriented in accordance with the upsurgence of pure nothingness within the plenitude of being but that our reflective comportment in the world always comes in the wake of the temporal becoming of sense: for Merleau-Ponty, the articulating and articulated are blurred, confused, and ambiguous in their mutual intertwining.",
"\n\nThe first part of this chapter will take up the opening gamut of La liberté and show how, for Merleau-Ponty, the theme of freedom, like for Sartre, is a means for once again opening up the question of sense-genesis. ",
"While phenomenological method discloses the absolute flux of temporality as the transcendental field, such a method risks a kind of transcendental a-historicism insofar as it understands sense to emerge through the upsurgence of negativity in the fullness of being—a rupture centered in the living present, the time of the absolute and unconditional source of the world's meaningfulness. ",
"Against this Sartrean account, Merleau-Ponty tries to restore a generativity and fecundity to history—to think sense-genesis as the resumption and reprisal of a meaningful history already under way. ",
"This effort, however, requires rethinking some basic assumptions that have characterized the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism. ",
"Transcendental inquiry, for Merleau-Ponty, is not about securing the \"necessary conditions of possibility without which...\" that characterize the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought. \"",
"Possibility,\" accordingly, remains bound to its modal partner, necessity, which closes the future within the strict outline of its course. ",
"In place of \"possibility,\" then, Merleau-Ponty offers a philosophy of \"probability,\" the \"maybe.\" ",
"Probability, for Merleau-Ponty does not refer to a statistical calculus that reaches out to subject being to the control and mastery of its forecasting but indicates the unknown, the unpredictability and unmasterability of the future.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty elaborates these reflections by turning to a more explicitly political discussion of class-consciousness and revolution, and the second part of the chapter follows this account. ",
"Revolutions and the forms of class-consciousness that motivate them, accordingly, are neither \"possible\" futures initiated by the unconditional agency of absolute freedom nor the \"necessary\" outcomes of objective historical forces. ",
"They are, rather, only probable: they have a kind of eventuality; they take place through the problematic contingency of freedom, its insertion into history, which presses down upon it. ",
"What we see through this discussion is that freedom, understood as a power to articulate sense, is not the pure and unmitigated upsurgence of néant but, following the thread of the reflections in Le sentir and La temporalité, is situated with the historical deflagration of meaning. ",
"The negativity of freedom, its revolutionary power to interrupt and to begin again, is not identified with the intervention of a nothingness purified of its historical density and specificity, but carries the weight of its situation as it is set forth through the becoming of sense in time. ",
"Oppression and exploitation are not situations submitted to the exteriority of freedom—they are lived through from the inside, carried forward by those who have to endure them in spite of what their freedom may wish. ",
"In contrast to the opposition of autonomy and heteronomy that could be said to characterize Sartre's position, Merleau-Ponty posits an account of freedom as contaminated by its body, its history, and the burden of its existence. ",
"This discussion, finally, provides an opportunity for considering the sense of lateness at stake: consciousness is late to its world and to its history and only assumes them \"after the fact.\" ",
"This lateness, however, is a function of a more fundamental, ontological lateness we have already encountered: the lateness of becoming to being, its indeterminacy, its incompleteness, that is to say, its openness onto the unknown, undetermined future.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Freedom and sense-genesis\n\nMerleau-Ponty begins his discussion of sense-genesis in La liberté by reiterating an argument for the absoluteness of freedom, an argument clearly intended to echo Sartre's account in L'être et le néant. ",
"This reconstructed version of Sartre, which we will take the opportunity to assess, will ultimately become the target of the critique. ",
"The absoluteness of freedom follows if we accept the premise that constituting consciousness is the transcendental condition of possibility for establishing the sense of things and therefore cannot be identified with what it has constituted. ",
"In other words, any transcendental point of view, which is essential to phenomenology, seems to require the purity of the transcendental and the empirical, an absolute difference between what constitutes and what is constituted. ",
"Sartre, in following this line of reasoning, identifies freedom with the transcendental: freedom is absolute in its absolute purity, its absolute difference from the meaning that it conditions and brings into being. ",
"To this extent, the purity of freedom seems to be the logical conclusion to taking up the transcendental attitude, and this is one way of interpreting the results of La temporalité insofar as the transcendental field was identified with an \"anonymous flux, a global project in which there are so far no 'states of consciousness,' nor, a fortiori, qualifications of any sort.\" ",
"If we admit any degree of conditionality to the transcendental, we have already identified this flux with a thing and predicated to it the sense it constitutes, thereby violating its transcendental status—we have reduced it to being merely a part of the world it was supposed to found. ",
"The result is that there is nothing that can impinge on this field, and, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"My freedom and my universality cannot admit of eclipse.\"",
"\n\nWithin this perspective, even what appear to be obstacles to freedom are revealed to be consequences of a choice that has been made as part of the subject's negotiations with the world, negotiations that constitute its sense and illuminate things precisely as \"obstacles.\" ",
"A rock face, for example, can show itself as \"un-climbable\" only insofar as the subject already navigates a significant and meaningful world that is already the result of its own constitutive, sense-bestowing activity. ",
"I choose its unclimbability and choose the means by which I will inherit this—either to give up and go home or to try and fail. ",
"The only limits to freedom, then, are the limits always imposed by freedom. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty says,\n\nSince it is the latter [freedom] who, on arising, brings to light sense and value in things, and since nothing can reach it except through acquiring, thanks to it, sense and value, there is no action of things on the subject, but merely a signification (in the active sense), a centrifugal Sinngebung.",
"\n\nAs the transcendental condition of possibility for sense-genesis, this freedom is radically a priori and nothing can circumvent its power to bring significance into being. ",
"All significance, even what may be an obstacle to it, refers to this freedom, which is the source and origin of the sense of the world. ",
"We seem to be left with a duality between a kind of mechanical determinism and the transcendental attitude, which here seems to require an unchallengeable freedom \"without exterior.\" ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, \"It is impossible to mark a point beyond which things cease to be ἐφ' ἤμιν. ",
"All are in our power or none.\" ",
"For Sartre, I even choose my pain at the point where I choose the attitude I take up on it and how I respond to it. ",
"My freedom, for Sartre, is all-enveloping, for because néant is the source of all sense, it is always positioned to make sense of whatever factical circumstances befall it. ",
"It is the unlimitedness of freedom in this sense that bothers Merleau-Ponty, and his task in this part of the text is to restore to freedom its finitude, situatedness, and historicity.",
"\n\nWhat is at stake, as we can see, is an account of sense-genesis that can, on one hand, account for the manner in which the world comes into view through the accomplishment of certain interpretive acts, what Merleau-Ponty calls its outward or centrifugal movement. ",
"The first point, then, is to accept the thesis, basic to the transcendental attitude, that the world arises through certain processes of sense-donation or givenness: the world, for phenomenology, is ineluctably meaningful. ",
"On the other hand, this account of the coincidence of freedom and sense-genesis remains inadequate insofar as it retains the vestiges of the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism at the point where it limits its account of sense-genesis to this centrifugal movement, to the activity of a pure, constituting point of view. ",
"Merleau-Ponty must, somehow, reconcile the ipseity of sense—that the visible always manifests itself to a point of view that belongs to someone—with the recognition that this \"someone\" is neither a transcendental unity of apperception nor a purified nothingness. ",
"Merleau-Ponty states this tension in this way:\n\nIt is true that nothing has sense and value for anyone but me and through anyone but me, but this proposition remains indeterminate and merges with the Kantian idea of a consciousness which \"finds in things only what it has put into them,\" and with the idealist refutation of realism, as long as we are not more precise on how we understand sense and the self. ",
"By defining ourselves as a universal power of Sinngebung, we have reverted to the method of the \"that without which\" and to reflexive analysis of the classical type, which seeks the conditions of possibility without occupying itself with the conditions of reality.",
"\n\nConsistent with Merleau-Ponty's analyses in Le sentir and La temporalité, the task is to provide account for sense-genesis in a way that is no longer beholden to the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism—to conceive the birth of meaning otherwise than as the centrifugal activity of a constituting consciousness that, as we have seen, is caught in the tension of absolute distance and proxmity. ",
"The important lesson of the analysis of absolute freedom that begins La liberté, then, is to illustrate the extent to which a commitment to unconditioned freedom retains these vestiges and therefore remains within the confines of the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism.",
"\n\nThe analysis of sense-genesis must therefore be resumed once again, now more explicitly in the context of the differentiation of being into sense, the power to bring significance into the world. ",
"If absolute freedom can only see sense-genesis as a centrifugal movement—that sense radiates from a center of unconditioned freedom—and if this account is only another version of the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, then the task of re-conceiving sense-genesis would see it as \"both centrifugal and centripetal,\" that sense does not only move outward from an empty center—unconditioned freedom—but simultaneously moves toward that center, that there is a centripetal movement that encroaches upon and envelops the centrifugal flight of sense accomplished in Sinngebung. ",
"This centripetal movement, as Merleau-Ponty will show, is the movement of a historical and institutional sense in which all explicit intentionalities find themselves immersed. ",
"Such historical and institutional sense is possible, of course, on the basis of the temporal dehiscence of sense outlined earlier in Le sentir and La temporalité, and the various threads of Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis—reprendre, reprise, and temporal dehiscence—come together in the discussion of freedom and history in the following sections of La liberté.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty begins his revised account of Sinngebung and freedom by reconsidering the argument that freedom constitutes its own obstacles, i.e., that \"the only limit to freedom is freedom.\" ",
"He returns to the example of climbing a rock face to outline this revised account. ",
"If we adopt the transcendental attitude, which his critique of realism requires, then it seems that we are compelled to accept the premise that freedom does not merely confer sense episodically, here and there, but is the condition of possibility of any sense whatsoever. ",
"To reiterate the point made earlier, freedom appears not only as the condition of possibility for means and ways but for obstacles as well—that freedom is the condition of possibility for the \"structure of the 'il y a,' that of the 'here' and the 'there', [and that] it is present wherever these structures arise.\" ",
"Freedom, from the transcendental standpoint, is the condition of possibility for the structure of \"there is\" in general, for the sense of any situation whatsoever, the condition of possibility for there being possibilities.",
"\n\nIn order to understand the manner in which Sinngebung provides the general structure for the il y a, indeed, for the world, we must allow a distinction between my express intentions and general intentions, what up to this Merleau-Ponty has designated as l'intentionnalité d'acte and l'intentionnalité opérante. ",
"The former, of course, describes the manner in which I explicitly navigate and constitute the sense of the world as it is given, e.g., when I make judgments about things; the latter, on the other hand, describes the potentialities my environment exhibits, the presentation of sense prior to taking up a definite stance on things. ",
"My express intentions are always founded on my general intentions, for no matter how hard I try, to reference the previous example, I cannot choose that there is no rock face before me. ",
"General or operative intentionality, as we have seen, is not the activity of a pure or transcendental ego, but indicates an aspect of subjectivity that Merleau-Ponty here describes as a \"natural self which does not quit its terrestrial situation and which sketches absolute valorizations without cease.\" ",
"This natural self is what is designated by my incarnation in the world, and through it, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"As I have hands, feet, a body, a world, I carry around me intentions which are not decisive [décisoires] and which affect my surrounding characters that I do not choose.\" ",
"Such carnal and terrestrial intentions have a double generality: first they constitute a \"system where all possible objects are at once enclosed,\" i.e., constitute the givenness of what is given and my most basic openness to it: a visible world before my eyes in advance of my judgments, which are secondary and only come later. ",
"Second, these terrestrial intentions do not refer themselves to the monocular and unified perspective of a pure ego but dispossess the ipseity and sovereignty of subjectivity insofar as they \"come from beyond me.\" ",
"As a terrestrial self, incarnated in a situation, I find that I am already a project of a world, of the dehiscence of becoming in time, and that I am enveloped by and immersed in a sense for which I cannot claim to be the author. ",
"I am adrift in the wake of the deflagration of sense. ",
"Taking an interpretive stance on the world, making a judgment, always presupposes this background of sense that is given in its carnality, and this background is presupposed by all evaluations. ",
"It is precisely in reference to this background that Merleau-Ponty will speak of \"an autochthonous sense of the world which constitutes itself in the commerce which our incarnated existence has with it, and which forms the soil [sol] of every decisive Sinngebung.\" ",
"In sum, Merleau-Ponty is arguing that every active sense-genesis, every thetic or explicit intention, is nourished by a passive sense-genesis, the passive synthesis of time, which constitutes the field of its possibility, its field of \"presence.\"",
"\n\nIt is precisely this kind of passivity that is at stake for Merleau-Ponty in his attempt to shift the emphasis of transcendental philosophy from \"possibility\" to \"probability\" and his proposed attempt to \"find a phenomenological basis for statistical thought.\" ",
"This position might seem strange considering Merleau-Ponty's unequivocal opposition to the realist ontology and cruelty that statistical thinking seems to imply, but in fact his intention is not to defend a form of scientific realism or mathematical forecasting but to undermine the idealist's emphasis on necessity and underscore the precarious ontology of contingency at stake. ",
"Providing a phenomenological basis for statistical or probabilistic thinking allows us to dispense with the kinds of certainty and apodicticity with which the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism has traditionally been enamored. \"",
"Possibility,\" a concept that has, since at least Kant, been the marker of transcendental thought, is the modal correlate of \"necessity,\" and it is this implication that worries Merleau-Ponty. ",
"By retaining the concept of \"possibility,\" the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism becomes a discourse of necessity, of apodicticity, and in this way the concept of possibility is really a signal for totality, closure, and cruelty. \"",
"Probability\" is a term chosen by Merleau-Ponty to replace \"possibility\" in order to underscore indeterminacy, uncertainty, and indeed, openness. ",
"Probability in this sense is thus not about forecasting algorithms or a calculus of the future, but about the unknown, the \"maybe,\" the words we speak when we cannot predict and do not know, when we remain open to what will come. ",
"Probability is about a lack of absolutely clear vision, and this blur, this indeterminacy, Merleau-Ponty says, \"belongs necessarily to a being who is fixed, situated and invested in the world.\" ",
"In its uncertainty, the probable, the maybe, nonetheless flows from the eloquence of the world itself—it might come to pass and maybe just because what comes forth to me does so from my history. ",
"In this sense, to say that something is probable means that there is an \"engagement\" in it—that it counts as part of my \"dwelling\" [domicile]; the probable follows from a past, \"which is not a fatality [fatalité],\" but \"has a specific weight, which is not a sum of events over there, far from me, but the atmosphere of my present.\" ",
"Probabilistic thinking thus enables a way to think the event of sense that undermines the rationalist's dilemma of realism and idealism, determinism and freedom: that \"either the event comes from me or it is imposed from outside.\" ",
"In place of this alternative, a phenomenology of perception, insofar as it makes room for probabilistic thinking, allows for indeterminacy, and the problems of human freedom and sense-genesis are to be conceived in the interstice of this undecidability. ",
"Insofar as the perceiver is situated within a world which has the weight and density of being past, a sense for which the perceiver is late, there is no question of attributing the event of sense to his presence or to the upsurge of his negativity in the fullness of being; likewise, there is no question of accounting for this event in terms of realism, as a series of causal relationships, partes extra partes. ",
"Rather, the event of sense engages the perceiver in a world—with an inferiority complex, for example—and this engagement is \"probable\" insofar as it constitutes for the perceiver a sense which he must reckon with, either by allowing this complex to determine the shape and style of the world within which he dwells or by marking out the possibility of a new beginning—a beginning and nascence opened up by the weight that the sense of the world exerts on us. ",
"If someone interrupts the course of the sense of one's life, in acknowledging or confronting the otherwise silent limitations exerted by the world and by history, such an interruption, such a moment of vision or Augenblick, is possible only on the basis of those limitations, in virtue of the fact that we find ourselves in a world and situation for which we are late. ",
"There is a \"break in time,\" a power to interrupt which is simultaneously the power to begin. ",
"Such a break or rupture is precisely what Merleau-Ponty understands by freedom, which he says, \"does not destroy our situation, but meshes with it: our situation, as long as we live, is open, which implies both that it calls up privileged modes of resolution, and also that it is powerless to procure anything by itself.\" ",
"In place of the absolute standpoint of constituting consciousness or absolute freedom, Merleau-Ponty argues for a conception of Sinngebung and freedom that is conditioned by the dehiscence and éclatement of sense in its becoming: the perceiver has always been given over to a specific situation, and its situation is never exhaustively in its grasp.",
"\n\n2. ",
"The lateness of becoming\n\nThe reflections on freedom, sense-genesis and temporality that close Phenomenology of Perception also provide some indications of the philosophy of lateness at stake in this text, and it will be worth taking them into consideration before turning to what a philosophy of lateness means more explicitly, as we shall do in the following part. ",
"As we have seen, Merleau-Ponty's thesis is that freedom, understood precisely as sense-genesis, a power to bring meaning into being, comes late with respect to a sense already under way because of its temporal and historical structure. ",
"The meaning that freedom enables, furthermore, because it is temporal and historical, never becomes fully articulate, and the tasks of expression, therefore, remain \"like a repeated disappointment and failure.\" ",
"As temporal and historical beings, we find that we are late for a situation we did not constitute and that, in spite of our best efforts, we cannot coincide with that situation, which transcends our grasp and which perpetually withdraws. ",
"This is at least one reason why political revolutions tend to exceed their intentions and vacillate from their intended course. ",
"Because of our lateness, the project of making sense, of expression, remains always to be done and our state, because of the lateness of becoming to being, is that of the beginner—of being born into a world for which we are not the authors, of giving birth to a world that will defy our mastery.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty etches out this sense of lateness in the latter half of La liberté, beginning with the considerations of history and institutionality in the section titled \"Valorization of historical situations: class before class consciousness.\" ",
"Here, he draws a connection between his account of sense-genesis, heretofore articulated in terms of reprendre and reprise, and history and institutionality. ",
"In opposition to the apparent a-historicism of the Sartrean account of freedom, Merleau-Ponty argues that there is sense in history because its unfolding is a process of resuming and reprising institutions of sense already under way. ",
"Echoing his earlier considerations of the process of sense-genesis, the sense of history perpetually eludes our attempts to inherit it and make it our own. ",
"Our projects and endeavors remain within the grip of the historical institutions that constitute us, and at the same time the meaning of history remains elusive for those of us who are still immersed in its unfolding and subject to its adventure. ",
"It is in this context that Merleau-Ponty will again critically situate himself with respect to the Sartrean understanding of freedom and sense genesis that he defended in the opening pages of the chapter, and while a more exhaustive and systematic account of Merleau-Ponty's theory of history remains beyond what can be accomplished here, it will be worth turning to this discussion and the closing gamut of La liberté to illustrate the philosophy of lateness at play in Phenomenology of Perception.",
"\n\nIf we retrace the steps taken in the phenomenological analysis of the text, we arrive at a transcendental field identified with an \"anonymous and pre-human flux\" and recall what is at stake here from our discussion of Merleau-Ponty's reflections in La temporalité. ",
"The transcendental field, accordingly, is neither to be identified with a constituting consciousness nor indeed even with the temporal dimension of the present. ",
"The field of presence, rather, is the field of time's manifestation as écoulement and éclatement—the dehiscence and self-differentiation of time in its autoconstitution and becoming. ",
"As the designation for the transcendental field, this flux is ontologically more primordial than what can be predicated to it, and Merleau-Ponty's considerations of class-consciousness presuppose and follow up on this argument. ",
"The field of presence, accordingly, lies beneath the various identities that saturate our mundane being in the world such as \"worker\" or \"bourgeois,\" and the question that seems to be motivating the reflections in this section is whether the phenomenological results of the preceding analyses, particularly the disclosure of the field of presence as the field of time's dehiscence, can be reconciled with a theory of sense-genesis that would restore its temporal and historical density. ",
"The discussion of class-consciousness here thus provides an opportunity for showing that the phenomenological method adopted by Merleau-Ponty is not irreconcilable with a theory of sense genesis that takes the force and weight of historical institutionality seriously.",
"\n\nIf we remain within the strictly phenomenological viewpoint, one that sees all sense as determined by the flux of transcendental subjectivity—or in this case, by freedom—then it follows that class-consciousness can never be more than a \"second view\" upon myself. ",
"Within this phenomenological perspective, identifying myself with the workers or with the bourgeoisie seems to be the result of some fundamental choice, and the significance of my life is always the result of some explicit agency and its ipseity. ",
"From such a perspective, any claims that I can be essentially identified with the workers or bourgeoisie—indeed, that I could be essentially identified with anything—would be a function of a certain form of denial, dissemblance and bad faith. ",
"Such an identification would simply carry out a process of objectification consistent with the natural attitude—it would see the condition of the proletariat strictly in terms of external causal correlations, partes extra partes. ",
"Within the phenomenological attitude, then, I am never \"at my center a worker or a bourgeois but a consciousness which freely valorizes itself as a bourgeois consciousness or proletarian consciousness.\" ",
"Likewise, according to this phenomenological viewpoint, revolution would never be the outcome of a materially determined history of \"objective conditions\" but would be the result of \"the decision taken by the worker to will [vouloir] revolution,\" and it would be through this kind of resolute decision that the worker would constitute him or herself as a proletarian. ",
"Such resolve, decision, and freedom is, of course, exercised in reckoning with the circumstances that show themselves in the present, and the result of this phenomenological account is that \"history does not make sense by itself, it only has what we give to it through our will.\" ",
"It thus seems that if we remain within the phenomenological attitude, we are compelled to reduce all sense to the constituting activity of pure consciousness. ",
"History itself would have no power to generate sense—there would be no historical meaning as such—for all sense, according to this story, has the free decision of the flux of consciousness as its origin. ",
"The sense of history would be only retrospective, a function of transcendental consciousness determining its sense in the present, and insofar as this consciousness could be said to circumscribe the transcendental field, there is nothing beneath or behind it.",
"\n\nThis position, however, besides being naïve about historical materialism, comes too close to the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism and, for Merleau-Ponty, fundamentally distorts the meaning of phenomenological method. ",
"This account of sense-genesis and history lapses into the dialectic of realism and idealism, which, he says, \"are two aspects of the same error, two ways of ignoring the phenomena.\" ",
"According to this dialectic, class-consciousness is either a function of the determination of external and objective conditions or is reduced to the freedom and self-determination of the flux of transcendental consciousness. ",
"In either case, Merleau-Ponty says, \"we are in the realm of abstraction because we abide in the alternative of the en soi and the pour soi.\" ",
"The mistake common to both realism and idealism, and which inscribes them in the dialectic of the en soi and pour soi, is that both poles fail to see the fecundity of history and the temporal, institutional dehiscence of sense. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, they\n\nconsider only intellectual projects instead of bringing into account the existential project, which is the polarization of a life towards a determined-undetermined goal, which has no representation and which is recognized only in being attained.",
"\n\nIdealism only understands one kind of intentionality—l'intentionnalité d'acte—and therefore necessarily overlooks \"true intentionality,\" l'intentionnalité opérante. ",
"For operative intentionality, it is a question of \"belonging with,\" être à, rather than positing the object; it is a matter of recovering the \"interrogative, the subjunctive, the wish, waiting [l'attente], the positive indetermination of these modes of consciousness,\" for objectivating, act intentionality only understands \"indicative consciousness, in the present or in the future.\" ",
"An authentic understanding of history and class-consciousness requires the recovery of these indeterminate, open modes of setting forth toward the world and the operative intentionality that constitutes them. ",
"What is required is a certain kind of phenomenological analysis that does not reduce all sense to the transparency of absolute, constituting consciousness and which is capable of restoring to history its generativity and fecundity. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty's analysis in La liberté has already suggested, the possibility of this historical genesis is located in operative intentionality, which, as we know, has already been identified with passive synthesis, with time's power to articulate sense in its becoming. ",
"It is precisely because realism and idealism restrict themselves to intellectual consciousness—and to l'intentionnalité d'acte—that they cannot but fail to understand class, oppression, and exploitation. ",
"Class and class antagonism are situations that are lived-through, that we exist. ",
"And the historical forces that press down upon us and that constitute this existence to which we are given over—global capital, its alienation and perversion, and so forth—are not strictly objective, \"impersonal\" forces but \"institutions as I carry them within me and experience them.\" ",
"Likewise, whatever explicit decisions I may make and whatever political project may emerge from these decisions are \"my way of being in the world within this institutional framework.\" ",
"Class antagonism, the material and historical forces of political economy, the ideologies they give birth to, oppression, and exploitation, all erupt from the deflagration of sense, the permanent dissonance of being, and as Merleau-Ponty says, \"they are lived through in ambiguity.\" ",
"It is the world into which we are born, a world to which we are late, and which precisely for that reason remains our responsibility because it is the limit to our freedom and action. ",
"Neither realism nor idealism can account for class-consciousness because both fail to understand history; they fail to take the temporal dehiscence of sense as their point of departure.",
"\n\nIn the account of sense-genesis that begins in Le sentir and is carried forward in La temporalité, Merleau-Ponty has already indicated the means for moving beyond this dilemma and the dialectic of the en soi and pour soi. ",
"What is required for understanding class-consciousness and history is nothing other than the phenomenological method outlined in Phenomenology of Perception—what he here calls a \"truly existential method.\" ",
"This method serves to restore sense to history—to give space for an authentically historical genesis of sense that is no longer organized around the presence of transcendental constituting consciousness. ",
"According to this \"more radical reflection,\"\n\nI grasp around my absolute individuality a kind of halo of generality or a kind of atmosphere of 'sociality'... I must seize myself as eccentric to myself and that my singular existence diffuses around itself, so to speak, an existence in quality.",
"\n\nIf we restore sense to history, I find that I am no longer the center of the world's significance and, indeed, no longer center even to myself. ",
"I find that I am immersed in and confronted with sense that must be reckoned with and that I am participating in a situation of which I am not the author. ",
"I find myself to be immersed in the becoming and unfolding of time, and as such, I find that I dwell within a historical becoming and genesis. ",
"Indeed, I find \"that my life must have a sense that I do not constitute.\"",
"\n\nRestoring sense to history—making room for a temporal and historical genesis of sense—completes Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"Sinngebung, sense-genesis, is not exclusively centrifugal—it does not only move outward from a center occupied by a transcendental subject—but is immersed in a historical tradition that it resumes and reprises, and this sense is given through historical institutions, complexes of sedimented and hardened meaning that are lived through, what Merleau-Ponty describes as \"a zone of generalized existence and projects already formed, significations which hang between us and things.\" ",
"The point of orientation of sense is thus not a center at all, but the \"absolute flux\" that was identified with the transcendental field, which, of course, is nothing other than the temporal dehiscence of sense in its becoming—what Merleau-Ponty described in La temporalité, not as a center or even a transcendental ground of sense, but as the passage of sense in its éclatement. ",
"As dehiscence, as becoming, we must not represent this flux as \"absolute contact with self, as an absolute density without internal fault.\" ",
"Rather, this flux is an ek-stase, \"a being which pursues itself outside.\" ",
"What is given in \"true reflection,\" accordingly, is not a series of episodes, one flux and then another, but the reprisal of this total dehiscence and becoming in \"the generality of a nature, the cohesion of an intersubjective life and of a world.\" ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in a striking passage, \"I am all that I see; I am an intersubjective field, not in spite of my body and my historical situation, but on the contrary, in being this body and this situation and through them, all the rest.\" ",
"Though of course he had not yet developed the terminology in Phenomenology of Perception, such a remark comes very close to saying that what I am is an expression of the flesh of the world. ",
"I am not a subject in possession of itself—not even a subject centered and identical to itself—but an articulation of this expressive, temporal éclatement, of this total genesis which gives sense to history and which, in turn, gives sense to life even in all its turmoil. ",
"What Sartre's identification elides, accordingly, is the notion of a \"natural\" or \"generalized\" time—a time which is the \"perpetual recommencement and consecution of the past, present, future,\" a succession that is nonetheless \"like a repeated disappointment and failure,\" a failure, as we have seen, endemic to the very lapse and expiration of time itself, a time that \"eats away at itself and undoes what it has done.\" ",
"In other words, echoing the reflections from La temporalité, this natural time is the time of becoming, its articulation and disarticulation.",
"\n\nIt is through reprising these considerations of temporalization that Merleau-Ponty resituates the problem of negativity and freedom in his dialogue with Sartre. ",
"The dehiscence of time as articulation and disarticulation, in its gushing forth, is the event of the birth of an existent for which the world is already constituted and who never, accordingly, \"chooses its being or its manner of being,\" and it is this thought about situatedness, about lateness, that the Sartrean account ignores. ",
"By placing néant beneath being—by making negativity the means for being to be—the Sartrean account remains silent about the éclatement and dehiscence of sense in its becoming and therefore, to an extent, passes over the phenomenon of temporality. ",
"To put Merleau-Ponty's objection differently, if we assert the ontological primacy of negativity in the Sartrean fashion, then we have rendered the genesis of sense without place—we \"remain suspended in nothingness [le néant].\" ",
"Sartre, in other words, has no account for the historicity of néant, its placement and immersion in sense. ",
"What Sartre refuses to consider, accordingly, is that negativity is precisely an event—or an advent, to use Merleau-Ponty's terminology—which as such has its own context and history, its own eventuality that provides for its appearance and without which it could not appear. ",
"The place or dwelling of negativity is the dehiscence of sense—it is in the becoming of sense that negativity appears and precisely for that reason, negativity, if we choose to talk of negativity, is not pure, unspoiled nothingness but has a certain line and contour, a certain style of manifestation and of making itself known. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's position is therefore a kind of reversal of Sartre. ",
"Becoming is not the outcome of the unconditioned, nihilating power of consciousness in its unmitigated upsurgence in being, but this power, insofar as it is possible, has its place, its dwelling, within the total dehiscence of becoming, within the unfolding of temporality and history. ",
"It is in this sense that Merleau-Ponty says that:\n\nWe are always in the fullness, in being, like a face, even in rest, even dead, is always condemned to express something (there is, in the dead, surprise, peace, discretion), like silence is still a modality of the sonorous world.",
"\n\nWhat Sartre seems to have forgotten and elided is the inherently institutional and historical structure of negativity—that this power of interruption is never unconditioned but takes place in the unfolding and becoming of sense, that it is a power of interruption only insofar as it also a power of resumption and reprisal and, therefore, a power to begin again.",
"\n\nRemarks like this follow through on what Merleau-Ponty says about history in the Preface to Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"In a line of reflection that clearly anticipates these passages from La liberté, he makes a remark there clearly playing on Sartre's statement that we are \"condemned to be free\":\n\nIn relation to their fundamental dimensions, all periods of history appear as manifestations of a single existence or as episodes in a single drama—for which we do not know if it has a denouement. ",
"Because we are in the world we are condemned to sense, and we cannot do or say anything without its acquiring a name in history.",
"\n\nFreedom appears only in the unfolding of temporality in its dehiscence, only in the becoming and unfolding of sense and history. ",
"We are immersed in a drama that we did not constitute and therefore the scope and outcome of this drama is beyond our reach. ",
"We arrive late on the scene. ",
"We are condemned to live through it, nonetheless, precisely because we belong to this drama—we are condemned to the becoming of significance that we did not author, to a situation not of our making.",
"\n\nIn other words, the problem with Sartre's account, for Merleau-Ponty, is that it remains a-historical insofar as it retained Kant's distinction between autonomy and heteronomy. ",
"For Sartre, we are either free in giving law unto ourselves and to the world, or we are subject to laws imposed on us from outside. ",
"We are either radically and unconditionally free or we are determined. ",
"In opposition to Sartre's idea that freedom is the unmediated and unconditioned upsurgence of nothingness, for Merleau-Ponty, freedom means that we are beings who find ourselves immersed in a world and a history for which we are constitutively late. ",
"This is to say that we are beings who are part of a meaningful history—a history that constitutes the sense of the world for us; we find ourselves in the midst of time and history in their becoming and genesis. ",
"This is not an episodic history, furthermore, but, as Merleau-Ponty has already emphasized, has a certain unity and coherence, an overall sense, a direction, in a manner analogous to drama. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty says in answer to the question, \"What is freedom?\":",
"\n\nTo be born is at the same time to be born of the world and to be born into the world. ",
"The world is already constituted, but also never completely constituted; in the first relation we are solicited, in the second we are open to an infinity of possibilities. ",
"But this analysis is still abstract, for we exist in the two relations at the same time. ",
"There is, therefore, never determinism and never absolute choice, I am never a thing and never a naked consciousness.",
"\n\nOur freedom, understood as a power of interruption, is possible only in virtue of its lateness. ",
"It comes on the heels of the dehiscence of sense and history which envelop it and which it cannot outstrip. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, freedom necessarily involves a certain constitutive degree of passivity. ",
"There is a sense in which one could suggest that the very term \"freedom,\" in this context, is a misnomer insofar as this term, by definition, seems to entail the opposition of agency, which is subjective, autonomous and unconditioned, and determinism, understood as a series of causal correspondences or correlations related partes extra partes. ",
"Subverting this very duality is what is at stake in Merleau-Ponty's considerations of freedom, and the result is an understanding of human agency which is, in a sense, no longer \"autonomous,\" which, rather than giving law unto itself unconditionally, is prescribed its sense by its immersion in history—its immersion in the unfolding of a temporal sense that envelops this capacity and, in so doing, nurtures and sustains it. ",
"There is thus neither strict autonomy nor strict heteronomy, for Merleau-Ponty, but \"an inextricable confusion\" of the two in which it is \"impossible to delimit the 'share of the situation' and the 'share of freedom.'\"",
"\n\nThese reflections on freedom, sense-genesis and temporality give us a sense of the kind of lateness at stake in Phenomenology of Perception and in Merleau-Ponty's work more broadly. ",
"Lateness, for Merleau-Ponty, functions on two simultaneous levels. ",
"On one level, there is the lateness of l'intentionnalité d'acte to l'intentionnalité opérante—the lateness of our explicit, thetic, indeed conscious orientation in the world, including our judgments, positings, what Merleau-Ponty elsewhere describes as the \"positing of a statement [énoncé]\" or \"speaking consciousness\" to our immersion in history, our envelopment in the dehiscence and becoming of sense that is always already under way. ",
"This level of lateness circumscribes our situatedness, the fact that we find the world behind and ahead of us. ",
"Even at this level of lateness, for Merleau-Ponty, we can see a direct challenge to the ordinary understanding of transcendental idealism insofar as what has traditionally been understood as \"constituting consciousness,\" ipseity, pensée en survol, self-possession, even as the unmitigated upsurgence of néant, is no longer identified with the transcendental field. ",
"Consciousness is no longer understood to be the origin of sense, but if we must speak of consciousness, it is only to the extent to which this form of existence is late to a world not of its making, to the extent that this existence is immersed in the autochthonous becoming of sense and in the advent of history. ",
"This level of lateness is what Merleau-Ponty designates by the term \"être en situation,\" being in situation, and it is one way in which we could understand his references to our \"internal weakness.\" ",
"As situated beings, we are not a power standing at the center of the cosmos but are given over to a world that eludes our mastery, which was there before us and which perpetually escapes our attempts to grasp it. ",
"We reach out to knowing, yet we cannot fully take it hand.",
"\n\nThere is another level of lateness that functions in concert with the lateness of our être en situation, however, and this is the kind of lateness at play in Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis, temporality, and history. ",
"This other level of lateness is the lateness of becoming to being—the incompleteness of sense that prevents it from every becoming fully articulate, from having the clarity and transparency of a statement, the lateness which prevents becoming, the φύω, from realizing itself as being. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty indicates, this level of lateness is a function of the temporal structure of sense-genesis—its articulation and disarticulation, the inspiration and expiration of the world in its unfolding. ",
"On this level of lateness, becoming is understood as the perpetual disappointment, failure, and weakness that prevents sense from ever closing over itself, that withholds it from being—the weakness that prevents sense from realizing itself as actuality. ",
"We understand now that this weakness is a function of the temporal flux and that it is also perpetual beginning—the resumption and reprisal of the project of expression.",
"\n\nThis resumption and reprisal is an infinite task. ",
"As some remarks from Merleau-Ponty's final publication, Eye and Mind, indicate, the incompleteness of the task of giving voice to what as of yet remains silence, the task of expression, which falls to the painter as well as the philosopher, issues a profound disappointment for those who expect this investigation to resolve itself into a final accord, those who wish to end reflection in the final diapason, to take hold of being right when and where it is. ",
"To one with such an expectation, the task of expression seems futile, and we may recall a passage quoted earlier: \"Is this the highest point of reason, to realize that the soil beneath our feet is shifting, to pompously call interrogation a state of continuous stupor, to call research a circular path, to call Being that which never fully is?\" ",
"This disappointment, however, is the result of a \"false imaginary, which claims for itself a positivity that would fill its own emptiness. ",
"It is the regret of not being everything, a regret that is not even entirely grounded.\" ",
"We already have some sense of how Merleau-Ponty wishes to overturn a certain style of philosophizing, one that holds fast to this \"false imaginary,\" which takes the necessity of coincidence, contact, indeed, a philosophy that takes the task of the disclosure of being in its limpidity and purity as the first, regulative principle for its condition of possibility. ",
"We have, following Merleau-Ponty, designated such a philosophy as \"cruel thought\" precisely to the extent that this imaginary cannot conceive of itself beyond the scope of exhausting itself in making contact with being, in reaching a final accord to what Merleau-Ponty, following Valéry, refers to as this \"permanent dissonance.\" ",
"Against cruel thought, Phenomenology of Perception attempts to think the scope and tasks of philosophy otherwise—as articulating a style of philosophizing that, insofar as it discloses the incompleteness and weakness of becoming, also sees itself as subject to this very same incompleteness and weakness. ",
"We have designated this other philosophy, the one that no longer takes the pretense to finalizability and completeness as its first principle, a philosophy of lateness, and it is precisely the attempt to mark out this style of thinking that seems to concern Merleau-Ponty's meta-philosophical project—articulating the meaning and sense of philosophical inquiry—over the course his oeuvre from Phenomenology of Perception to The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"In Part 3, \"The Philosophy of Lateness, the Lateness of Philosophy,\" we will turn explicitly to the meta-philosophical implications of lateness in Phenomenology of Perception and some of the later writings. ",
"A radical philosophy, a philosophy that does not pass the task of thinking over to pre-established styles and forms, for Merleau-Ponty, not only discloses the lateness of becoming to being, but understands itself as subject to this lateness. ",
"A radical philosophy sees itself as a form of weakness, as perpetual resumption and reprisal, as a form of genesis and becoming, as a constant beginning that never catches up with itself. ",
"What we see in these meta-philosophical reflections is not a break or revision between the earlier and later works, but the continuous development of this style of thinking and philosophizing. ",
"This philosophy, finally, is not a call to nihilism—not a call to quietism or silence—but is to be understood as a call to expression, a call to take up the tasking of thinking \"beyond all hope\" in the recognition that the reflections initiated by philosophy will give themselves indefinitely and without end.",
"\n\n***\n\nWe have examined Merleau-Ponty's discussion of freedom in Phenomenology of Perception, particularly as it is addressed to Sartre's L'être et le néant. ",
"For Sartre, freedom names the transcendental condition of possibility for the sense of the world. ",
"The world has sense, for him, at the point where it is taken up by my freedom, at the point where I make a choice that orients the direction of my existence and my projects, articulating the framework within which my life will unfold. ",
"Freedom, for Sartre, is in this way a story about Sinngebung, sense-genesis. ",
"The world takes on the shape and contour of its meaning as the correlate of this freedom, which is its pivot and point of orientation. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's concern with this account of unconditional freedom is that it retains the specter of the ordinary perspective of transcendental thought: freedom becomes liquid, purified of the weight and density of its body and its history. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's task is to restore to freedom its gravity. ",
"He tries to show that freedom is not the diaphanous, unconditioned nothingness imagined by Sartre, disburdened of its history, but that freedom, my power to interrupt, is carried forward in the wake of institution and launches itself forward from the incrustations of sense in which it is embedded. ",
"There is in this way nothing pure about freedom; it ineluctably carries the stain of its past, the inscriptions and marks of sense that make it possible, that make it part of the world. ",
"If we are condemned to be free, it is only because we are already condemned to meaning, condemned to be born into a world that is already perhaps too heavy with the odor of sense. ",
"Time, as continuous dehiscence and differentiation, refracts itself into the massive flesh and texture of sense we call the world, and in so doing, it splits off into infinite probabilities: probabilities, Merleau-Ponty insists, precisely in opposition to the modals of possibility and necessity that have hitherto characterized transcendental thought. ",
"Time gives birth to the probable, the maybe, the uncertainty of the future that it opens up before us, the abyss that no calculus, no metrics nor forecasting could hope to exhaust. ",
"In probability we find the openness proper to the future, the lack of foresight that makes it unknown and that allows it to escape from our grasp.",
"\n\nThe probability of freedom, for Merleau-Ponty, is exemplified in class-consciousness. ",
"No one chooses to be oppressed; no one chooses exploitation. ",
"These structures, like we ourselves, are produced by the machinations of political economy and the historical forces that mobilize it. ",
"These \"historical forces,\" however, for Merleau-Ponty, are nothing other than the deflagration of sense in time: the historical institutions of meaning that frame, set up, and set forth the world. ",
"There is no absolute freedom because the weight of these institutions crushes down upon us—the proletarian finds herself in a situation that she did not create, the victim of hostile and external forces that strip her of her humanity. ",
"There is also, however, not absolute determinism. ",
"Freedom, for Merleau-Ponty, is a kind of differential, a divergence from the sense in which I am embedded, but this divergence, contra Sartre, requires this institution. ",
"I am only free at the point where I find myself already thrown into a world, free only insofar as I already find myself être en situation. ",
"The same is true for philosophy, and in this way philosophy is late to the world, late to time, for the unfurling of the φύω has already taken place, is already taking place, and precisely in its adventure it escapes—that toward which we reach out our hand is already gone, disparue. ",
"But the lateness of reflection is only a figure, an expression of the lateness of the φύω to being, for if our inquiry remains probabilistic at best, that is to say, open, it is because the flux of sense in which we find ourselves, from which we emerge, is itself incomplete, on the way to something that is never finished. ",
"The distance of vision, its spacing, the occlusion of things within the perceptual field, the indefiniteness of its outlines, the vibration of objects, the indefinite play of light and shadow, what Merleau-Ponty tries to condense into the word \"ambiguity,\" all of this is the emblem of our openness, of our lateness.",
"\nPart Three\n\nThe Philosophy of Lateness, the Lateness of Philosophy\n\nEulogy for Philosophy\n\nIt is perhaps no coincidence that Merleau-Ponty's inaugural address at the Collège de France was a eulogy for philosophy, precisely in the double sense that the word éloge indicates: recognition that something has come to an end and marking a beginning by giving praise to what has passed. ",
"It is from the Ancient Greek, εὐλογία: λόγος, speech, that is εὖ, made well, but for the sake of or in the interest of the one of whom we speak. ",
"In this way we get the typical meaning: praise, and traditionally the funerary address that has this name takes the form of speech in praise of the departed. ",
"Whatever praise Merleau-Ponty has to offer on behalf of philosophy, however, must be understood as marking a departure and acknowledging a loss. ",
"On one hand, we recognize and mark the end of philosophy: the death of cruel thought, the passage of that thought which wanted to secure and bind being in the clarity of knowledge. ",
"On the other hand, we see that this end does not signify the death of the tasks of thinking or the impossibility of another stance with respect to wisdom, to σοφία, a stance no longer organized around the reaching, grasping hand. ",
"For at its end, φιλοσοφία, \"love of wisdom,\" like the phoenix, as Merleau-Ponty notes elsewhere in reference to Husserl, \"is reborn from its ashes.\" ",
"What we see in this eulogy is the marking of a departure and passage that is at the same time a beginning as well as a meditation on the meaning of a philosophy that has ceased to be what it was. ",
"In marking that something has become past, we begin again, since to begin is nothing other than to allow for the passage of what was, to be present at the point of departure. ",
"Such a beginning, for Merleau-Ponty, consists of once again inquiring into the sense and meaning of philosophical inquiry. ",
"The thinking that emerges from this beginning, one that \"must not take itself as acquired, in so far as it might have managed to say something true,\" is philosophy understood as interrogation, thinking that takes up a questioning regard with respect to what it seeks, that stands in astonishment rather than reaching out to take being in its grasp.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's reflection on the tasks of thinking and what is possible for it are a philosophy of lateness in a twofold sense. ",
"On one hand, as we have seen, this style of thinking is Merleau-Ponty's formulation for a radical phenomenological method that discloses the manifestation of temporal becoming in its éclatement, its transcendence, ek-stase, and dehiscence. ",
"As this becoming, sense shows itself as opening itself up into the indeterminateness of the future, an incomplete articulation, unfinished, its own erasure inscribed within the movement of its unfolding. ",
"Becoming retains its depth and opacity because it never coalesces into the fullness of actuality: it is the explosion of a disintegration, on the way and never present. ",
"This is the ontological sense of lateness. ",
"There is also a philosophical or reflective sense of lateness, on the other hand, insofar as this thinking recognizes itself as immersed in this becoming. ",
"It is able to welcome its own weakness and incompleteness and open itself to the probability that it is, at best, a fissure, an écart in the sense of the world. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in his inaugural address:\n\nThe philosopher does not say that a final transcendence of human contradictions may be possible, and that the complete man awaits us in the future. ",
"Like everyone else, he knows nothing of this. ",
"He says—and this is something altogether different—that the world is going on, that we do not have to judge its future by what has happened in the past, that the idea of a destiny in things is not an idea but a dizziness, that our relations with nature are not fixed once and for all, that no one can know what freedom may be able to do, nor imagine what our customs and human relations would be in a civilization no longer haunted by competition and necessity. ",
"He does not place his hope in any destiny, even a favorable one, but in something belonging to us which is precisely not a destiny—in the contingency of our history.",
"\n\nThis remark expresses a number of things about the philosophy of lateness. ",
"The problem with knowledge, understood as cruel thought's desire to possess being, to arrive at the source and secure its principle, is that it is an effort to close. ",
"If I possessed such a secret, the explanation for everything, a unified theory, then in a profound sense nothing further would be possible. ",
"I could predict, without error, all possibilities, and the future would be set before me only as another past that has not yet come to pass; for there would be no indeterminacy, nothing that could elude the perfect calculus of my science. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty indicates, such a calculus is neither possessed nor desired by the philosopher, for, like all of us who struggle through the ambiguity of existence here on Earth, that person only knows the opening of their experience as it is caught up in the tide of events. ",
"The properly philosophical gesture, for Merleau-Ponty, is only the recognition of indeterminacy, the freedom that the unknown of the future bestows on us insofar as it has not been inscribed on our flesh in advance. ",
"In this way, there is no question of a fixed path, the fulfillment of a logic already set forth and of which we are only effects. ",
"We have no destiny—no righteous path; there is only the vague and yet crucial possibility that things could have been otherwise, that things may still be otherwise.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty, to philosophize is not to seek a thought which \"achieves itself the moment it begins\" but to proceed with the recognition that we thinkers are immersed in the contingency of a history that we did not bring to pass but for which we must nonetheless take responsibility. ",
"But taking responsibility means welcoming our own unfinalizability and incompleteness. ",
"Because it is unfinalizable and incomplete, the task of thinking, for Merleau-Ponty, is not guided by the possibility of its consummation: unlike the modern science and technology that measure themselves by what they accomplish, by their monumentality and progress, to think, to philosophize, is to welcome one's own finitude and weakness, the strange vulnerability of bearing witness to the splitting open and disintegration of the sense of the world. ",
"Such reflections, Merleau-Ponty says, \"justify philosophy even in its weakness. ",
"For it is useless to deny that philosophy limps. ",
"It dwells in history and in life, but it wishes to dwell at their center, at the point where they come into being with the birth of meaning,\" and yet \"the limping [claudication] of philosophy is its virtue.\" ",
"Philosophy limps: we have thought, probably since Plato, that to philosophize is to soar above the world, time, and life, but as we have seen, this is only the desire of a survol absolu. ",
"A philosophy of lateness does not seek to subject existence to its all-encompassing surveillance but to see itself as inscribed in the eruption and unfolding of life. ",
"Recognizing our inscription, that we are embedded in the flesh of the world's sense, we understand that the center, the origin, are beyond us. ",
"There probably is no center—we are adrift, and the task of thinking is no longer understood as the acquisition of knowledge but the welcoming of the unknown. ",
"We understand that the Earth is adrift in the empty expanse of space where there is no center. ",
"As Nietzsche says,\n\nWhither does it now move? ",
"Whither do we move? ",
"Away from all suns? ",
"Do we not dash on unceasingly? ",
"Backwards, sideways, forwards, in all directions? ",
"Is there still an above and below? ",
"Do we not stray, as through infinite nothingness? ",
"Does not empty space breathe upon us? ",
"Has it not become colder? ",
"Does not night come on continually, darker and darker?",
"\n\nAs for Nietzsche, the loss of the center for Merleau-Ponty is not cause for grief but cause for celebration. ",
"We acknowledge its departure with a eulogy and begin again. ",
"The limping of philosophy is its virtue: its languidness and delay, its inability to reach the center are what allow it to see, what allow for the untraversable distance between one who sees and the φύω, the becoming of what is: φύσις.",
"\n\nIt seems that Merleau-Ponty never ceased to be concerned with articulating this philosophy. ",
"In the later years of his life, we see that this is the project outlined in The Visible and the Invisible:\n\nWhat we propose here, and oppose to the search for the essence, is not the return to the immediate, the coincidence, the effective fusion with the existent, the search for an original integrity, for a secret lost and to be rediscovered, which would nullify our questions and even reprehend our language. ",
"If coincidence is lost, this is no accident; if Being is hidden, this is itself a characteristic of Being, and no disclosure will make us comprehend it.",
"\n\nIf coincidence is lost, if we are adrift in the infinite darkness, this is not because of an error or divinely posed riddle set before us to unravel: there is no destiny, there is no lost secret here for us to disclose. ",
"If the φύω of sense cannot be grasped and taken in hand, if it perpetually eludes our reach, then this is because it is of the nature of this φύω to fold itself back into concealment. ",
"As Heraclitus says: φύσις κρύπτεσθαι φιλεῖ. The folding in on itself, the invagination and withdraw of φύσις is embedded within its bursting open, its dehiscence, and this κρύπτεσθαι, this distance, is inscribed into the manifestation and shining forth of the flesh of sense.",
"\n\nEven though Merleau-Ponty never finished articulating what he meant when he named his idea of philosophy \"interrogation,\" we can see from what he says in The Visible and the Invisible that he was in the process of giving voice to a modality of thinking capable of welcoming the distance of becoming, that recognizes its weakness and its inscription in the φύω it takes as its object. ",
"The thinker finds herself in the midst of this growth, the texture and color of things that surround her, and yet all of this beckons something else foreign to it, points beyond itself into the open. ",
"We wanted to arrive at the scene of being and find it at its proper time and in its proper place, but we arrive only afterwards, and to this extent we do not find it: what we were looking for has gone, disparue.",
"\n\nComing after the world, after nature, after life, after thought, and finding them constituted before it, philosophy indeed questions this antecedent being and questions itself concerning its own relationship with it. ",
"It is a return upon itself and upon all things but not a return to an immediate—which recedes in the measure that philosophy wishes to approach and to fuse into it.",
"\n\nTo philosophize is only this: finding oneself given over to a world that, in virtue of the structure of its genesis, precedes our reflections, and in finding oneself immersed in the flux of this world's unfolding, the philosopher endeavors to turn herself back into its stream like a course of water that flows into itself. ",
"Like a course of water, however, such a reflection cannot hope to arrive—the source and origin, as Merleau-Ponty says, recede in accordance with the measure of our reach. ",
"There is no question of making contact with the center, with the source, and therefore this folding back into itself is sustained only as this questioning regard, the questioning of things that no longer requires the satisfaction of answers. ",
"We lay cruel thought to rest and mark its passage, and in so doing, mark the initiation of another modality for thought: a philosophy of lateness.",
"\n\nIt is therefore appropriate that Merleau-Ponty's inaugural address is a eulogy for philosophy, as marking this passage would never cease to occupy his reflections in the following years. ",
"We already have seen this understanding of philosophy at play in Phenomenology of Perception, even if only in a nascent state that had yet to be fully worked out or realized. ",
"In order to give some indications of how the philosophy lateness figures across the texts of Merleau-Ponty's oeuvre, we will return to the considerations of the phenomenological reduction as they figure in the Preface to Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"What we see is the philosopher attempt to think through the question with which this earlier text begins: what is phenomenology? ",
"Merleau-Ponty does not abandon what he says about the meaning of phenomenology there but resumes and reopens this vision years later in the \"preface\" to his late ontology, \"The Philosopher and His Shadow.\" ",
"The philosophy of lateness also figures both in the chapter of The Visible and the Invisible entitled Interrogation et intuition, cited above, and the draft of this text, the Brouillon de rédaction. ",
"As he says, the task of this philosophy is not to reach out and take hold of the sense of the world but to welcome \"its becoming in us\"; philosophy, he says in his eulogy, is \"the movement which leads back without ceasing from knowledge to ignorance, from ignorance to knowledge, and a kind of rest in this movement\"; it is the task to \"bear witness\" to this search and its \"inner disorder.\"",
"\n\n1. ",
"Phenomenological reduction and ontological lateness\n\nIn the Preface to Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty's answer to the question \"What is phenomenology?\" ",
"and the subsequent survey of its significant themes is intended to differentiate phenomenology from the desire to possess being, especially from interpretations that identify phenomenology with idealist metaphysics. ",
"As we have seen, while idealist interpretations of the sense of phenomenology, the phenomenological reduction in particular, are perhaps true to the letter of Husserl, they nonetheless misunderstand the implications of its methodology when they posit the standpoint of a pure, transcendental origin. ",
"Insofar as phenomenology opposes itself to the ordinary perspective of transcendental idealism, which would render the world fully transparent, an authentic understanding of phenomenological method does not recognize its purpose as arriving at the consummation, the ἀποκάλυψις of necessary conditions of possibility for sense. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, there is no terminus, no final end point of the reflections initiated by phenomenology. ",
"The reduction discloses the temporal flux through which sense erupts and unfolds, a flux in which this reflection finds itself immersed. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's famous and perhaps controversial claim that the phenomenological reduction cannot be completed must be understood in this context. ",
"Let us examine this part of the text more closely.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty, the phenomenological reduction does not conclude with the disclosure of a \"pure spectator\"—neither in the realist or idealist sense. ",
"When I set my reflective and metaphysical prejudices aside and I attend closely to what is before my eyes, or even attend closely to myself, at no point am I confronted with an absolute origin for the world's sense: I see a world that is already there, a tissue of sense of which I myself am only a fold. ",
"Phenomenology recognizes that \"the world is there before any possible analysis of mine.\" ",
"It realizes that philosophical reflection never takes place from a standpoint independent of this texture of sense that we call the world and that my reflections always take place in the wake of and fold back upon my experience as it splits open out of this tissue. ",
"Idealistic interpretations of phenomenology that posit the presence of a transcendental consciousness as the point of origin of this eruption are \"ingenuous\" insofar as they pretense to be a form of \"pure reflection\" able to occupy a perspective outside of this eruption and in this way to secure its own coincidence with that upon which it gazes. ",
"In order to achieve this reflective fusion, idealist interpretations of phenomenology must disavow the situatedness and contingency of inquiry, on one hand, and the transcendence of that which it seeks to understand on the other, both of which compromise its claim to adequacy. ",
"As we have seen, idealist philosophies are a form of philosophizing that we have designated as cruel thought. ",
"Against this tendency, Merleau-Ponty's reflections on phenomenological method recognize that in order \"not to take itself as acquired,\" phenomenology understands that it flows out of an unreflective experience that always precedes it.",
"\n\nThis unreflective ground of reflection, in Phenomenology of Perception especially, is given the name \"perception\" for when I look at the world with my eyes, I understand that my vision is only a ripple, a plication in the wave of visibility that rises up behind it and that surrounds me. ",
"The task of the phenomenological reduction, according to Merleau-Ponty, is to make the swell of the perceived, which our reflections always obfuscate, manifest by suspending the ossified accomplishments of reflective life. ",
"My perceptual experience is misunderstood if it is taken as yet another kind of reflection, as a kind of thinking, like Descartes believed: it is rather the presupposed soil of my reflections and thinking, which are always parasitic on it. \"",
"Perception,\" therefore, \"is not a science of the world. ",
"It is not even an act, a deliberate taking up of a position; it is the ground [fond] from which all acts detach themselves, and is presupposed by them.\" ",
"Perception, for Merleau-Ponty, cannot be encapsulated by mere \"sensation\" if we mean by that the organized reception of qualia, data, and so forth, but more accurately describes the manner in which we are given over to a world prior to the point we take up a position or make a judgment about it; it describes our openness to the situation in which we find ourselves immersed and of which we have not yet taken a reckoning. ",
"In perception I have already found myself in a world that is not the work of my judgments, a world of color, light, and shadow that opens forth onto an indefinite horizon. ",
"Insofar as it makes itself known in my perceptual experience, far from being spread out before me in transparency, \"the world is not an object such that I have in my possession the law of its constitution; it is the natural setting [milieu] of, and field for, all my thoughts and all my explicit perceptions.\" ",
"The sense of the world that shines forth in perceptual experience is the abode or dwelling in which I find myself and is the foundation of my judgments and my explicit, positional comportment within a space of reason that my reflections elaborate. ",
"The phenomenological reduction returns our attention to the perceived in this sense—the oblique and visible world with its depth, occlusions, imperfect angles, the ambiguity of distance and the open horizon that surrounds us. ",
"The perceived, as we have seen, for Merleau-Ponty, is nothing other than our sensitivity, our sentir of the sens of the world.",
"\n\nThat philosophical reflection is set forth from the soil of this sens, Merleau-Ponty remarks, \"reveals the true sense of the celebrated phenomenological reduction.\" ",
"As a return to perception, the reduction does not reveal the omniscience of a pure, constituting ego; rather, what it reveals is that philosophical reflection is always caught up in the becoming, the éclatement and dehiscence of sense, which it attempts to illuminate and for which it is always late. ",
"A complete reduction, one that would consummate itself in the reflective coincidence with its conditions of possibility, he says, would entail a \"return to transcendental consciousness before which the world deploys itself in an absolute transparency, animated through and through by a series of apperceptions that the philosopher is charged with reconstituting from their results.\" ",
"A completed reduction would amount to the possession of being, the termination of thought in a final reflective fusion. ",
"It would amount to the closure of philosophy, the shutting down of thought in the stilling and silencing of its movement. ",
"Maintaing philosophy's openness requires abandoning the primacy of a constituting consciousness and its survol absolu. ",
"The incompleteness, the impossibility of a complete reduction is Merleau-Ponty's way of thinking through and maintaining this openness.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's reflections on phenomenological method and the reduction will consistently elaborate the motif of incompleteness and unfinalizability from Phenomenology of Perception onwards. ",
"As he says of Husserl, the problem of phenomenological reduction will never cease to occupy his work and is a problem to which he will continually return. ",
"In \"The Philosopher and His Shadow,\" said to be the preface to Merleau-Ponty's late ontology and published almost fifteen years after Phenomenology of Perception, he returns again to phenomenological method with notable similarities to his earlier discussion. ",
"Again, the problem is with idealistic interpretations of the reduction and the possibility of disclosing transcendental consciousness as its point of termination. ",
"Again, Merleau-Ponty's concern is to think through a philosophy that recognizes what is before and beyond the scope of constituting consciousness and the claim, as he says, that \"There must be beings for us which are not yet kept in being by the centrifugal activity of consciousness.\" ",
"The aim of this discussion of phenomenological reduction in this essay, to articulate a philosophy of ontological lateness, seems to remain essentially the same. ",
"Let us consider some of these pages of \"The Philosopher and His Shadow.\"",
"\n\nFor Husserl, as Merleau-Ponty argues here in the pages of this essay, the phenomenological reduction is characterized by a double movement, or, as he says, is \"rent by an inverse movement which it elicits\": the return to transcendental consciousness is simultaneously \"going outside of ourselves.\" ",
"We should not confuse the reduction with a kind of pure introspection, the return to one's ownmost interiority, for the inquiry that traces the birth of the sense of the world, at the point where it is an \"immanent\" inquiry of the \"inside,\" at that very moment describes a trajectory to the outside. ",
"Phenomenology never has been the restoration of a zone of pure consciousness. ",
"Phenomenological reduction, he says, \"does not install us in a closed, transparent milieu... and it does not take us (at least not immediately) from 'objective' to 'subjective,' but... its function is rather to unveil a third dimension in which this distinction becomes problematic.\" ",
"If we take the spirit of Husserl's work seriously, especially that after Ideen II, we see that rather than unveiling a transcendental nucleus or point of origination, phenomenological reduction escapes the \"tête-à-tête between pure subject and pure things,\" idealism and realism, and it does so because it courses its way back through the flood of sense; it is neither a return to the pure subject nor the pure object but to the dehiscence of sense in which subjects and objects take shape and become articulate. ",
"Phenomenological reduction does not disclose the a priority of transcendental, constituting consciousness that soars above this flood nor the hardness of an objective reality. ",
"Precisely to the extent that it moves in the direction of an interiority, it also moves in the direction of exteriority. ",
"Phenomenological reduction does not disclose the singularity of subjectivity but the φύω of φύσις: the coming forth, the coming into being of the tissue, the flesh of sense in its folding and unfolding, its respiration, its exposure, and expression.",
"\n\nEchoing the position elaborated in Phenomenology of Perception, phenomenological method discloses this becoming and éclatement precisely to the extent to which it is able to put our theoretical prejudices out of play and attend to that layer of sense that nurtures such theses and makes them possible. ",
"Beneath the sedimented accomplishments of reflective life lies what Husserl calls our Welthesis, our unreflective orientation in the world, our stance and attitude, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"prior to any thesis,\" and the proper task of phenomenology is to \"unveil this pre-theoretical layer.\" ",
"But how does this pre-theoretical layer come to have sense? ",
"Must there not be some prior, original act of constitution? ",
"To think through this question, we must begin by considering the theme of \"pre-theoretical constitution,\" what we have already encountered as passive synthesis and again what Merleau-Ponty will call here and in Phenomenology of Perception, operative, latent or general intentionality, the manner in which reflecting consciousness already finds itself in the midst of a world of sense for which it is late. ",
"Speaking of this sense-genesis, Merleau-Ponty will here repeat, almost verbatim, the sense of lateness we saw above in Phenomenology of Perception: things \"are always 'already constituted' for us or... they are 'never completely constituted'—in short... consciousness is always behind or ahead of them, never contemporaneous.\" ",
"We are given over to sense on all sides; it rises up around us and we are embedded within this surge. ",
"But its principle, its λόγος, remains hidden and concealed beyond the horizon of its manifestation: it is too far behind us or too far ahead of us, and we are too late or too early, never on time. ",
"What Merleau-Ponty will designate as philosophical interrogation dwells in the interstice of this delay as becoming flows through it, without contact and without finality.",
"\n\nPhenomenological reduction, as a return to our Welthesis, makes our condition of lateness visible, and it is precisely this that indicates the truth of the reduction which is, as Merleau-Ponty says in Phenomenology of Perception, \"the impossibility of a complete reduction.\" ",
"As noted above, a complete reduction would ascribe a power to reflection in which it would coincide with the final unveiling of the principle of the becoming in which it is immersed. ",
"On the contrary, for a philosophy of lateness, the very performance of phenomenological reduction always takes place in the grip of the becoming of sense. ",
"A complete reduction would entail reaching out for and seizing upon that which holds us, even sustains us, to place before us what is behind us and what must remain behind us. ",
"Phenomenological reduction cannot be completed because this frontality remains impossible for it. ",
"From the standpoint of the false imaginary of cruel thought, the phenomenological reduction to this extent appears to be a perpetual disappointment and failure. ",
"But the lateness of reflection to becoming, because it remains in the grip of the unfolding of time and sense, is the emblem and sign of its openness: rather, it is the definition of this openness. ",
"It is because it is late that reflection cannot be closed, and because it cannot be closed, it must always be taken up again and renewed; philosophy, like art, is a constant reprisal and perpetual beginning.",
"\n\nPhenomenological reduction does not disclose a static set of transcendental idealities that would constitute the absolute origin for the becoming of sense—a basis that would capture and arrest this becoming in being. ",
"Rather, the truth and virtue of phenomenology is its capacity to bear witness to becoming in its passage, in its departure, to welcome this departure, and even to dwell at this point of departure. ",
"The reflections phenomenology carries out in its inquiry into the structures of sense-genesis are themselves enveloped in this temporal dehiscence, are themselves on the point of departure. ",
"To return to an important remark from Phenomenology of Perception: \"since we are in the world, since indeed, our reflections take place in the temporal flux that they seek to capture (since they sich einströmen [inflow on themselves], as Husserl says), there is no thought which embraces all our thought.\" ",
"Phenomenology remains incomplete—remains open—because it itself is immersed in the temporal flux of sense that it endeavors to witness and therefore the point of origin remains asymptotically on the horizon, at a distance, eluding our reach. ",
"There is a temporal écart that erupts between the réfléchissant and the réfléchi as that which reflection seeks slips forever out of its grasp. ",
"It is precisely in this context that Merleau-Ponty remarks \"The greatest lesson of the reduction is the impossibility of a complete reduction.\" ",
"All of our reflections are caught within this influx, the vortex, if you will, of the setting forth of sense, and it seems that the idea of \"inflow\" or \"influx\" that Husserl indicated by the term Einströmen never ceased to be of interest to Merleau-Ponty as a reflection on this concept appears again in a working note of The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"The remark reads: \"Because there is Einströmen, reflection is not adequation, coincidence: it would not pass into the Strom if it placed us back at the source of the Strom.\" ",
"What distinguishes phenomenology is that it is an inquiry that endeavors to pass into the stream of becoming without attempting to occupy its center, which attends to this passage without pretensing to return to its source and origin. ",
"Because philosophical reflection is in and of this flow, it cannot coincide with this source and the ground that transcendental philosophy was looking for remains impossible. ",
"It is, as Merleau-Ponty says, \"being at a distance,\" the distance of the spacing of the visible as it opens before our eyes.",
"\n\nIt is in this sense that philosophical interrogation is late. ",
"It is immersed in the flow of the temporal efflorescence of becoming, and it would not be possible otherwise. ",
"Because it is immersed in this Strom, by the time that reflection arrives on the scene, the firm ground it was looking for has already passed into unsteadiness, the meditation it takes up remains ineluctably untimely. ",
"This thought is rehearsed again by Merleau-Ponty in his Brouillon d'une rédaction text, when he remarks that philosophical interrogation is \"too late for knowing the naïve world which was before it and too early for knowing everything precisely as initiative, optional operation, critical enterprise, and cultural second.\" ",
"This is only to say that philosophical interrogation takes place only within the eruptive écoulement of becoming which escapes its grasp. ",
"This thought about lateness is repeated again in the published version of the Brouillon, the chapter of The Visible and the Invisible entitled \"Interrogation et Intuition,\" where Merleau-Ponty remarks that, \"as passive beings, we feel ourselves caught up in a mass of Being that escapes us,\" and for this reason \"we oppose to this adversity the desire for an absolute evidence, delivered from all facticity.\" ",
"Thought wanted to overcome the adversity of its condition in the absolute, but this overcoming is only a myth and fantasy that attempts to extricate thought from the depth of its own sense. ",
"As interrogation, thought realizes itself as a movement, that like the écoulement of sense, it is subject to its own dissolution and erosion the moment it becomes and therefore remains always to be done. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in the same chapter,\n\nThere is an experience of the visible thing as pre-existing my vision, but this experience is not a fusion, a coincidence: because my eyes which see, my hands which touch, can also be seen and touched, because, therefore in this sense they see and touch the visible, the tangible, from within, because our flesh lines and even envelops all the visible and tangible things with which nevertheless it is surrounded, the world and I are within one another, and there is no anteriority of the percipere to the percipi, there is simultaneity or even lateness [retard].",
"\n\nThe visible things that manifest themselves before my eyes shine forth across the distance and spacing that, for Merleau-Ponty, is the definition of visibility itself: I see the world precisely because I never coincide with it, because what there is makes itself known at the hither end of my glance, because whatever proximity I have to things is always relative to a distance between my eyes and the world, even between my hand and the world. ",
"Things show themselves in this depth, shifting dynamics of foregrounding and backgrounding, occlusion, angles, vanishing points, and the withdraw of the visible into the indefiniteness of the horizon. ",
"There is always the intrusion, the empiètement, of light, shadow, relative degrees of focus and clarity, even the distortions of the atmosphere that intervene between my gaze and the world. ",
"I never see things in absolute clarity; the world does not make itself known to me in the immediacy and apodiciticity of some final disclosure, an absolute transparency; what I see is always more or less distorted, more or less uncertain. ",
"But Merleau-Ponty's invocation of vision here is not intended to privilege one modality of perception above another: for even in the apparent immediacy of touching the world with my hands there is distance, for the surfaces that run beneath my fingers conceal other layers, interiorities, and dimensions that I do not touch. ",
"Smells and tastes remain imprecise as when I try to find the words to describe the flavor of a fine wine and invariably fail or try to describe the taste of a dish to someone else. ",
"I hear the world across distances and spaces with a lack of transparency similar to the visible, full of echoes, reverberations, and timbres that make me unsure of what I hear or from where. ",
"In any case, this ambiguity stems from my embeddedness in what appears: I am not a pure spectator, hovering outside of the things that I see, but as a seer, as one who touches, I too am seen and touched. ",
"I am within the visibility that spreads out before me, and my point of view is one of the things that manifests itself among the things I see. ",
"My flesh spreads out into the world as the flesh of the world holds me; seer and seen are Ineinander, entwined, one emerging only from the insides of the other. ",
"Because the seer is entwined in the visible, there is lateness and delay, noncoincidence, spacing and distance.",
"\n\n2. ",
"The lateness of philosophy\n\nAs we have seen, the philosophy of lateness comes into view against the background of the impossibility of another understanding of philosophy, what I have described as cruel thought. ",
"Cruel thought, at least implicitly, begins with the belief that philosophy can, so to speak, \"be on time\" with respect to the objects of its inquiry, that it can reach them at the time and place where there are and make them its own, that it may conclude by attaining a final resolution of its movement. ",
"Such resolution, as I have tried to show, is foreclosed, not because reflection has made insufficient progress toward its destination but because this lateness is already inscribed into the manifestation of the sense of the world. ",
"I want to conclude the reflections on lateness in this chapter by returning again to what I view to be one of the most beautiful moments of Merleau-Ponty's work, the Preface to Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"There are two important motifs to note in this text a propos of the philosophy of lateness: first, as we have seen, that philosophical reflection is set forth against the background of its history, in the wake of the depth of an institution on which it draws and for which it remains late. ",
"Second, as a result of its embededness, philosophy remains open and incomplete.",
"\n\nThe first claim, that philosophical reflection takes up and resumes an institution for which it is late, is intended to underline the historical contingency of thinking and thereby challenge the belief that philosophy is a strictly rational enterprise, a set of purely intellectual or academic problems rather than enigmas of human life on Earth. \"",
"All knowledge,\" Merleau-Ponty says, \"bases itself on a 'ground' [sol] of postulates and finally with our communication with the world as the first establishment of rationality.\" ",
"When the philosopher sits down to think, she finds herself in the midst of the historical deflagration of sense, which she must in some way resume, reprise and renew. ",
"It is only through such repetition that philosophy establishes its possibility. ",
"Thought must in this way acknowledge that it is part of a historical tradition, i.e., that it does not, as Heidegger says, take the form of \"free-floating\" questioning, but must recognize its immersion in an historical and institutional sense which was already underway and which it takes up. ",
"There are, then, no geniuses; there are no individuals who, through the sheer uniqueness of their intellect shatter the foundations of thought. ",
"The thinker, rather, is only an expression, only an articulation of the sense of this history as it makes itself manifest. ",
"Acknowledging this historicity and contingency, philosophical inquiry acknowledges that it is inevitably late with respect to itself or, in other words, that it necessarily finds itself in the midst of a tradition that has preceded it and which has informed its tasks. ",
"Here we recognize the manner in which philosophy and its sense accomplishments take the form of reprendre and reprise. ",
"In recognizing this historical contingency, however, philosophy must simultaneously resist the mere \"traditionalism\" of taking up the sedimented problems of philosophy uncritically—that is, it must resist the temptation to take itself and its own possibility for granted. ",
"Philosophy, then, must not only come to realize its historical and institutional situation but must subject this ground to the same interrogation to which it subjects all branches of knowledge: as an interrogation of the world it remains an interrogation of itself, and in questioning itself, it is the institution and establishment of itself anew.",
"\n\nThought's historical contingency is the basis for Merleau-Ponty's second claim that it is marked by nascence and unfinalizability. ",
"Philosophical reflection, Merleau-Ponty says, \"duplicates itself infinitely\" and becomes, quoting Husserl, \"a dialogue or infinite meditation.\" ",
"As we recall, phenomenology begins by placing the prejudices and superstitions characteristic of the natural attitude in abeyance. ",
"This attitude, which conceals the very accomplishments of sense that open us onto the world by taking them for granted, we see now includes the accomplishments of philosophical institution. ",
"The result is that by suspending these accomplishments, the philosopher must begin again: \"The philosopher,\" he says, \"is a perpetual beginner. ",
"That is to say he takes nothing for granted that men or scholars believe they know.\" ",
"Merleau-Ponty conceives philosophy, therefore, not in terms of what it completes and finishes, which is to say in terms of death, but as what it can start again, in terms of birth: the task of thinking is not to put an end to itself, not about resolutions, but about fecundity, opening onto an indefinite and undetermined future. ",
"The weakness of thought, its lateness, its perpetual failure, necessitates its reprendre and reprise, its resumption and repetition, its constant beginning and its constant self-renewal. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty's final remarks in the Preface indicate, the question that begins the text, \"What is phenomenology?\" ",
"and the fact that we may pose this question again, even over half a century after Merleau-Ponty's death, does not designate the end of phenomenology but rather its ownmost virtue. ",
"This question is the constant theme of phenomenology in its continual self-interrogation, weakness, nascence, and perpetuation. ",
"It is precisely to the extent that thought orients itself in terms of this self-interrogation that it also is directed toward a truth that it cannot embrace; it reaches out toward being, toward knowledge, but cannot hold them in its grasp.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty carries forward the reflections that we find in the Preface to Phenomenology of Perception over the course of his career. ",
"Rather than seeing the pages of the later works as giving an indication of a significant revision of the earlier work, we can see his philosophical development after Phenomenology of Perception as an attempt to articulate this philosophy in a revised language with more nuance. ",
"The concept of the chiasm, the χ, the crossing, the Ineinander of the seer and the seen, already expresses the impossibility of holding being in our grasp. ",
"In a working note of The Visible and the Invisible dated twelve years after the publication of Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty defines this concept as follows: \"the idea of chiasm, that is: every relation with being is simultaneously a taking and a being taken, the hold is held, it is inscribed and inscribed in the same being that it takes hold of.\" ",
"The interpretation of Merleau-Ponty's thought offered here provides some indications of how we should hear this remark. ",
"As reflection reaches out to grasp being, it finds itself in the grip of a becoming in which it is immersed and what it inscribes onto this becoming is simultaneously inscribed on reflection. ",
"Thought and the becoming of sense are Ineinander: one dwells within the other. ",
"We ourselves are the expressions of this becoming, this φύω of φύσις, and if we see the sky, it is only the sky that sees itself in us, only nature that thinks itself through us in the \"fundamental narcissim of all vision.\" ",
"Immediately following this important remark, Merleau-Ponty says:\n\nStarting from there, elaborate an idea of philosophy: it cannot be total or active grasp, intellectual possession, since what there is to be grasped is a dispossession. ",
"It is beneath. ",
"It is the simultaneous experience of the holding and the held in all orders.",
"\n\nWe reach out toward being, toward the truth, toward nature, but what we reach toward already has us in hand, what we touch, in the end, is only the untouchable mist of our becoming in time, our outsidedness, our ek-stasis, that pulls us away from ever being anything completely. ",
"If we possess anything it is only our own dispossession. ",
"The question that introduces Phenomenology of Perception, \"What is phenomenology?\" ",
"already anticipates the dispossession entailed by thought's chiasmatic lateness—its hold on becoming is already held in the advent of that becoming and therefore what we reach for always eludes us.",
"\n\nThe philosophy of ontological lateness, finally, is not an attempt to make sense of being, if we understand by that fusing and coinciding with it, but to make sense of the manner in which the sense of this becoming is constantly working itself out, to think through the fact that human inquiry, including the project of philosophy itself, is circumscribed by its immersion in the Strom and that therefore what it seeks remains at a distance. ",
"Merleau-Ponty gives succinct expression to this thought in a radio broadcast from 1948 when, again, he remarks that\n\nReason does not lie behind us, nor is it that where the meeting of minds takes place: rather, both stand before us waiting to be inherited. ",
"Yet we are no more able to reach them definitively than we are able to give up on them.",
"\n\nThe call for a philosophy of ontological lateness, however, is not a call for skepticism, for the very epistemological terms of traditional skeptical philosophies are excluded by his account. ",
"Nor is it a call for nihilism, for the result of a philosophy of ontological lateness is not the claim that values and knowledge are impossible but, as he says in the same radio broadcast, \"precarious.\" ",
"We do not have the solid, indestructible truth dreamt about by cruel thought, rather what we have is a world in the process of working itself out, in the process of coming into articulation, and what we recognize is that this process, because it is the eruption of time, will never come to rest in the fullness of actuality but that its coming into being is only the inverse of its dissolution, that whatever stability we encounter is only relative to the flux, and that, therefore, we must always start again. ",
"We are called upon to recognize the fragility of the human condition and our achievements, to recognize our immersion in the deflagration of becoming, and to see that what we institute in this world is subject to the disarticulation that marks our birth in time.",
"\n\nAt the Point of Departure\n\nWhat does it mean to philosophize? ",
"What does it mean to have φιλία, friendship and love, for σοφία, wisdom? ",
"As Plato says, the true philosophers are τοὺς τῆς ἀληθείας... φιλοθεάμονας. ",
"Plato will of course go on to argue that what is ἀλήθεια, what has been taken out of hiddenness, usually translated as \"truth,\" is that which is always identical with being and never otherwise. ",
"But what is interesting here is Plato's identification of the proper task of philosophy with the φιλοθεάμων, the lover of the θέαμα, the sight or spectacle, indeed, the theater. ",
"The philosopher is the lover of the visible.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty, to love the visible means to love its distance and spacing, to love that what shines forth under my eyes recedes from my grasp and that it opens up before me in all of its indeterminacy. ",
"Such a love is the opposite of the desire of cruel thought, which wishes to arrive at the center and to be everything. ",
"Such a desire, we recall Merleau-Ponty saying in his Brouillon text, is not motivated a love of wisdom but by a fear of error. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's attempt to articulate a style of thinking that overcomes cruel thought aims to rethink what we mean when we speak of a φιλία for σοφία. ",
"In rethinking the meaning of φιλία, however, we also understand that there is also another meaning for σοφία, that wisdom does not mean possession but dispossession, and to love means to be able to give oneself over to this dispossession, to be present at the point of distance, to be present at the point of departure. ",
"In this final chapter, I will try to show that in place of cruel thought's desire to arrest, Merleau-Ponty's thought offers a sense of φιλία no longer identified with the cruel desire to tame and subdue but one identified with the fuga, the flight of becoming in its manifestation. ",
"To love is not to possess, not to keep, nor to see in unconcealed nakedness, but to love the fugitive precisely in her flight, understanding that she will remain unknown, concealed across an infinite distance. ",
"As Proust's account of the narrator's love affair with Albertine in the Recherche teaches us, love, which has always been an emblem for the experience of philosophy, is not an experience of fulfillment but of letting go, of ἀπόφασις, sending away.",
"\n\nThe sense of loving the fugitive in ἀπόφασις is perhaps captured most beautifully in the scene of Christ's appearance to Mary Magdalene, and it is therefore not a coincidence that Merleau-Ponty mentions the phrase, \"noli me tangere,\" \"touch me not,\" in his analysis of Proust. ",
"This is also the title of a work by the contemporary French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy. ",
"By bringing Merleau-Ponty's analysis of love in Proust into dialogue with Nancy's commentary on this scene or advent of appearance, we see that, rather than an apocalyptic discourse in which the λόγος appears at the end of time to reveal the finality of its truth, the words Noli me tangere, for both Merleau-Ponty and Nancy, offer something else for reflection: the distance and spacing that is, for them, essential to truth. ",
"Allowing for this distance, for both Merleau-Ponty and Nancy, requires a certain kind of πίστις, faith in place of certainty, and the chapter concludes by considering this faith beyond belief, the faith of Mary Magdalene who is able to send the beloved forth. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's formulation of a philosophy of ontological lateness, therefore, can be seen as a reformulation of the meaning of φιλοσοφία. ",
"Φιλία, here, means the faith, the πίστις demonstrated in the κάλυψις, the veiling, of ἀπόφασις, sending away, and to this extent Merleau-Ponty's thought inaugurates a new relation to the becoming of sense that departs from cruel thought. ",
"Loving wisdom, to love σοφία, is no longer understood as possession of anything—not of some secret, not of knowledge, truth, the other, nor even of oneself—rather this is a wisdom in which one allows oneself to be dispossessed by the partance, the departing, allowing for the other's decay and disintegration: allowing for one's own decay and disintegration.",
"\n\n1. ",
"At the point of la partance\n\nIn his book, Noli me tangere: On the Raising of the Body, Jean-Luc Nancy offers a methodological and ethical injunction against philosophy's fear as well as its cruelty, its disciplinary desire and need to seize, arrest, and interrogate. ",
"He stages this injunction in the context of an extended meditation on what he takes to be one of the central episodes of Christian theology: the appearance of Christ to Mary Magdalene. ",
"Nancy's task in his consideration of this scene is to challenge the desire of what we have here called cruel thought and consider the possibility of another φιλία: loving the fugitive even in his flight and loving the fuga itself. ",
"Before returning to Merleau-Ponty, it will be worthwhile to consider Nancy's reflections and the manner in which many of the themes we have encountered become crystallized: the withdrawal of the beloved from our reach, faith, and our stance and posture with respect to what we love. ",
"The scene of Christ's appearance to Mary Magdalene at the tomb is essential: rather than an apocalyptic discourse in which Christ, the λόγος, the word, the reason, appears at the end of time to reveal the finality of its truth, the words of the beloved, \"noli me tangere,\" \"touch me not,\" offer something else for reflection: καλυψις rather than ἀποκάλυψις, veiling rather than unveiling, letting die opposed to a morbid desire for eternal life, ἀπόφασις, setting forth, rather than ἀπόφανσις, making assertions. ",
"The figure of Mary Magdelene, who is cast as the foil of the one who doubts—Thomas, in this case—is the incarnation of this love, this φιλία that eschews the cruel desire to possess. ",
"It is through through her love that faith is possible for her because Mary, unlike Descartes and Proust's narrator, requires no certainty: neither proofs nor demonstrations. ",
"Her reaching hand does not seek to possess and detain the beloved, but she is able to love him precisely in his inaccessibility, ingraspability, and untouchability: she loves him in his departure. ",
"Because she loves, Mary Magdelene, unlike Thomas, does not need to touch. ",
"She does not even need to believe as she exhibits a faith beyond knowledge.",
"\n\nWhat is phenomenologically distinctive about the noli parable is that the λόγος that appears shows itself only in its partance, its departing. ",
"What we have is a distinctive account of manifestation: the appearance of the λόγος is nothing other than the event of its parting. ",
"The concept of partance figured here is essential, and it is through it that Nancy will mobilize his double injunction against the cruelty of thought: methodologically, the partance signals the impossibility of satisfying the desire for certainty—to allow for the partance of the λόγος means that we no longer ask for security or guarantees; ethically, it signals that we must give ourselves over to the impossibility of the touch: that if we love the other, we must let him ascend—we must even let him die.",
"\n\nThe incident that Nancy describes, and which has simply become known as the Noli me tangere in the artistic works of art that figure it, makes the first apparition of Christ after the crucifixion appear. ",
"We may recall the scene under consideration. ",
"Mary Magdalene comes to visit the tomb in the early hours of the morning only to find that the stone has been rolled away and that the tomb is empty. ",
"She goes to collect the other disciples, who follow her back to the tomb. ",
"They see the empty tomb and the shrouds lying about and then leave, going home, and Mary finds herself alone outside the empty tomb, weeping. ",
"Some angels are sitting inside the tomb, and they ask her why she cries. ",
"She tells them that it is because Christ's body has been removed, and she does not know to where, by whom, or why. ",
"At this point, she turns around and sees a gardener. ",
"Assuming that this is the person who has removed the body, she asks him where he has taken it. ",
"In response, the gardener only speaks her name, \"Mary,\" at which point she recognizes him as the arisen. ",
"She cries out \"Rabboni,\" Aramaic for \"master\" or \"teacher,\" and in her grief and surprise, she reaches out her hand to touch him. ",
"It is at this moment that the arisen utters the words \"noli me tangere.\" ",
"According to Nancy, this is the essential moment since it is the point of conjuncture between the parable and la partance—between the appearing of the flesh of the λόγος and its departing. ",
"Nancy appropriately names this conjuncture \"resurrection,\" and his claim, echoing the philosophy we have encountered in the texts of Merleau-Ponty, is that manifestation is possible only because the departure of the λόγος is always already under way in its appearance—a structure that Christianity's own understanding of itself, according to Nancy, tends to elide.",
"\n\nFirst, we may note with Nancy that this scene is a parable rather than, say, an allegory or a myth. ",
"According to Nancy, what distinguishes the parable is that it is an expressive modality that makes the λόγος itself manifest in the image without mediation. ",
"There is nothing \"between\" the λόγος and its manifestation; it does not pass through some symbol or representative that indicates its presence but behind which it would nonetheless remain concealed. ",
"It is present in the image in the flesh—the image is its flesh. ",
"As he says, in the parable (in contrast to an allegory or illustration),\n\nthe logos is not distinct from the figure or the image, since its essential content consists precisely in the logos's figuring, presenting, and representing itself, announcing itself like a person who appears unexpectedly, who shows himself and, in showing himself, shows the original of the figure.",
"\n\nThe λόγος that appears in the parable is not a copy, an εἰκόν of a hidden original. ",
"The figure in the parable is the manifestation of the λόγος. ",
"In the parable under consideration, the λόγος, Christ, unexpectedly appears on the scene and cannot be separated or distinguished from his mode of appearance or expression. ",
"The gardener who appears to Mary outside the empty tomb is not a proxy or functionary of the λόγος but Christ himself, present, there, before her astonished eyes. ",
"In this sense, parable, as an expressive form, is distinct from representational modes of signification that maintain a gap or difference between the λόγος and its \"signifier,\" for example, in the realist metaphysics that posits a reality hidden behind the epistemological veil of appearances or in a priori conditions of possibility that would become visible only to reflecting consciousness. ",
"In the parable, there are no signifiers per se because the λόγος itself appears and not its symbols or representatives—it is the figure itself. ",
"The parable is phenomenologically distinctive, then, to the extent that the operation of zeigen in it is unique: what shows itself points only to its own manifestation and not elsewhere. ",
"The figure does not gesture toward something it represents or stands for—it makes itself known; it announces itself in its own interest and through its own power, and in this way, is a φαινόμενον in the proper sense as the middle-passive voice of φαίνω, \"to show\": that which, we recall, shows itself of itself das Sich-an-ihm-selbst-zeigen, in and of itself, by virtue of its own power and not another.",
"\n\nThe parable, for Nancy, is thus a distinctive manner of making manifest in which the figure, in this case Christ, makes itself known through a figuration that is its own, makes itself known of itself without mediation. ",
"What appears in the noli parable is the flesh of the λόγος itself, already naked, without symbolism or representation: the showing, the appearance of Christ—his first after the crucifixion. ",
"This parable is particularly interesting, for our purposes, to the extent that what it makes appear is an appearance: manifestation becomes embedded and folded within and on itself; it is the making present of a becoming present, and incrusted inside this fold is the flesh of the λόγος itself.",
"\n\nWhat is significant about these phenomenological concerns, for Nancy, is that this moment of apparition par excellence is coupled with la partance, the departing, and it is this coupling that is essential for the noli episode and its bearing on the injunction issued against cruel thought. ",
"The coupling of appearance and withdraw, for Nancy, the arrival and departing of the λόγος, contains an important lesson for how we ought to understand the meaning of \"resurrection.\" ",
"According to Nancy, Christianity's ownmost sense remains concealed insofar as resurrection has been taken to mean the eternal return of presence—rebirth, eternal life—at the expense of the partance, departing into nothingness, the \"return to the father.\" ",
"Nancy has a specific way in mind for how we should hear this part of the text. ",
"According to the scripture, Christ says the following after issuing his injunction to Mary: \"for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God.\" ",
"The reference to \"father,\" of course, resonates profoundly with the tradition of psychoanalysis and Nancy clearly intends us to register this. ",
"To return to the father, contrary to tradition, is not to return to the absolute origin but to return to the empty signifier that points but has no referent, what Nancy will simply call nothingness or death. ",
"In this way, he wishes to underline the \"calypticality\" implicit in Christianity, that it is fundamentally a discourse of occlusion and withdraw as opposed to the apocalyptic discourse professed in its letter. ",
"Christ, for Nancy, does not return to a lost principle; he does not go to unlock and possess the secret, nor does he make a promise to unveil the absolute truth. ",
"He departs, and it is the departure that is essential for Nancy. ",
"He offers the following summary interpretation of what Christ means when he says \"noli me tangere\":\n\nDo not touch me, do not hold me back, do not think to seize or reach toward me for I am going to the Father, that is, still and always to the very power of death. ",
"I am withdrawing into it. ",
"I am fading away into its nocturnal brilliance on this spring morning. ",
"I am already going away; I am only in this departure; I am the parting of this departure. ",
"My being consists in it and my word is this: 'I, the Truth, am going away.'",
"\n\nNancy, here, is setting up his deconstructive reading of a set of ideas important to Christian theology: the promise of revelation, of ἀποκάλυψις, and the promise of eternal life. ",
"The noli episode raises an important question that Nancy wants to press: If the figure of Christ is the manifestation of the divine λόγος here on Earth in the flesh, the mediation of the eternal and mortal, the becoming human of God, what does it mean that this manifestation is not to be touched? ",
"What does it mean that the λόγος departs? ",
"How are we to take and understand this departure? ",
"The first lesson is that the λόγος forbids our reach. ",
"We reach out toward it and yet it withdraws and eludes us. ",
"We wanted to reach out and take hold of reason but it escapes us, and in this way the words of Christ signal this flight: touch me not, for I am already gone, disparue. ",
"It is in this sense that we must take Christianity to be a discourse of καλυψις—of veiling—rather than of ἀποκάλυψις—unveiling. ",
"The final revelation, the closure and consummation we wanted from the λόγος will not be given. ",
"The absolute that God seems to have always signalled has departed, and we are left, like Mary, to live through this temporal existence here on Earth.",
"\n\nThe second lesson is about the promise of eternal life and the meaning of resurrection. ",
"In addition to the manifestation of the divine λόγος, the figure of Christ makes the strange restitution of human finitude visible. ",
"On one hand, Christ is one of us—he is mortal, and we know this thanks to the crucifixion. ",
"On the other hand, he represents the possibility of resurrection, typically understood as eternal life. ",
"But what can eternal life mean for temporal beings? ",
"What can this signify for the φύω of the visible? ",
"Like Merleau-Ponty, Nancy does not think that this can mean our liberation from time. ",
"For Nancy, Christianity is not properly a discourse of resurrection in that sense, the expiation of mortality and temporality in the divine and eternal, but is a discourse dwelling on the impossibility of such atonement, a discourse of decay, lapse, and disintegration, even in spite of its protestations otherwise. ",
"It seems it must be, otherwise we have no means for understanding the ungraspability of the eternal in time that the noli episode expresses: the departure of the λόγος. ",
"If we accept Merleau-Ponty's claim that eternity makes sense only thanks to time and not outside of time, then what could eternal life mean? ",
"Only the infinite repetition of life—the return of an endless cycle of biological processes. ",
"Life, in that case, would no longer be human in any meaningful sense. ",
"It would be life and life only: the \"putrefaction\" of a cancerous and contagious \"vivification,\" a parasitic and invasive life, undead rather than living, and we would be stripped of the wondrous blessing that death is. ",
"Nancy summarizes this connection in a striking passage:\n\nCulture in general—all human culture—opens up the relation to death, the relation opened by death, without which there would be no relation at all: there would be only a universal adhesion, a coherence and a coalescence, a coagulation of all (a putrefaction that would always be vivifying for new germinations). ",
"Without death there would only be contact, contiguity, and contagion, a cancerous propagation of life that would consequently no longer be life—or rather, it would only be life and not existence, a life that would not at the same time be anastasis.",
"\n\nResurrection, ἀνάστασις, cannot mean simply \"eternal life,\" for eternal life signals the absence or impossibility of death, and there can be no resurrection without death. ",
"Resurrection thus requires death, as the story of Christ clearly illustrates. ",
"The resurrection promised by Christianity, like all articulations of human culture, opens us onto our own mortality—that we are beings who are born and die in time, that we come into being and pass away, and that our arrival here, as Nancy will insist, is, like Christ, already our departure. ",
"Eternity, by contrast, would deprive us of that outside, that non-being, the non-existence, which, as existing beings we reference, and which, according to Nancy, makes all relationality possible. ",
"If we were immortal we would be fused into the total \"coagulation\" of life—we would be stripped of the transcendence, the ek-stasis we have thanks to time that both makes us what we are and at the same time ensures that this φύω will remain incomplete.",
"\n\nIt is the appearance of the necessity of death on the scene of a discourse that claims to be about immortality that is figured in the concept of la partance, and it is precisely this departure, this concealment, this καλυψις, that shines forth in the Noli me tangere episode. ",
"In the apparition of the arisen on the scene, his presence, what shows itself, is nothing short of his withdraw and absence. ",
"In this way, Nancy says, the partance is inscribed into every appearing—that which shows itself, the phenomenon, is in every case already in the process of its departure; it is already \"on the way to,\" Unterwegs, its disappearance:\n\nThe departing [la partance] is inscribed onto presence, presence is presenting its vacating. ",
"He has already left; he is no longer where he is; he is no longer as he is. ",
"He is dead, which is to say that he is not what or who he, at the same time, is or presents. ",
"He is his own alteration and his own absence: He is properly only his impropriety.",
"\n\nWe get a better sense of how, for Nancy, the noli episode expresses a certain figure of manifestation, a figure with a clear resonance with what we have encountered in Merleau-Ponty. ",
"The appearance of the λόγος in the phenomenon—its articulation—is simultaneously its disappearance—its disarticulation. ",
"What appears is not the λόγος itself, there, before us, all its heavenly glory shining down, but its disappearance, its disintegration and dissipation—what appears is only the partance of the λόγος. ",
"Therefore, if what shows itself in the noli episode is the flesh of the λόγος, it is not in the flesh, en personne, that the λόγος appears but only in its irredeemable and irremediable distance and inaccessability: there is a gardener and an empty tomb and the arisen is gone, already departed. ",
"To this extent, the becoming of the sense of the world, as we have already seen, is not of the order of the present or of presence—there is no presence as such, for every \"presencing\" is only the appearance of a departure, of an \"absencing.\"",
"\n\n2. ",
"La partance, faith, and love\n\nThe parable is significant because the words Noli me tangere, according to Nancy, speak this partance; they tell us that our meeting each other here is already our parting and that it is not our proximity but our distance that makes it possible for us to be with each other. ",
"The partance is the condition of our Mitsein, our being-with, and thus of our intersubjectivity. ",
"Likewise, the time of our meeting is not the present as such but the time of an Ablauf, of passage, the time of flux and flight: \"Touch me not for I am already gone; my departure is already under way.\" ",
"When we reach out to grasp what shines forth for us, indeed beckoning our touch, even the touch of our eyes, we must realize that the event of this shining forth is simultaneously the event of its withdraw—its brightness is simultaneously a darkening, just as the play of light that illuminates a canvass is only possible through the shadows that surround it. ",
"So our being with others is also made possible by the fact that the other of necessity eludes me: to the extent to which she is awake, alive, and animate, I can never possess the secret of her movements or consciousness, and it is precisely our parting from each other in this sense that makes it possible for us to be here together.",
"\n\nIt is in this sense that the words \"touch me not\" also function as a methodological and ethical injunction. ",
"Methodologically, the words mean that the reflection that grasps, holds and seizes—cruel thought—understands neither the manner in which the sense of the world is expressed nor the meaning of life, death, and intersubjectivity. ",
"The discourse that seeks fusion, coagulation as Nancy suggests, is a discourse committed to the putrefaction of the flesh, to the eternal return of a meaningless, undead vivification, a mechanical, automatic life that is precisely not an existence. ",
"To refuse the desire of cruel thought to touch and possess, philosophy must become a discourse of resurrection in Nancy's sense: it must let go of its adherence to being, to think without the requirement that such an endeavor must place being under arrest. ",
"Ethically, the words call us to allow the other his withdraw and impossessability, to allow for his escape, allowing him to be fugitive, allowing him to be other. ",
"Nancy summarizes these points in the following way:\n\nDo not touch me, do not detain me, seek not to hold or retain, renounce all adhesion, think not of a familiarity or a security. ",
"Don't believe that there is an assurance of the kind Thomas wanted. ",
"Don't believe, in any manner. ",
"But remain firm in this nonbelief. ",
"Remain true to that alone which remains in my departure: your name, which I utter. ",
"In your name, there is nothing to grasp and nothing for you to appropriate, but there is this: that it has been addressed to you, from the immemorial and up to the unachievable, from the ground without ground that is always in the process of leaving.",
"\n\nTo allow for the partance of the phenomenon in its appearance is to dispense with assurances, security (national, personal, private), guarantees, indeed, to dispense with the kind of certainty required by Thomas when he insisted on placing his fingers into the Holy Wounds. ",
"Thomas, to this extent, suffered from a distinctively Cartesian affliction: doubt and its correlate desire for certainty, and there is something cruel in Thomas's desire to lay his hands on the beloved. ",
"Allowing for the partance of the λόγος—to desire something other than to touch with one's own hands, to grasp, to place one's fingers inside the wounds of the other—requires something beyond recognition, security, and certainty: it requires ἀπόφασις rather than ἀπόφανσις, the suspension of belief that lies beyond the assertoric. ",
"There is perhaps too much to say here about the significance of this transition or \"mutation\" from philosophy understood as ἀπόφανσις, roughly translated as \"assertion,\" to philosophy understood as ἀπόφασις, which is probably poorly translated as \"denial\" or \"negation.\" ",
"In contrast to the Sartrean sense of nihilation, ἀπόφασις has the sense of \"putting under way\" or \"sending away,\" of partance, rather than the more apocalyptic sense of \"Weltnichtung\" or \"world-annihilation\" found, for example, in Husserl. ",
"To think through this more thoroughly, however, one would not only have to turn to significant commentators on Aristotle's use of ἀπόφανσις and ἀπόφασις in the Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας, such as Heidegger in On the Question of Truth, but also to the tradition of classical skepticism, where ἀπόφασις has the sense of \"sending away by holding oneself back.\" ",
"What seems to be indicated by Nancy is the possibility of a hermeneutics or a legibility of being from the perspective of ἀπόφασις in this latter sense. ",
"This sense of ἀπόφασις is what is named by Noli me tangere, particularly as it is figured in the themes of love and faith: in meeting here together, I send you away as I send myself away.",
"\n\nIt is at this point that we may turn to the account of φιλία, love, outlined in Nancy's reading of the noli episode. ",
"Love is not what is expressed in the desire to possess the other. ",
"It is expressed, rather, in the ἀπόφασις—sending under way, to let go and to allow for his withdrawal. ",
"In other words, to love is to let die. ",
"To love means to make space for the unattainable—making space for the possibility of being touched, being seized, as Nancy says, precisely by the unattainability, the distance, that the partance makes visible:\n\nLove and truth touch by pushing away: they force the retreat of those whom they reach, for their very onset reveals, in the touch itself, that they are out of reach. ",
"It is in being unattainable that they touch us, even seize us. ",
"What they draw near to us is their distance: they make us sense it [sentir], and this sensing [ce sentiment] is their very sense [sens].",
"\n\nTo be touched by and in love is to be touched in partance—and of course Nancy's deconstructive paradox is apt: touched in partance, touched in withdraw, touched through removal, distance, and unreachability. ",
"It is the touch of distance, the touch of the spacing of vision as the sense of the world opens forth beneath my eyes. ",
"To be touched by love is precisely the opposite of contact, fusion, transparency and mastery: it is to be touched by the fugitive precisely in his fuga, in his vanishing, to be touched by \"the daughter of the mists and the outside,\" as Proust says. ",
"Love, for Nancy, means openness to this distance, being sensitive to it.",
"\n\nWhen the arisen speaks the words Noli me tangere to Mary Magdalene, he speaks them out of love. ",
"On hearing them, Mary Magdalene does perhaps the only loving thing she could in response: she too departs. ",
"It is not enough to love the beloved across the distance: one must also love the flight and the withdrawal—one must love the partance itself. ",
"To love the appearance of something or somebody—to love it in its shining forth, its manifestation—means simultaneously to love its recession and eclipse: to love its degeneration, decay, and death. ",
"This is perhaps what is most difficult. ",
"This is echoed explicitly in Nancy: \"You hold nothing; you are unable to hold or retain anything, and that is precisely what you must love and know. ",
"That is what there is of a knowledge and a love. ",
"Love what escapes you. ",
"Love the one who goes. ",
"Love that he goes.\" ",
"In this sense, nothing could be further from the cruel desire to possess in transparency, to keep jealously under lock and key, under surveillance, sitting in her room, staring at her while she sleeps.",
"\n\nIt is in her expression of this \"fugitive love\" that Mary Magdalene shows her faith, a faith that is different from the merely \"formal\" faith of Thomas, who wished to touch and be closest to the λόγος. ",
"Mary Magdalene is able to acknowledge and live the distance between her and her beloved. ",
"This is a more a more radical faith, beyond belief, beyond correctness and incorrectness, or to use a locution from Merleau-Ponty, faith \"beyond all hope.\" ",
"To this extent, this is not an apocalyptic faith that waits in anticipation for the final revelation; nor the morbid faith that must touch the open wounds but one that expresses itself in the partance: \"Mary does not demonstrate her faith through statements, hypotheses, or calculations: She leaves. ",
"The response to the truth that is on the point of departure [en partance] is to leave with it.\" ",
"Nancy offers several additions to this expression of faith:\n\nIt does not consist in recognizing the known but in entrusting oneself to the unknown (certainly not in taking it as a substitute for the known, for that would be belief and not faith).... It is as if this faith consisted in trusting the emptiness as such, without searching for what has become of the dead.",
"\n\nUnlike Thomas, Descartes, or Proust's narrator, Mary Magdalene does not require proofs, identification, titles, or definitions, and she has now overcome her desire to exhume and display the lost dead. ",
"She does not ask to see the Holy Wounds nor does she stop and frisk the gardener for concealed indications of his identity—she requires neither zeigen nor referrals. ",
"When the arisen speaks Noli me tangere, she does not touch—she departs, and in so doing entrusts herself to the partance of the λόγος. ",
"She places her trust in the withdrawal into nothingness, the \"return to the father\"; she does not lie on the ground and weep in the face of this withdrawal, the face of death; she simply \"goes on her way\" to live: to wander in the desert among the shifting, unrecognizable dunes. ",
"She lets the beloved ascend; because she loves and has faith, she allows the beloved a distance not to be traversed; she allows for the beloved to die.",
"\n\nNoli me tangere: \"Touch me not; allow for the distance between us; let me die.\" ",
"Cruel thought refuses this injunction, and it is this refusal that makes it cruel. ",
"In this sense Merleau-Ponty was right: cruel thought does not love; it fears only. ",
"It does not and cannot love because its only desire is a violent touch—closing its hands around the λόγος, around the essence, keeping it under surveillance, watching it sleep. ",
"Nancy's account of the noli episode can also be heard, echoing Merleau-Ponty, as a call for a new φιλία and a new σοφία. ",
"In this way, cruel thought is not capable of φιλία—it understands love only as jealousy, lies, domination and inquisition, and in this sense, it can know only fear. ",
"In place of this fear, Merleau-Ponty's idea of philosophical interrogation offers a φιλία of καλυψις, veiling rather than ἀποκάλυψις, unveiling—and this φιλία makes a new kind of σοφία possible: a wisdom of πίστις—of faith or trust, of ἀπόφασις, \"negation\" understood as the sending forth of vision, rather than the ἀπόφανσις, the circumscription of propositional discourse. ",
"Wisdom is no longer understood as possession of anything—not of knowledge, truth, the other, or even of oneself—rather this is a wisdom of dispossession, allowing oneself to become dispossessed by the partance, allowing for the other's decay and disintegration, one's own decay and disintegration, allowing for the rising and setting of all things in time.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Love as absencing\n\nWe find this account of love, of φιλία, in Merleau-Ponty's discussion of Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu and the narrator's infamous affair with Albertine in his 1954 lecture course, \"Institution in Personal and Public History.\" ",
"The themes of jealousy and paranoia are prominent, and the concern that occupies Merleau-Ponty is to understand at what point, if any, love can be understood beyond the cruel desire to possess and denude the other. ",
"It is the cruel desire to possess Albertine that leads Proust's narrator down a path of jealousy, suspicion, and surveillance that reaches its climax at the end of La prisonnière when he discovers that the beloved has departed. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty underlines in his lecture, the narrator's jealousy and suspicion are foreshadowed in Swann's relationship to Odette and may be seen even as a repetition of this love. ",
"At first glance, according to Merleau-Ponty, Proust seems to be offering a picture of love that is founded on jealousy—founded on the fear of not knowing her intentions, of not having uninhibited access into her consciousness. ",
"In spite of the salience of jealousy, fear, and surveillance in the Recherche, Merleau-Ponty finds another account of love in Proust not reducible to this epistemological desire. ",
"Proustean love, for Merleau-Ponty, is love of the withdrawal—not possession, as he will say, but dispossession, perhaps even evisceration: Love, we could say, in partance.",
"\n\nIt is in the conclusion of his reflections on love in this lecture that Merleau-Ponty draws together the important lessons to be taken from Proust. ",
"First, love is not presence, not possession. ",
"This is because one must love the other in her alterity, in her unpossessability. ",
"Others are never present before us in the fullness of their positivity but only make themselves known as others across the distance and spacing of vision; they only become present to us insofar as they remain occluded; we encounter them only in their partance. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in this regard, \"The other is present in my anxiety, my lack of her, in her absence. ",
"There is no 'true' presence that fills in this absence: no possession\" and \"this is true all the way to the end.\" ",
"We understand that the other is present in the longing we feel, in the distress we undergo in our desire to make her present even in her ungraspability. ",
"But this is an absence, a withdrawal that no reach could hope to overcome. ",
"The other is present in her visibility—in the distance and spacing between her and myself, a spacing, an écart, a differentiation that no one could hope to traverse, and we are able to see each other, to be present before one another in this meeting, only across this distance. ",
"In love, then, Merleau-Ponty says, it is this distance, this withdrawal that one loves: \"One loves nothing but the absent. ",
"Love is a hollow in us, not the presence of the other. ",
"Love is 'unrealizable,' 'outside of the plane of life.'\" ",
"It is the \"outside\" here that is essential: as the experience undergone of this longing and this absence, love is ek-static; it takes me outside of myself, and in love, I am no longer the \"self\" that I thought was. ",
"I too become other; in love, I too am rent by an internal distancing and spacing. ",
"In this way, the space between myself and the other, her distance, confronts me with my own disintegration, the diffusion of the self in time. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes, \"love entails a beyond oneself, the very beyond of the false desire of possession.\" ",
"The other is beyond; I too am beyond, both of us together at a distance: she not quite who I thought she was, both imaginary and real at the same time; I not quite myself, not the person I believed myself to be nor the person she believes in. ",
"We are both torn asunder across this distance and our meeting and presence together is made possible by this mutual absence and withdraw.",
"\n\nThe absencing we undergo in love, however, is also disclosive. ",
"It is even the model for the manifestation of the sense of the world, for we already understand that it is only in virtue of this distancing, this ek-stasis, that I am open onto a visible world—one that eludes me even as I run my hand over its textures, a world for which I arrive late. ",
"The sense of the world makes itself known in its partance. ",
"I am open to a visible world only on the condition that at some point I am also excluded from it. ",
"Love, Merleau-Ponty says,\n\nallows us to see everything that someone is, how someone is the world itself, being itself, a world, a being from which we are excluded; in the experience undergone of this pain, one is beyond desire and domination: \"through the intensity of one's pain one arrives at the mystery, at the essence.\" ",
"At the mystery: how one can be non-self with all of one's strength. ",
"At the essence: revelation that the essence of someone is the non-essence, guilt and innocence, and both at once. ",
"Albertine is present at a distance like the little phrase in its sounds, not separable from them and yet intangible, noli me tangere...: grief teaches you how to see.",
"\n\nLove makes the other visible as that which cannot be possessed precisely in its ungraspability. ",
"We reach out our hands to knowing and yet what we seek cannot be grasped. ",
"It allows for the one with whom we cannot coincide to appear and at the same time allows us to see the impossibility of holding on to her at all. ",
"It shows us our lateness, our exclusion from being everything, and the experience of this exclusion, accordingly, is one of a visionary grief in which the essence appears: to cease to be oneself, to open what one is to the dissonance of becoming in time, to allow for the dehiscence of our minds and bodies \"with all one's strength.\" ",
"Our loved ones are to us as we are to ourselves, like the world that opens forth in our perceptual experience, both transparent and opaque, visible and invisible, here and not here, \"at a distance.\" ",
"What the experience of love teaches us is that if we love, as Mary Magdalene loved Christ, we must allow for the beloved's departure; we must let go and allow the beloved his or her withdraw; we must allow for the clearing of the beloved's impossessability: we must let each other die. ",
"In the grief of this Gelassenheit, this letting-be, in its disclosive power, love may teach us how to see again. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes in the lecture, \"Love is clairvoyant; it addresses us precisely to what is able to tear us apart.\" ",
"Love, if it is love and not fear, is not possession, not of oneself nor of the other, but dispossession—openness to the grief of withdraw, not integrity but the loss of integrity, disintegration, openness to the possibility of being torn apart from the inside. ",
"Like time, or perhaps even as time, love is what allows for us to come forth even as it is what eviscerates us, the principle both of our becoming, of our φύω, and of our στέρεσις, our decay and disintegration.",
"\nConclusion: What Can We Have?",
"\n\nOntological lateness means that as reflection turns around to put in view what makes it possible, it discovers that any such conditions are in a state of departure and that it too is on its way, caught in the stream of this departure. ",
"We reach out toward knowledge but it escapes; reflection finds that it does not stand on absolute foundations but that the soil under its feet is already in a state of erosion, that it is swept away in the flood of becoming, in the φύω of the visible. ",
"Because it is in this state of flux, the ceaseless ῥέω of things in their rising and setting, the world spreads out in its depth and with all the occlusion and indeterminacy its distance brings to pass. ",
"I see the others there and our eyes meet but only as we are already parting ways. ",
"The visible world expands into the horizon, beyond the extent of mortal eyes, beyond the reach of my hand, into the infinite distance, vague, blurry, indistinct, and at some point, I am no longer sure what exactly it is that I see. ",
"It is at this point, when I am no longer sure, when the absolute coagulation of myself and the world longed after by cruel thought is split asunder in this distance, it is then that I again wonder what it means to see, \"Where am I? ",
"What time is it?\" ",
"It is on the precipice of such wonder that I am ready to think, ready to express my φιλία and attend to the point of the partance of the sense of the world in its fuga, in its escape. ",
"I look and it is gone.",
"\n\nBut the critique of cruel thought presented here, it will no doubt be said, only tells us what we cannot have and says nothing about what we can. ",
"If we accept that our hand should be open, that thought should let go, let escape rather than attempting to seize upon being in its own proper place, then what is there to hope for? ",
"If we are to give up on absolute certainty, what is there of truth? ",
"We hoped that the wisdom of our sciences would advance us on the path to the absolute consummation of being and that the secrets of nature would be unveiled once and for all and now we are told to hope for no such thing, that there will be no ἀποκάλυψις but only the egress and the flight of all things out of themselves. ",
"What can we have?",
"\n\nThe problem with this question is what we mean when we ask about \"having.\" ",
"If by this we mean to possess, to keep, to coagulate and fuse with, then we pose such a question, \"What can we have?\" ",
"only from the point of view of cruelty. ",
"Our question betrays our wish to penetrate into things and exhaust them, to dissect and display in total and absolute transparency, and it is this desire that Merleau-Ponty's thought calls into question. ",
"There is a sense in which this the wrong question and that, therefore, we must ask something else: what is there? ",
"What is it that I see? ",
"And at this point we recognize that our questions are those of an interrogation; instead of hoping for an impossible integrity the questioning regard we raise to the world is reflected back upon we who ask, this question-savoir that is the flesh of all things. ",
"Insofar as it makes sense to speak of what we have, we can only say that we have the world and its history from which we emerge in all of its conflict, difficulty, incongruence and permanent dissonance. ",
"We have the visible and its piercing brilliance, distance, occlusion and coherent deformations. ",
"We have others with whom our communication remains ineluctably problematic, who, like us, are born and die, who we meet here at the point of departure, and who in greeting we at the same time bid adieu, \"to God,\" \"God be with you,\" who we send away into the nothingness as we ourselves make our way to the outside. ",
"There is the rising and setting, the respiration, the deflagration of being in its φύω, a streaming forth of things in time, integration and disintegration in which \"we can never know complete rest.\"",
"\n\nBut is there not something profoundly pessimistic in a philosophy that bids us to give up on completing the tasks of thinking? ",
"Are we only left to despair in the impossibility of arriving at the final diapason that thought asked for? ",
"Are we left, then, only with problems, enigmas, and difficulties and without hope? ",
"These kinds of questions, however, again are only asked from the point of view of thought that began with a presupposed ideal of finality. ",
"On the contrary, for Merleau-Ponty, a philosophy of lateness is optimistic precisely because it does not seek closure—because it allows for the openness of the present and the indeterminacy of the future, because it does attempt to reduce the ambiguity of the probable to the possible and necessary. ",
"As Merleau-Ponty notes at the end of Humanisme et terreur: \"The human world is an open and unfinished system and the same radical contingency which threatens it with discord also rescues it from the inevitability of disorder and prevents us from despairing of it.\" ",
"The philosophy of ontological lateness does not provoke in us the quietism of despair but the necessity of courage and action. ",
"It is a philosophy that does not seek to escape the world for the safety of some pensée en survol but that endeavors to be in and of the world, one that\n\nawakens us to the importance of daily events and action. ",
"For it is a philosophy which arouses in us a love for our times which are not the simple repetition of human eternity nor merely the conclusion to premises already postulated. ",
"It is a view which like the most fragile object of perception—a soap bubble, or a wave—or like the most simple dialogue, embraces indivisibly all the order and disorder of the world.",
"\n\nThe grand schemes of past generations, the various projects of modernity, which envisioned a world of perfect symmetry, transparent, liberated from the veils of ignorance have brought us to this point, where we stand. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, the greatest crime of the past is the pretension that reason could, like Clytemnestra bestriding the bodies of Agamemnon and Cassandra in pools of blood, \"bring good order to our house at least,\" and this crime has always been premised upon its desire to eradicate uncertainty.",
"\n\nWhat should our posture be with respect to our lateness? ",
"Even if we agree that we cannot possess the secret, what is asked of us? ",
"In the Causeries radio broadcast, his answer is simple: anxiety and courage in the face of this anxiety. ",
"Should the impossibility of a final unveiling of things fill us with some dread? ",
"Yes, and this is why we must turn toward the world and toward one another. ",
"He says:\n\nIt is understandable that our species, charged as it is with a task that will never and can never be completed, and at which it has not necessarily been called to succeed, even in relative terms, should find this situation both cause for anxiety [inquiétude] and a cause for courage. ",
"In fact, these are the same thing. ",
"For anxiety is vigilance, it is the will to judge, to know what one is doing and what there is on offer. ",
"If there is no such thing as benign fate, then neither is there such a thing as its malign opposite. ",
"Courage consists in being reliant on oneself and others to the extent that, irrespective of differences in physical and social circumstances, all manifest in their behavior and their relationships that very same spark which makes us recognize them, which makes us crave their assent or their criticism, the spark which means we share a common fate.",
"\n\nThere is only the often violent setting forth of the world and our immersion in it, and if we must cling to something as we find ourselves adrift in the darkness of this upheaval, then the best we have is to cling to each other even across the distances that separate us and with the understanding that this distance, this difference, will never be eliminated: that we will misunderstand one another, that there will be miscommunication, and that the others to whom we cling will depart, and that we here today already find ourselves at the point of departure. ",
"There is no grand destiny awaiting us in the future—only the same contingency, the same fragility of mortal life that we are confronted with today, and perhaps the most important lesson of the philosophy of lateness is to confront that uncertainty on its own plane, without the illusion that this struggle will somehow resolve itself into a final victory. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, it is not a question of quietism but of picking up and carrying the world we have with the understanding that we never be able to completely cleanse it of the stains of the past or erase the markings of time and history. ",
"What we are called upon to do, far from giving up, is to live—in all the contingency, fragility, and difficulty of our world, to live the finitude of human life on Earth and be grateful that there are no gods after all.",
"\nNotes\n\nList of Abbreviations\n\nWorks by Merleau-Ponty cite the original French followed by the English translation. ",
"Likewise for texts in German.",
"\n\nIntroduction\n\nAttentive readers will note that I remain virtually silent regarding Merleau-Ponty's first book, La structure du comportement. ",
"The reason for this silence is that Merleau-Ponty completed this book in 1938 but delayed its publication until 1942 because of the war. ",
"It is clear from reading this text that Merleau-Ponty's relationship to phenomenology was naïve at the time. ",
"It would not be until a year later that he would \"discover\" Husserl and make his entry into the field of phenomenology. ",
"Because my concern here is primarily with Merleau-Ponty as a phenomenologist, this work does not receive the due consideration it obviously deserves.",
"\n\nProust, In Search of Lost Time, I: 853–4.",
"\n\nDescartes, Meditations, 13.",
"\n\nDeconstruction, Derrida and Nancy specifically, is perhaps the best exemplar of this \"mutation\" in recent continental philosophy though I should think one also finds it in other thinkers such as Foucault and Deleuze. ",
"For Merleau-Ponty's relationship to these thinkers, see Lawlor 1998 and 2003. ",
"For more on Foucault and Merleau-Ponty see Fielding 1999.",
"\n\nNC, 359.",
"\n\nThis is a delicate territory to tread. ",
"Merleau-Ponty understood better than anybody that the thought here deemed \"Cartesian,\" what he calls \"cruel thought,\" could not be unilaterally attributed to Descartes without a certain degree of betrayal. ",
"Nonetheless, there is this cruel gesture in Descartes even if he himself is not always adequate to it, and from Merleau-Ponty's perspective, it is not a coincidence that the privileged perspective of the cogito that would echo from Kant to Husserl in the tradition of transcendental thought finds its inaugural moment in Descartes. ",
"For an excellent account of Merleau-Ponty's relation to Descartes, see Heinämaa 2003.",
"\n\nNC, 359.",
"\n\nIP, 68/32.",
"\n\nProust 1998, II: 503.",
"\n\nFor other studies of the significance of delay and lateness in Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, see Al-Saji 2008 and Waldenfels 2000.",
"\n\nEP, 67–8/58, 71/61.",
"\n\nIn Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty cites a passage from Valéry, Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci (PhP, 461/465, trans. ",
"modified). ",
"See also \"Eye and Mind\" (OE, 70/370–1, trans. ",
"modified).",
"\n\nPhP, 14/xv.",
"\n\nFor a remarkable account of Merleau-Ponty's idea of philosophy, see Dastur 2007. ",
"As Dastur rightly emphasizes, \"Philosophy cannot overcome its ambiguity, which is at once an internal weakness or disability, and a virtue: it can never become an 'intellectual possession' of the world, a 'positive' philosophy in the sense of constituting a second order beyond the sensuous\" (162). ",
"See also Heinämaa 1999.",
"\n\nSee Emmanuel Saint-Aubert's work for a more thorough elaboration of the concept of promiscuity in Merleau-Ponty's ontology, for example, Saint-Aubert 2006.",
"\n\nHusserl's Ursprung der Geometrie was published in the Revue Internationale de Philosophie in January of 1939, and Merleau-Ponty would write to van Breda in March requesting permission to visit the archive. ",
"He had obviously read this issue since he cites several articles from that volume, including the Ursprung der Geometrie itself. ",
"For more on Merleau-Ponty's trip to Leuven, see the letter published by van Breda after the former's death in Texts and Dialogues.",
"\n\nThere has been some discussion among Merleau-Ponty scholars about the extent to which the development of his work evinces a significant break between the project of Phenomenology of Perception and The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"Barbaras, for example, has argued that there is a significant break between the early and later work, a reading that has had a wide-ranging impact. ",
"See Barbaras 2000, 2004, 2009 as well as, for example, Vallier 2006 and Saint-Aubert 2011. ",
"This claim is based upon remarks Merleau-Ponty makes in the documents he submitted as part of his candidacy to the Collège de France as well as in The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"See Merleau-Ponty, \"Un inédit de Maurice Merleau-Ponty,\" 48, and VI 222/171, 227/175, 234/183, 250/200. ",
"While no doubt there are significant and notable differences between Phenomenology of Perception and The Visible and the Invisible, especially in the available conceptual vocabulary, I think that these have been overinflated. ",
"The development of Merleau-Ponty's work, accordingly, is characterized by a shift in a polarization that characterizes the first period: on one hand, that, in his early works, phenomenology was understood as the recovery of a positively articulated layer of sense, and, on the other hand, the impossibility of such a positively articulated layer and the impossibility of its recovery. ",
"The development of Merleau-Ponty's thinking, accordingly, is characterized by a turn to the latter pole, which is most decisively articulated in The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"While Carbone is of course right to point out this polarity in the early works, it seems that the latter thought, that the return to perceptual experience is neither the recovery of a fully articulated sense nor phenomenology the \"translation\" of this text, is, at least to some extent, the focus of Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"For more on this polarity, see Carbone 2004. ",
"Gutting has offered an alternative view, namely, that in virtue of the fragmentary state of The Visible and the Invisible, which we have little hope of understanding, we should read Phenomenology of Perception as an \"enrichment... on the basis of a deeper level of ontological thinking\" (Gutting 2001: 185).",
"\n\nPhP, 103/42. ",
"Beaufret was a prominent Germanist during the post-war period and was instrumental in bringing Heidegger's philosophy into France. ",
"For more on Beaufret's relationship with Heidegger and his impact on the reception of Heidegger's philosophy in France, see Janicaud 2001: 83–9. ",
"For a more detailed discussion of Beaufret's critical remarks in the context of La primat de la perception see Saint-Aubert 2006, 2011.",
"\n\nBarbaras, The Being of the Phenomenon, 14.",
"\n\nThere seems to be a temptation to relegate existential phenomenology, particularly as it was articulated in the works of Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty, to its place in the history of philosophy as a form of philosophizing that tried but failed to overcome the idealist vestiges inherited from Descartes and Kant. ",
"This view is supported, for example, by Descombes (1980, 76). ",
"According to this reading, furthermore, the post-war philosophies of the 1960s, particularly Foucault, Deleuze, and Derrida, are legible as a rejection of phenomenology's \"incontestable idealism.\" ",
"If we accept this view, furthermore, then it makes sense that The Visible and the Invisible was perhaps Merleau-Ponty's most interesting text, insofar as it could be said moving furthest away from existential phenomenology toward something more similar to the philosophy of the 1960s. ",
"This view has been, and I think rightly, challenged by more recent scholars, who argue for more of a continuity between phenomenology and the philosophies of the 1960s. ",
"See Lawlor 2003.",
"\n\nPhP, 87/70.",
"\n\nHannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger 2004: 191.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nSee Al-Saji 2007, 2008; Barbaras 2000, 2004, 2009.",
"\n\nFor an important exception, see Ricoeur 2009.",
"\n\nS, 260/160. ",
"An excellent account of Merleau-Ponty's relationship to the phenomenological tradition can be found in the essays collected in Dialectic and Difference: Modern Thought and The Sense of Human Limits. ",
"See Taminiaux 1990.",
"\n\nS, 260/160.",
"\n\nChapter 1: Philosophical Interrogation and Perceptual Faith\n\nDeleuze, Difference and Repetition, 130.",
"\n\nOE, 92/149, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nThe term is most immediately recognizable from Plato, who, especially in the Republic, casts the philosopher as a member of the elect, the wise, who stand apart and opposed to the popular beliefs of the masses often mired in mythology and superstition. ",
"See Plato 489b.",
"\n\nDuane H. Davis and William S. Hamrick compellingly make the case that Merleau-Ponty understood perceptual experience itself as an art in their recent collection, Merleau-Ponty and the Art of Perception. ",
"I agree with this claim but would take it one step further and add that not only did he understand perceptual experience as an art but also philosophy itself. ",
"See Davis and Hamrick 2016.",
"\n\nOE, 92–3/149, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty describes his ontology as \"indirect\" in The Visible and the Invisible, specifically in order to contrast his approach with what he perceived be Heidegger's \"direct\" ontology. ",
"See VI, 231/179. ",
"Emmanuel de Saint-Aubert has elaborated this aspect of Merleau-Ponty's late ontology in his book, Vers une ontologie indirecte. ",
"See Saint-Aubert 2006.",
"\n\nAristotle 980a.",
"\n\nThe number of commentaries on this text are too numerous to list. ",
"Direct references to Aristotle in Merleau-Ponty are few and far between and as far as I know, he never mentions this passage specifically. ",
"It is not my intention here to go into an extended discussion of this passage—only to highlight some interesting specifics that will be of interest for the reading of Merleau-Ponty I would like to offer.",
"\n\nApostle, for example, translates \"All men by nature desire understanding.\" ",
"See Apostle, 12.",
"\n\nAs Judith Butler notes in her eloquent account of Merleau-Ponty, Malebranche, and touch, \"we should not think that we will be able to grasp ourselves or, indeed, any object of knowledge, without a certain failure of understanding, one which makes the grasping hand, the figure for so much philosophical apprehension, a derivative deformation of originary touch\" (Butler, \"Merleau-Ponty and the Touch of Malebranche,\" 2006). ",
"For a critical perspective on Merleau-Ponty's account of touch viz Lacan, see Dolar 2008. ",
"Dolar relies on an account of la chair that fails to take seriously the extent to which Merleau-Ponty meant this to be a principle of differentiation rather than unity.",
"\n\nAristotle, Metaphysics, 981a30.",
"\n\nDescartes \"Meditations,\" 13.",
"\n\nDescartes, \"Discourse on the Method,\" 47.",
"\n\nProust, Within a Budding Grove, 1:853–4.",
"\n\nNC, 359. ",
"This text has been published in the Notes des Cours au Collège de France 1958–1959 et 1960–1961. ",
"According to Stéphanie Ménasé, this text is a \"draft of a revision,\" dated November 1960, of the chapter of The Visible and the Invisible that would be published under the title \"Interrogation and Intuition.\" ",
"According to Ménasé and Lefort's editorial note in The Visible and the Invisible, this text was not included in the published version since Merleau-Ponty abandoned in it in favor of the published version (NC, 31).",
"\n\nNC, 359.",
"\n\nSee Deleuze and Guattarri, A Thousand Plateaus, 261.",
"\n\nAugustine, IV, X.\n\nWe don't know whether Merleau-Ponty would have made this argument or not. ",
"The texts published as The Visible and the Invisible as well as those written around the same time suggest that his project was beginning to approximate a deconstruction of Western metaphysics, as is indicated by his intention to return to the understanding of being at play in ancient Greece. ",
"He didn't live to complete these portions of the text, so we will never know. ",
"It is certainly not my intention here to enter into such a grandiose endeavor.",
"\n\nVI, 166/127.",
"\n\nOE, 58/138.",
"\n\nVI, 166/127\n\nIbid., ",
"160/122.",
"\n\nLawlor, \"Friend of the Future,\" 83.",
"\n\nIP, 68/32.",
"\n\nProust, In Search of Lost Time, II: 503. ",
"This passage evokes Sartre's famous commentary in Being and Nothingness. ",
"Sartre says: \"Proust's hero... who installs his mistress in his home, who can see her and possess her at any hour of the day, who has been able to make her completely dependent on him economically, ought to be free from worry. ",
"Yet we know that he is, on the contrary, continually gnawed by anxiety. ",
"Through her consciousness, Albertine escapes Marcel even when he is at her side, and that is why he knows relief only when he gazes on her while she sleeps. ",
"It is certain then that the lover wishes to capture a 'consciousness.' ",
"But why does he wish it? ",
"And how?\" (",
"Sartre, EN, 434/478).",
"\n\nA tale about Descartes popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries tells that he had constructed a female automaton travel companion and that the two were inseparable until she was cast overboard during a sailing voyage. ",
"See Stephen Graukoger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography. ",
"While the story is almost certainly fictional, it makes one reconsider what is at stake in the famous passage from the Meditations: \"But then if I look out of the window and see men crossing the square, as I just happen to have done, I normally say that I see the men themselves, just as I say that I see the wax. ",
"Yet do I see any more than hats and coats which could conceal automatons? ",
"I judge that they are men. ",
"And so something which I thought I was seeing with my eyes is in fact grasped solely by the faculty of judgment\" (Descartes, 85).",
"\n\nThere is a lot to say about cruel thought and the sexual violence implied by Proust. ",
"The desire to possess that characterizes cruel thought is already a form of pre-sexual violence, discursively if not empirically. ",
"Pre-sexual, because this cruelty need not have the sexual assignments that Proust gives. ",
"At the same time, however, we must not ignore the manner in which this cruelty is complicit with and perhaps even acts in the name of patriarchical oppression. ",
"A philosophy of ontological lateness, insofar as it distances itself from this cruelty, also tries to distance itself from this violence. ",
"I thank Ann Murphy for her correspondence on this matter.",
"\n\nIP, 69/33. ",
"I will render the Greek word φιλία as \"love\" rather than \"friendship,\" even though it is in many ways, even etymologically, closer to the latter. ",
"The reason is that, as Aristotle argues in the Nichomachean Ethics, φιλία is reserved for that human bond that transcends ἔρως, sexual desire. ",
"It is the love that obtains between family members and between married couples, what we today would probably understand as that more profound love, even beyond mere romance. ",
"See Aristotle 1155a18.",
"\n\nIP,. ",
"69/33.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"34.",
"\n\nIn the \"Philosophy Today\" course, Merleau-Ponty speaks of this crisis specifically in reference to Husserl's Krisis.",
"\n\nNC, 39.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"For commentary on the idea of non-philosophy in Merleau-Ponty, see Carbone 2004 and Bimbenet and Saint-Aubert 2006.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"359.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nThis description more or less follows the structure of the Meditations. ",
"Indeed, Descartes's is a world full of dreams, illusion, confusion, and infinitely powerful and malicious demons, all cast against the backdrop of absolute certainty. ",
"Only a miracle, the grace of God, can save us from this macabre scenario. ",
"This Cartesian nightmare issues, as Merleau-Ponty knew, from fear and paranoia—fear of errors, the paranoia of not being able to enter into being exhaustively, of not being able to coincide with pure being or even to be pure being. ",
"One could suggest, then, that Descartes's nightmare extends from his fear and anxiety of being only human.",
"\n\nIn his adieu, written the year of Merleau-Ponty's death, Ricoeur describes Merleau-Ponty's thought as an \"incomplete philosophy of incompleteness.\" ",
"See Ricoeur 2009.",
"\n\nHeidegger, SZ, 5/24. ",
"For excellent commentary on Heidegger, especially Sein und Zeit, see Critchley 1998, 2008.",
"\n\nRC, 153–4/177–8. ",
"This course is listed as Possibilité de la philosophie in the Résumés de cours, which notes that the course was untitled. ",
"It's called La philosophie aujourd'hui in the Notes de cours text, which includes the notes for the course but not the précis published in the Résumés. ",
"To make matters even more confusing, the title of the course is translated as \"Philosophy and Interrogation\" in In Praise of Philosophy and Other Essays. ",
"In any case, this is the course Merleau-Ponty gave at the Collège de France in 1958–9. ",
"I will consistently refer to it as \"Philosophy Today.\"",
"\n\nNC, 92–3. ",
"The parenthetical references are Merleau-Ponty's.",
"\n\nThis is what is known as the correspondence theory of truth, famously criticized by Heidegger. ",
"For Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, the correspondence theory of truth is parasitic upon a more fundamental phenomenological theory of truth that it does not acknowledge. ",
"The correspondence between a proposition and state of affairs, accordingly, is made possible only on the basis of an older, more primordial truth. ",
"Heidegger borrows the Ancient Greek term for truth, ἀλήθεια, which he translates as Unverborgenheit or \"unconcealment.\" ",
"We may only speak of correctness or incorrectness of propositions later, in the wake of the unconcealment of the world's sense.",
"\n\nNC, 130. ",
"In this passage Merleau-Ponty is making reference to Heidegger's What Is Called Thinking?",
"\n\nThis remark first appears in the 1950 lecture Die Sprache and was repeated frequently in his later works. ",
"In this part of the lecture, Merleau-Ponty refers to \"Building, Dwelling, Thinking\" and What Is Called Thinking?",
"\n\nNC, 131–2.",
"\n\nVI, 169/129.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"168–9/128–9.",
"\n\nLiterally \"grasp of consciousness.\"",
"\n\nVI, 135/101; 133/99.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"135/101.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nSee Heidegger, \"Conversations on a Country Path about Thinking\" in Discourse on Thinking. ",
"For an extended commentary on this text in connection with Merleau-Ponty, see Carbone, The Thinking of the Sensible.",
"\n\nVI, 135/101–2, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nFor a thorough account of the accusation of ocularcentrism in Merleau-Ponty's thought, see Cathryn Vasseleu Textures of Light: Vision and Touch in Irigaray, Levinas, and Merleau-Ponty. ",
"This accusation comes from Luce Irigaray, who sees the ocularcentrism of the Western canon, from at least Plato to Merleau-Ponty, as tied to the dominance of a male, heterosexual gaze. ",
"She posits touch as a distinctively feminine access to the world in place of this. ",
"It is not my intention to go into the specifics of this debate here as there is simply too much to say.",
"\n\nOE, 70/142.",
"\n\nClaudel, Art poétique, 9.",
"\n\nVI, 117/103.",
"\n\nOE, 31/9. ",
"Merleau-Ponty cites Charbonnier, La monologue du peintre, 1959. ",
"The words belong to André Marchand from his interview with Charbonnier but are said to express some sentiment of Klee.",
"\n\nVI, 117/103.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"17/3.",
"\n\nAugustine, Confessions, Book XI, Chapter XIV.",
"\n\nVI, 17/3.",
"\n\nAs Merleau-Ponty remarks in the Le cogito chapter of Phenomenology of Perception, quoting Valéry (PhP, 461/465, trans. ",
"modified).",
"\n\nAs Merleau-Ponty notes in the Brouillon, \"exemplar of an alogical essence, what Hermes Trismégiste called 'the scream [cri] of light'\" (NC, 373). ",
"Merleau-Ponty makes reference to the same remark by Hermes Trismégiste in Eye and Mind: \"Art is not skillful construction, skillful artifice, the skillful relation, from the outside, to a space and a world. ",
"It is truly the 'inarticulate scream [cri],' as Hermes Trismegistus said, 'which seemed to be the voice of the light'\" (OE, 70/370).",
"\n\nVI, 48/29.",
"\n\nVI, 135/101–2.",
"\n\nPlato, Phaedo, 81a.",
"\n\nHeidegger says: \"death, as the end of Dasein, is Dasein's ownmost possibility—non-relational, certain and as such indefinite, not to be outstripped. ",
"Death is, as Dasein's end, in the Being of this entity towards its end\" (SZ, 258/303, Heidegger's italics).",
"\n\nPhP, 390/388.",
"\n\nProbably the most important instance is M. C. Dillon's account in Merleau-Ponty's Ontology. ",
"See Dillon 1988: 199ff. ",
"For Dillon, realism and idealism result from the \"ontological wedge\" Descartes drives between immanence and transcendence. ",
"On Dillon's reading, Merleau-Ponty's thesis of the primacy of perceptual experience is intended to overcome the paradox of immanence and transcendence that results from such a bifurcation. ",
"Dillon's reading is astute and follows the letter of Merleau-Ponty's thinking. ",
"Dillon's account, however, sees Merleau-Ponty as solving epistemological problems, and this is where our interpretations differ. ",
"I don't think Merleau-Ponty was as interested in solving epistemological problems as he was in challenging epistemology's place as first philosophy. ",
"Dillon is responding to an older but excellent commentary on Merleau-Ponty's thought, Madison's The Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty (1981).",
"\n\nChapter 2: The Real and the Outside\n\nZahavi defines metaphysical realism as a philosophy in which \"knowledge is taken to consist in a faithful mirroring of a mind-independent reality. ",
"It is taken to be knowledge of a reality which exists independently of that knowledge, and indeed independently of any thought and experience\" (Zahavi 2010: 5–6). ",
"There have even been attempts by Merleau-Ponty scholars to recover some sense of realism in his thought. ",
"Lawrence Hass, for example, has gone so far as to describe Merleau-Ponty's project in Phenomenology of Perception as the articulation of what he calls \"perceptual realism.\" ",
"See Hass 2008: 55.",
"\n\nThe most notable commentary on Kant's philosophy and transcendental idealism is, of course, Allison's Kant's Transcendental Idealism.",
"\n\nKant, Critique of Pure Reason, B295/A236.",
"\n\nNancy, The Sense of the World, 54.",
"\n\nWe are reminded here of what Nietzsche says in The Gay Science a propos the death of God: \"At long last the horizon appears free to us again, even if it should not appear bright; at long last our ships may venture out again, venture out to face any danger; all the daring of the lover of knowledge is permitted again; the sea, our sea, lies open again; perhaps there has never yet been such an 'open sea\" (Nietzsche, 280).",
"\n\nSparrow, for example, expresses this concern in The End of Phenomenology. ",
"Even phenomenologists, like Jean-Luc Marion, have had this concern, as Moran points out when he takes up the question of immanence and transcendence in \"Immanence, Self-Experience, and Transcendence in Edmund Husserl, Edith Stein, and Karl Jaspers.\"",
"\n\nHusserl, Cartesian Meditations, 62.",
"\n\nThis is the paradox of sense-genesis that would come to disturb Merleau-Ponty. ",
"See, for example, Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression. ",
"We will turn to a detailed discussion of this text in the following chapter.",
"\n\nMeillassoux charges transcendental thought, and phenomenology specifically, with \"correlationism,\" the necessary reference of the appearance of the world to consciousness. ",
"I will not take up the charge of correlationism here. ",
"For a representative account of this charge with respect to phenomenology, see Sparrow, The End of Phenomenology: Metaphysics and the New Realism.",
"\n\nFor a thorough and detailed defence of phenomenology against the charge of correlationism, see Zahavi, \"The End of What? ",
"Phenomenology vs. Speculative Realism.\"",
"\n\nAlmost paradoxically, we find this desire in Heidegger. ",
"Except for Heidegger, hearkening oneself to the call of the alien Dasein doesn't take one outside of phenomenality but closer to its center. ",
"Rather than an escapism, Heidegger seeks to maintain the strangeness at the heart of sense, a strangeness constantly being rendered into the commonplace by das Man; see SZ, 277/321ff.",
"\n\nMeillassoux, 7.",
"\n\nBadiou, of course, argues that ontology prohibits the thinking of the event insofar as it encloses us in being-qua-being. ",
"See Badiou, Being and Event. ",
"It is not my intention to engage in detail with Badiou, but I don't agree with the claim that phenomenology, at least, necessitates the thinking of being-qua-being. ",
"For an excellent account of thinking the event within the phenomenological tradition, see Dastur 2000.",
"\n\nMeillassoux, 108.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"117.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"emphasis Meillassoux.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"126.",
"\n\nPlato, Republic, 517b–c. The εἴδη are the last things to be seen, specifically the idea of the good in this case.",
"\n\nIt's worth noting that Meillassoux, at least, does not wish to identify his speculative project with Leibniz on this point. ",
"Speculative materialism does not, he thinks, issue a vindication of the principle of reason because it is concerned with the un-thought possible—not with providing explanations. ",
"Nonetheless, its desire to make contact with the absolute clearly echoes these basic Platonic desires.",
"\n\nSZ, 30/53.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"30/54.",
"\n\nIt is here that we can say that in Merleau-Ponty we have an ontology of sense. ",
"See Toadvine 2004.",
"\n\nIt is said that Thales first brought geometry to Greece from Egypt. ",
"Geometry, however, was necessary for the Egyptians in order to redraw the property lines each year after they were erased by the Nile's annual flooding. ",
"We like to think, with Meillassoux, that mathematics has no place, that it is outside the dwelling of mortals on Earth. ",
"As Husserl and Merleau-Ponty try to show, however, mathematics too belongs to the horizon of sense—it too has its style and manner of appearance, which includes its formality, abstractness, and universality. ",
"Geometry, and all mathematics, belong to the flesh of existence—it has its history, its context, and circumstances, and it also stands out against the backdrop of its past and projects itself into an indefinite future. ",
"For the history of geometry in Egypt and its transmission into Greece, see Phiroze Vasunia, The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander, 90.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty says in The Visible and the Invisible, \"In short: nothingness (or rather non-being) is a hollow and not a hole.\" ",
"VI, 246/196.",
"\n\nSee Heidegger, SZ, 74/103–4. ",
"Heidegger notes that the object, which formerly presented itself in its readiness-to-hand, shows itself in its Aufsässigkeit, its obstinacy, when it no longer appears as ready to hand. ",
"It appears as an obstacle rather than a means and thus confronts Dasein as something to be \"shoved out of the way\" (ibid.).",
"\n\nIn a bar fight, a broken glass (or preferably a bottle) may be more than garbage—it could be \"weapon,\" in which case it still opens itself onto a possible future. ",
"Likewise, if I look at the broken glass and say \"how beautiful,\" it may again open onto another possible future. ",
"The broken glass piled onto the plinth at the museum is not exactly garbage (in spite of the possible opinions of the critics).",
"\n\nPhP, 387/385, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nA well-known locution from \"Indirect Language and the Voices of Silence\" that Merleau-Ponty adopts from Malraux. ",
"See S, 88/54.",
"\n\nThis phrase actually comes from Saint-Exupéry and it quoted and discussed at length by Smyth, who highlights the apparent tension between Merleau-Ponty's account of the body in Phenomenology of Perception and what appears to be Saint-Exupéry's penchant for pensée en survol (literally and figuratively). ",
"See Smyth, 7ff.",
"\n\nS, 265/162.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"265/163, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nHusserl, Ideen, 25/27.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"26/28.",
"\n\nPhP, 388–9/387, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nMeillassoux, of course, places special emphasis on the \"necessity of contingency\" in order to distance himself from Cartesian metaphysics. ",
"He says, \"if we are to think the Galilean-Copernican fact of science without denaturing it further, we must think, as Descartes did, the speculative importance of mathematics, but this time without relying on, as he did, upon the metaphysical pretension to be able to prove the existence of a perfect being, which alone is supposedly capable of guaranteeing mathematics' own intrinsic mode of truth... It is a question of absolutizing 'the' mathematical just as we absolutized 'the' logical by grasping in the fundamental criterion for every mathematical statement a necessary condition for the contingency of every entity\" (Meillasssoux, 126). ",
"There is something disingenuous in these protestations, for it is clear that the absolutization of mathematics, even if it founds necessary contingency, is in the name of surpassing perspectivity, of attaining the absolute. ",
"Meillassoux doesn't directly address the question of mathematical truth, which nonetheless stands at the center of his argument.",
"\n\nPlato, Republic 527b. ",
"Here, we see the opposition between ἀεὶ ὄντος, \"eternal beings,\" and those subject to γιγνομένου καὶ ἀπολλυμένου, \"entering a new state of being and destruction.\"",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"387/385.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"387/386.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"390/388.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"390/389.",
"\n\nSee Husserl, Cartesian Meditations, §47.",
"\n\nLawlor, The Implications of Immanence, 8.",
"\n\nPhP, 389/387, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nNancy, The Sense of the World, 54.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"55.",
"\n\nNancy, Corpus, 33.",
"\n\nPhP, 481/487.",
"\n\nChapter 3: A Consciousness Without Fissures\n\nThis is a remark made by Merleau-Ponty in Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression when he defines the notion of consciousness ascribed to subjective idealism \"cette conscience est sans fissures.\" ",
"Smyth's rendering is \"this consciousness can only deal with its significations. ",
"Nothing can affect it except by awakening within it one of the significations that it conceives. ",
"Receptivity is the death of this consciousness. ",
"Hence at once both immediate presence of this consciousness to its objects: nothing separates it from them, it reaches them without distance, — and at the same time, since with regard to them it is absolute overview [survol absolu], and they cannot turn against it, it is altogether distant from them\" (MSME, 48). ",
"All translations of Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression are by Bryan Smyth. ",
"His English translation of this work is forthcoming with Northwestern University Press. ",
"All references are to the French edition.",
"\n\nKant defines the transcendental as \"all knowledge which is occupied not so much with objects as with the mode of our knowledge of objects in so far as this mode of knowledge is to be possible a priori\" (A11/B25). ",
"For Merleau-Ponty, Kant's accent on epistemology is displaced, for the world becomes manifest in ways that are not easily reducible to a merely cognitive opening onto its sense.",
"\n\nThere is some discussion among Kant scholars regarding the exact status of Kant's transcendental unity of apperception. ",
"One of the most compelling accounts has been provided by Longuenesse in Kant and the Capacity to Judge, where she argues that we may only speak of this unity as a conatus toward judgment (Longuenesse, 394).",
"\n\nIn the Cartesian Meditations, Husserl was greatly concerned with demonstrating that phenomenology does not degenerate into transcendental solipsism and speaks of \"transcendental intersubjectivity\" (130).",
"\n\nSee PhP, 62–3n/58–9n.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"73/69.",
"\n\nBarbaras, The Being of the Phenomenon, 2004.",
"\n\nPhP, 87/70.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"iv/x.\n\n\"Eternitary\" would be a more literal translation even though no such word exists in English. ",
"The French word éternitaire is the correlate of temporaire, which we would render as \"temporary.\" ",
"I will leave the word untranslated to spare us this awkwardness.",
"\n\nThis is a phrase Merleau-Ponty borrows from Valéry's Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci. ",
"See PhP, 461/465.",
"\n\nThe reasons cited are that Köhler explicitly describes his project as \"phenomenological description\"; and Koffka, for his part, studied with Husserl. ",
"Finally, Husserl will turn to the concept of \"configuration\" or even Gestalt in the Crisis, attesting to the influence of the Gestalt psychologists. ",
"Of course there are many other possible lines of convergence and refraction between Husserl and Gestalt psychology. ",
"For more on this topic, see Dillon 1988, 58ff.",
"\n\nThe constancy hypothesis basically states that there is a one-to-one ratio between what appears in vision and qualia or sense data. ",
"One of the important critiques of empirical psychology mobilized by Merleau-Ponty, which he borrows from Köhler, is that no such ratio or correspondence exists.",
"\n\nPhP, 70/86. ",
"Phenomenology of Perception is often taken to demonstrate an unequivocal commitment to Husserlian phenomenology in contrast to The Visible and the Invisible (Al-Saji 2007, 2008; Barbaras 2009). ",
"While there is certainly room for debate regarding the position he takes up in either text with respect to Husserl or Heidegger, it would be a mistake to obfuscate the manner in which Merleau-Ponty attempts to take up a critical position with respect to Husserl's articulation of the project of phenomenology in this text.",
"\n\nThis is of course an allusion to Spinoza's Ethics, meaning the movement from nature as it has been \"natured,\" i.e., constituted, to nature precisely in its function of \"naturing,\" i.e., constituting.",
"\n\nPhP, 73/70.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"62n/59n.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"72/69.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"87/69.",
"\n\nIt is on this basis that charges of correlationism gain their force. ",
"As we shall see, however, Merleau-Ponty's thought challenges the primacy of constituting subjectivity.",
"\n\nSee Husserl, Crisis, 130.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"152–3; PhP, 87/69.",
"\n\nAs Husserl says in the closing gamut of Part IIIA of the Crisis, \"At all events, however, we must—for the most profound philosophical reasons, which we cannot go into further, and which are not only methodical in character—do justice to the absolute singularity of the ego and its central position in all constitution... Accordingly, as against the first application of the epochē, a second is required, or rather a conscious reshaping of the epochē through a reduction to the absolute ego as the ultimately unique center of function in all constitution\" (Husserl, Crisis, 186).",
"\n\nPhP, 73/69.",
"\n\nThe ordinary perspective of transcendental philosophy and its understanding the transcendental field as éternitaire comes under consideration in the opening gamut of Le cogito and Merleau-Ponty's considerations of the work of one of his contemporaries, the French neo-Kantian philosopher, Pierre Lachièze-Rey. ",
"Merleau-Ponty argues, against Lachièze-Rey, that what idealist philosophy takes to be the a-temporality of the transcendental field is in fact a function of the temporal acquisition of sense. ",
"The mistake of idealism, then, is its failure to think the transcendental field precisely in its temporal extension. ",
"We shall come back to this below.",
"\n\nPhP, 87/70, trans. ",
"modified. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's interpretation of Husserl, as becomes explicit in \"The Philosopher and His Shadow,\" is centered around the identification of an important tension that arguably plays out over the development of Husserl's thought. ",
"On one hand, Husserl maintains a commitment to the ontological primacy of consciousness throughout his career, especially in his insistence on articulating a transcendental phenomenology. ",
"On the other hand, the return to transcendental, constituting consciousness, in Husserl's texts, is \"rent by an inverse movement which it elicits\" and thus the return to consciousness is simultaneously \"going outside of ourselves\" (S, 204/161).",
"\n\nHusserl, Ideen, 148, 168.",
"\n\nPhP, 87/70, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nHusserl's now somewhat platitudinous call to the things themselves [zu den Sachen selbst] is a call to abide by the phenomena in their appearance. ",
"As he remarks in \"Philosophy as Rigorous Science\": \"'To things themselves!' ",
"Not, however, to things as they are 'in themselves' (an sich), where their being is relative, but in the psychic flow, where their being is absolute, an essential being with the absoluteness of subjectivity\" (Husserl, \"Philosophy as Rigorous Science\", 108). ",
"As he remarks earlier in Ideen I: \"But to judge rationally or scientifically about things signifies to conform to the things themselves or to go from words and opinions back to the things themselves, to consult them in their self-givenness and to set aside all prejudices alien to them\" (Husserl, Ideen, 35).",
"\n\nPhP, 74/71, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"88/70.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"74/71, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"14/xv. ",
"In a working note of The Visible and the Invisible dated February 1959 and entitled \"Einströmen—Reflection,\" Merleau-Ponty returns to the concept of the Einströmen, when he remarks that \"Because there is Einströmen, reflection is not adequation, coincidence: it would not pass into the Strom if it placed us back at the source of the Strom\" (VI, 224/173). ",
"Husserl discusses the concept of Einströmen in a working manuscript to the Crisis dated 1935 bearing this word as its title. ",
"This text is included in Hua XXIX, 78:19–30. ",
"While Merleau-Ponty had access to the then unpublished manuscripts of the Crisis during his visit to the Husserl archives in 1939, it is unclear whether he would have seen or read this text, though the references he makes would seem to suggest the affirmative. ",
"For more on this text and the significance of the concept of Einströmen for Husserl's articulation of the project of transcendental phenomenology, see Dodd 2004.",
"\n\nPhP, 89/72, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"425/424.",
"\n\nThis philosophy, he says in The Visible and the Invisible, \"would also take itself and the changes it introduces into the spectacle into account... it would set itself the task of... reflecting on the transcendence of the world as transcendence, speaking of it not according to the law of the word-meanings inherent in the given language, but with a perhaps difficult effort that uses the significations of words to express, beyond ourselves, our mute contact with the things, when they are not yet things said\" (VI, 60/38).",
"\n\nIn The Visible and the Invisible, Merleau-Ponty famously criticizes Phenomenology of Perception precisely for retaining this idealist vestige. ",
"See VI, 222/171; 227/175; 234/183; 250/200. ",
"We shall return to this self-critique, which has become of some importance among recent commentators, in the next chapter.",
"\n\nLachièze-Rey appears in Merleau-Ponty's works as one of several representatives of French neo-Cartesian and neo-Kantianism. ",
"For philosophers of Merleau-Ponty's generation and in his circle, figures like Lachièze-Rey symbolized the old, tired tradition of French thought. ",
"The discovery of Husserl and Heidegger's writings in particular represented, for this younger generation, an exciting alternative to what was perceived to be a more establishment form of philosophizing.",
"\n\nPhP, 9/ix; 430/427.",
"\n\nLachièze-Rey 1932.",
"\n\nPhP, 433/430.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"433/430. ",
"Merleau-Ponty only cites Lachièze-Rey, but the quote is from Spinoza's Ethics, E5P23S: \"we experience that we are eternal.\"",
"\n\nAugustine, Confessions, Book XI, Chapter XXX.",
"\n\nThe relation between sense-genesis, acquisition, and temporality will be elaborated in more detail in Chapter 4, where we shall return to the theme of temporality.",
"\n\nPhP, 433/430, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nWe can see here the point at which Merleau-Ponty thinks that Sartre is an idealist of this stripe—insofar as the obstacles that I confront remain functions of my freedom. ",
"We will take this up in Part 2.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"433/431.",
"\n\nOne of the most important recent contributions to discussions of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in Merleau-Ponty's thought is Marratto (2012), The Intercorporeal Self: Merleau-Ponty on Subjectivity. ",
"See also the essays collected in Ontology and Alterity in Merleau-Ponty (1990) as well as Slatman 2009.",
"\n\nDescartes, Meditations, 32/85.",
"\n\nPhP, 434/431.",
"\n\nWhile the language of déhiscence and éclatement might initially invoke the later works, they are already important for Merleau-Ponty's account of sense-genesis and its relation to temporality in Phenomenology of Perception; see PhP, 481/487ff. ",
"We shall take up their significance in more detail in the following chapters.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"435/432.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"433/435.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"238/229, trans. ",
"modified\n\nIbid., ",
"456/453. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's account of temporal retention is essential for this remark, and we will turn to this more explicitly later.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"221/220, trans. ",
"modified. ",
"It is interesting to note here that, contra Husserl's claim in The Origin of Geometry, a claim that would become essential for Derrida, Merleau-Ponty says \"speech\" and not \"writing.\"",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"445/451.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"457/453.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nThis is a term Merleau-Ponty uses in The Visible and the Invisible in a working note entitled \"(Bergson) Transcendence—forgetting—time\"; see VI, 247/197. ",
"We will return to this idea later.",
"\n\nPhP, 464/459.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"474/469.",
"\n\nThese are the terms Merleau-Ponty uses in La temporalité to describe temporality in its dynamic passage (ibid., ",
"481/487ff.). ",
"We shall return to this cluster of terms later.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"461/465, trans. ",
"modified. ",
"The quote is from Valéry, Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci, 194.",
"\n\nMSME, 48.",
"\n\nPhP, 396/401, 432/439, 438/444.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"5/xii.",
"\n\nSaint-Aubert 2011, 15.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"All translations of Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression and of Saint-Aubert's commentary are by the author.",
"\n\nMSME, 49.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"48, 49.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"55.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"48.",
"\n\nSaint-Aubert 2011: 15.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nMSME, 49.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"56.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nSaint-Aubert 2011: 16.",
"\n\nSee Saint-Aubert 2006.",
"\n\nPhP, 68/65.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"5/xii. ",
"This remark recalls something Husserl says in Ideen I: \"The new field [of an eidetic science] does not lie spread out before our view with a wealth of salient data in such a manner that we can simply reach out and be sure of the possibility of making them the objects of a science—to say nothing of being sure of the method by which we ought to proceed\" (Husserl, 120/147).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"69/65.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"The opposition between order and chaos, sense and non-sense, seems to occupy a central place in Merleau-Ponty's philosophy in the period of Phenomenology of Perception. ",
"For an interesting account of how Deleuze and Guattari's idea of \"chaosmos\" figures in Merleau-Ponty, see Evans 2000.",
"\n\nThis recalls Butler's emphasis on precarity, especially in Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. ",
"Butler's account there is understandably inspired by Levinas and Merleau-Ponty is not mentioned in spite of the latter's insistence on the precariousness of the human condition, especially in his political writings Humanism and Terror and The Adventures of the Dialectic.",
"\n\nC, 23/88.",
"\n\nMSME, 47.",
"\n\nPhP, 69/65–6.",
"\n\nChapter 4: Le sentir de sens\n\nIn The Visible and the Invisible, Merleau-Ponty translates Stiftung as \"initiation\"; see VI, 292/243.",
"\n\nIn the \"Institution\" lecture, Merleau-Ponty remarks that \"In the concept of institution we are seeking a solution to the difficulties found in the philosophy of consciousness. ",
"Over and against consciousness, there are only the objects constituted by consciousness. ",
"Even if we grant that certain of the objects are 'never completely' constituted (Husserl), they are at each moment the exact reflection of the acts and powers of consciousness.\" ",
"Furthermore, institution \"makes no sense for consciousness or, what amounts to the same thing, everything for consciousness is instituted in the sense of being posited... To constitute in this sense is nearly the opposite of to institute: the instituted makes sense without me, the constituted makes sense only for me and for the 'me' of this instant... The instituted straddles its future, has its future, its temporality, the constituted depends entirely on the 'me' who constitutes (the body, the clock)\" (IP, 76; 8).",
"\n\nA constituting power, as Merleau-Ponty says, identified with an \"impregnable subjectivity [subjectivité invulnérable], as yet untouched by being and time\" (PhP, 10/xi).",
"\n\nPhP, 240/240. ",
"In fact, he even goes so far as to say that \"I am not a constituting thought\" (ibid., ",
"434/437) and that subjectivity \"does not constitute the world, it divines the world's presence round about it as a field not provided by itself; nor does it constitute the word, but speaks as we sing when we are happy; nor again the sens of the word which instantaneously emerges for it in its dealing with the world and other men living in it\" (ibid., ",
"465/470).",
"\n\nBarbaras has criticized Phenomenology of Perception for this approach insofar as, in his view, Merleau-Ponty fails to articulate a positive philosophy of perception because he begins by \"refusing to adopt a philosophical position.\" ",
"As Barbaras notes, \"His approach then consists not so much in reconceiving the originality of the perceptive field as making its irreducibility to realism and intellectualism obvious\" (Barbaras, The Being of the Phenomenon, 6).",
"\n\nMSME, 46. ",
"In Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression, Merleau-Ponty addresses several concerns about the reception of Phenomenology of Perception, particularly some of the issues raised in response to his presentation at the Société française philosophique, \"The Primacy of Perception.\" ",
"In the 1953 lecture, he states: \"re-establish the unity and at the same time the difference between the perceived world and the intelligible world through a redefinition of consciousness and of meaning. ",
"Classically (Descartes, Kant), [the] unity [is] ultimately founded on the understanding. ",
"The difference is simply a fact, unthinkable except through myths. ",
"For us it is a matter of finding another sort of unity: everything is perception, the mode of access to being that is present in perception is present everywhere. ",
"But perception in the restricted (sensory) sense demands its own expression\" (MSME, 45).",
"\n\nAs Merleau-Ponty notes in Le sentir, the dilemma of the in-itself and the for-itself, that is, the dialectic of realism and idealism, being and nothingness, must be re-examined, and overcoming this dilemma, we could suggest, is one of the primary task of a phenomenology of perception (PhP, 260/250).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"10/xi.",
"\n\nGoldstein and Rosenthal, Zum Problem der Wirkung der Farben auf den Organismus, 1930.",
"\n\nPhP, 253/242.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"253/242.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"255/244.",
"\n\nThis by no means should suggest that the significance of color is fixed or determinate, as, I think, the art of painting indicates. ",
"After all, one could suggest that the art of painting is nothing other than exploration of color's power to signify—and indeed, to signify precisely beyond their typical sens. ",
"Thus, while red may indeed signify effort or violence, the earth in Cezanne's Grand Pin Terre Rouge is red, not merely because red pigments have filled in the outlines of the landscape, but precisely through the complex use of color and their referential contrasts.",
"\n\nPhP, 256/246.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"257/246, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nFor some of Husserl's remarks on act intentionality, see for example Ideen I, 65/75.",
"\n\nPhP, 257/246.",
"\n\nAs Leonard Lawlor points out in the translator's note to the Institution lectures, this term has a much more fluid meaning that its English translations: \"The term reprise... a term which is central to the idea of institution, connotes the idea of taking up and repetition\" (IP, xxxv). ",
"As I have tried to show, the account of sense-genesis offered in Phenomenology of Perception is simultaneously reprendre, re-opening or resumption, and as such, reprise, repetition. ",
"As such, the emphasis placed on institution in the later lectures is not so much legible as a significant revision of the insights of the earlier text but, indeed, its reprisal and deepening.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"258/248.",
"\n\nThe distinction between l'intentionnalité d'acte and l'intentionnalité operante occurs in PhP, 18/xx, 480/486.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"504/512. ",
"Dillon addresses what he describes as \"the principle of autochthonous organization\" in the \"Ontological Implications of Gestalt Theory\" chapter of Merleau-Ponty's Ontology. ",
"This thesis, according to Dillon, following the Gestalt psychologists, is directed against the constancy hypothesis of traditional empirical accounts of perceptual experience. ",
"As Dillon defines it, \"According to the principle of autochthonous significance, the perceptual world is intrinsically meaningful.\" ",
"It asserts that \"culture, history, language and other human meaning structures... are founded upon a primordial level of meaning which is intrinsic to perception at its most fundamental level\" (Dillon, Merleau-Ponty's Ontology, 66). ",
"An important ambiguity remains problematic in Dillon's account, however, insofar as he insists on describing perception as \"intrinsically\" meaningful, an ambiguity that indeed stems from Merleau-Ponty's own use of the term \"autochthonous\" [autochtone]. ",
"One could construe such remarks as tacitly committed to the claim that the perceptual world is meaningful in itself, that is, committed to a certain form of realism. ",
"Neither Dillon nor Merleau-Ponty would agree with such an interpretation since this would indeed re-inscribe the account within the dialectic of the in-itself and the for-itself, thing and consciousness. ",
"Rather, we must understand the sense of the autochthonous significance of perceptual experience as a sense which is not ready-made or inherent but as a sense which is in transit and in process, a sense in becoming, a sense to which reason and discourse have, as it were, only arrived after the fact.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"517/527.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"453/456, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nAs in the passé simple of reprendre.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"258/248, trans. ",
"modified. ",
"I render eccéité \"haecceity\" here, which comes from medieval philosophy, meaning \"thisness.\" ",
"This is also an important term for Deleuze. ",
"As he notes with Guattari in A Thousand Plateaus: \"This is sometimes written 'ecceity,' deriving the word from ecce, 'here is.' ",
"This is an error, since Duns Scotus created the word and the concept from haec, 'this thing.' ",
"But it is a fruitful error because it suggests a mode of individuation that is distinct from that of a thing or a subject\" (Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 540). ",
"Deleuze and Guattari's remark is useful since it suggests a manner of understanding Merleau-Ponty's use of this term that is reducible to neither realism nor idealism.",
"\n\nIn Le sentir, Merleau-Ponty describes sensation as the \"repetition [reprise] by the sentient subject of a form of existence identified by the sensible\" (PhP, 255/257); that it is through time that there is a \"nesting [emboîtement] and repetition [reprise] of earlier in subsequent experiences\" (ibid., ",
"278/279); that certainty is the \"repetition [reprise] of a tradition of thought which cannot be condensed into evident truth without renouncing explication\" (ibid., ",
"454/461); indeed, \"there is sense for us when our intentions are fulfilled, or inversely, when a multiplicity of facts or signs are ready on our part for a repetition [reprise] which comprehends them, or in any case, when one or more terms exist as... representative or expressive of something other than themselves\" (ibid., ",
"490/498).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"287/278, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"258/248.",
"\n\nVI, 270/221.",
"\n\nOf course in a way Phénoménologie de la perception is littered with L'être et le néant. ",
"Merleau-Ponty and Sartre were working very closely at the time, and there was only a two-year hiatus between the publication of the texts. ",
"It is for this reason, it seems, that Merleau-Ponty, quite intentionally, maintains an oblique trajectory with respect to Sartre. ",
"It would not be until after their rupture in 1952 that Merleau-Ponty will begin to criticize Sartrean philosophy explicitly and directly. ",
"In spite of this, however, I think we already see Merleau-Ponty marking out the philosophical divergence from his friend that would become explicit in \"Interrogation and Dialectic\" and, of course, The Adventures of the Dialectic.",
"\n\nPhP, 258/247.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"258/248.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"259/248. ",
"David Morris relates this échange to the concept of reversibility that will play an increasingly central role in the development of Merleau-Ponty's thought; see Morris 2008\n\nVI, 313/266.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"259/249.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"259/249. ",
"In \"Cézanne's Doubt,\" Merleau-Ponty quotes Cézanne saying \"The landscape thinks itself in me... I am its consciousness\" (SNS, 24-25/40). ",
"Merleau-Ponty is in all likelihood alluding to Le Cimetière Marin though the only Valéry quoted in the essay is Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci. ",
"Merleau-Ponty refers to Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne (Paris, 1912) for the quotes used in the essay though none are cited. ",
"Valéry's text reads: En soi se pense et convient á soi-meme... (Valéry, Le Cimetière Marin).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"259/249.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nWhile we cannot go into a more detailed account of the repartee between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, the following passage from \"Being in-itself\" in L'être et le néant gives some indication of the debate: \"Being is itself. ",
"This means that it is neither passivity nor activity. ",
"Both of these notions are human and designate human conduct or the instruments of human conduct. ",
"There is activity when a conscious being uses means with an end in view. ",
"And we call those objects passive on which our activity is exercised, in as much as they do not spontaneously aim at the end which we make them serve. ",
"In a word, man is active and the means which he employs are called passive... The self-consistency of being is beyond the active as it is beyond the passive\" (Sartre, EN, 31/lxiv).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"260ff./250ff.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"249/259–60.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"249–50/260, translation modified. ",
"It is clear that this remark is addressed to Sartre. ",
"As Beauvoir states in her review of Phenomenology of Perception: \"While Sartre, in Being and Nothingness, first emphasizes the opposition of the 'for-itself' and the 'in-itself' and the nihilating power of the mind, Merleau-Ponty, on the contrary, concentrates on describing the concrete character of the subject that is never, according to him, a pure for-itself\" (Beauvoir 2004, 163). ",
"This review was originally published in Les Temps modernes 1 (2) (1945): 363–7. ",
"Deleuze states in the \"Note on Heidegger's Philosophy of Difference\" in Difference and Repetition that \"Merleau-Ponty, on the other hand, undoubtedly followed a more thoroughly Heideggerian inspiration in speaking of 'folds' and 'pleating' (by contrast with Sartrean 'holes' and 'lakes of non-being') from The Phenomenology of Perception onwards, and in returning to an ontology of difference and questioning in his posthumous book The Visible and the Invisible\" (Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, 64).",
"\n\nThis is a term Merleau-Ponty uses in \"Eye and Mind\" (OE, 65/140).",
"\n\nAt the very beginning of Le sentir, Merleau-Ponty remarks: \"There be no question of describing perception itself as one of the facts which produces itself in the world, since we never efface from the tableau of the world this lacuna that we are and by which it comes to exist for someone since perception is the 'defect' in this 'great diamond'\" (PhP, 251–2/241, trans. ",
"modified).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"265/256.",
"\n\nKant seemed to place special emphasis on spontaneity in his remarks on synthesis in the first Critique. ",
"In the table of categories, for example, he says: \"Space and time contain a manifold of pure a priori intuition, but at the same time are conditions of the receptivity of our mind—conditions under which alone it can receive representations of objects, and which therefore must also always affect the concept of these objects. ",
"But if this manifold is to be known, the spontaneity of our thought requires that it be gone through in a certain way, taken up, and connected. ",
"This act I name synthesis\" (Kant, A77ff.).",
"\n\nThis is of course Kant's famous saying from the beginning of the Transcendental Logic: \"Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind\" (Kant A51/B76).",
"\n\nThese are the words Merleau-Ponty uses in reference to Hume's understanding of the phenomena of experience (PhP, 265/256).",
"\n\nWe recognize this concept from the previous chapter and the discussion of Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression. ",
"Now we can note how that it already appears in Phenomenology of Perception and that the 1953 lecture course is only a development and elaboration of ideas introduced much earlier.",
"\n\nPhP, 285/277, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"371–2/375.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"286/277.",
"\n\nThe problem of originary expressivity or sense-genesis is broached in Le corps comme expression et la parole. ",
"In a footnote there Merleau-Ponty remarks: \"what we say here applies only to originary speech—that of the child uttering its first word, of the lover revealing his feelings, of the 'first man who spoke', or of the writer and philosopher who reawaken the primordial experience beneath these traditions\" (PhP, 208/208, trans. ",
"modified). ",
"This problem is arguably the central question of the 1948 essay, \"Cezanne's Doubt.\" ",
"As Merleau-Ponty remarks there: \"[The artist] speaks as the first man spoke and paints as if no one had ever painted before. ",
"What he expresses cannot, therefore, be the translation of a clearly defined thought, since such clear thoughts are those which have already been uttered by ourselves or by others... There is nothing but a vague fever before the act of artistic expression, and only the work itself, completed and understood, is proof that there was something rather than nothing to be said... the artist launches his work just as man once launched the first word, not knowing whether it will be anything more than a shout... The meaning of what the artist is going to say does not exist anywhere—not in things, which as yet have no meaning, nor in the artist himself, in his unformulated life. ",
"It summons one away from the already constituted reason in which 'cultural men' are content to shut themselves, toward a reason which contains its own origins\" (SNS, 24–5/40, trans. ",
"modified).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"285/277.",
"\n\nAs Merleau-Ponty remarks in an oft-cited passage: \"Reflection does not itself grasp its full significance sens plein] unless it refers to the unreflective fund of experience which it presupposes, upon which it draws [profite], and which constitutes for it a kind of original past, a past which has never been present\" (PhP, 289/282). ",
"This remark has received much attention in recent literature, especially in debates surrounding Merleau-Ponty's perhaps fraught philosophical relationship to Bergson, for example in Al-Saji (2008). ",
"Without entering into such debates, we can perhaps minimally suggest that this \"original past\" or fund of sense nonetheless necessitates the question of the originary moment of sense-genesis or expressivity. ",
"I will turn to this question in a bit more detail in Part 2 vis-à-vis the phenomenon of temporality. ",
"For other accounts of sense-genesis and the paradoxical structure of expression in Merleau-Ponty's thought see Waldenfels (2000), \"The Paradox of Expression,\" as well as Landes's book by a similar name, [Merleau-Ponty and the Paradoxes of Expression (2013).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"286/278.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"288/280.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"286/278.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"286–7/278–9.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"287/279.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"287/279.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"288/280, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nThe \"subject\" of sense-genesis, furthermore, is not exempt from the rule of time and therefore is never an absolute subject. ",
"Perceptual experience is thus not the work of a transcendental \"I\" but \"is always in the mode of the One,\" and sense-genesis is thus \"not a personal act enabling me to give a fresh significance [sens] to my life\" (ibid., ",
"287/279).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified. ",
"Merleau-Ponty doesn't cite this reference, but it is presumably to Phenomenology of Spirit, paragraph 679: \"the later moment contains within it the preceding one.\"",
"\n\nHegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, para. ",
"28.",
"\n\nPhP, 114/98.",
"\n\nThough this is certainly up for debate, if we identify temporalization as transcendental subjectivity, then we have, in a sense, already abandoned subjective idealism, for we have substituted for the personalistic, unitary constituting subject an impersonal, constitutive temporal dehiscence. ",
"Transcendental idealism, in this radical sense, can therefore no longer be identified with subjective idealism.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"288/280.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"For an account of the \"backward flow of time\" in Merleau-Ponty, see Mazis 1992.",
"\n\nChapter 5: Temporality disparue\n\nBarbaras, The Being of the Phenomenon, 218.",
"\n\nThis is most easily recognized from Derrida, thought it is worth noting that he pulls it from Heidegger; see SZ, 25/47ff. ",
"While there is not space to consider this in the detail it deserves, it is worth noting that this term is also the centerpiece of Derrida's critique of phenomenology—i.e., that phenomenology is, in spite of its best efforts, committed to such a metaphysics. ",
"In Voice and Phenomenon, Derrida ascribes this to the concept of ideality, which \"is the salvation or the mastery of presence in repetition,\" as well as to the centrality of the \"punctual now,\" especially in the Zeitbewußtsein; see Voice and Phenomenon, 22, 53ff. ",
"I hope to show that, at least in Merleau-Ponty, this is far from obvious.",
"\n\nPhP, 477/483.",
"\n\nFor some discussion of these issues, see Alia Al-Saji, \"A Past Which Has Never Been Present: Bergsonian Dimensions in Merleau-Ponty's Theory of the Prepersonal\" (2008) and \"The Temporality of Life: Merleau-Ponty, Bergson, and the Immemorial Past\" (2007), as well as Barbaras, \"The Turn of Experience,\" (2009). ",
"As Al-Saji has noted, the extent to which Merleau-Ponty's account of time in La temporalité centers the account of time on \"the living present\" can be shown to be at play behind this misreading (2008: 42–4). ",
"See also Olkowski 1996.",
"\n\nOne could suggest that this names the paradox at stake in La temporalité: that as soon as we set ourselves to think temporality in terms of its being we have already immersed ourselves in a series of insurmountable problems. ",
"The solution is to jettison our commitment to thinking time as being since time, by its very nature, is a structure of passage or becoming. ",
"Indeed, we recall that Merleau-Ponty even goes so far as to remark that \"It is... through time that 'one thinks being' [qu'on pense l'être]\" (PhP, 430/492).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"477/483, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nSee, for example, Aristotle, Physics, 217b30; Augustine, Confessions, Book XI, xxvi–xxxi.",
"\n\nPhP, 478/483. ",
"Merleau-Ponty quotes \"Noch im Griff behalte\" (Husserl, ZB, 390).",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nFor compelling analyses of Husserl's theory of time consciousness, see de Warren 2009 and Zahavi 2010.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"479/484. ",
"In fact, a remark made in a well-known working note of The Visible and the Invisible makes exactly this point: \"Husserl's diagram is dependent on the convention that one can represent the series of nows by points on a line,\" and a bit further in the same note, \"the representation of flow [écoulement] is faulty\" (VI, 245/195).",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty makes the same claim in Phenomenology of Perception: \"In order to arrive at authentic time, it is neither necessary nor sufficient to condemn the spatialization of time as Bergson. ",
"It is not necessary, since time is exclusive of space only if we consider space as objectified in advance, and ignore that primordial spatiality which we have tried to describe, and which is the abstract form of our presence in the world. ",
"It is not sufficient since, even when the systematic translation of time into spatial terms has been duly stigmatized, we may still fall very short of an authentic intuition of time. ",
"This is what happened to Bergson. ",
"When he says that duration 'snowballs upon itself,' and when he postulates memories in themselves accumulating in the unconscious, he makes time out of a preserved present, and evolution out of what is evolved\" (PhP, 476–7n/482n.). ",
"For a thorough account of Merleau-Ponty's idea of space, see Morris 2004.",
"\n\nMuch like Bergson's description of time as a continuity of heterogeneities; see Time and Free Will, 104.",
"\n\nIt is sometimes translated as \"running-off,\" and while this is actually a good translation in many ways, it sometimes comes across as awkward in idiomatic English.",
"\n\nHusserl, ZB, 388/28.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"388–9/29, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"481/487.",
"\n\nWhile it is not my intention to enter into the task of providing a reading of Husserl's Zeitbewußtsein nor to assess the extent to which Merleau-Ponty's reading is accurate or inaccurate, it is nonetheless worth noting that thinking through the paradoxical nature of time's manifestation appears to be what is at stake in these lectures; see Husserl, ZB, 384/23ff.",
"\n\nFor example, we find this passage at the very beginning of The Visible and the Invisible: \"We can effect the passage by looking, by awakening to the world; we cannot witness it as spectators. ",
"It is not a synthesis; it is a metamorphosis by which the appearances are instantaneously stripped of a value they owed merely to the absence of a true perception. ",
"Thus in perception we witness the miracle of a totality that surpasses what one thinks to be its conditions or its parts, that from afar holds them under its power, as if they existed only on its threshold and were destined to lose themselves in it\" (VI, 22/8).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"480/486. ",
"While Merleau-Ponty explicitly attributes the distinction between l'intentionnalité opérante and l'intentionnalité d'acte to Husserl (PhP, 18/xx, 480/486), in the texts cited (ZB, 79–80/430 and Formal and Transcendental Logic, 235/208), Husserl never actually uses the exact phrase fungierende Intentionalität. ",
"Indeed, Husserl speaks of a lebendige Intentionalität, a living intentionality, that as lebendig fungierende, living operatively, may be unthematisch, non-thematic. ",
"In the same footnote, Merleau-Ponty also cites Fink, Das Problem der Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls, 286. ",
"Operative intentionality, as Merleau-Ponty adds upon mentioning this concept in La temporalité, \"is what Heidegger terms transcendence\" (PhP, 480/486). ",
"For a compelling account of Merleau-Ponty's distinction and its relation to Husserl, see Kelly 2010.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"479–80/485–6, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"480/486, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"481/486, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nVI, 270/221.",
"\n\nPhP, 490/496, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nHeidegger, SZ, 323/297, \"ungebrochenen Disziplin.\" ",
"Merleau-Ponty expresses some anxiety about the implicit commitments of Heidegger's terminology in La temporalité; see PhP, 490/496–7.",
"\n\nFor the purposes of brevity, we'll restrict our considerations to the conclusion even though the theme of passivity figures prominently in Appendix II of the text. ",
"Also, Merleau-Ponty never references the appendices to this text as most of his considerations reference the conclusion and Husserl's understanding of the a priori in section 98.",
"\n\nHusserl, Formal and Transcendental Logic, 256/292.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"257/292.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nPhP, 492/498.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"Merleau-Ponty makes another reference to this passage in the Critique of Judgment in the Preface. ",
"It is actually there, at the very beginning of the text, that he introduces the distinction between l'intentionnalité d'acte and l'intentionnalité operante. ",
"His claim is that Husserl is usually mistakenly attributed with the discovery of intentionality, which can actually be traced back to the \"Refutation of Idealism\" in the Critique of Pure Reason. ",
"In the first critique Kant only acknowledges an act intentionality. ",
"In the Critique of Judgment, however, Kant recognizes a pre-conceptual unity of the sensible and the conceptual. \"",
"Here [in the Critique of Judgment],\" he says, \"the subject is no longer the universal thinker of objects rigorously interrelated, the positing power who subjects the manifold to the law of the understanding, in so far as he is able to put together a world—he discovers and enjoys [se goûte] his own nature as spontaneously in harmony with the law of the understanding. ",
"But if the subject has a nature, then the hidden art of the imagination must condition the categorial activity\" (PhP, 18/xix). ",
"It is this gesture from the third Critique, accordingly, that Husserl takes up and radicalizes when he distinguishes between l'intentionnalité d'acte—\"the only intentionality discussed in the Critique of Pure Reason\"—and l'intentionnalité operante or fungierende Intentionalität. ",
"It is this distinction that distinguishes Husserl's theory of intentionality from that of Kant's (or at least from the Kant of the first Critique) (ibid.). ",
"What this indicates, minimally, is that the manner in which Kant figures in Phenomenology of Perception, particularly the manner in which he mediates Merleau-Ponty's engagement with Husserl, bears further elucidation.",
"\n\nHusserl mentions this concept explicitly in Erfahrung und Urteil though Merleau-Ponty doesn't cite a text; see Husserl, Experience and Judgment, 252/213, 267/224, 273/229, and 274/230.",
"\n\nPhP, 485/491, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nSee PhP, 55/35.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"315/309, 386/384.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"481/487.",
"\n\nPhP, 481/487, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"Se différencient, emphasis Merleau-Ponty's.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nThis is a term Merleau-Ponty uses in The Visible and the Invisible in a working note entitled \"(Bergson) Transcendence—forgetting—time\"; see VI, 247/197.",
"\n\nPhP, 481–2/487, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"482/488.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"While Merleau-Ponty's fascination with Husserl's account of time in the Zeitbewußtsein is evident in these pages, after this remark, Merleau-Ponty actually cites Heidegger from Sein und Zeit: \"Temporalization is not a succession (Nacheinander) of ecstasies. ",
"The future is not posterior to the past, or the past anterior to the present. ",
"Temporality temporalizes itself as future-which-lapses-into-the-past-by-coming-into-the-present\" (ibid.). ",
"The reference is to Sein und Zeit, 350. ",
"It is worth noting that it is in this Heideggerian rather than an explicitly Husserlian context that Merleau-Ponty explicitly criticizes Bergson.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty only cites the beginning of this extraordinary passage from Art poétique. ",
"Claudel uses the Romanized version of the Ancient Greek word σιγή or \"silence\"; see Claudel, Art poétique, 61.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"287/278.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"483/489, translation modified. ",
"It is perhaps in this remark that Merleau-Ponty distances himself most from Husserl insofar as, unlike Husserl, who consistently emphasizes the ontological primacy of the present and presence in his account of time's Ablauf, he explicitly denies the primacy of the present in time's passage.",
"\n\nIn \"Eye and Mind,\" the theme of respiration becomes more explicit: \"We speak of 'inspiration,' and the word should be taken literally. ",
"There really is inspiration and expiration of Being, respiration in Being, action and passion so slightly discernable that it becomes impossible to distinguish who sees and who is seen, who paints and what is painted\" (OE, 31–2/129).",
"\n\nThe other is a famous quote from Sein und Zeit: \"Der Sinn des Daseins ist die Zeitlichkeit\" / \"The meaning of Dasein is temporality\" (Heidegger, SZ, H331).",
"\n\nPhP, 471/476. \"",
"Le temps est le sens de la vie (sens: comme on dit le sens d'un cours d'eau, le sens d'une phrase, le sens d'une étoffe, le sens de l'odorat).\"",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"494/500.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty uses this phrase twice in La temporalité and in reference to Sein und Zeit; see PhP 483/489, 485/491 and Heidegger, SZ, 373/342.",
"\n\nIn fact, Heidegger himself seemed to have some anxiety about this in the passage referenced by Merleau-Ponty from section 72: \"Dasein has been our theme only as to how it exists, so to speak, 'forward' and leaves everything that has been 'behind.' ",
"Not only did being-toward-the-beginning remain unnoticed, but, above all, the way Dasein stretches along between birth and death. ",
"Precisely the 'connection of life' [Zusammenhang des Lebens], in which, after all, Dasein constantly somehow holds itself, was overlooked in our analysis of being-a-whole\" (Heidegger, SZ, 373/342).",
"\n\nPhP, 491/497.",
"\n\nSNS, 24–5/40, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nVI, 270/221. ",
"In this note, written almost fifteen years after the publication of Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty repeats almost verbatim a remark from this text cited in full above: \"it is clear, in effect, that I am not the author of time any more than of the beating of my heart; it is not me who takes the initiative of temporalization; I did not choose to be born, and, once I was born, time gushes [fuse] through me, whatever I do\" (PhP, 490/496).",
"\n\nPhP, 288/280.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"490/497, trans. ",
"modified, emphasis Merleau-Ponty.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"172/170.",
"\n\nSee Bergson, Time and Free Will, 99ff.",
"\n\nAlbertine disparue is the French title for the sixth volume of Proust's Recherche, usually translated as \"The Fugitive.\" ",
"It literally means \"Albertine gone,\" and at the beginning of this work the narrator wakes to find that his lover has packed her bags and vanished. ",
"Years later, after the grief and pain of this departure has faded, he discovers that she has died in a riding accident some time after she left.",
"\n\nOE, 65/140.",
"\n\n\"When through the water's thickness I see the tiled bottom of the pool, I do not see it despite the water and the reflections; I see it through them and because of them. ",
"If there were no distortions, no ripples of sunlight, if it were without that flesh that I saw the geometry of the tiles, then I would cease to see it as it is and where it is—which is to say, beyond any identical specific place\" (OE, 70/142).",
"\n\nSartre's account of their friendship and falling out can be found in his adieu after Merleau-Ponty's death, \"Merleau-Ponty vivant\"; see Stewart 1998.",
"\n\nChapter 6: Freedom and Lateness to Being\n\nA persistent point of reference in Derrida's engagement with phenomenology, especially Husserl. ",
"In The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy, he says: \"It is always a question of an originary complication of the origin, of an initial contamination of the simple, of an inaugural divergence that no analysis could present, make present in its phenomenon or reduce to the pointlike nature of the element, instantaneous and identical to itself. ",
"In fact the question that governs the whole trajectory is already: 'How can the originarity of a foundation be an a priori synthesis? ",
"How can everything start with a complication?' ",
"All the limits on which phenomenological discourse is constructed are examined from the standpoint of the fatal necessity of a 'contamination' ('unperceived entailment or dissimulated contamination' between the two edges of the opposition: transcendental/'worldly,' eidetic/empirical, intentional/nonintentional, active/passive, present/nonpresent, pointlike/non-pointlike, originary/derived, pure/impure, etc.), ",
"the quaking of each border coming to propagate itself onto all the others. ",
"A law of differential contamination imposes its logic from one end of the book to the other; and I ask myself why the very word 'contamination' has not stopped imposing itself on me from thence forward\" (Derrida, The Problem of Genesis, xv).",
"\n\nThere has been a great deal of literature produced addressing the personal and philosophical relationship between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty over the years. ",
"Some of this, as well as primary source material, is collected in The Debate Between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty (Stewart 1998). ",
"Merleau-Ponty's Critique of Sartre (1982) is an older study that poses a thinker of lucidity (Sartre) against a thinker of ambiguity (Merleau-Ponty). ",
"Much of the literature focuses on their respective political philosophies and the rupture between them occasioned by the outbreak of the Korean War. ",
"See, for example, Compton 1998, Bernasconi 2006, Flynn 2009.",
"\n\nWe already have a sense of how Merleau-Ponty will challenge the absoluteness of freedom; it is precisely this premise, the centrality of constituting consciousness for sense-genesis, that has been challenged in Le sentir and La temporalité. ",
"If absolute freedom is premised on this thesis, then it follows that Merleau-Ponty's critique of constituting consciousness will also require a revised sense of freedom that is no longer absolute or unconditioned.",
"\n\nThis was a great concern for Derrida; see the Introduction to Voice and Phenomenon, esp. ",
"11–12, as well as The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy, xv.",
"\n\nPhP, 497/504. ",
"Sartre articulates his position in detail in La Transcendance de l'Ego where transcendental consciousness is understood in terms of its absolute purity, transparency and limpidity, \"all lightness, all translucence\" (Sartre 1998, 25/42).",
"\n\nPhP, 498/505.",
"\n\nSee Sartre, EN, 174/129.",
"\n\nPhP, 499/507, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"500/507, trans. ",
"modified. ",
"The Ancient Greek phrase, ἐφ' ἤμιν, means \"according to my own power,\" an important notion in Epictetus, who distinguishes between that which is in our power and that which is not. ",
"It is interesting that Merleau-Ponty is invoking a kinship between Sartreanism and Stoicism.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"502/510, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"503/510.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty cites an image from Gestalt psychology. ",
"A series of dots placed in rows of two is impossible to see in another combination. ",
"This is not to be explained in terms of realism, of course, but in terms of the manner in which the world always confronts me with a certain configuration and sense, a sense precisely accomplished in the temporal dehiscence of becoming or the unfolding of l'intentionnalité operante. ",
"In the same way that I cannot choose that there is no rock face, I also cannot choose to see the organization of this sense otherwise than as it presents itself to my gaze.",
"\n\nPhP, 503/511, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"504/512, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"506/513.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"506/514.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nHeidegger says in Sein und Zeit: \"When resolute, Dasein has brought itself back from falling, and has done so precisely in order to be more authentically 'there' in the 'Augenblick' as regards the Situation which has been disclosed\"; \"That Present which is held in authentic temporality and which thus is authentic itself, we call the 'Augenblick.' ",
"This term must be understood in the active sense as an ecstasis. ",
"It means the resolute rapture with which Dasein is carried away to whatever possibilities and circumstances are encountered in the Situation as possible objects of concern, but a rapture which is held in resoluteness\" (SZ, 328/376).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"501/508.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"506/514, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"517/526, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty consistently identified Sartre with Hegel, or at least a certain brand of Hegelianism, even in The Visible and the Invisible. ",
"It is not my intention to enter into questions regarding the accuracy of this identification or questions about Sartre's reading of Hegel in contrast to Merleau-Ponty's. ",
"What is worth noting is that Merleau-Ponty consistently articulated his own philosophy in contrast to a certain Sartrean-Hegelian brand of dialectics. ",
"This is the case in La liberté as well as \"Interrogation et dialectique\" in The Visible and the Invisible.",
"\n\nPhP, 506/514.",
"\n\nOf course the manner in which Merleau-Ponty inhabits both a phenomenological and Marxist methodology in this text is an important question, one that has been taken up by recent Merleau-Ponty scholars. ",
"See Smyth, \"Heroism and History in Merleau-Ponty's Existential Phenomenology\" (2010) as well as Merleau-Ponty's Existential Phenomenology and the Realization of Philosophy (2013). ",
"Going into a detailed account of these methodological questions is beyond the scope of what can be accomplished here, but let it suffice to say that Smyth's conclusions seem correct insofar as Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological method is one clearly informed by a Marxist understanding of history. ",
"For further commentary on the social aspects of Merleau-Ponty's ontology, see Bimbenet 2006.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"506/514, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"506/514.",
"\n\nAccording to this account, we are left within an ontology organized around the primacy of the present, the very kind of ontology that some scholars have criticized Phenomenology of Perception for adopting. ",
"This ontology seems justifiable, at first glance, especially in the context of Merleau-Ponty's emphasis on le champ de présence in La temporalité. ",
"If it the case that Merleau-Ponty is committed to the ontological primacy of the present, then it seems that there is a tension between this position and the account of class consciousness, historicality and institutionality presented in La liberté. ",
"If it is the case, however, as we have tried to show, that le champ de présence is not so much about the ontological primacy of the present as it is about designating the field of time's appearance as passage, then this tension seems to disappear. ",
"What we have is not an account of the ontological primacy of the present in sense-genesis, on one hand, and an account of the historical genesis of sense on the other, but, as we have tried to show, an account of the temporal becoming and dehiscence of sense that has the historical structure of reprendre and reprise. ",
"That is, precisely because his account of sense-genesis consistently underlines its functions of reprendre and reprise, Merleau-Ponty offers us a consistently historical and institutional account of sense-genesis in Phenomenology of Perception.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"507/515.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"510/518, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"510/518–19.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"507/515.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"509/517.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"507/515.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"512/521, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"512/521.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"514/522.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"514/524.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"515/525.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"516/525.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"517/526.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"517/526–7.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"516/525.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\n\"In short the For-itself is free, and its Freedom is to itself its own limit. ",
"To be free is to be condemned to be free\" (Sartre, EN, 174/129).",
"\n\nPhP, 20/xxii, trans. ",
"modified, emphasis Merleau-Ponty's.",
"\n\nIn a telling remark, Sartre says: \"Freedom is the human being putting his past out of play by secreting his own nothingness\" (EN, 63/28).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"517/527, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"519/528; 518/527, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nSee MSME, 49ff.",
"\n\nPhP, 13/xiv, 491/497.",
"\n\nOE, 92/377–8.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"92/378.",
"\n\nSee PhP, 461/465.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"159/146.",
"\n\nSartre's induction into the phenomenological tradition takes place during his time at the French Institute in Berlin, which culminated in his famous essay on Husserl's idea of intentionality, \"Intentionality: A Fundamental Idea of Husserl's Phenomenology,\" published in 1939. ",
"This work is developed in The Transcendence of the Ego and then further in Being and Nothingness.",
"\n\nChapter 7: Eulogy for Philosophy\n\nMerleau-Ponty's address, \"Éloge de la philosophie,\" is translated into English as \"In Praise of Philosophy.\" ",
"This is certainly a correct and adequate translation, and yet I think we miss something that he intended by calling this a eulogy.",
"\n\nRC, 142/168. ",
"This remark is from the résume to the course entitled \"Philosophy as Interrogation.\" ",
"The reference is to Husserl's Krisis.",
"\n\nAs Merleau-Ponty says in the résume to \"Philosophy Today\": \"With Hegel something comes to an end. ",
"After Hegel, there is a philosophical void. ",
"This is not to say that there has been a lack of thinkers or of geniuses, but that Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche start from a denial of philosophy. ",
"We might say that with the latter we enter an age of non-philosophy. ",
"But perhaps such a destruction of philosophy constitutes its very realization. ",
"Perhaps it preserves the essence of philosophy, and it may be, as Husserl wrote, that philosophy is reborn from its ashes\" (ibid.).",
"\n\nPhP, 14/xv, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nSee VI, 60/38, 69/46.",
"\n\nEP, 52–3/43–4.",
"\n\nVI, 60/39.",
"\n\nEP, 67–8/58, 71/61.",
"\n\nNietzsche, The Gay Science, 181.",
"\n\nIn his lectures on nature, Merleau-Ponty specifically designates his task as the return to the Greek sense of φύσις and that recalling this concept helps us create space between our own ontology and that of modernity and thus reimagine it. ",
"See N, 3–4; NC, 109.",
"\n\nVI, 160/121–2.",
"\n\nHeraclitus, Fragment 123.",
"\n\nFor an excellent discussion of Merleau-Ponty's ideas about nature, especially in relation to environmental ethics, see Toadvine 1999, 2009, 2009b and Slatman 2000.",
"\n\nVI, 160–1/123.",
"\n\nEP, 11/5.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"9/3.",
"\n\nPhP, 11–12/xii.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"10/x.\n\nAs Husserl defines apodicticity in the first Cartesian meditation: \"It is absolute indubitability in a quite definite and peculiar sense... it discloses itself, to a critical reflection, as having the single peculiarity of being at the same time the absolute unimaginableness (inconceivability) of their non-being, and thus excluding in advance every doubt as 'objectless,' empty\" (Husserl, Cartesian Meditations, 15–16). ",
"It is precisely for this kind of certainty that the philosophy of ontological lateness substitutes the openness and incompleteness of philosophical inquiry.",
"\n\nPhP, 14/xv.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"10/xi.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"11/xi, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"11/xii, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"11/xii, trans. ",
"modified. ",
"In Ideen I, Husserl says that the outcome of the phenomenological reduction \"is nothing else than what we shall designate, for essential reasons, as 'pure mental processes,' 'pure consciousness' with its pure 'correlates of consciousness, and, on the other hand, its 'pure Ego'\" (Husserl, 58/64).",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"11/xii.",
"\n\nBarbaras 2004, 76.",
"\n\nS 207/165.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"202/161.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"202/162.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"205/163.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"207/165. ",
"Let us recall the important distinction between the natural attitude as it names our pre-theoretical orientation in the world and the naturalistic attitude that emerges when this pre-theoretical attitude is made explicit as a thesis and becomes the normative ground of an epistemology. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's claim is that the phenomenological reduction, in its suspension of the latter, precisely reveals the former: \"The natural attitude really becomes an attitude—a tissue of judicatory and propositional acts—only when it becomes a naturalist thesis. ",
"The natural attitude itself emerges unscathed from the complaints which can be made against naturalism, because it is 'prior to any thesis,' because it is the mystery of a Welthesis prior all theses\" (S, 207/163).",
"\n\nPhP, 18/xx, 480/486; 1960/64 207/165.",
"\n\nIbid. ",
"Reflection, as Merleau-Ponty will note in The Visible and the Invisible, is in principle \"delayed behind itself\" (VI, 55/34).",
"\n\nPhP, 14/xv.",
"\n\nOE, 92/378.",
"\n\nIbid.; ",
"S, 204/161.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"14/xv, trans. ",
"modified. ",
"Merleau-Ponty references this term again in La temporalité; see PhP, 489/495. ",
"Husserl elaborates this concept in a working note from 1935 entitled \"Einströmen,\" in Hua XXIX, 78: 19–30. ",
"For a detailed account of the significance of Einströmen and its significance in this working note, see Dodd 2004.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nThe working note is dated February 1959 and is entitled \"Einströmen—Reflection.\" ",
"It is also important to note that here Merleau-Ponty connects the concept of Einströmen to temporality.",
"\n\nVI, 173/224.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"173/225.",
"\n\nThis no doubt brings to mind Nietzsche's Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen or Untimely Meditations, though many of Nietzsche's writings give one a sense that he felt his writings out of place in his time and probably ours as well—for example, the madman's remark that he has come too soon in The Gay Science.",
"\n\nNC, 358.",
"\n\nVI, 141–2/106.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"162/123.",
"\n\nFor a remarkable account of the meta-philosophy articulated by Merleau-Ponty in the Forward to Phenomenology of Perception, see Dastur 2007. ",
"As Dastur rightly emphasizes, \"Philosophy cannot overcome its ambiguity, which is at once an internal weakness or disability, and a virtue: it can never become an 'intellectual possession' of the world a 'positive' philosophy in the sense of constituting a second order beyond the sensuous\" (162).",
"\n\nPhP, 21/xxiii, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nHeidegger, The Concept of Time, 50/76.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nPhP, 21/xxiii.",
"\n\nIbid.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"14/xv, trans. ",
"modified.",
"\n\nMerleau-Ponty's burgeoning fascination with art and painting, which he will famously develop in his final published writing, \"Eye and Mind,\" as well as elsewhere, comes as no surprise given this position. ",
"Consequently, radical philosophical reflection and works of art can no longer and ought no longer be distinguished.",
"\n\nVI, 313/266.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"181/139.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"313/266.",
"\n\nC, 22–3/87–8.",
"\n\nFor a concise and compelling account of the problem of skepticism and Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, see Flynn 2009.",
"\n\nC, 23/88.",
"\n\nChapter 8: At the Point of Departure\n\nPlato, Republic, 475e4: \"those who love to gaze upon what is unconcealed.\"",
"\n\nNC, 108–9.",
"\n\nFor Merleau-Ponty and love, see Lawlor 2008, Dillon 1985.",
"\n\nThese are the words that Christ speaks to Mary Magdalene when she recognizes him as the arisen.",
"\n\nThis term is most immediately recognizable from Plato's image of the divided line (Republic, Book VI, 509D–513E), and is usually translated as something like \"trust,\" \"faith,\" or \"belief.\" ",
"I've chosen Plato's word as a means for thinking about the stakes of la foi perceptive—where \"faith\" here is understood in terms of our openness to perceived, similar to the role it plays Plato's image.",
"\n\nWe should note that our interest in Christian scripture and theology at this juncture is, eventually, oriented toward understanding Merleau-Ponty's thought. ",
"Nancy's interest, in addition to this book being part of a larger project of deconstructing Christianity, is aesthetic, concerning works of art that represent the noli episode. ",
"Nancy's interpretation is of interest to us at the point where it will inform the ideas of love and faith we encounter in Merleau-Ponty. ",
"Doubtless some of what Nancy claims will strike some as controversial. ",
"It is neither my intention to get involved in such controversy at this juncture nor to defend Nancy's position on theological grounds—only to get a glimpse of how these reflections will inform our understanding of Merleau-Ponty's thought.",
"\n\nNancy focuses mainly on the episode accounted in John 20:11. ",
"He references the other accounts but draws primarily from John. ",
"Because we're more interested in the implications for Merleau-Ponty, we will follow Nancy and restrict ourselves to this part of the scripture.",
"\n\nNancy emphasizes an important ambiguity here: do these words signify that Christ doesn't wish to be touched, that he cannot be touched or that he should not be touched? ",
"Of course this ambiguity is essential for on it hinges the possibility and impossibility of touching, which, as anyone can guess, is critical in Nancy's case. ",
"It's worth mentioning that this text, Noli me tangere, is Nancy's response to Derrida's On Touching: Jean-Luc Nancy.",
"\n\nWe must remember that Nancy is treating the scripture, here, as a text that offers itself and perhaps even calls for deconstruction. ",
"There is an understanding of resurrection professed by Christianity—the promise of eternal life—but as Nancy will try to show, this professed understanding belies another understanding that the texts both insists upon and at the same time fails to acknowledge. ",
"We will have some opportunity to see what Nancy thinks resurrection means.",
"\n\nNancy, 4. ",
"This statement is immediately followed by this passage from the New Testament: \"He that hath seen me hath seen the Father; and how sayest thou then, Show us the Father?\" (",
"John 14:9/Nancy, Noli, 4). ",
"Christ, in this sense, is the parabolic visibility of the λόγος.",
"\n\nNancy is clearly eluding to the various passages in John 1 though he does not mention them explicitly, especially John 1:14: \"And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us...\" Of course in the Greek version of the New Testament the original term translated as \"Word\" is λόγος. ",
"In Corpus, in the section titled \"Expeausition,\" a play on \"exposition\" and peau, the French word for \"skin,\" Nancy remarks: \"The body is self in departure, insofar as it parts—displaces itself right here from the here. ",
"The intimacy of the body exposes pure a-seity as the swerve and departure that it is\" (Nancy, Corpus, 33).",
"\n\nI follow Sarah Clift's translation of la partance as \"the departing.\"",
"\n\nJohn 20:17.",
"\n\nLacan is clearly the important point of reference for Nancy, though he also cites Freud himself as well as Sophocles.",
"\n\nNancy, Noli, 16. ",
"As the translator notes, 'I, the truth, am going away,' is an explicit nod to Lacan.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"45.",
"\n\nA term favored by Heidegger; see, for example, Unterwegs zur Sprache.",
"\n\nNancy, Noli, 28.",
"\n\nWe recall Merleau-Ponty's claim that temporalization is not strictly a process of phenomenalization, but to the extent to which it has this possibility, is simultaneously a process of \"disintegration,\" \"self-differentiation,\" écoulement or \"flux,\" and éclatement or \"eruption\" (PhP, 481/487, 48–2/487). ",
"This account is actually much closer to what Nancy is suggesting: phenomenality, insofar as it is the means for the appearance of being, is simultaneously its means not to be.",
"\n\nSee Heidegger, SZ, 113/149ff. ",
"Without getting involved in a protracted discussion of this important concept, it will be worth noting that Heidegger, at least in Sein und Zeit, emphasizes Dasein's recovery of itself from its dispersion in das Man, the \"they.\"",
"\n\nIn a way, it is completely unsurprising that Descartes could not bring himself to believe that the people in the square were anything other than automata.",
"\n\nNancy, Noli, 47.",
"\n\nThe episode of Christ appearing to Thomas appears after the noli episode in John 20:25-29: \"But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe.\"",
"\n\nSee §49 of the Crisis. ",
"For commentary on this concept, see Lawlor, \"Is It Happening? ",
"Or The Implications of Immanence?\" (",
"2014).",
"\n\nHeidegger's discussion of λόγος in its capacity for ἀποφαίνω, showing, is consistently understood in terms of clearing and making space. ",
"In other words, Heidegger thinks of ἀπόφανσις in terms of making way for what shows itself for itself and in its own interest, for the φαινόμενον. ",
"To this extent, ἀπόφανσις may already been understood in terms of ἀπόφασις, a term borrowed from ancient skepticism, especially Pyrrhonism, where it is associated with the ἐποχή. ",
"Christopher Long has commented on Heidegger's reading of Aristotle in this regard in Aristotle on the Nature of Truth, 107ff.",
"\n\nNancy, Noli, 37.",
"\n\nIP, 68/32.",
"\n\nNancy, Noli, 37.",
"\n\n\"Formal\" is Nancy's description of Thomas's faith, which is the counterpoint to Mary Magdalene.",
"\n\nPhP, 159/146.",
"\n\nNancy, Noli, 30.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"28–9.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"48. ",
"Magdalene in the desert was a popular theme in representations of her. ",
"Nancy refers us to Ribera and Fabre. ",
"This also recalls Deleuze and Guattari's image of the smooth space of the desert; see Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 474ff.",
"\n\nIP, 73/37.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"73–4/37.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"74/37.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"74/37–8.",
"\n\nAs Lawlor suggests, this is the experience of what Heidegger called Gelassenheit; see Lawlor \"Friend of the Future,\" 81.",
"\n\nIP, 75/38. ",
"As Carbone notes in regard to this passage: \"we could characterize that clair-voyance as the blind clair-voyance of a force that looks for itself in the objects in which it invests itself and that can subsequently retro-ject them as sensible ideas, and favor the decisions about them which, as soon as they are made, appear to have been made 'from time immemorial'\" (Carbone, An Unprecedented Deformation, 81).",
"\n\nConclusion: What Can We Have?",
"\n\nClaudel, Art poétique, 9.",
"\n\nVI 168–9/128–9.",
"\n\nC, 23/88.",
"\n\nHT, 206/188, emphasis Merleau-Ponty.",
"\n\nIbid., ",
"206/188–9.",
"\n\nAeschylus, Agamemnon, 1672.",
"\n\nC, 23/88–9.",
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"\n\nRicoeur, Paul. \"",
"Homage to Merleau-Ponty.\" ",
"In Merleau-Ponty and the Possibilities of Philosophy. ",
"Edited by Bernard Flynn, Wayne J. Froman, and Robert Vallier. ",
"Albany: State University of New York, 2009.",
"\n\nRicoeur, Paul. \"",
"Merleau-Ponty: Beyond Husserl and Heidegger.\" ",
"In Merleau-Ponty and the Possibilities of Philosophy. ",
"Edited by Bernard Flynn, Wayne J. Froman, and Robert Vallier. ",
"Albany: State University of New York, 2009.",
"\n\nSaint-Aubert, Emmanuel de. \"",
"La «promiscuité» Merleau-Ponty à la recherche d'une psychanalyse ontologique.\" ",
"Archives de Philosophie 69 (2006).",
"\n\nSaint-Aubert, Emmanuel de. ",
"Vers une ontologie indirecte. ",
"Paris: Vrin, 2006.",
"\n\nSartre, Jean-Paul. ",
"L'être et le néant. ",
"Paris: Gallimard, 1943.",
"\n\nSartre, Jean-Paul. ",
"Being and Nothingness. ",
"Translated by Hazel Barnes. ",
"New York: Washington Square Press, 1952.",
"\n\nSartre, Jean-Paul. ",
"The Transcendence of the Ego: An Existentialist Theory of Consciousness. ",
"Translated by Forrest Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick. ",
"New York : Hill and Wang, 1960.",
"\n\nSartre, Jean-Paul. ",
"La Transcendance de l'Ego: Esquisse d'une Description Phenomenologique. ",
"Paris: Vrin, 1998.",
"\n\nSartre, Jean-Paul. \"",
"Intentionality: A Fundamental Idea of Husserl's Phenomenology.\" ",
"In Edmund Husserl: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers. ",
"Translated by Joseph P. Fell, 257–60. ",
"London: Routledge, 2005.",
"\n\nSlatman, Jenny. \"",
"The Psycho-Analysis of Nature and the Nature of Expression.\" ",
"In Chiasmi International 207-21. ",
"Paris, Milan and Memphis: University of Memphis Press, 2000.",
"\n\nSlatman, Jenny. \"",
"A Strange Hand: On Self-recognition and Recognition of Another.\" ",
"Phenomenology and Cognitive Science 8 (2009): 321–34.",
"\n\nSmyth, Bryan A. \"Heroism and History in Merleau-Ponty's Existential Phenomenology.\" ",
"Continental Philosophy Review 2 (43) (2010): 167–91.",
"\n\nSmyth, Bryan A. Merleau-Ponty's Existential Phenomenology and the Realization of Philosophy. ",
"London: Bloomsbury, 2014.",
"\n\nSparrow, Tom. ",
"The End of Phenomenology: Metaphysics and the New Realism. ",
"Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2014.",
"\n\nStewart, Jon. ",
"The Debate Between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1998.",
"\n\nTaminiaux, Jacques. ",
"Dialectic and Difference: Modern Thought and The Sense of Human Limits. ",
"Edited by James Decker and Robert and Crease. ",
"Antlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, Inc., 1990.",
"\n\nToadvine, Ted. \"",
"Singing the World in a New Key: Merleau-Ponty and the Ontology of Sense.\" ",
"Janus head 7 (2) (2004): 273–83.",
"\n\nToadvine, Ted. \"",
"Naturalizing Phenomenology.\" ",
"Philosophy Today 43 (1999): 124–31.",
"\n\nToadvine, Ted. ",
"Merleau-Ponty's Philosophy of Nature. ",
"Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2009.",
"\n\nToadvine, Ted. \"",
"Natural Time and Immemorial Nature.\" ",
"Philosophy Today, SPEP Supplement (2009): 214–21.",
"\n\nValéry, Paul. ",
"Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci. ",
"Paris: Éditions de la nouvelle revue francaise, 1919.",
"\n\nVallier, Robert. \"",
"Institution: The Significance of Merleau-Ponty's 1954 Course at the Collège de France.\" ",
"Chiasmi International 7 (2006): 281–302.",
"\n\nVasseleu, Cathryn. ",
"Textures of Light: Vision and Touch in Irigaray, Levinas, and Merleau-Ponty. ",
"London: Routledge, 1998.",
"\n\nVasunia, Phiroze. ",
"The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander. ",
"Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.",
"\n\nWaldenfels, Bernhard. \"",
"The Paradox of Expression.\" ",
"In Chiasms: Merleau-Ponty's Notion of Flesh. ",
"Edited by Fred Evans and Leonard Lawlor. ",
"Albany: SUNY Press, 2000.",
"\n\nWaldenfels, Bernhard. \"",
"Time Lag: Motifs for a Phenomenology of the Experience of Time.\" ",
"Research in Phenomenology 30 (2000): 107–19.",
"\n\nWarren, Nicolas de. ",
"Husserl and the Promise of Time. ",
"Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.",
"\n\nWhitford, Margaret. \"",
"Merleau-Ponty's Critique of Sartre's Philosophy: An Interpretive Account.\" ",
"In The Debate between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, Jon Stewart, 48–63, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1998.",
"\n\nZahavi, Dan. \"",
"Inner (Time)-Consciousness.\" ",
"On Time—New Contributions to the Husserlian Phenomenology of Time, Phaenomenologica 197. ",
"Edited by D. Lohmar, I. Yamaguchi (2010).",
"\n\nZahavi, Dan. \"",
"The End of What? ",
"Phenomenology vs. Speculative Realism.\" ",
"International Journal of Philosophical Studies 24 (3) (2016): 289–309.",
"\nGlossary\n\nFrench Terms\n\nchair \"flesh,\" 69, 172; 25, 28, 38–9, 43, 48, 67, 69, 88, 90, 116, 131, 136, 140–1, 145, 147–8, 155–9, 165, 177, 192, 199\n\nchamp de présence \"field of presence,\" 99–101, 109, 114, 116–17, 195; 99–101, 103–4, 115–16, 128\n\ncri \"scream,\" 26, 170, 175; 3, 24, 26, 170, 175\n\ndéhiscence \"dehiscence,\" splitting open as in a wound, 66, 110, 181; 3, 25, 49, 64, 76, 81, 83, 90, 97, 100, 111–13, 115–17, 125–33, 136, 139, 141, 144–6, 163, 188, 194–5\n\ndésintégration \"disintegration,\" 66, 110; 47, 82, 95–6, 106, 110–13, 115–18, 140, 154, 157–8, 162–4, 166, 199\n\ndisparue \"gone,\" \"departed,\" as in Albertine disparue, 18, 53, 76, 99–101, 104, 116–18, 136, 142, 157, 192\n\nécart \"gap,\" \"spacing,\" \"fissure,\" 13, 25–6, 55, 67, 70–1, 75, 140, 146, 163\n\néchange \"exchange,\" 89, 185\n\néclatement \"explosion\" or \"bursting open,\" 3, 48, 60, 66, 77, 81, 97, 109–13, 115, 127–8, 131–2, 139, 144–5, 181, 199\n\nécoulement \"flow,\" 77, 104, 111–12, 115, 128, 147, 189, 199\n\néloge \"eulogy,\" \"praise,\" 139; 139, 141–2, 196\n\nempiètement \"encroachment,\" \"overlapping,\" 52–3, 69–70, 74–5, 81, 85, 96, 148\n\nen soi \"in itself,\" 89–91, 121, 129–30, 186\n\nenchaînement \"sequence,\" \"linked series,\" 46\n\nénoncés \"statements,\" 20–1\n\nepoché the putting out of play of presupposed meanings characteristic of the phenomenological reduction, 43, 51, 58, 179\n\néternitaire \"eternitary,\" 52, 55, 60, 62, 65, 72, 74, 82, 179\n\nêtre en situation \"being in situation,\" 107, 121, 134, 136\n\nfoi \"faith,\" 3, 5, 10–11, 18, 25–8, 52, 65, 72–3, 76, 93, 129, 154, 160–2, 198, 200\n\nfoi perceptive \"perceptual faith,\" 10, 19, 25, 27–8, 198; 10, 19, 22, 25–6, 28, 93\n\nintentionnalité d'acte \"act intentionality,\" 71\n\nintentionnalité operante \"operative intentionality,\" 87, 105, 191; 99, 105–7, 109, 111, 118, 125, 130, 190\n\ninterrogation philosophique \"philosophical interrogation,\" Merleau-Ponty's name for the tasks of philosophy at the end of his life, 9, 19; 2, 9–10, 12, 18, 19, 22–6, 28, 81, 146–7, 162\n\nle monde vécu \"lived world,\" but this is really Merleau-Ponty's translation of Lebenswelt, \"lifeworld,\" 57–9\n\nnaturant \"naturing,\" \"that nature which constitutes,\" 56, 58–9, 96\n\nnaturé \"natured,\" \"that which is constituted by nature,\" 56, 58–9\n\nnéant \"nothingness,\" a Sartrean term, 121–4, 131–2, 134\n\nparole parlante \"speaking speech,\" the constituting expressive gesture, 64\n\nparole parlée \"spoken speech,\" sedimented, constituted meaning, 64\n\npartance \"parting,\" 154–6, 158–63, 165\n\npensée en survol \"thought in survey,\" \"high altitude thinking,\" \"thought that soars over,\" 9, 13, 43, 46, 48, 66, 134, 166, 177\n\npour soi \"for itself,\" 89, 121, 129–30\n\nquestion-savoir \"to know by questioning,\" 22, 165\n\nréfléchi \"that which is reflected upon\" and réfléchissant \"that which reflects,\" 59–60, 68, 82, 97, 146\n\nreprendre \"take up again,\" \"resume,\" 70, 81, 86–9, 92, 95–7, 99, 116, 125, 128, 149, 184–5\n\nreprise \"repeat,\" \"recover,\" 81, 87–9, 92, 95–6, 112, 116, 125, 128, 149, 184\n\nsens \"sense\" and \"direction;\" \"meaning,\" 82, 84–9, 113, 144, 160, 177, 183–4\n\nsentir \"sensing\" or \"feeling;\" importantly, however, the verbal form of sens, 82–4, 86, 113, 144, 160\n\nsurréflexion \"hyper-reflection,\" literally \"over-reflection,\" Merleau-Ponty's term for a reflective method that makes itself an object of interrogation, 60, 73\n\nsurvol absolu \"absolute overview,\" \"absolute survey,\" 52, 67–70, 74, 86, 96–7, 141, 144\n\nsynthèse de transition \"transition synthesis,\" 105, 109\n\nGerman Terms\n\nAblauf \"flow,\" \"flux,\" 99, 101, 103–5, 109–12, 115, 159, 191\n\nAbschattungen \"profiles,\" 106, 110\n\nBefragen \"subject to questioning,\" \"interrogation,\" 19\n\nBegriff \"concept,\" 12\n\nbewohnen \"inhabits,\" 21\n\nblosse Sachen \"naked thing,\" 41–2, 44, 48\n\nDasein \"existence,\" but used in a peculiar sense by Heidegger: \"being-there,\" 19–20, 113, 175–7, 192, 194, 199\n\nDingen it's fairly clear that Merleau-Ponty intends us to hear \"thing-ness,\" 21\n\nEinströmen \"instreaming\" or \"influx;\" to flow into itself, 4, 60, 96, 146–7, 180, 197\n\nFragen \"question,\" 20\n\nGelassenheit \"letting-be,\" \"releasement,\" 23, 164, 200\n\nGesagtsein \"being-said,\" 21\n\nGeschichte \"history,\" 64\n\nGestalt \"form,\" \"figure,\" 52, 54–7, 84, 179, 184, 194\n\ngewöhnlich \"ordinary,\" 21\n\nIneinander the state of two things being embedded inside each other, \"in one another,\" 52, 71, 89, 108, 148, 150\n\nLebenswelt \"lifeworld,\" 57\n\nMitsein \"being-with,\" 159\n\nRichtigkeit \"correctness,\" 21\n\nSeinsfrage \"question of the meaning of being,\" cf. ",
"Heidegger, 19–20\n\nSinngebung \"sense-giving\" or \"sense-donation,\" 31, 83, 85, 109, 123–7, 131, 135\n\nStiftung \"institution,\" 81, 183\n\nStrom \"stream,\" 147, 151, 180\n\nUbergangsynthesis \"transition synthesis,\" 109\n\nUntersuchung \"investigation,\" 19\n\nWelthesis \"world thesis,\" 145–6, 197\n\nwesen \"to be present,\" 21\n\nZusammenhang des Lebens \"unity of a life,\" 100, 113, 118, 192\n\nLatin Terms\n\ndiffero \"that which makes different,\" 21\n\nfuga \"flight,\" \"escape,\" 18, 118, 153–4, 161, 165\n\ninquirere \"seek,\" \"ask after,\" 116\n\nAncient Greek Terms\n\nαγαθών agathon; \"good,\" 31, 38\n\nαἴσθησις aisthesis; \"perception,\" 108\n\nἀλήθεια aletheia; \"truth,\" \"unconcealment,\" 22, 153, 174\n\nαιτία aitia; \"cause,\" \"reason,\" 13–14\n\nἀντίφασις antiphasis; \"contradiction,\" 21\n\nἀποκάλυψις apocalypsis; we would say \"apocalypse,\" but it literally means an act of pulling back the veil, revealing, or unconcealing, 28, 36, 143, 154, 157, 162, 165\n\nἀπόφανσις apophansis; \"assertion,\" 154, 160, 162, 200\n\nἀπόφασις apophasis; \"negation,\" \"sending away,\" 153–4, 160, 162\n\nεἶδος eidos; that which is visible; usually translated as \"form\" or \"idea;\" chosen by Plato to signify that which always is what it is and never otherwise; εἴδη, plural, 1, 27, 29, 35, 176\n\nεἰκών eikon; \"image;\" εἰκόνες, plural, 35, 36–7\n\nἐπιθυμία epithumia; \"desire,\" \"passion,\" 12\n\nεὐλογία eulogia. \"",
"speech of praise,\" 139\n\nλόγος logos; \"word\" or \"speech\" but also often \"reason,\" 2–3, 10, 21, 26, 28, 51–2, 55, 59, 65, 68, 72, 74, 76, 82, 108–10, 118, 139, 146, 154–62, 199\n\nφαινόμενον phainomenon; \"appearance,\" \"that which shows itself,\" 29, 35–6, 38, 156, 200\n\nφιλία philia; \"friendship\" or \"love,\" 2–3, 17–18, 153–4, 160, 162, 165, 173\n\nφιλοσοφία philosophia; \"love of wisdom,\" philosophy, 3, 18, 139, 154\n\nφύω phuo; \"becoming,\" 22–3, 29, 42–4, 59, 62, 75, 116, 118, 134, 136, 141–2, 145, 150, 157–8, 164–5, 168\n\nφύσις physis; \"nature,\" 21–2, 141, 145, 150, 196\n\nοἱ πολλοί hoi polloi; \"the many,\" not often used by philosophers in a flattering manner, 11\n\nκαλυψις calypsis; an act of veiling or concealing, 3, 36, 154, 157–8, 162\n\nπίστις pistis; \"trust,\" \"faith,\" or \"belief,\" 3, 26, 154, 162\n\nοἶδα oida; \"to know,\" 13\n\nὀρέγω orego; \"to reach out toward,\" 12\n\nῥέω rheo; \"flux,\" 15, 165\n\nσοφία sophia; \"wisdom,\" 18, 139, 153–4, 162\n\nσύνθεσις synthesis, 105\nIndex of Names\n\nAeschylus here, here\n\nAl-Saji, Alia here–here\n\nAlbertine here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nAllison, Henry here\n\nArendt, Hannah here, here\n\nAristotle here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nAugustine here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nBadiou, Alain here\n\nBarbaras, Renaud here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here\n\nBeauvoir, Simone de here\n\nBergson, Henri here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here\n\nBernasoni, Robert here\n\nBimbenet, Etienne here, here\n\nButler, Judith here, here\n\nCarbone, Mauro here, here–here, here\n\nCezanne, Paul here, here, here\n\nChrist, Jesus here–here, here, here–here\n\nClaudel, Paul here–here, here, here, here\n\nCompton, John here\n\nCritchley, Simon here\n\nDastur, Francoise here, here, here\n\nDavis, Duane here\n\nDeleuze, Gilles here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here\n\nDerrida, Jacques here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nDescartes, Rene here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nDescombes, Vincent here\n\nDillon, Martin C. here, here, here–here, here,\n\nDodd, James here, here\n\nDolar, Mladen here\n\nEvans, Fred here\n\nFielding, Helen here\n\nFlynn, Bernard here, here\n\nGraukoger, Stephen here\n\nGuattari, Felix here, here, here\n\nGutting, Gary here–here\n\nHamrick, William S. here\n\nHass, Lawrence here\n\nHegel, G. W. F. here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nHeidegger, Martin here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here\n\nHeinamaa, Sara here–here\n\nHeraclitus here, here\n\nHusserl, Edmund here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here\n\nJanicaud, Dominique here\n\nKant, Immanuel here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here\n\nKelly, Michael here\n\nKlee, Paul here, here\n\nLachieze-Rey, Pierre here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here\n\nLandes, Donald here\n\nLawlor, Leonard here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nLong, Christopher here\n\nLonguenesse, Beatrice here\n\nMadison, Gary here\n\nMagdalene, Mary here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nMarion, Jean-Luc here\n\nMarratto, Scott here\n\nMarx, Karl here–here\n\nMazis, Glen here\n\nMeillassoux, Quentin here, here–here, here, here–here\n\nMoran, Dermot here\n\nMorris, David here, here\n\nNancy, Jean-Luc here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here\n\nNietzsche, Friedrich here, here, here, here\n\nOlkowski, Dorothea here\n\nPlato here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nProust, Marcel here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here\n\nRicoeur, Paul here, here\n\nSaint-Aubert, Emmanuel de here, here, here, here–here, here\n\nSartre, Jean-Paul here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here\n\nSlatman, Jenny here, here\n\nSmyth, Bryan here, here–here\n\nSparrow, Tom here\n\nStewart, Jon here\n\nTaminiaux, Jacques here\n\nThomas the Apostle here, here–here, here\n\nToadvine, Ted here, here\n\nValery, Paul here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nVallier, Robert here\n\nVasseleu, Cathryn here\n\nVasunia, Phiroze here\n\nWaldenfels, Bernhard here, here\n\nde Warren, Nicholas de here\n\nZahavi, Dan here–here, here\nThematic Index\n\nabyss here, here–here, here\n\nadvent here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nalienation here\n\nambiguity here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here\n\nappearance here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here\n\nbecoming here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here\n\nbelief here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nbody here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\ncertainty here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here\n\nchiasm here, here, here, here, here, here\n\ncogito here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here\n\nconsciousness here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nconstitution here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here\n\ncruel thought here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here\n\ncruelty here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here\n\ndeath here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here\n\ndeparting here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here\n\ndepth here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here\n\ndoubt here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nEarth here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nepistemology here, here, here, here\n\nevent here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nexistence here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here\n\nexperience here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here\n\nfaith here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here\n\nfreedom here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nGod here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here\n\nhorizon here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here\n\nidealism here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nimage here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nimmanence here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here\n\ninstitution here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here\n\nintentionality here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here\n\ninter-subjectivity here, here–here, here, here\n\ninterrogation here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here\n\nknowledge here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here\n\nlanguage here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nlogic here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nlove here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nmathematics here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here\n\nmeaning here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nmetaphysics here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nnature here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nnecessity here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here\n\nnothingness here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here\n\nobject here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nOntology here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here\n\nother here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here\n\nperception here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nphenomenology here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here\n\nphenomenon here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nquality here–here, here, here\n\nrealism here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here\n\nreduction here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here\n\nrespiration here, here, here, here, here–here\n\nresurrection here–here, here\n\nsedimentation here\n\nsensation here–here, here–here, here, here\n\nskepticism here, here, here, here\n\nsolipsism here, here\n\nsubjectivity here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here\n\ntemporality here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here\n\nthing here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here\n\ntranscendence here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here\n\ntranscendental here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here\n\ntrust here, here, here, here–here, here\n\ntruth here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here\nBloomsbury Academic\n\nAn imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc\n\n50 Bedford Square | 1385 Broadway\n\n---|---\n\nLondon | New York\n\nWC1B 3DP | NY 10018\n\nUK | USA\n\nwww.bloomsbury.com\n\nBLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc\n\nFirst published 2017\n\n© Keith Whitmoyer, 2017\n\nKeith Whitmoyer has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.",
"\n\nAll rights reserved. ",
"No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.",
"\n\nNo responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author.",
"\n\nBritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data\n\nA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.",
"\n\nISBN: | HB: | 978-1-3500-0397-2\n\n---|---|---\n\n|\n\nePDF: | 978-1-3500-0396-5\n\n|\n\nePub: | 978-1-3500-0398-9\n\nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data\n\nA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.",
"\n\nSeries: Bloomsbury Studies in Continental Philosophy\n\nTypeset by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN\n"
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[
"Regional distribution of neuritic plaques in the nondemented elderly and subjects with very mild Alzheimer disease.",
"\nIdentification of the neuropathological lesions that are most closely associated with the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease (AD) is crucial to the understanding of the disease process and the development of treatment strategies to affect its progress. ",
"Do the classical neuropathological lesions of AD precede, follow, or occur in synchrony with the earliest signs of cognitive deterioration? ",
"We examined the extent of neuritic plaque (NP) formation in 5 neocortical regions and the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala in 66 elderly subjects with no dementia, questionable dementia, or mild dementia as assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). ",
"Postmortem study of nursing home residents. ",
"Even questionable dementia (CDR, 0.5) was associated with a significant (P = .04) increase in neocortical NP density. ",
"The density of NPs increased further with increasing dementia severity in all brain regions examined. ",
"However, subjects with questionable dementia or definite but mild dementia did not differ significantly from each other. ",
"Density of NPs was nearly maximal in subjects with moderate dementia (CDR = 2.0), suggesting that other neuropathological changes may be responsible for cognitive deficits beyond this level. ",
"Dementia severity correlated significantly with the density of NPs in all brain regions examined (r range, 0.47-0.56; P < .001), even when subjects with a CDR of 0 were excluded. ",
"These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that NPs are among the earliest neuropathological lesions in AD. ",
"Even very mild or questionable dementia is associated with increased density of neocortical NPs that do not distinguish between clinically questionable vs definite dementia."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"“The Nate series by Tim Federle is a wonderful evocation of what it’s like to be a theater kid. ",
"Highly recommended.” —",
"Lin-Manuel Miranda, star and creator of the musical, Hamilton\n\nA New York Times Notable Book of the YearA Publishers Weekly Best Book of the YearA Slate Favorite Book of the Year\n\nA small-town boy hops a bus to New York City to crash an audition for E.T.: The Musical in this winning middle grade novel that The New York Times called “inspired and inspiring.”",
"\n\nNate Foster has big dreams. ",
"His whole life, he’s wanted to star in a Broadway show. (",
"Heck, he’d settle for seeing a Broadway show.) ",
"But how is Nate supposed to make his dreams come true when he’s stuck in Jankburg, Pennsylvania, where no one (except his best pal Libby) appreciates a good show tune? ",
"With Libby’s help, Nate plans a daring overnight escape to New York. ",
"There’s an open casting call for E.T.: The Musical, and Nate knows this could be the difference between small-town blues and big-time stardom.",
"\n\nTim Federle’s “hilarious and heartwarming debut novel” (Publishers Weekly) is full of broken curfews, second chances, and the adventure of growing up—because sometimes you have to get four hundred miles from your backyard to finally feel at home.",
"\n\nBetter Nate Than Ever Some Backstory I’d rather not start with any backstory.",
"\n\nI’m too busy for that right now: planning the escape, stealing my older brother’s fake ID (he’s lying about his height, by the way), and strategizing high-protein snacks for an overnight voyage to the single most dangerous city on earth.",
"\n\nSo no backstory, not yet.",
"\n\nJust . . . ",
"fill in the pieces. ",
"For instance, if I neglect to tell you that I’m four foot eight, feel free to picture me a few inches taller. ",
"If I also neglect to tell you that all the other boys in my grade are five foot four, and that James Madison (his actual name) is five foot nine and doesn’t even have to mow the lawn for his allowance, you might as well just pretend I’m five foot nine too. ",
"Five foot nine with broad, slam-dunking hands and a girlfriend (in high school!) ",
"and a clear, unblemished face. ",
"Pretend I look like that, like James Madison.",
"\n\nI do, except exactly opposite plus a little worse.",
"\n\nBy the way, despite our tremendous height gap, he and I weigh the same. ",
"The school nurse told me that once: “James Madison was just in, before you,” she said, grinning like her news was a Christmas puppy, “and you weigh the exact same!” ",
"This is the one attribute at which I’m not below average: body heft.",
"\n\nOh, and I already knew that James Madison was in the nurse’s office before me that day, because we’d just passed in the door frame, and he licked the Ritalin crumbs from his lips and lunged at me to make me scream a little.",
"\n\nI screamed a little.",
"\n\nLuckily, I picked a good key and turned the shriek into a melody, walking into the nurse’s office humming a tune. ",
"Life hasn’t always been easy (my first word was “Mama,” and then “The other babies are teasing me”), but at least I’m singing my way through eighth grade, pretending my whole existence is underscored.",
"\n\nThere. ",
"There’s your backstory. ",
"I was always singing.",
"\n\nNot that there’s any evidence. ",
"My parents weren’t very good about documenting my childhood; my older brother got all the video footage, including his first seven poops. ",
"By the time I was born, disturbing the tranquility of Anthony’s remarkable career as a three-year-old wonder-jock, the video cameras were fully trained on his every sprint, gasp, dive, and volley.",
"\n\nThose are sports terms. ",
"Reportedly.",
"\n\nSo I always sang, not that there’s any proof of it. ",
"No high-res shots of little Nate Foster scurrying around the Christmas tree, belting “Santa Baby” in a clarion, silver soprano.",
"\n\nBut I’m getting off track—you’re distracting me—and there is a lot to do.",
"\n\n“No pressure, but if you pull this off, you are going to be my hero forever.” ",
"This is Libby, my best friend for as long as I can remember (two years and three months, specifically, but I hate when stories are hampered by math). ",
"Libby’s standing in my backyard tonight, lit only by the moon. ",
"Although it might actually be the neighbor’s motion-activated floodlight.",
"\n\n“Bark! ",
"Bark!” ",
"That’s their dog. ",
"Yes, she’s definitely being lit by their floodlight.",
"\n\n“Libby, if I don’t pull this off and make it back home by tomorrow night, I’m dead. ",
"Like, my parents will never let me leave Western Pennsylvania again.”",
"\n\nI’m hugging my bookbag, which is stuffed with three pairs of underwear, one plastic water bottle (singers have to stay hydrated), deodorant (just in case I need it on the trip; so far I’m good, but I saw on the Internet that a teenager’s body can begin stinking at any moment), and fifty dollars. ",
"Fifty dollars should be safe through at least Harrisburg, and once there, I’ll take my mom’s ATM card out and get some more cash.",
"\n\nThe plan is this: If I get money in Harrisburg, it’ll be less suspicious than visiting an ATM in our little town (unofficial motto: “48.5 miles from Pittsburgh and a thousand miles from fun”). ",
"When she gets her bank statement, Mom won’t suspect it’s me who stole from her; Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania and thus must be crawling with big-city criminals.",
"\n\n“Luckily, they’ve never let you leave home before, either. ",
"So if you get permanently grounded for this, Nate, you won’t really know what you’re missing out on anyway.”",
"\n\nUnless I get trapped in New York without a hotel, in a freak late-October blizzard. ",
"Unless I finally make it back here after my trip and really do know what I’m missing out on, because I actually eat one of the famous New York street pretzels. ",
"Imagine: pretzels sold on the street! ",
"It’s as if anything is possible. ",
"Do they also sell hopes on the street? ",
"Do they sell hugs and dreams and height-boosting vitamins? ",
"Or hot dogs? ",
"I bet you they do.",
"\n\nFeather circles my feet in the grass, whining. ",
"I’m sure he has to pee. ",
"Feather is so well trained (my older brother did the dog rearing; he’s not only the town sports star but a frickin’ dog whisperer, too, in addition to donating his old issues of Men’s Health to the library and also volunteer lifeguarding) that the dog only “goes” when we instruct him to. ",
"For a moment I want to believe Feather’s just sensing that I’m leaving. ",
"That he’s only whining because he’s scared. ",
"As scared as I am.",
"\n\n“Go, boy.” ",
"But really, he just has to pee.",
"\n\nSomething stirs in the woods behind the house. ",
"Libby crouches down and her jeans strain at the knees. ",
"We have identical bodies, other than the obvious stuff.",
"\n\nLibby’s being kind. ",
"We have the exact same voice already. ",
"When I order pizza, they always sign off by saying, “That’ll be thirty minutes, ma’am.”",
"\n\n“Let’s go over what happens if somebody tries to kidnap you,” Libby says.",
"\n\n“I make myself throw up.”",
"\n\n“That’s right.” ",
"She has theories for everything, and one of them is that if you throw up on criminals, they’ll run. ",
"She watches more TV than I do.",
"\n\n“What if I can’t throw up? ",
"What if I haven’t had anything to eat?”",
"\n\nLibby smirks, reaching into her own bag and handing me a twenty-four-pack of Entenmann’s chocolate donuts. ",
"Nobody knows me like Libby.",
"\n\n“You’re so good to me,” I say. “",
"Oh, God.” ",
"Now I’m hopping. “",
"Maybe I should just stay home? ",
"This is crazy.”",
"\n\n“Don’t you think it would be crazier to stay here? ",
"And sell flowers the rest of your life?” ",
"The family legacy is a floral shop, Flora’s Floras. ",
"Mom runs it now, though we’re not making any real money. ",
"There’s nothing like a business in which your main product wilts by sundown.",
"\n\n“And tell me one more time,” I say, “what my New York catchphrase is? ",
"It’s—uh—Gosh, that A train subway sure is running local again. ",
"Right?”",
"\n\nLibby groans and takes me by the shoulders. “",
"No, Nate. ",
"The key is to get it exactly right. ",
"The A train is running local today, what a hassle. ",
"That’s the phrase. ",
"I Googled ‘things that annoy New Yorkers,’ and I need you to trust me.” ",
"She twitches her nose, her habit when she’s nervous or certain I’m about to screw something up.",
"\n\n“The A train is running local today,” I say like a studious robot, “what a hassle.” ",
"I can handle this.",
"\n\nThe neighbor’s floodlight clicks off, and for a moment it’s just me, Libby, Feather, and a sky of rural darkness, the crisp autumn air that leads to adventure. ",
"Or trouble. ",
"A bonfire that burns too hot, or a Halloween prank gone horribly wrong, or a boy-with-a-girl’s-figure getting murdered in New York City.",
"\n\n“Close your eyes,” Libby says. ",
"And when I do, and she doesn’t take my hand and put a treat into it—a lucky rabbit foot, once; tickets to a tour of Les Misérables another time—I sense something new is about to happen.",
"\n\nAnd just as I’m opening my eyes again, and watching her coming at me like I’m a chocolate donut, her mouth open and eyes closed and arms reaching out to me, my brother pulls his pickup truck into the side yard, high beams on full blast. ",
"Sixteen-year-olds always drive with their high beams on, to make up for their insecurity and lack of experience manning a seven-ton death toaster.",
"\n\nFor the first time ever, Anthony has saved me from something.",
"\n\n“What are you freaks doing out here?” ",
"he says, slamming the truck door and turning his baseball hat around backward, rolling up a sleeve like he’s about to get into some dirty work.",
"\n\n“Oh please, Nathan,” he says, circling the entire length of his truck, inspecting it for the tiniest nick (this is a ritual). “",
"Aren’t you usually belting out the chorus to Gays and Dolls or something around now?”",
"\n\nTry loving showtunes alongside an older brother who can bench-press your weight. ",
"No, literally! ",
"Before he became too embarrassed to be seen in public with me (right around when Libby dyed my hair blond), Anthony would bench-press me out back and we’d charge seventy cents to the neighborhood kids if they wanted to watch.",
"\n\n“It’s GUYS and Dolls,” I’m about to say, but don’t.",
"\n\nLibby moves away and looks at the stars, probably horrified that she was about to kiss me and got interrupted. ",
"Probably horrified that she was about to kiss me at all. “",
"We’re hanging out here because there’s supposed to be a meteor shower tonight,” she says, lying to Anthony. ",
"I’m the only person she doesn’t lie to. “",
"And your little brother and I never miss a show.”",
"\n\nI’m sweating so bad that I think this might be the first time I actually need deodorant, right here in the backyard, by the garden gnome and weird miniature Japanese bridge Mom put in when Dad had the affair.",
"\n\n“Listen,” Anthony says, walking over to us but stopping a full eight feet away, like we’re going to infect him with terminal jazz hands or something, “I’ve got a huge meet tomorrow, in Aliquippa. ",
"And I have to be up at the crack of butt. ",
"So if you’re planning on staying up all night playing your theater games, howling at the moon like a couple of actresses, you might as well sleep at Libby’s. ",
"I’m serious. ",
"I’ve got to get my rest, Nate.”",
"\n\nPerfect. ",
"He’s playing right into the plan.",
"\n\n“Well, gee, Anthony, if this game is such a big deal, maybe that’s a sensible idea.”",
"\n\n“It’s not a game, homo. ",
"It’s a meet.”",
"\n\nHe makes for the broken sliding screen door (years ago, Anthony wrestled me through the kitchen and out onto the back patio, smashing through the screen, ending up grounded for the first/last time in his whole flawless life) and disappears within, reemerging a moment later. “",
"And don’t do anything stupid tonight, guys. ",
"I’m serious. ",
"Mom and Dad will kill me if they have to ID your body at the morgue.”",
"\n\nAnthony is supposed to be watching me this weekend, though I don’t know what parents, in their right minds, leave their gentle-souled thirteen-year-old in the charge of their girl-addicted sixteen-year-old.",
"\n\nThis is not to say my parents are in their right minds.",
"\n\nOnly that they’re broke. ",
"Only that they can’t afford a babysitter, let alone the special weekend Dad is treating Mom to, on account of their admittedly remarkable seventeen years together. ",
"I think Dad was just too cheap to afford a divorce, so he splurged on a fancy hotel, someplace that probably has terry-cloth robes and heart-shaped good-night chocolates. ",
"Someplace parents like mine will renew their vows and think life can always feel this refreshed, from this anniversary night forward. ",
"Until they get home tomorrow and find that their younger son was sold into child slavery in New York City.",
"\n\nMood killer!",
"\n\nAnd now, with Anthony and Feather inside, and Libby and me alone, there’s nothing left to do but leave.",
"\n\n“I’m scared, Libby,” I say, choosing to pretend the almost-kiss never happened.",
"\n\n“Why?” ",
"Libby says, but I can see she’s scared for me, too. ",
"Or wishing she could come. ",
"Wishing she could be the co-adventurer in the fantasy she lit in the first place, introducing me to the magical escape of musical comedy. “",
"There’s nothing to be scared of, Nate. ",
"You’re small and scrappy and can get out of any situation the world throws at you.”",
"\n\nJust this past week, I’d been stuffed into a locker by a seventh-grade nose picker who is shorter than I am.",
"\n\n“Okay, your cab to the bus station is supposed to get here in, like, ten minutes,” Libby says, walking me to my own fence. “",
"I told him to come to the bottom of the hill, so Anthony wouldn’t see you bailing.” ",
"What would I do without Libby? ",
"What will I do?",
"\n\n“What if I make a schmuck out of myself? ",
"What if I forget the words to my song?”",
"\n\n“You’ve been making a schmuck out of yourself for years, Nate,” Libby says. “",
"At least this time you’ve got the possibility of being paid for it.”",
"\n\n“What if I stutter my name?” ",
"I always stutter my name: N-n-nate F-f-oster. ",
"Like I’m confessing to the crime of being alive.",
"\n\n“Let go and let God,” Libby says, “or whatever.”",
"\n\n“What if I lose my voice? ",
"What if—”\n\n“Nate, just stop.” ",
"She snaps her fingers. ",
"In my face. “",
"You’re going to sleep on the bus and arrive at nine in the morning. ",
"You’re going to ask any adult who doesn’t look like a murderer which way it is to Ripley-Grier studios, and you’re going to find a bathroom and splash down your face and try to run the hot water long enough that it steams any wrinkles out from your shirt, and you’re going to be fine.” ",
"She looks me up and down. “",
"Do you have cough drops?”",
"\n\n“Yes.”",
"\n\n“Do you have your water bottle?”",
"\n\n“Definitely. ",
"Duh.”",
"\n\n“Do you have your headshot and résumé?”",
"\n\n“Holy Dance of the Vampires, no! ",
"Dance of the Vampires!” (",
"Instead of cursing, we shout out the titles of legendary Broadway flops. ",
"Dance of the Vampires was an infamous musical from the early two-thousands, starring the original Phantom of the Opera actor, this time as a blood drinker. ",
"Evidently it featured an entire song called “Garlic.” ",
"Not even kidding.)",
"\n\n“Okay, okay, let’s not panic,” Libby says. ",
"I must’ve left my headshot and résumé at her place, last night, when this entire adventure scheme was hatched. “",
"It could potentially be very charming to Broadway,” she reasons, “discovering a boy from off the street who doesn’t even have a photo of himself. ",
"Besides, let’s be honest about your résumé: You’ve only played a mushroom in a junior high pageant about the merits of eating vegetables.”",
"\n\nShe has a point. ",
"Although I played the broccoli.",
"\n\nAlso, I don’t really even have a headshot, so Libby and I just took my eighth-grade picture and blew it up, revealing my horrible skin and overuse of hair product and that blasted underbite that I always forget I have. ",
"I wonder if that’s what it’s like for people born with eight toes or a weird birthmark; if you always forget you’re different until you see a photo of yourself. ",
"This is one of the reasons I’m actually not so sad my parents didn’t document my life. ",
"This is one of the reasons I’m glad I left that picture at Libby’s last night.",
"\n\nThe cab pulls up, and she hands me a fifty-dollar bill.",
"\n\n“Libby!”",
"\n\n“Just take it. ",
"Your dad might be a doctor, but it’s not like he shares the wealth.” ",
"My dad is not, in fact, a doctor. ",
"He is a maintenance engineer at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center—he cleans toilets—but whenever classmates hear my dad works at the Medical Center, they just assume he’s a doctor, and who am I to ruin another kid’s dream?",
"\n\n“I’ll pay you back,” I say. “",
"With interest. ",
"I’ll make this up to you.”",
"\n\nShe looks around, checking for raccoons or stray mental patients on the frighteningly dark back road to my house, and sticks out her index finger at me. ",
"I do the same, and we touch them and smile, and she says, “Don’t forget to phone home, yeah?”",
"\n\n“Definitely. ",
"I’m just going to be gone for a day. ",
"I’ll be back by this time tomorrow night.”",
"\n\n“You better be. ",
"Your brother and parents will be pulling in at the same time, and you know he’s going to have a pickup truck full of trophies, and they’re gonna be ready to kill each other. ",
"And there’s something very, like, specific about arriving home and realizing your thirteen-year-old is missing. ",
"Even if they never notice you when you’re—you know—here.”",
"\n\n“You getting in, or what?” ",
"the cab driver calls out from an open window.",
"\n\nI look at my outfit, like maybe I’m actually dressed as SuperBoy and can just avoid this cab ride altogether. ",
"Like maybe I could just fly to New York and avoid getting mugged in the Greyhound bathroom before I even make it out of Pittsburgh.",
"\n\n“Break a leg,” Libby says, hugging me and giving me a quick kiss on the cheek. “",
"And text constantly, and here”—she thrusts a mysterious manila envelope out at me, pulled from her bag. “",
"Take this, and don’t open it till after your audition. ",
"After they fall completely in love with you.”",
"\n\n“Thank you, Libby. ",
"I will.” ",
"And they won’t.",
"\n\nAnd from just above, a star blasts a trail across the night sky—like a visor of fire on Libby’s head—leaving it glowing a finger-painted smear, something human and touchable and reachable. ",
"Like maybe I could make the same kind of mark in New York, somewhere that might actually understand me.",
"\n\nMaybe Libby wasn’t lying about the meteor shower after all, or can sense things about the future that even I can’t.",
"\n\n“Get right back on the bus, after the audition,” she says. “",
"Don’t go to the wax museum in Times Square or anything. ",
"Buy me an ‘I Heart New York’ T-shirt and then just get here. ",
"Just get back here.”",
"\n\nI shut the door and roll down the window. ",
"The cab smells like a dead person, what a dead person might smell like if ever I’d smelled one. ",
"I’m sure I will on this trip, if I don’t end up one myself.",
"\n\n“Libby?”",
"\n\n“Yes, Nate?”",
"\n\n“If anything happens, you were always my favorite Elphaba.”",
"\n\nThe cab skids away, and I hold my bag close and shut my eyes and say a frantic prayer that it all goes off okay. ",
"And when I turn around to wave to Libby, she isn’t there—just that streak across the sky, still glowing.",
"\n\nThirteen-year-old Nate Foster doesn’t fit in at his Jankburg, Pennsylvania middle school. ",
"Instead of being athletic and community-minded like his town-favorite big brother, Anthony, short, chubby Nate is a belting boy soprano who dreams of starring in a Broadway show. ",
"With the help of his best friend, Libby, he embarks on a definitely-not-parent-approved journey to New York City to audition for a musical version of the famous movie, E.T. Nate soon learns that getting to the audition is only the beginning of an adventure on which he discovers the true meaning of family, friendship, acceptance, and, most important, how to be his own best self.",
"\n\nDiscussion Questions\n\n1. ",
"As the novel begins, readers meet Nate and Libby in the Fosters’ backyard. ",
"After reading this first chapter, list at least three worries Nate has about his upcoming adventure to New York. ",
"Also, list at least three concerns Nate has about how life is going in Jankburg.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Nate and Libby use a kind of shorthand in their conversations by referring to Broadway shows and song lyrics. ",
"Can you think of any shared experiences that you and your friends or family use to communicate in a special way? ",
"Explain your answer.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Throughout his stay in New York City, Nate finds himself delighted by the diversity and open-mindedness of its citizens. ",
"Give at least four specific examples of this delight that makes Nate love the city more and more. ",
"List at least two moments in the novel where Nate realizes New York is not entirely a paradise.",
"\n\n4. ",
"In Jankburg, Nate endures a lot of taunting, including being called “Natey the Lady,” and he is assumed to be gay. ",
"What is Nate’s attitude toward this treatment? ",
"Do you think he handles the situation well? ",
"Why or why not?",
"\n\n5. ",
"Nate makes observations about clothing and colors throughout the novel, from the “grey” of Greyhound Bus stations to the festive coat he “borrows” later on. ",
"How do Nate’s comments on color and style affect your understanding of his character? ",
"How would you describe yourself in terms of your favorite (and least favorite) colors, your fashion choices, and the way you use these lenses to make sense of your world?",
"\n\n6. ",
"Who is Jordan Rylance? ",
"Would you call him Nate’s enemy? ",
"Why or why not? ",
"What important things about Nate do you learn from his scenes discussing Jordan?",
"\n\n7. ",
"The type of large-group audition Nate attends is sometimes called a “cattle call.” ",
"The preliminary audition rounds of shows like American Idol, as well as the setting of the Broadway classic (and movie) A Chorus Line are cattle call auditions. ",
"Compare and contrast the way Nate is treated (and the way he feels about it) at the New York cattle call versus the way he is treated in Jankburg.",
"\n\n8. ",
"Who is Aunt Heidi? ",
"What does Nate almost instantly like about her? ",
"In what ways is Nate worried or confused by Heidi’s words and behavior? ",
"Why isn’t Aunt Heidi very positive about Nate’s ambition?",
"\n\n9. ",
"Nate causes a lot of trouble by going “missing” from home in Pennsylvania. ",
"How does Libby help to cover for him?",
"\n\n10. ",
"What happens when Nate’s mom arrives in New York? ",
"How do she and Aunt Heidi resolve their differences? ",
"Do you think Nate will now be able to better help his mom overcome her drinking problem? ",
"Explain your answer.",
"\n\n11. ",
"Who is James Madison? ",
"What does he represent in the story? ",
"How does Libby describe to Nate the comeuppance James receives near the novel’s end? ",
"Why might this be important to Nate? ",
"How does he show compassion for James even from New York?",
"\n\n12. ",
"Deep down, what do you think is Nate’s greatest dream? ",
"Do you see any similarities between Nate’s aspirations and your own? ",
"Explain your answer.",
"\n\n13. ",
"Is it important that Nate is still in New York at the end of the story? ",
"What do you hope will happen next? ",
"Do you think Nate will be okay even if his dream doesn’t come true? ",
"Why or why not?",
"\n\nGuide written in 2013 by Stasia Ward Kehoe. ",
"Stasia holds a BA in English from Georgetown University and an MA in Performance Studies from New York University/Tisch School of the Arts. ",
"She has taught dance and writing classes to elementary through high school students on both the east and west coasts. ",
"Her novels are published by Viking/Penguin. ",
"She lives in western Washington.",
"\n\nThis guide has been provided by Simon & Schuster for classroom, library, and reading group use. ",
"It may be reproduced in its entirety or excerpted for these purposes.",
"\n\nTim Federle is “a prolific scribe whose breezy wit isn’t bound to a single genre” (Huffington Post). ",
"Tim’s award-winning novels include The New York Times Notable Books The Great American Whatever and the Nate series—which Lin-Manuel Miranda called “a wonderful evocation of what it’s like to be a theater kid.” ",
"Tim cowrote both the Tony-nominated Broadway musical Tuck Everlasting, and the Golden Globe and Oscar–nominated Best Animated Feature Ferdinand, starring John Cena and Kate McKinnon. ",
"A native of San Francisco who grew up in Pittsburgh, Tim now divides his time between New York and the internet (@TimFederle)."
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"Q:\n\nDetect when Body Scroll hits top | bottom of element\n\nI'm trying to detect using javascript and jquery when the window scroll hits the top of a selected element. ",
" I think I'm making progress but still no results:\nfiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/jzhang172/opvb2csy/\n\n$(window).scroll(function() {\r\n var targetScroll = $('.div').position().top;\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() > targetScroll){\r\n alert('hey');\r\n });\r\n});\nbody,html{\r\n height:2000px;\r\n}\r\n.div{\r\n height:300px;\r\n width:300px;\r\n position:absolute;\r\n top:500px;\r\n background:red;\r\n}\n<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.0.3/jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n<div class=\"div\"></div>\n\nA:\n\n$(window).scroll(function() {\n var targetScroll = $('.div').position().top;\n if($(window).scrollTop() > targetScroll) {\n alert('hey');\n }); // <=== Syntax Error: Closing Parenthese around an if block\n});\n\n"
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"(PhysOrg.com) -- Robotics is a serious science, but like all of the most serious things in this world it does have a fun side too. ",
"Sometimes a robot, with all of its advanced equipment and the intense hours of programming involved, comes along and it does something that is so silly and so darn entertaining that you just have to sit back, watch the video and laugh. ",
"When a robot begins making you Micky Mouse shaped pancakes you can begin to suspect that you are experiencing one of those moments. ",
"When that robot is made of Lego's then you can be sure that you are in one of those situations.",
"\n\nOf course, this bot can do more than just the icon of a children's toy corporation, it can make any shape that you can programming it to, provided that it fits onto the griddle. ",
"The pancake cooking bot is in reality a 3-axis CNC-made robot, designed by Mexican Viking. ",
"The machine uses the Z coordinate to control where the batter is released. ",
"The robot was originally coded in Python NXT but had to be changed due to unnamed complications with the use of the language in this application. ",
"Mexican Viking changed it to the LEGO Mindstorms programming language. ",
"This programming language then creates the image using a text files with three coordinates that tell the machine where to move and when to dump the batter.",
"\n\nThe machine cannot be bought commercially and it is not going to be on sale in the near future. ",
"If you want to make one of your own you can use the directions on Mexican Viking's website to create one for yourself.",
"\n\nExplore further A more stealthy robot may be hearing you soon\n\n© 2010 PhysOrg.com"
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"Immunologic checkpoint\n\nAn immune checkpoint regulator is a modulator of the immune system, that allows initiation of a productive immune response and prevents the onset of autoimmunity. ",
"Examples of such a molecule are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4 or CD152), which is an inhibitory receptor found on immune cells and programmed cell death 1 (CD279), which has an important role in down-regulating the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells.",
"\n\nTumours involve certain immune-checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance, particularly against T cells that are specific for tumor antigens. ",
"Therefore, the strategy in using immunological checkpoints in cancer therapy is to inhibit inhibitory molecules of the immune system, thus stimulating the immune system. ",
"The ability to interfere with the inhibitory function of checkpoint receptors CD152 and CD279 (programmed death-1) in oncology has proved successful. ",
"In metastatic melanoma FDA approved an αCD152 monoclonal antibody Ipilimumab, that was found to prolong survival. ",
"In melanoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma there is hope with CD279 blocking Ab, that promotes antitumor responses. ",
"In hematologic malignancies a humanized αCD279 IgG1 needs further research. ",
"In solid tumors the use of CD279 IgG4 Ab is promising, and further CD273/PD-L2 in stage IV.",
"\n\nIn autoimmune rheumatic diseases, impaired tolerance leads to the development of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, etc. ",
"Therefore, in autoimmune diseases the converse strategy of engaging immunological checkpoints may be beneficial: stimulate inhibitory molecules of the immune system, thus inhibiting the immune system (therefore, increase self-tolerance). ",
" What is known to work is Abatacept, an CD152-Ig used in treating rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.",
"\n\nNot studied enough yet are the therapeutic opportunities using Programmed death-1 pathway.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Immunology"
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"Monitoring of zonisamide in human breast milk and maternal plasma by solid-phase extraction HPLC method.",
"\nAn HPLC method was developed for the determination of zonisamide in human breast milk and plasma. ",
"Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Develosil CN analytical column with potassium dihydrogenphosphate buffer (pH 3.5 with milk, pH 2.5 with plasma)-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. ",
"Zonisamide and 1, 2-benzisoxazole-3-methansulfonamine acetate as internal standard were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 240 nm. ",
"Zonisamide in breast milk and plasma was extracted by a rapid and simple procedure based on C(18) bonded-phase extraction. ",
"Determination of zonisamide in human breast milk and plasma was possible in the concentration range 0.05-20.0 microg/mL. The recoveries of zonisamide added to human breast milk and plasma were 79.5-85.0% and 86.3-93.1%, respectively, with coefficients of variation of less than 8.3% and 11.4% respectively. ",
"The mean concentrations of zonisamide in breast milk and plasma were 9.41 +/- 0.95 and 10.13 +/- 0.45 microg/mL, respectively. ",
"The average ratio between the breast milk concentration and plasma concentration (M/P ratio) was 0.93 +/- 0.09."
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"Rectal pH measurement in tracking cardiac performance in a hemorrhagic shock model.",
"\nWe evaluated the utility of rectal mucosal pH measurement for tracking cardiac performance in hemorrhagic shock as compared with gastric tonometry. ",
"Hemorrhagic shock was induced in five adult swine to a mean arterial pressure of 45-65 mm Hg. ",
"Hypotension was maintained for 30 minutes, resuscitation was accomplished with the shed blood and lactated Ringer's solution (3x blood volume). ",
"Gastric tonometry, rectal pH, and oxygen transport data were obtained at baseline, 0, and 30 minutes after onset of hypotension and after resuscitation. ",
"Intramucosal pH readings from gastric tonometry and rectal mucosal pH both showed a significant change from baseline to 0 and 30 minutes after onset of hypotension. ",
"Data after resuscitation were found to be statistically the same as baseline values. ",
"Rectal mucosal pH tracks cardiac performance as well as does gastric tonometry in hemorrhagic shock without as many limitations."
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"###### What is already known on this topic?",
"\n\n- Febrile seizures can be frightening for parents.",
"\n\n- In management, it is crucial to highlight that they are not life threatening and to distribute information leaflets.",
"\n\n###### What this study adds?",
"\n\n- More than three out of four parents who have witnessed their child's first simple febrile seizure are at high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder.",
"\n\n- Parental post-traumatic stress is mitigated by innovative workshops that dispense information, demonstrate reactions and encourage dialogue.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#s1}\n============\n\nSimple febrile seizures are the most common seizures in children \\<60 months and are accompanied by fever of 38°C (100.4 °F) without central nervous system infection.[@R1] They are recognised by healthcare professionals as a benign condition with a good prognosis[@R2]; however, they can be frightening[@R3] for parents who may believe that their child is dying.[@R7] Reassurance, education and distribution of information leaflets are important steps in management.[@R11] In this context, we developed workshops[@R14] led by a multidisciplinary medical team, which inform, advise and train the parents in case of seizure recurrence.",
"\n\nAs stipulated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition,[@R16] post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) belongs to a new class of trauma and stressor-related disorders. ",
"PTSD requires exposure to actual or threatened death, in which the individual can directly experience the event, witness it in person or learn that it occurred to a close family member. ",
"Persons with PTSD present four clusters of specific PTSD symptoms (intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, alterations in arousal and reactivity) for \\>1 month, and can be screened by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R).[@R17]\n\nThe aims of this study were to investigate (1) the prevalence of post-traumatic stress-related symptoms in a cohort of parents who witnessed their child's first simple febrile seizure and (2) assess the efficacy of workshops on the mitigation of parental stress.",
"\n\nPatients and methods {#s2}\n====================\n\nStudy design and participants {#s2a}\n-----------------------------\n\nWe designed a pilot before-and-after cross-sectional study, with a control group (details regarding study design are shown in [figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We collected verbal informed consent of the parents after they had been accurately informed, orally and by written information, of the purpose, methods, risks, benefits and alternative to the research. ",
"As the research focused on parental stress, only the participating parent consented. ",
"Parents who had witnessed their child's first simple febrile seizure were enrolled after their child received standard care in the emergency room and were followed prospectively. ",
"Inclusion criteria were (1) mothers or fathers ≥18 years old, who had witnessed this child's first episode of simple febrile seizure, (2) only one parent per family could be included. ",
"Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) grandparents or other relatives of the child, (2) second episode of simple febrile seizure, (3) complex febrile seizures or non-febrile seizures and (4) parental psychiatric medical history. ",
"Overall two sites enrolled patients from France: site 1 was the Hopital des Enfants de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, and site 2 was the Hopital General de Montauban, Montauban, France (online [supplementary table](#SP1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"Among the parents some volunteered to follow our educational programme (group 1) and some did not (group 2). ",
"At 4 weeks after the seizure, parents were invited to fill out a standardised questionnaire to record demographic characteristics of the parent and the child, job/training in healthcare of the parent, previous experience of witnessing somebody else's seizure and opportunity for the parent to discuss their experience with a healthcare practitioner. ",
"Charts from the emergency room provided relevant information regarding the characteristics of the seizure (duration, loss of contact and muscular tone abnormalities). ",
"Parents were not involved in the design of this research, but it builds on previous qualitative research exploring the experiences and beliefs of the parents.[@R18]\n\n10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000107.supp1\n\n{#F1}\n\nMeasurement of post-traumatic stress symptoms: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) {#s2b}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe French IES-R has demonstrated good psychometric properties, a robust internal consistency with alpha coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.93 for its three subscales and total score, and a satisfactory test--retest reliability with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.76 for its three subscales and total score.[@R20] The IES-R comprises 22 items that measure symptoms of intrusion, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal. ",
"Participants rate on a 5-point Likert scale the extent to which each item applied to their experience during the preceding 7 days. ",
"Total score on the IES-R ranges between 0 and 88. ",
"Interpretation of the IES-R scores were realised as recommended: a score between 1 and 11 indicated a small amount of post-traumatic stress symptoms, a score between 12 and 32 indicated a great amount of post-traumatic stress symptoms, and a score ≥33 indicated the possibility of PTSD.[@R20] We also calculated the percentage of parents presenting a score ≥37 as it has been reported as a high enough score to suppress immune system functionning.[@R21] In patients with acute PTSD experience symptoms for \\<3 months; chronic PTSD results in symptoms lasting ≥3 months.[@R17]\n\nFor all parents, the validated French version of the IES-R was self-completed at two-time points: at least 4 weeks following the seizure for the first IES-R (IES-R1) and at least 10 weeks following the seizure for IES-R2. ",
"Once completed by the parents, IES-R assessments were transmitted to our department via email or mail. ",
"We used phone calls to remind parents to return their IES-R assessments. ",
"All parents in group 1 completed a workshop between the IES-R1 and IES-R2 assessments.",
"\n\nWorkshops {#s2c}\n---------\n\nSmall group workshops were subdivided into three, 1-hour blocks. ",
"The first hour was used to dispense general information; presentation slides were colourful and easy to read ([figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The second hour was dedicated to demonstrations of how to react in case of recurrence using a medical mannequin. ",
"The last hour was reserved for a question/answer session. ",
"Workshops were led by a paediatrician specialised in paediatric neurology, two nurses and a psychologist. ",
"An anonymous standardised questionnaire was distributed to each parent at the end of the third hour, and was completed onsite. ",
"Using visual analogue scales from 0 to 10, parents recorded a self-assessment on the following items: general satisfaction regarding the workshops, theoretical knowledge on seizures, ability to react and subjective stress level before and after the workshops.",
"\n\n{#F2}\n\nStatistical analysis {#s2d}\n--------------------\n\nDescriptive attributes were recorded to characterise (1) parents: hospital of origin, age, gender, previous experience of witnessing a seizure of another child or someone else and job/training related to healthcare; (2) children: age; and (3) seizures: duration, loss of contact and muscle tone abnormalities. ",
"The comparability of the two groups was assessed using a Mann-Whitney test for continuous values (parental age, child age, IES-R1 value, delay convulsion-IES-R1, delay IES-R1 to IES-R2 and delay convulsion-IESR-2) and a Fisher exact test for categorical values (gender, previous experience of witnessing a seizure and occupation related to healthcare).",
"\n\nCorrelations between IES-R1 scores and the age of the child and the age of the parents were analysed using a Pearson correlation test. ",
"Additionally, the mother and father's IES-R1 scores were compared using a Mann-Whitney test. ",
"To isolate the specific effect of a workshop on the IES-R value, and to differentiate it from the effect of elapsed time, the statistical analysis included (1) an intergroup comparison of IES-R2 scores in group 1 versus group 2, using a Mann-Whitney test, and (2) an intragroup comparison of IES-R2 scores versus IES-R1 scores in groups 1 and 2, using a paired samples t-test. ",
"A conventional two-way analysis of variance was used to assess for the effect of group selection over time in evaluating the IES-R1--IES-R2 score reduction. ",
"Comparison of visual analogic scale values before and after workshop for parental theoretical knowledge on seizure, parental ability to react and parental subjective stress level were realised using a paired samples t-test. ",
"P values \\<0.05 were considered significant. ",
"All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism V.6.0.",
"\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nDescriptive characteristics {#s3a}\n---------------------------\n\nA total of 189 parents were eligible during the inclusion period of 6 months (details regarding parent demographic characteristics, as well as age of their child are summarised in [table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Only 74 parents were approached, with 50 parents consented. ",
"All consenting parents participated in each study element, with a total of 50 available for further analysis. ",
"Of these 50 parents, roughly 80% were woman (mothers). ",
"Groups 1 and 2 were comparable in term of age and gender of parents, parental previous experience of witnessing a seizure, parental occupation related to healthcare, age of the child and characteristics of the seizure. ",
"Eight per cent of the total parents (7% in group 1% and 9% in group 2) had witnessed a seizure previously (due to their job in the healthcare system or because a sibling had seized previously). ",
"Roughly 14% of the parents (13% in group 1 and 14% in group 2) had a job or professional training related to healthcare. ",
"Only one mother who belonged to group 2 had visited a therapist to discuss her stress symptoms. ",
"Children had an average age of 2 years, and all presented a simple febrile seizure. ",
"All children had been administered care by a paediatrician or emergency room doctor after the convulsion.",
"\n\n###### \n\nPopulation characteristics\n\n Feature All (n=50) Group 1 (n=15) Group 2 (n=35) P value\n ------------------------ ------------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------\n Parents \n Age (year), mean (SD) 35 (5) 36 (5) 35 (5) 0.27\\*\n Gender 0.85†\n Man 11 (22%) 3 (20%) 8 (23%) \n Woman 39 (78%) 12 (80%) 27 (77%) \n Children \n Age (year), mean (SD) 2 (1) 3 (1) 2 (1) 0.65\\*\n\n\\*Based on Mann-Whitney test.",
"\n\n†Based on Fisher test.",
"\n\nPrevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms {#s3b}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nGroups 1 and 2 were comparable in term of (1) IES-R1 scores (P=0.47), (2) delay between seizure and IES-R1 (P=0.18), (3) delay between IES-R1 and IES-R2 (P=0.18) and (4) delay between seizure and IES-R2 (P=0.10) ([table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"First assessment happened at least 4 weeks after the seizure. ",
"Of the 50 parents included, 76% presented an IES-R1 score ≥33, and 24% presented a score comprised between 12 and 32; none of the parents presented an IES-R1 strictly inferior to 12. ",
"Of interest, 60% of all parents presented an IES-R1 score \\>37. ",
"The minimum elapsed time between the seizure and IES-R1 was 33 days. ",
"For 45 parents, this period was \\<3 months after the seizure, with 68% having an IES-R1 ≥33, and placing them at high risk of acute PTSD. ",
"For five parents, the period was \\>3 months, with 80% having an IESR1 ≥33, and placing them at high risk of chronic PTSD. ",
"We did not find significant correlation between IES-R1 scores and the age of the child (R de Pearson (95% CI) = −0.09 (−0.36 to 0.19), P=0.54) or the age of the parents (R de Pearson (95% CI) = −0.11 (−0.37 to 0.18), P=0.46). ",
"We also note that no significant difference occurred between mother and father's IES-R scores (P=0.3).",
"\n\n###### \n\nIES-R scores\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Variable All\\ Group 1\\ Group 2\\ P value\n (n=50) (n=15) (n=35) \n ---------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------\n IES-R1, mean (SD) 42 (16) 44 (20) 41 (14) 0.47\\*\n\n Score ≥33 11 (73%) 27 (77%) \n\n 12≤ Score \\< 33 4 (27%) 8 (23%) \n\n IES-R2, mean (SD) 32 (13) 26 (13) 35 (14) 0.02\\*\n\n Score ≥33 4 (27%) 23 (66%) \n\n 12≤ Score \\< 33 8 (53%) 10 (28%) \n\n Score \\<12 3 (20%) 2 (6%) \n\n Duration from seizure to IES-R1, mean in days (SD) 54 (20) 57 (17) 53 (21) 0.18\\*\n\n Duration from IES-R1 to IES-R2, mean in days (SD) 69 (38) 80 (38) 64 (37) 0.18\\*\n\n Duration from seizure to IES-R2, mean in days (SD) 123 (50) 136 (50) 117 (50) 0.10\\*\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIES-R1 was assessed 4 weeks after the seizure (before any workshop if applicable), and IESR-2 was assessed at a minimum of 10 weeks after the seizure (after any workshop if applicable).",
"\n\n\\*Based on Mann-Whitney test.",
"\n\nIES-R, Impact Event Scale-Revised.",
"\n\nEvolution of IES-R score and effect of the workshops {#s3c}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the total population, IES-R2 scores were always lower than IES-R1 scores (P\\<0.0001) ([table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"A significant diminution of the IES-R2 versus IES-R1 scores was also found in each group (intragroup comparison). ",
"However, attending a workshop allowed for a greater diminution of stress symptoms: in group 1, IES-R2 scores were 18.1 points lower than IES-R1 scores (95% CI 11.66 to 24.61, P\\<0.0001); group 2 had IES-R2 scores that were only 5.51 points lower than IES-R1 scores (95% CI 2.76 to 8.27, P=0.0003) ([table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}, [figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"IES-R2 scores were significantly lower in group 1 compared with group 2 (intergroup comparison) (P=0.02, [figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"A two-way analysis of variance yielded a significant effect for the workshop attendance; the average reduction of score was significantly higher for parents who attended a workshop than for the controls (P=0.04). ",
"The effect of time was non-significant (P=0.15).",
"\n\n{#F3}\n\n###### \n\nAnalysis of the evolution of the IESR scores within total population and each group\n\n IES-R scores evolution analyses (paired samples t-test) \n --------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------\n Total population 9.3 (95%CI (6.22 to 12.39)) \\<0.0001\n Group 1 18.13 (95%CI (11.66 to 24.61)) \\<0.0001\n Group 2 5.51 (95%CI (2.76 to 8.27)) 0.0003\n\nIES-R1 was assessed 4 weeks after the seizure (before any workshop if applicable), and IES-R2 was assessed at a minimum of 10 weeks after the seizure (after any workshop if applicable).",
"\n\nIES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised.",
"\n\nSatisfaction and self-evaluation of parents at the end of the workshops {#s3d}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOn average, parents graded their satisfaction to our workshops with a 9.3/10. ",
"Their knowledge and ability to react improved, while their subjective stress level decreased ([table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n###### \n\nParents' self-evaluation before vs after workshop, using a scale from 0 to 10\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Before workshop After workshop Difference of mean scores VAS1 vs VAS2\\\n (P value)\n ------------------- ----------------- ---------------- -----------------------------------------\n Knowledge: \n\n median (min--max) 3 (0--7) 8 (6--10) 4.8 (95% CI 4.04 to 5.56)(\\<0.0001)\n\n Ability to react: \n\n median (min--max) 5 (1--10) 8 (6--10) 3 (95% CI 1.55 to 4.45)(0.0006)\n\n Stress level: \n\n median (min--max) 8 (4--9) 4 (1--8) −2.93 (95% CI −3.86 to −2.01)(0.0001)\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nVAS1 was assessed before workshop and VAS2 was assessed after workshop.",
"\n\nVAS: visual analogue scale.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to study PTSD-related symptoms in parents that have witnessed their child's febrile seizure. ",
"These PTSD-related symptoms are very common, with 76% of all parents being at risk of developing PTSD. ",
"An interventional and educational programme constituted of workshops significantly decreased parental stress. ",
"This programme was highly appreciated by the participants, improved their knowledge and increased their ability to react.",
"\n\nThe results of the study are novel; however, we acknowledge several limitations. ",
"First, the small number of patients included suggests the necessity to confirm the results in larger samples. ",
"Despite our effort to inform the emergency room teams about the study, only 40% of parents who visited the emergency room for first simple febrile seizure were approached. ",
"This can be explained because in an emergency room setting, doctors have limited time to dedicate to each family. ",
"This study could be repeated in coordination with paediatricians in private practice to increase the number of participants. ",
"Second, the samples we obtained may not be representative of the population intended to be analysed because parents self-selected themselves to the intervention or comparison group. ",
"However, both groups were comparable in terms of IES-R1 scores and demographic characteristics; thus, the self-selection did not seem to affect the initial stress or the demographic repartition among the groups. ",
"Third, we enrolled mostly mothers (80%) who could have different psychological profiles compared with fathers, which could have slightly modified the initial IES-R scores or the response to our intervention. ",
"But this predominant feminine representation was homogeneous among the groups, and thus did not alter the comparison between the two groups. ",
"Also, this feminine ratio is representative of the parents taking their child to the emergency room in Toulouse.[@R24] Fourth, group 1 was only composed of parents from site 1 and group 2 mostly of parents from site 2. ",
"We hypothesise that this occurred because the workshops were geographically located on site 1, and further (at about 40 min driving distance) from site 2; this seems to have dissuaded most parents from group 2 to register for workshops. ",
"This difference in the recruiting centre can be questionable as management of parents could have been different at the two sites. ",
"However, we assumed that paediatric simple febrile seizure is a well-known entity so that the care and information given to parents was standardised, and thus similar between both groups. ",
"Based on oral conversations with the parents, the small number of parents included in group 1 could also be due to workshops being scheduled in the afternoons, making it difficult for most parents who have a daytime job to attend.",
"\n\nDespite the small number of patients included, all of them participated in every step of the study. ",
"We believe this can be explained (1) because we followed up with parents via phone calls as a reminder for them to send back their IES-R assessments, and (2) because parents were very supportive of the study, as shown in the survey responses. ",
"The parents were satisfied with the medical team because they showed personal concern for their stress.",
"\n\nIn all groups, and even in group 2, IES-R2 scores were always lower than IES-R1 scores. ",
"The majority of adults with post-traumatic stress symptoms do recover over the course of months or years without receiving any form of treatment.[@R25] However, the greater reduction of the scores in group 1 highlights the efficacy of the workshops in decreasing parental stress.",
"\n\nA previous study, conducted from an anthropological point of view, had gathered the parental mental representations regarding the word 'seizure', and the actual experience of a seizure[@R18]; the representations and knowledge of the parents were poor, referring to the old beliefs since antiquity.[@R19] This seemed to directly contribute to the intensity of the parental stress. ",
"In this previous study, parental representations did not differ according to gender[@R27] nor socioeconomic status.[@R19]\n\nEven though all parents received reassurance and information leaflets from the emergency room doctors before returning home, parental stress remained high and parental knowledge remained low.[@R28] We hypothesise that this information was delivered during the acute period when the parent was too scared to be able to receive and incorporate the medical reassurance. ",
"Workshops organised in a dedicated time a few weeks after the seizure would provide a more efficient mechanism for the parents to be informed and reassured. ",
"We note that a third of patients can present a major depressive disorder after a traumatic event.[@R32] These workshops represent a first step towards a multidisciplinary approach in paediatrics; however, specific psychological interventions that specifically treat trauma remain critical. ",
"Future work will establish a connection between our paediatric team and psychologists/psychiatric experts. ",
"We expect this to lead to further prevention and/or treatment of PTSD-related symptoms in parents who have witnessed their child's first simple febrile seizure.",
"\n\nConclusions {#s5}\n===========\n\nOur results demonstrate that parents who witness their child's first simple febrile seizure present a high risk of developing PTSD. ",
"Despite the limitations of our pilot study, these findings are particularly relevant because understanding the impact of a simple febrile seizure on parental psychological health is an active area for improvement in attention, assessment and management in paediatrics. ",
"An interventional and educational programme, such as our multidisciplinary workshops, aids in parental psychological health by giving access to medical information and training, and encouraging communication among parents and with healthcare providers. ",
"Our results provide a path forward for the development of multidisciplinary workshops on simple febrile seizure in leading paediatric centres.",
"\n\nThe authors thank Alan Bradley and Dr Dustin Carroll for their assistance with English language.",
"\n\n**Contributors:** FF: participated in design and coordination of the study, contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of data, participated in statistical analyses, drafted the initial manuscript and approved the final submitted manuscript. ",
"ID: performed the statistical analyses, co-wrote the manuscript and approved the final submitted manuscript. ",
"YC: contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of data, co-wrote the manuscript and approved the final submitted manuscript. ",
"CT-C: co-designed and co-coordinated the study, contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of data, co-wrote the manuscript and approved the final submitted manuscript.",
"\n\n**Competing interests:** None declared.",
"\n\n**Ethics approval:** Ethics Committee of Toulouse University Hospital.",
"\n\n**Provenance and peer review:** Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.",
"\n"
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"\"De novo\" trisomy 1q32 leads to 1qter and monosomy 3p25 leads to 3pter.",
"\nMinor abnormalities are described in an 11-month-old female in which a \"de novo\" trisomy 1q32 leads to lqter and a monosomy 3p25 leads to ter has been produced. ",
"The amount of the exceeding material in this case is less than that found in previous reports of partial trisomy 1q and in cases of parental 1q balanced translocations which has originated recurrent abortions."
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"A motion estimation operation for a moving image is performed before a motion compensation operation for the moving image is performed. ",
"The motion estimation operation is performed by dividing the present frame of an input image into many small reference blocks and comparing each reference block with various search blocks contained in a previous frame. ",
"Then, the difference between the search blocks of the previous frame and each of the reference blocks of the present frame is calculated. ",
"In other words, the \"difference degree\" of the search blocks for each of the reference blocks is determined. ",
"The search block having the smallest difference degree for a particular reference block is deemed to be the matching block for the particular reference block. ",
"After all of the matching blocks have been determined for the reference blocks, the difference between the coordinates of each reference block and its corresponding matching block is determined, and a motion vector corresponding to such difference is estimated. ",
"Then, the present frame is encoded based on the difference between the values of the pixels of each matching block and the values of the corresponding pixels in the reference block identified by the corresponding motion vector. ",
"The encoded frame is reconstructed to the original image by combining each encoded pixel value and the corresponding pixel value of the corresponding matching block.",
"\nA conventional method for performing a motion compensation operation will be described in conjunction with FIG. ",
"1. ",
"As shown in the figure, the present frame 10 comprises a plurality of reference blocks, and the previous frame 12 comprises a plurality of matching blocks that respectively correspond to the reference blocks. ",
"The motion vector of each matching block of the previous frame 12 is estimated for each reference block of the present frame 10. ",
"Then, the image of the present frame 10 is encoded by using the matching blocks of the previous frame 12 that correspond to the respective estimated motion vectors.",
"\nIn the method above, the matching blocks in the previous frame 12 often overlap each other since the motion vectors of the matching blocks are calculated based on the reference blocks in the present frame 10 and the matching blocks in the previous frame 12 that have similar pixel values to pixel values of the reference blocks. ",
"Thus, the matching blocks of the previous frame 12 move to form the present frame 10. ",
"As a result, the picture quality of the image of a new frame is deteriorated since the portions of the image at the border of many of the matching blocks overlap and are cut."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a memory device that performs data transfer with a host apparatus and, more particularly, to a memory device including a nonvolatile semiconductor memory.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nPresently, memory cards including nonvolatile semiconductor memories are used as memory devices for recording music data, video data, and the like. ",
"In the nonvolatile semiconductor memories, data does not disappear even when the power supply is turned off, and can also be rewritten (updated). ",
"A NAND flash memory and the like are used as the nonvolatile semiconductor memories.",
"\nIn the NAND flash memory, data is written for each page (e.g., 2, 4, or 8 Kbytes), and erased for each block (e.g., 512 Kbytes or 1 Mbytes) composed of a plurality of pages. ",
"Also, data write to the NAND flash memory has the following limitations.",
"\n(1) Data must be erased for each block beforehand.",
"\n(2) When writing data in the same block, data to be written next to preceding data must be written at an address larger than that of the preceding data.",
"\nFor example, when writing new data in a block in which data is already written, an erased block is separately prepared, and the new data is written in this erased block. ",
"In addition, data is copied from the original block to a portion except for the portion where the new data is written. ",
"That is, data write like this is implemented by a so-called “moving” process. ",
"Especially when data write occurs from a host apparatus at random logical addresses, this moving process frequently occurs to deteriorate the write performance.",
"\nIn the recent NAND flash memories, the block size is increasing as the capacity increases. ",
"As the block size increases, the inter-block data copying time prolongs, and a maximum value of the moving time increases. ",
"This prolongs the write time (also called the busy time) in a memory card with respect to data write at random logical addresses.",
"\nOn the other hand, if a data write process specialized to shorten the time of data write at random logical addresses is used in order to shorten the busy time, the speed of data write at sequential logical addresses decreases.",
"\nAs a related technique of this kind, a technique that presumes the performance of a memory device is disclosed (Jpn. ",
"Pat. ",
"Appln. ",
"KOKAI Publication No. ",
"2006-178923)."
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[
" \n## The Rider\n\nCopyright © 2020 by Edward Mullen\n\nAll rights reserved.",
"\n\nThis book is a work of fiction. ",
"Any names, characters, places, and events are a product of the author's imagination. ",
"Any resemblance to any person (alive or dead) or event is purely coincidental.",
"\n\nNo part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. ",
"The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a published review.",
"\n\nVancouver, BC, Canada\n\nISBN: 978-1-928196-20-4\n\nThe Rider\n\nAlso by Edward Mullen\n\nThe Art of the Hustle\n\nThe Art of the Hustle 2\n\nDestiny and Free Will\n\nProdigy\n\nProdigy Eternal\n\nProdigy Returns\n\nThe Secret Manuscript\n\nEden\n\nI am Rome\n\nZero\n\n# How this Story Came to Be\n\nThe story about how The Rider came to be is worth sharing since it's unique in my writing career. ",
"Ideas come and go and while riding bikes with my wife, I had this sudden flash of a scene in my head of a lone rider, racing through a mars-like terrain on a futuristic bike - abandoned buildings, sand covered roads, and a mysterious hint of danger. ",
"I thought the visual looked really cool and that it would make a great opening scene of a movie where you're unsure what's happening, who this rider is, what he looks like, where he's going, or what he's running from.",
"\n\nI caught up to my wife who always rides her bike a bit faster than me, and I described the imagery I had in my head. ",
"I said, \"Wouldn't that be a cool scene in a movie?\" ",
"I then asked, \"If the movie opened with that scene, what would the rest of the movie be about?\"",
"\n\nWithout missing a beat, she went on to explain in great detail her concept of what would become The Rider. ",
"She came up with several key plot points, the backstory and reason why certain things happened, and she even came up with an ending.",
"\n\nNow, I should say, I have never seen my wife's creativity before, and had no idea she was even interested in talking about book or movie plots, but I feel like I found a secret weapon.",
"\n\n\"Tell me more,\" I said.",
"\n\nFor the next thirty minutes as we biked home, we volleyed ideas back and forth, becoming ever more enthused about this plot.",
"\n\nShe said enthusiastically, \"You have to write this story!\"",
"\n\nI had to admit, it was a really good collaboration that was completely spontaneous. ",
"It has never happened before or since, but for that moment, we captured lighting in a bottle and she was in the zone.",
"\n\nWhen we got home, I wrote the opening chapter, which has pretty much remained the same as I wrote it that day. ",
"If you decide to read this story, you will read that scene next. ",
"It came out just the way I wanted it in the first draft. ",
"I also jotted down all the ideas we had come up with on that fateful bike ride so I wouldn't forget.",
"\n\nOver the next couple of days, more ideas came to us and we continued to build the plot. ",
"However, at the time, I was busy with a million other projects and life and I put it on the back burner with the hopes of eventually picking it up one day. ",
"But, I have countless first chapters and outlines on my computer and the reality is, I will likely never get around to writing any of them. ",
"But I didn't want that to happen to this idea because I felt like it was ours and that was somehow special.",
"\n\nOne day, I moved some things around in my schedule to carve out time in my day to write. ",
"I found that my creative juices were flowing the most during the day while my brain was still fresh. ",
"At night, I usually just want to relax. ",
"So while at my day job, I would take 10 minutes to eat my lunch and then I would sneak off to a far corner of the office, sit in large cubical-style chair with my laptop on my lap, and aim to type at least a thousand words. ",
"Most days I would get to around 1500 – 2000, which I was very happy with. ",
"I would email the chapters to myself, then when I would get home, I would add them to the main story document like I was making deposits in a piggy bank.",
"\n\nI got about 75% of the story complete when I finally talked to Sky about where the story had evolved and developed into, because I was tasked with writing it, she was no longer involved in the project after that one day. ",
"So naturally as I write, the story takes twists and turns, and develops in ways that may deviate from our original concept.",
"\n\nShe was disappointed that I didn't include a love story. ",
"I remember exactly where we were - we were on the UBC campus (University of British Columbia, which is where we both went to school but hadn't met yet), in the village to be exact. ",
"We had taken our dog Pipi out on a Sunday so that he could get some exercise and a change of scenery.",
"\n\nWe argued about a love story and I gave her examples of successful movies and books that did not have a love story, but she persisted. ",
"In the end, I decided that I could go back and work in a love story.",
"\n\nThe other thing she was adamant about (for some reason) was the ending, which I cannot tell you about. ",
"However, despite me being against her ideas about the love story and the ending, I decided to include both. ",
"So it only seemed right that I put her name on the cover with me. ",
"This is our story, we hope you like it.",
"\n\nThis is our story, we hope you like it\n\n# Chapter One\n\nA desolate wasteland, a shattered civilization, a routine run — a lone rider raced through a deserted city, hoping to reach his destination before nightfall.",
"\n\nA thick and ever-present orange smog obstructed his view as he meandered through the empty streets of the once prosperous city. ",
"Bouncing around the rough terrain, the rider shifted his weight as he accelerated beyond 200 km/h. The bike hardly made a sound.",
"\n\nAn unpiloted drone trailed behind as the rider cut through hollowed out buildings and tunnels, taking the shortest route possible to the drop point.",
"\n\nFlying a hundred feet above, the drone made its descent, getting closer to the rider. ",
"The high-pitched buzzing sound of the drone ricocheted off the sterile buildings like an echo chamber.",
"\n\nAs it hovered directly above the bike, a flashing light appeared in the rider's helmet display, and a small compartment on the back of the bike automatically opened up, allowing the drone to dock and become stowed away.",
"\n\nThe drone had been scanning the landscape the entire time and projecting the data in real-time. ",
"The heads-up display within his helmet kept him informed of his surroundings, an absolute lifeline on these sorts of missions. ",
"The temperature remained steady at 40 degrees Celsius. ",
"A west wind was picking up, impairing the already limited visibility. ",
"There were no signs of life anywhere. ",
"Oxygen levels – barely registered.",
"\n\nIn the distance, the rider saw movement, which was unusual in these parts. ",
"The momentary distraction was enough to take his eyes off the road for a split second. ",
"Directly in front of him was an up-heaved slab of concrete that approached too fast for him to avoid. ",
"He attempted to swerve around the hazard, but the tires hit the lifted piece of road like a ramp, sending the bike airborne and slightly off kilter.",
"\n\nWhen the wheels touched down, the rider's balance was off, throwing him to one side of the bike. ",
"The bike's suspension compressed, which made regaining control even more challenging. ",
"Just up ahead was a low hanging obstacle in the middle of the road. ",
"The suspension recoiled at the same time the rider needed to duck underneath a fallen streetlamp. ",
"He quickly hunkered low on his bike, but it was not enough. ",
"The top of his helmet clipped the streetlamp, peeling him off the back. ",
"The bike ghost-rided for 30 to 40 feet before toppling over and skidding to a stop.",
"\n\nThe rider lay motionless on his back with his eyes closed. ",
"He eventually awoke by the alarming sound that nobody ever wanted to hear — a signal that his oxygen was running low.",
"\n\nHis eyes opened slowly and he rolled onto his side, wincing in pain. ",
"Struggling to regain consciousness, he ignored the warning. ",
"He never travelled with anything less than a full day's worth of oxygen so he figured the alarm must be a glitch.",
"\n\nThe rider, dressed in all black armour, returned to his feet unscathed from the crash. ",
"With a scattered brain, he pulled himself together — first ensuring he had no broken bones, then checking his equipment for damage — two things he could not afford to go wrong in these parts. ",
"Next, he checked the time and realized he had been unconscious for a little over a minute.",
"\n\nHe knew these roads all too well, but the roadblock was new. ",
"Perhaps it was placed there on purpose — a trap for unsuspecting travellers. ",
"The rider withdrew his gun and cautiously walked back to his bike. ",
"Being so exposed made him nervous. ",
"There were known and unknown evils lurking in these parts, and there were just too many places to hide for him to feel safe. ",
"With a stiff neck and a slight limp, he scanned the immediate area for any threats.",
"\n\nThe alarm once again blared with urgency, demanding his immediate attention. \"",
"Oxygen levels low,\" a robotic female voice permeated throughout his helmet. \"",
"Restock your oxygen levels. ",
"Less than one hour remaining.\"",
"\n\nTaking a deep breath, the rider removed the oxygen canister from his helmet and noticed it had been damaged in the crash. ",
"Nearly a day's worth of the precious liquid oxygen had spilled out and become absorbed by the porous road.",
"\n\nHe quickly replaced the canister and exhaled before taking another breath. ",
"With only an hour supply of oxygen and being more than an hour from his destination, time was of the essence. ",
"He made a small adjustment to his helmet to restrict the airflow and walked briskly back to his bike, ensuring he kept his heart rate low. ",
"With a little luck, he may just make it, but it would be cutting it close. ",
"Nevertheless, limiting his oxygen intake only added to his already throbbing head.",
"\n\nTypically a rider only travelled with one canister, taking any more was just asking for trouble. ",
"There were just too many bandits and dangers along the way so they didn't want to make themselves unnecessary targets. ",
"With one full canister costing more than most people can afford in a month, it was imperative to just take what one needed.",
"\n\nPicking his bike off the ground, several forms were identified in his helmet. ",
"Two hiding up ahead, two more sneaking up behind him, and at least one more in an adjacent building.",
"\n\nThe rider calmly mounted his bike and deployed the drone. ",
"The back hatch of the bike opened up and the drone rocketed skyward, blasting out several smoke grenades. ",
"The exploding canisters created the perfect smoke screen, encompassing the bike in all directions. ",
"Not even the most advanced sensors could penetrate through the dense cloud.",
"\n\nThe rider took off, punching through the smoke like a stealth panther not making a sound. ",
"Abandoned cars, broken down and rusted, littered the congested streets, but the rider knew the way. ",
"He had travelled this route a thousand times. ",
"With limited visibility, he relied on his experience, swerving in and out of the hazard-filled roads toward the city limits. ",
"From there, was nothing but straight highway.",
"\n\nThe hazy sun slowly retreated turning the sky from a dark butterscotch to black. ",
"The moon and stars hadn't been visible in decades.",
"\n\nA persistent flashing light in the upper corner indicated his oxygen level, which was dropping rapidly. ",
"The temporary adrenaline dump demanded more oxygen than he had to spare, so he tried his best to control his breathing. ",
"He was not sure who or what was trying to get him back there, but he was happy that was behind him. ",
"He had a delivery to make and more importantly, he needed to save his own life. ",
"He couldn't afford any more setbacks.",
"\n\n\"Oxygen levels low,\" the voice spoke again. \"",
"You have less than one minute remaining.\"",
"\n\nHeavy on the throttle, the bike reached top speed and charged into the city like a streak of light. ",
"Battling through a severe concussion and sipping oxygen for the past hour, the rider was on the verge of passing out at any second. ",
"His body desperately craved the life-dependent element as several parts of his body tingled and went numb.",
"\n\nWith the drop point in sight, the rider pulled up to the facility in the nick of time. ",
"A coughing fit nearly incapacitated him as he gasped for breath. ",
"Dismounting his bike, the biometric scan at the entrance of the building granted him access. ",
"Collapsing to the floor, the rider pulled off his helmet just before he completely suffocated. ",
"He inhaled a deep breath, and then another. ",
"The facility's oxygen, the cheap synthetic kind that would give a person a headache, filled his lungs and kept him alive.",
"\n\n# Chapter Two\n\nLaying on the ground, the rider took a few seconds to recuperate. ",
"Oxy-freeloaders, as they were known, were frowned upon and security was quick to escort him off the premises where he would surely die.",
"\n\n\"Okay, pal, let's go. ",
"Get up. ",
"You have to leave,\" one of guards said.",
"\n\n\"I have... a package,\" the rider muttered.",
"\n\n\"What's that?\"",
"\n\n\"Delivery,\" the rider said. \"",
"I have a delivery.\"",
"\n\n\"You have a delivery? ",
"For who?\"",
"\n\n\"The boss,\" the rider said, flashing a digital badge with his nearly limp arm.",
"\n\nThe guards' attitudes completely changed as they helped the rider to his feet. \"",
"Our sincerest apologies, sir. ",
"Can we get you anything to eat or drink?\"",
"\n\n\"I just want to deliver my package and go.\"",
"\n\n\"Sure thing. ",
"Right this way, sir.\"",
"\n\nAs the synthetic oxygen entered the rider's bloodstream, it gave him a second wind. ",
"Within minutes, he felt much better.",
"\n\nTwo security guards escorted the rider down a long corridor toward a private elevator in which they all entered and rode to the top floor. ",
"When the doors opened, the rider looked at the guards as he walked passed them.",
"\n\n\"Kade Casey, you're late,\" Mr. Saigon said. \"",
"Where the hell have you been?\"",
"\n\n\"It's funny you mention hell,\" Kade said. \"",
"Let's just say I experienced a minor setback, but... I'm here... with your package, as usual.\"",
"\n\nKade stepped forward and handed over a small package with undisclosed contents. ",
"Mr. Saigon accepted the package and looked at the rider's scuffed-up helmet and dented canister, but didn't ask any further questions. ",
"All he cared about was his package.",
"\n\nThe rider had clients all over the city, but Mr. Saigon was known to pay the best. ",
"Kade never knew what he was transporting and never cared, as long as he received payment.",
"\n\nUpon handing over the package, Mr. Saigon gave the rider payment — a single canister of pure liquid oxygen, enough to last an entire month if rationed correctly.",
"\n\n\"Thanks,\" Kade said, swapping out the damaged canister for the new one and placing his helmet back on his head. ",
"Kade kept his interaction to a minimum. ",
"He turned away and walked toward the guards who were still waiting by the elevator.",
"\n\nKade left Mr. Saigon's office and rode through town. ",
"He pulled into the underground parking garage in his building, parked his bike, and made his way to the ground floor. ",
"There was a 24 hour sushi spot on the same block that he ate at regularly when he would come home late and didn't want to cook.",
"\n\nOn his way to the restaurant, various digital stats displayed on the visor of his helmet — an advertisement for a local watering hole, a biometric breakdown of some pedestrians walking by, the time, weather forecast, temperature, and oxygen levels — below 5%. ",
"The streets were empty except for the broken down cars and piles of garbage that littered the sides of the streets. ",
"The only good thing about living in a dump was there were no rodents, even they could not survive with such low levels of oxygen.",
"\n\nIn the distance was Megalopolis, a towering city of modern architecture and bright lights — one of only a handful of cities remaining in the world. ",
"Population — less than a million.",
"\n\nAmid the sleazy remnants of a once prosperous neighbourhood was an equally rundown hole in the wall that stood for a sushi restaurant. ",
"It should be illegal to call what they served as sushi, but it was sustenance nevertheless. ",
"When Kade entered the late-night establishment, a notification was sent to him, visible on his visor. ",
"Kade reached out and touched the augmented reality app, which expanded into a large menu.",
"\n\n\"Welcome to Sushi Mura,\" a digital woman greeted him, \"What would you like?\"",
"\n\nWithout saying a word, Kade swiped through the choices on the virtual screen and selected a few items. ",
"For payment, he selected the 'Pay' icon and the money was automatically withdrawn from his account and transferred to the restaurant. ",
"Six units for a bento box was considered cheap, but then again, there was not a lot of customers coming in this late at night.",
"\n\nUnits were the official global currency, but for larger transactions, merchants and others would often accept oxygen as payment as well.",
"\n\nKade took a seat at a table in one of the corners. ",
"In his helmet, he could connect to his messages, media accounts, news, and entertainment. ",
"He briefly scrolled through a list of news articles, catching up on anything he missed throughout the day.",
"\n\nJust then an invitation to speak came up on his screen. ",
"A short video loop of his friend came up. ",
"He tapped the side of his helmet to minimize everything in his display and then retracted the visor on his helmet. ",
"He was now looking at his friend face to face.",
"\n\n\"Kade, what's good, my guy?\"",
"\n\n\"Tanjoban, it's good to see you. ",
"What are you doing out so late?\"",
"\n\n\"I could ask you the same thing.\"",
"\n\n\"Just got back from a job.\"",
"\n\n\"Oh yeah, same. ",
"How did yours go?\"",
"\n\n\"It was... eventful. ",
"I took a nasty spill and was nearly attacked by rogues.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you being serious? ",
"You're the best rider I know, how the hell did you wipe out?\"",
"\n\n\"I think I fell into a trap. ",
"I've made that trip a thousand times and can practically do it in my sleep. ",
"There's a part of the road that was raised up like a jump and I hit it going over 100 km/h. I caught a little airtime, but up ahead was a downed streetlight. ",
"I tried to duck under it, but the top of my helmet clipped it. ",
"It nearly took my head clean off.",
"\n\n\"There were rogues all around me. ",
"I counted at least five. ",
"I got back on my bike and booked it out of there as fast as I could.",
"\n\n\"Good thing. ",
"Who knows what those savages would have done to me.\"",
"\n\n\"That's crazy. ",
"I had something similar happen to me once,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\n\"Fortunately I made it out alive... this time. ",
"I have a killer headache, but otherwise I'm fine. ",
"I nearly drained though. ",
"My canister was damaged in the crash and most of my oxygen leaked out.\"",
"\n\n\"Sounds like a real adventure. ",
"I haven't had one of those in a while.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I'm just glad to be back in my bed tonight. ",
"Live to ride another day.\"",
"\n\n\"That's what it's all about.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, I'm not sure what it's all about, but maybe I'll figure it out tomorrow.\"",
"\n\nKade's order came up so he grabbed his food, said goodbye to his friend, and went back to him apartment. ",
"On his way home, a prostitute passed him by and sent him an invitation for a late-night rendezvous. ",
"The request came up on his heads-up display, displaying a short looped video of her face and body without the mask. ",
"Kade tapped the side of his helmet to ignore the invitation, set his privacy to unavailable, and kept walking.",
"\n\nKade didn't want to take the stairs, but the elevator had been out for the past several months. ",
"His apartment building was pretty quiet aside from his neighbour, who always played his VR too loud. ",
"Kade placed his hand on a sensor and the door unlocked and slid open.",
"\n\nWaiting for him in the front entrance of his apartment was his dog Digi — a miniature robot dog that did not require food, walking, and most importantly, oxygen. ",
"Kade greeted his dog affectionately as if it were a living animal.",
"\n\n\"Heya, boy, did you miss me?\" ",
"he said, bending down to comfort the electronic dog. \"",
"Who's a good boy?\"",
"\n\nThe dog showed him positive signs of affection and followed him faithfully into the kitchen where Kade set his food down on the counter.",
"\n\nThe apartment was air sealed and maintained a livable amount of oxygen at all times. ",
"Using a digital panel mounted on the wall, he adjusted the levels so that he could get a little more comfortable. ",
"Since leaving Mr. Saigon's office, he had been breathing pure oxygen, which had enriched his blood. ",
"It didn't take long for his body to recharge.",
"\n\nKade removed his helmet, jacket, and boots before entering his bedroom and placing his hand on a part of the wall. ",
"A secret panel opened up containing all his valuable oxygen that he had been saving, nearly six months' worth. ",
"He removed the canisters that he had received for his latest delivery and placed them with the others. ",
"With a simple touch, the secret wall panel sealed back up and locked into place.",
"\n\nAfter each delivery, Kade usually soaked his air filters, but he decided he'd do that in the morning. ",
"He wanted to take some time off and not take on any new deliveries, so there was no rush.",
"\n\nTaking his food into the living room, Kade sat in front of the TV, eating his meal and catching a moment of much needed rest.",
"\n\nTaking his food into the living room, Kade sat in front of the TV, eating his meal and catching a moment of much needed rest.",
"\n\n# Chapter Three\n\nWith his status set to unavailable, Kade was unreachable. ",
"He was not taking any new jobs for the immediate future.",
"\n\nHe left his apartment building around noon to run some errands. ",
"One of the things on his to do list was to visit his mother. ",
"She was sick and unable to work so Kade delivered groceries and other essentials to her every other day. ",
"As the world was consumed by a thick smog that choked the life out of nearly every living thing, those who survived often developed life-threatening respiratory ailments. ",
"His mother required constant care and Kade made it his life's mission to look after her. ",
"In many ways, her life gave him purpose — a reason to continue. ",
"Living in a world so bleak had a way of robbing people of joy and hope.",
"\n\nKade entered his mother's apartment, greeted her with a hug, and then set two canisters of oxygen on the counter for her.",
"\n\n\"How're you feeling?\" ",
"he asked. \"",
"Can I get you anything? ",
"Something to eat?\"",
"\n\n\"I just made myself a sandwich. ",
"I made one for you as well. ",
"It's in the fridge.\"",
"\n\n\"Thanks.\"",
"\n\n\"Where are you off to next?\" ",
"his mother asked. \"",
"Another job?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't plan on taking any more jobs for a little while. ",
"I just want to stay in the city and be close to you.\"",
"\n\n\"I'd really enjoy that, Kaden. ",
"You know I worry about you so much. ",
"Not a day goes by where I don't pray for you to come home safe and sound.\"",
"\n\n\"There's no reason to pray, mum. ",
"If there is a God, he's not answering his calls,\" Kade said, walking to the air purifying system. ",
"He replaced his mother's air filter and put in a new oxygen canister.",
"\n\n\"As long as we're still alive and breathing, God is looking out for us,\" his mother said.",
"\n\n\"I hope you're right about that.\"",
"\n\nKade sat next to his mum on the couch and pulled a token out of his pocket. \"",
"Before coming to see you, I had a meeting. ",
"Look,\" he said, showing his mother a one-year sobriety coin. \"",
"I'm one year clean today.\"",
"\n\n\"That's so wonderful, honey. ",
"Come here,\" his mother said, hugging him and shedding a tear. \"",
"I'm so proud of you.\"",
"\n\n\"We should celebrate,\" Kade said. \"",
"Where would you like to go?\"",
"\n\n\"Dinner and a movie?\"",
"\n\n\"It's a date.\"",
"\n\nKade spent the afternoon with his mother, and at around 6:00 p.m., the two exited the building. ",
"The city was dark and they lived in a rough part of town.",
"\n\n\"I never leave the house this late,\" Kade's mother said.",
"\n\n\"It's okay, ma, you're safe with me.\"",
"\n\nThe streets were seedy. ",
"Nefarious and opportunistic criminals lurked in the shadows, looking for an easy target. ",
"Most of them were addicted to ghost, the street name for a synthetic drug that when inhaled delivered a power psychedelic experience of euphoria. ",
"The drug was widespread through the area, everyone trying to get their hands on it. ",
"It was nearly as valuable as oxygen.",
"\n\n\"You know, this reminds me of a much more innocent time,\" she said. \"",
"Before the volcano, people went to work, went out on dates, met with friends, ran their daily errands... So much has changed. ",
"I hardly know any of my neighbours, most people work from home, and rarely do they go out and meet up with friends in person. ",
"Wherever I look I see unscrupulous characters littered all over, doing drugs and up to no good. ",
"It's a really sad state.\"",
"\n\n\"I try not to think about it. ",
"This is the world I know. ",
"I was just a little kid when the volcano erupted.\"",
"\n\n\"I wish you could have seen the way people lived back in the day.\"",
"\n\n\"There's always videos online. ",
"I get the idea.\"",
"\n\n\"It's not the same.\"",
"\n\nThey continued down the dark streets, illuminated by the soft glow from the streetlights, Kade's mother clung to his arm. ",
"Her anxiety was spiked and she didn't feel comfortable being out at night.",
"\n\nWhile crossing a street, they heard a commotion in a back alley that sounded like a woman screaming. ",
"She was crying for help and fighting off her attacker. ",
"Kade continued walking, paying her no mind.",
"\n\n\"Kaden, you must help that poor woman.\"",
"\n\n\"It's best not to get involved, ma,\" he said, not breaking stride.",
"\n\n\"That is someone's sister, or mother. ",
"You must help her.\"",
"\n\n\"We live it a different world now, ma. ",
"If I help her, I might get jumped, stabbed, or shot. ",
"Is that what you want?\"",
"\n\n\"Of course not, but we can't turn a blind eye,\" his mother said, stopping dead in her tracks.",
"\n\n\"Ma, what are you doing? ",
"It's most likely a trap. ",
"People out here are hustlers. ",
"They trick you into thinking there's danger, and when you go to help, five guys will surround you and rob you. ",
"Trust me, it's best not to get involved.\"",
"\n\n\"I didn't raise you to be a coward. ",
"Now either you go help her, or I will.\"",
"\n\nKade looked at his mother and realized she wasn't budging until he did something. ",
"Too often people, including Kade, would turn a blind eye to these sorts of situations, which were a regular occurrence. ",
"Rapes, murders, muggings, anyone in distress were left to their own devices. ",
"The problems were easier to ignore than to acknowledge. ",
"It was common for people to step over a dead body like a piece of discarded trash and carry on with their day without giving second thought. ",
"It was a harsh environment and human life, aside from one's own, just wasn't seen as valuable.",
"\n\nWithdrawing his gun, he entered the alley, charging into the darkness. ",
"He called out to the woman, whose screams had now subsided. ",
"Her attackers had fled. ",
"Approaching the woman, Kade was still cautious, looking around for a potential ambush. ",
"Still brandishing his weapon, he asked the woman if she was okay.",
"\n\nThe young girl, no more than fifteen years old, was slumped over and sobbing uncontrollably. ",
"She looked up at Kade, but didn't share her profile with him so he had no way of telling what she looked like or how old she was. ",
"He at least could tell that she was emotionally distraught and in need of help.",
"\n\n\"It's okay, I won't hurt you,\" he said, discreetly tucking the gun into his jacket. ",
"He then extended a hand to help her up. ",
"Kade helped the poor girl to her feet and escorted her back to the main street, where Kade's mother was waiting with open arms.",
"\n\n\"My name is Kade, what's your name?\"",
"\n\n\"My name is, Kirin,\" the girl said.",
"\n\n\"It's nice to meet you, Kirin. ",
"We're here to help you. ",
"Is there somewhere you'd like to go? ",
"My mother and I can walk with you to make sure you get there safely.\"",
"\n\n\"A young girl like you shouldn't be out on these streets alone,\" Kade's mother said. \"",
"It's not safe.\"",
"\n\n\"I appreciate your help and concern, but I should go.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you sure?\" ",
"Kade's mother said. \"",
"Let us walk you home at least.\"",
"\n\n\"No, really, I'm fine. ",
"Thank you,\" the girl said before darting across the street in a hurry.",
"\n\n\"What has this world come to?\" ",
"his mother said.",
"\n\n\"People are just reverting to their animalistic tendencies. ",
"There are hunters, and there are prey.\"",
"\n\n\"I don't believe that,\" his mother shot back. \"",
"What are you? ",
"What am I?\"",
"\n\n\"We're prey. ",
"We're just not the weakest targets yet.\"",
"\n\n\"This poor girl shouldn't have been out at night. ",
"These streets aren't safe.\"",
"\n\n\"It's a concrete jungle, ma,\" Kade said, reflecting on the situation. \"",
"Survival of the fittest out here.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Four\n\nIt had only been a couple of days since Kade made his last delivery with Saigon. ",
"Two in a month was the norm – two in one week was a gift. ",
"Everyone in town knew Saigon's reputation for paying the best, but that wasn't the reputation Kade was thinking about. ",
"Saigon was also known as a ruthless scoundrel who used forceful, and even deadly, tactics to get what he wanted. ",
"He was not a man one wanted to be on his bad side, and refusing a job was the surest way to get there.",
"\n\nKade was in the middle of repairing his drone when he received an incoming message. ",
"He decided to ignore it and return to his work. ",
"Less than twenty minutes later, another message came in. ",
"This time, Kade checked. ",
"They were both from Mr. Saigon — he was requesting Kade's services. ",
"Even though Kade had his delivery status set to unavailable, the messages were marked as urgent.",
"\n\nKade read the message and thought for a moment how he should respond. ",
"Letting out an exaggerated sigh, Kade wrote, \"Mr. Saigon, I appreciate the request, but I'm not making any more deliveries until next week. ",
"Equipment repairs.\"",
"\n\nSeconds later, Mr. Saigon replied. \"",
"Send me your location, I will have someone pick you up. ",
"This matter is of the upmost importance.\"",
"\n\nMr. Saigon was not one to take no for an answer. ",
"Refusal to meet Mr. Saigon could cause him to go off the rails and do something irrational. ",
"He was unpredictable. ",
"Kade felt it would be best to comply with the request so he sent a ping to Mr. Saigon, which showed his real-time coordinates. ",
"On the other end, Saigon was staring at a digital map waiting for the signal. ",
"Once it came up, he sent his driver to retrieve Kade.",
"\n\nKade messaged his friend Tanjoban to see if he had any experience with Mr. Saigon such as this. ",
"Tanjoban hadn't had the experience, nor had he heard of it happening to any of the other riders. ",
"This wasn't business as usual.",
"\n\nThe entire time Kade was working, his mind was preoccupied with what it could possibly be. ",
"It was making him anxious. ",
"Kade made a point of never inquiring about or inspecting the contents of his deliveries. ",
"He mostly assumed it was spice, drugs, or some other banal object of desire from one elite to another. ",
"He wondered what could possibly be so important that demanded such urgency.",
"\n\nA car service pulled up to Kade's building and alerted him. ",
"Kade peered out the window and saw an all-black SUV and what appeared to be a single driver.",
"\n\n\"Be back in a bit,\" Kade said to his dog, Digi. ",
"He grabbed his helmet from the kitchen counter and shoved it on his head. ",
"The digital display lit up, he had plenty of oxygen to last him the rest of the week. \"",
"Protect the castle in my absence,\" he said, walking toward the front door of his apartment.",
"\n\nThe dog made an artificial bark sound before following him faithfully to the door.",
"\n\n\"Digi, track my location. ",
"If I don't return within the hour, send help.\"",
"\n\nKade made his way down several flights of stairs before stepping outside. ",
"A proximity sensor alerted the driver. ",
"They exchanged a formal greeting before Kade was invited into the backseat. ",
"Not a word was spoken between him and the driver the entire way.",
"\n\nThe vehicle drove through the rundown part of town where Kade lived into the nice part of town to where Saigon lived. ",
"Saigon was the richest man in the city and fittingly lived in the tallest tower. ",
"On a clear day, the tower could be visible from any point in the city, but there were never any clear days.",
"\n\nAs the vehicle pulled into the underground parking facility, Kade's nervous energy grew stronger. ",
"Mr. Saigon was not one to mess with, and without any indication of what he wanted, Kade's imagination ran wild with all kinds of unpleasant scenarios.",
"\n\nThe driver got out first and opened the passenger door so that Kade could exit the vehicle. \"",
"This way,\" he said, instructing Kade to follow him. ",
"Kade walked closely behind as they entered the building, walked down a hallway, and entered into an elevator. ",
"Kade opted to remove his helmet even though the oxygen he was breathing was a higher grade than that artificial junk Mr. Saigon pumped throughout his building. ",
"Anytime he could preserve his precious oxygen, he opted for that.",
"\n\nThe elevator raced to the top floor and Kade and Mr. Saigon's driver stood next to each other in silence. ",
"When they reached the top floor, the doors of the private elevator split open and Kade stepped out by himself. ",
"The doors closed behind him and he could hear the elevator go back down. ",
"This added to his nerves. ",
"He was without his bike and weapons, and felt a little vulnerable. ",
"Nevertheless, if Mr. Saigon wanted to hurt him, he wouldn't bring him to his office.",
"\n\n\"Kade Casey, good to see you,\" Mr. Saigon said. ",
"The towering man was impeccably dressed as usual. ",
"There was a slender woman with him with slick black hair and a form-fitting black dress – Veronica James – Kade had met her before.",
"\n\n\"What can I do for you, boss?\" ",
"Kade asked, glad-handing the high-roller.",
"\n\n\"I have a job for you.\"",
"\n\n\"Another delivery?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"Yes. ",
"Please, have a seat.\"",
"\n\nKade sat in an oversized chair, which made him feel even more insignificant in Saigon's presence. ",
"He wondered if Saigon did this intentionally to invoke such feelings of insecurity and give him an advantage in his business dealings.",
"\n\n\"Tri-City,\" Saigon said. ",
"That's all he needed to say. ",
"Kade could fill in the rest.",
"\n\n\"Sorry, I don't make deliveries that far East.\"",
"\n\nMr. Saigon chuckled a bit, flashing his sinister smile. ",
"He picked up a large object from his desk and for a second, Kade thought he was going to fling it at his head or beat him to death with it. ",
"Without saying a word, Mr. Saigon walked over to a bottle of whiskey and poured himself a glass.",
"\n\n\"Whiskey?\" ",
"he offered.",
"\n\n\"No, thank you.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sorry, where are my manners,\" Mr. Saigon said in an insincere tone. \"",
"I understand you've had a bit of a substance issue in the past.\"",
"\n\n'How the hell did he know that?' ",
"Kade thought. ",
"His nerves came flaring back as he swallowed hard and began to sweat. ",
"He wondered what Mr. Saigon was insinuating. ",
"Every word Mr. Saigon spoke was calculated and said for a particular reason. ",
"Kade attempted to anticipate where he was going with that remark. ",
"Mr. Saigon's theatrical antics made him even more threatening as one really wasn't sure what exactly he was thinking.",
"\n\n\"Don't worry about it,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Now, Mr. Casey. ",
"Suppose I wanted a package delivered to Tri-City, and I wanted to hire the best rider in town. ",
"Who would I call?\"",
"\n\nIt was a leading question and Kade knew it.",
"\n\n\"I supposed you'd call me, sir,\" Kade said nervously.",
"\n\n\"Perfect, then I've made the right call. ",
"Now, if you were me, and you were talking to the best rider in town, and this rider refused to deliver a package. ",
"What do you think would be the appropriate response?\"",
"\n\n\"I...I'm not sure.\"",
"\n\nMr. Saigon got up and walked over to him with a slow and methodical pace. ",
"He then circled around the back of the chair Kade was in. ",
"Kade was expecting some sort of blow to come his way and braced for impact. \"",
"Relax,\" Mr. Saigon said. \"",
"You seem tense.\"",
"\n\n\"Just ah... been a stressful week,\" Kade replied.",
"\n\n\"I can imagine. ",
"How's your mother doing?\"",
"\n\nNow this was definitely a shot fired. '",
"How does Saigon know about my mother?'",
"\n\n\"My mother?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"She's doing alright I presume?\"",
"\n\nThis comment lit a fire under Kade. ",
"His heart started to race and his blood began to boil. ",
"He wasn't exactly sure what to do with all that energy. ",
"It wasn't as though he was going to get up and fight Mr. Saigon, and he could not just leave – so neither fight or flight were viable options. ",
"Saigon had a larger than life stature. ",
"He was nearly a foot taller than Kade and outweighed him by more than a hundred pounds. ",
"Kade felt as though he was trapped inside a cage with a grizzly bear.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure what to tell you,\" Kade said, trying to sound confident. \"",
"You need a package delivered to Tri-City and I don't go to Tri-City, so...\"\n\n\"Anyone can go anywhere, it's a matter of will.\"",
"\n\n\"It's too dangerous. ",
"Whatever reward you are offering is not worth the risk. ",
"I'm sure there there are plenty of other riders–\"\n\n\"I DON'T WANT ANY OTHER RIDER!\" ",
"Saigon shouted, slamming his fist down on his desk.",
"\n\n\"Look, Mr. Saigon, with all due respect, what matters to you is having your package delivered, right? ",
"And I would love to be that guy for you, but I don't know those routes, I don't have relationships along the way, and you really need both if you plan to make it there an back in one piece. ",
"I just don't think I'm the best guy. ",
"Now, if you want me to go to Hive, Ashen, or Tribeca then I'm your guy. ",
"But Tri-City, I'm sorry, but you're going to have to find someone else.\"",
"\n\n\"But you're the best rider in the city. ",
"Isn't that what you said?\"",
"\n\n\"Look, if you don't mind, I have some work I need to return to and some places I need to be. ",
"If I'm late, people are going to be concerned and come looking for me.\"",
"\n\n\"Of course, I would hate to cause anyone concern.\"",
"\n\nKade took it as another passive aggressive remark, but didn't react. ",
"He walked toward the elevator and pressed the button.",
"\n\n\"Six canisters,\" Mr. Saigon said in his stoic voice.",
"\n\nThis was the largest offer he had ever received and it definitely made him stop dead in his tracks. ",
"Most riders would jump at the chance to earn just one canister. ",
"Kade turned around slowly. ",
"Saigon smiled then looked at him with his usual no-nonsense demeanour.",
"\n\n\"That's a very generous offer, but like I said, I need to be somewhere, I need to rest up, and possibly reevaluate my life choices.\"",
"\n\n\"Eight canisters.\"",
"\n\nBy now Kade was already in the elevator, he pressed the button to the lobby several times hoping it would make the doors close faster. ",
"He wanted to get out of there as quickly as possible. ",
"He looked up and saw Mr. Saigon was now standing in the doorway, preventing the doors from shutting.",
"\n\n\"Ten. ",
"You'll receive half payment upfront, and the rest upon successful delivery.\"",
"\n\n\"Not for nothing, I appreciate the offer, really, but it's a fool's errand. ",
"See, I don't get paid when I deliver the package, I get paid when I come back, which is twice the risk. ",
"You on the other hand, have your package delivered with one trip, but I only get paid after making two trips. ",
"So the odds of you having your package delivered and not having to pay me are considerably higher. ",
"And we both know the risks involved going to Tri-City. ",
"So like I said, with all due respect, I will have to decline you offer.\"",
"\n\nKade thought he might die in that elevator, but to his surprise, Mr. Saigon stepped back allowing the doors to close.",
"\n\n\"I'm disappointed, Kade, and I hope you reconsider my offer,\" Mr. Saigon said as the elevator doors closed. ",
"Mr. Saigon then said one final thing that sent chills down his spine. \"",
"Say hello to your mother for me.\"",
"\n\nThe elevator took him to the bottom floor and when he stepped out, there was a wall of Mr. Saigon's goons waiting for him. ",
"They were dressed in black, but did not look like they were going to a formal event. ",
"Kade thought for sure he was in for a long night.",
"\n\nKade stepped out of the elevator and the goons surrounded him. ",
"He was trapped with nowhere to run. ",
"He thought about reconsidering his position, but would rather take a beating that he would likely survive than a trip that he likely wouldn't. ",
"With his head high, Kade march confidently toward the group of men.",
"\n\nMuch to his surprise, the men stepped aside, allowing Kade to exit. ",
"It was an intimidation tactic, that's all. ",
"Once outside, Kade couldn't believe he had made it out of Mr. Saigon's building unscathed, although he knew this was far from over.",
"\n\n# Chapter Five\n\nKade stood on the opposite side of the street from a little coffee shop called Chu's Wisely, a local gathering for misfits and downtrodden souls who frequented the Collingwood district. ",
"The owner, Mr. Chu, was a well-respected business man who was a former agent for Mr. Saigon and the Ho Chi Minh gang. ",
"He was somewhat of a legend in the neighbourhood ever since he branched out on his own, using his power and influence for good, to help those in need and offer them protection.",
"\n\nKade looked both ways before cutting across the street, disappearing into the shop. ",
"In addition to the food and beverage items a customer bought, they were also charged an oxygen fee for each minute they were inside, which of course was sold at a premium. ",
"That's how a lot of these small businesses made their money. ",
"Most places offered cheap synthetic air, which was comprised of mostly nitrogen and only trace amounts of recycled oxygen that had been processed through nasty filters.",
"\n\nUpon scanning in, Kade was permitted access. ",
"He found Tanjoban sitting inconspicuously in the back wearing a shirt that said 'Powerful JRE'. ",
"Kade walked over to him, sat down, and removed his helmet.",
"\n\n\"I'm screwed,\" Kade said in a muted tone.",
"\n\n\"Why, what's up?\"",
"\n\nTanjoban was a rider just like Kade. ",
"They ran in a small circle of riders who delivered packages, mostly for wealthy business owners and other social elites. ",
"The gig paid well, but it was not without its dangers.",
"\n\n\"I've been offered a job,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"How much are they paying?\"",
"\n\n\"Ten canisters.\"",
"\n\n\"Saigon?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Let me guess, Tri-City?\"",
"\n\nKade nodded before looking over his shoulder. ",
"It was a new habit he had picked up and hadn't stopped ever since leaving Mr. Saigon's office.",
"\n\n\"Please tell me you declined.\"",
"\n\n\"You know how Saigon is,\" Kade said. \"",
"Can you really decline?\"",
"\n\n\"So what happened? ",
"I want to know everything.\"",
"\n\n\"Ever since my trip back from Hive, I had my status set to unavailable. ",
"I needed a few days off. ",
"I was really looking forward to relaxing and spending time with my mum.\"",
"\n\n\"How's she doing by the way?\"",
"\n\n\"She's doing fine, but I worry about her. ",
"I'm not sure how much time she has left, so the time I spend with her is important. ",
"But not only that, when I'm gone, she doesn't have anyone to look after her. ",
"I think about that on some of these jobs, you know? ",
"If I were to die or... I don't know, something bad were to happen to me where I'm gone for a really long time, then... I don't know, maybe I should just do something else with my life, something with fewer occupational hazards.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I'm sure you'll figure it out. ",
"Go back to your story, tell me everything that happened with you and Saigon.\"",
"\n\n\"I was at home, fixing my equipment, and Saigon kept blowing me up. ",
"It was one message after the other. ",
"I tried to ignore him, but that didn't seem like the right thing to do. ",
"Eventually, I had to answer, you know? ",
"He says he has a job for me and insists we meet. ",
"He asks for my location and the next thing I know, there's a car service in front of my building, waiting to take me to his tower. ",
"I meet the driver outside, but he barely says a word. ",
"The whole time I'm thinking something seems off about this whole situation. ",
"So the driver takes me to his office, and with each passing second, I'm growing more nervous. ",
"I have this pit in my stomach where I feel like I want to throw up. ",
"I contemplated having the driver pull over and just run away, disappear into the city and lay low.\"",
"\n\n\"It was probably good thing that you didn't do that. ",
"You know Saigon, he has eyes and ears everywhere. ",
"You can't really hide from him.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah. ",
"So any way, I feel like a lamb being led to the slaughter. ",
"I arrive at his building and you know how it is, it's intimidating. ",
"I feel like everything is designed to make me feel small and unimportant.\"",
"\n\n\"To him, you are.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, well. ",
"I feel like I'm about to be a huge thorn in his side.\"",
"\n\n\"So what happened next?\"",
"\n\n\"I ride the elevator up to his office where he proceeds to offer me this impossible job. ",
"But it's like this weird doublespeak, you know? ",
"If you wrote down what he said, it wouldn't seem like anything, but it was the way he said it, you know? ",
"That insincere, sociopathic tone mixed with that slow methodical swagger of a silver-back gorilla.\"",
"\n\n\"I feel like he's unpredictable,\" Tanjoban remarked. \"",
"Do you get that same impression?\"",
"\n\n\"Oh totally!\"",
"\n\n\"It's like he could fly off the rails at any moment and drive a dagger through your chest.\"",
"\n\n\"Or more likely, your back,\" Kade said with a slight laugh. \"",
"I vividly recall having that exact thought.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, so what happened next?\"",
"\n\n\"I kept refusing his offer, throwing every excuse I had at this guy — my bike is in the shop, I need to reevaluate my life choices, I have to take care of my dog.\"",
"\n\n\"Your dog takes care of himself.\"",
"\n\n\"I know that, but he doesn't know that.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you sure?\"",
"\n\n\"Actually, I forgot to mention until you just reminded me. ",
"He was saying all this weird stuff to me.\"",
"\n\n\"Like what?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't know, like these passive aggressive threats. ",
"He was asking how my mother is doing and stuff like that. ",
"Actually, the very last thing he said to me before the elevator doors closed was, 'Say hi to your mother for me?'\"",
"\n\n\"'Say hi to your mother for me'? ",
"What the hell is that supposed to mean? ",
"Does he have a thing for your mother or something? ",
"I mean, Ms. Casey is fine and all, but—\"\n\n\"Shut up, man.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm just playing.\"",
"\n\n\"Here's the thing,\" Kade said. \"",
"I don't think I ever mentioned my mother to him. ",
"He also knew I used to have a substance problem. ",
"He brought that up as well. ",
"It was a real game of chess in there.\"",
"\n\n\"So he knows about your mum and your AA meetings, so what? ",
"For a guy like that, that doesn't surprise me. ",
"They say knowledge is power so I'm sure he has entire files on you... all of us. ",
"If we ever double cross him, he knows exactly where we live, what our weaknesses are, and what we value most.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, maybe you're right, but it still doesn't change the fact that I refused his offer.\"",
"\n\n\"I wouldn't worry too much about it. ",
"I'm sure he's calling some other rider to take the job as we speak. ",
"With a price of ten canisters, some schmuck is bound to take the job.\"",
"\n\n\"I get the feeling whether I like it or not, I'm going to be that schmuck. ",
"Seriously, I don't know what to do, man,\" Kade said, burying his face in his palms.",
"\n\n\"At the moment, you don't need to do anything,\" Tanjoban replied, trying to comfort his friend. \"",
"This could all be in your head. ",
"Sure, you probably soured your relationship with Saigon, but I'm sure he's already moved on to some other issue and isn't even thinking about you.\"",
"\n\n\"You really think that?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I wouldn't worry too much about it.\"",
"\n\n\"So what should I do?\"",
"\n\n\"You said you plan to take some time off? ",
"Do that. ",
"You have enough 'O' to last you a while, so you're good, right?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, so relax, spend some time with your mum, take her out on a date so-to-speak.\"",
"\n\n\"I have a hard time shutting my brain off. ",
"I know I'm going to obsess about this until I drive myself crazy.\"",
"\n\n\"Whatever you do, don't go back to using ghost. ",
"We're in this recovery together, remember that.\"",
"\n\n\"Don't worry, I've passed the year mark of being sober. ",
"I won't do anything to mess that up.\"",
"\n\nTanjoban could see that his friend was hurting and wanted to offer him some sage advice, or do something to help out. ",
"He leaned in closer and lowered his voice. \"",
"Hey,\" he said, causing Kade to look up. \"",
"You know Mr. Chu may be able to help.\"",
"\n\n\"How?\" ",
"Kade replied in the same hushed tone.",
"\n\n\"As you know, he's well connected, he used to work for Saigon. ",
"Maybe there's something he can do. ",
"We should go have a chat with him. ",
"I'm sure he'll tell you that you have nothing to worry about.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Six\n\nKade had met Mr. Chu a few times, but wasn't sure if Mr. Chu would remember him. ",
"The local business man interacted with a lot of people. ",
"Tanjoban on the other hand had done a few jobs for Chu and was on good terms with him.",
"\n\n\"Stay here,\" Tanjoban said, standing up and walking to the back.",
"\n\nA moment later, Tanjoban emerged from behind a thick door and waved Kade to follow him. ",
"Kade stood up and looked around nervously before heading into the back of the coffee shop. ",
"Together, they walked down a long and narrow hallway until they approached another thick door. ",
"Tanjoban pounded on it and looked up at the security camera.",
"\n\nProximity sensors scanned them and sent the information to whoever was on the other side of the door. ",
"Seconds later, a green light appeared on a panel by the door followed by a clicking sound. ",
"Tanjoban pushed open the heavy door and made his way to the centre of a small room.",
"\n\nThe entire back wall was one giant high-res digital display that an artificial view of a jungle. ",
"The image was so clear, it looked like they had entered through a portal into the Congo.",
"\n\n\"Mr. Chu,\" Tanjoban said, \"This is my friend, Kade.\"",
"\n\nMr. Chu stood up from behind his desk and walked over to greet Kade. ",
"In a coarse voice he spoke. \"",
"I believe we've met once or twice before if I'm not mistaken. ",
"Or perhaps I've seen you in passing.\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, you are correct, sir. ",
"Thank you so much for meeting with me today, especially on such short notice.\"",
"\n\n\"I always welcome company,\" Mr. Chu said with smile. \"",
"What can I do for you gentlemen?\"",
"\n\n\"Kade needs your help,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\n\"Perhaps more advice than help,\" Kade corrected.",
"\n\n\"Please, come and have a seat.\"",
"\n\nKade looked at Tanjoban who gave him a reassuring nod. ",
"They both took their seats and were offered coffee.",
"\n\n\"No, thank you. ",
"We had some earlier,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\n\"Very well then. ",
"How can I be of assistance?\"",
"\n\n\"I've been given an offer for which I see no plausible reason to accept. ",
"I've rejected the offer, but now I fear the consequences for me will be worse than had I accepted.\"",
"\n\n\"May I guess this offer is from Saigon?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, sir.\"",
"\n\n\"Can you tell me more about this offer?\"",
"\n\n\"He wants me to go to Tri-City to deliver a package.\"",
"\n\n\"I see. ",
"And how much is the compensation?\"",
"\n\n\"Ten canisters.\"",
"\n\nMr. Chu nodded as if he understood more than he was letting on. \"",
"And you refused this offer because making the trip is dangerous?\"",
"\n\n\"Correct.\"",
"\n\n\"And since refusing, you fear your life may now be in danger?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, sir.\"",
"\n\n\"I believe I understand your predicament,\" he said like an old wise man.",
"\n\n\"Is there anything I can do?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\nMr. Chu exhaled and spun around in his chair to gaze out at the fake view that was in front of him. ",
"Kade looked over at Tanjoban who gave him another nod of reassurance.",
"\n\n\"This is my favourite part of the loop,\" Mr. Chu said. \"",
"Everyday around this time, the monkeys come out and play. ",
"It amuses me every time,\" he said with a chuckle.",
"\n\nKade sat patiently, giving Mr. Chu the benefit of the doubt. ",
"It occurred to him that perhaps old age was starting to catch up with Mr. Chu and he was losing his mind.",
"\n\nAfter watching the monkeys descend from their digital trees and roll around in the tall grass, Mr. Chu spun his chair back around and was ready to deliver his King-Solomon-esque wisdom.",
"\n\n\"Understanding the precise predicament you are in, I have given it some careful thought. ",
"Perhaps with more time and deliberation, I would arrive at a different conclusion entirely.\"",
"\n\nThere was a pause.",
"\n\n\"You are a delivery driver, correct?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes.\"",
"\n\n\"This is how you make a living?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, sir.\"",
"\n\n\"You enjoy this line of work?\"",
"\n\n\"It's all I know.\"",
"\n\n\"And Mr. Saigon is one of your main employers?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes.\"",
"\n\n\"It seems to me you have three options — two of which are not advised. ",
"Your first option is to run and hide. ",
"This may sound simple, but I assure you, in such a world in which we live, it makes this option extremely difficult. ",
"Your digital footprint will alert anyone motivated enough to find you of your exact location the moment you step outside your door.",
"\n\n\"You could of course move to another city, one that Saigon doesn't have a stronghold over, but in a twist of irony, the only city I know worth living is the one place for which you refuse to travel.",
"\n\n\"Continuing with this thought, there's also the question of employment. ",
"By cutting off your main source of income, in this case life-supplying oxygen, you would need to find some other means of providing for yourself. ",
"But, you seem like a smart guy, I'm sure you find land on your feet with whatever you choose.",
"\n\n\"Nevertheless, I think you will agree that this option is not an acceptable choice given the situation.\"",
"\n\n\"I agree.\"",
"\n\n\"Now, option two I'm afraid offers an equally unfavourable outcome. ",
"This is the choice that you have currently made — refuse the offer and go about your daily life as if nothing has changed. ",
"I can assure you, Mr. Saigon is among the most petty of men and will do everything in his considerable power to destroy you. ",
"In the history of his rise to power, there has only been one man to successfully defy Saigon and live to tell about it. ",
"And that man is sitting in front of you.\"",
"\n\n\"How did you do it?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"It's a story for another time,\" Mr. Chu responded. \"",
"The short version is, you must have a considerable army, which I don't suspect you have.\"",
"\n\n\"No, sir. ",
"My army is sitting beside me.\"",
"\n\n\"Very well, as I had suspected. ",
"That leaves us with the third, and final option.\"",
"\n\n\"Which is?\"",
"\n\n\"You make the delivery.\"",
"\n\n\"I was afraid you would say that,\" Kade said, sinking lower into his chair like he had been deflated.",
"\n\n\"What's your biggest concern about making the trip?\" ",
"Mr. Chu asked. \"",
"Often the fear of something is greater than the reality.\"",
"\n\n\"My biggest concern? ",
"I can think of about a dozen.\"",
"\n\n\"Let's start with your biggest.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, let's see...\" Kade said, taking his time. \"",
"There are transports that make that journey, but they travel in packs and are heavily armoured and weaponized. ",
"If I were to go, there's a limit to what I can carry.\"",
"\n\n\"So your biggest concern is your load capacity?\"",
"\n\n\"Sorry, no... I was just...\"\n\n\"Take your time.\"",
"\n\n\"My concern is that I will be a team of one, which will not be enough to defend myself from an attack.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, so any given day, you could potentially get killed by any number of things, would you agree?\"",
"\n\n\"I would.\"",
"\n\n\"But this doesn't prevent you from leaving your apartment. ",
"You sitting here is evidence of that. ",
"The reason you do not fear death on a daily basis is because the odds are quite low. ",
"But now your life has approached a crossroads of sorts — you may choose to stay in this city and face whatever consequences may come to you, or you can travel to Tri-City and face those consequences. ",
"Which do you think offers the highest probability of avoiding death?\"",
"\n\n\"Neither.\"",
"\n\n\"Then it is up to you how you wish do die.\"",
"\n\n\"Wait, that's it?\" ",
"Kade responded. \"",
"That's your advice?\"",
"\n\n\"I have given you my advice, which if you recall was to make the trip. ",
"You can analyse all your fears and calculate the probabilities of each of those outcomes becoming a reality, factoring in unknown variables of course.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sorry, I'm not too quick on my feet. ",
"Can you please repeat what you said in simpler terms?\"",
"\n\n\"Traveling to Tri-City comes with risk, right?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, I'm with you so far.\"",
"\n\n\"Each of these risks is not guaranteed to happen, but come with a certain probability of happening.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay.\"",
"\n\n\"So, my advice to you is to choose the path in which you can control the most, and do whatever you can to mitigate the risks. ",
"Stack the odds so to speak so that the probability leads more in your favour.\"",
"\n\n\"What do you mean? ",
"I mean, I understand what you're saying, but what do you suggest I do?\"",
"\n\n\"You mentioned weapons and transport are among your top concerns, did you not? ",
"I can help you with both.\"",
"\n\n\"Help me how?\"",
"\n\n\"Faster bike, bigger weapons, accompaniment, whatever you need.\"",
"\n\n\"You would do this for me?\"",
"\n\n\"As I'm sure your friend here has mentioned, I'm quite resourceful. ",
"If there is something you need, I can procure it for you.\"",
"\n\n\"For a fee?\"",
"\n\n\"Of course, I'm not a charity,\" Mr. Chu chuckled.",
"\n\n\"What kind of fee?\"",
"\n\n\"Depends on what you need from me.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, I appreciate that.\"",
"\n\n\"So then it has been decided, with my help, you will travel to Tri-City.\"",
"\n\n\"I guess so. ",
"I don't really feel like I have much of a choice, do I?\"",
"\n\n\"No, you don't,\" Mr. Chu laughed again. ",
"Kade wasn't in the mood for humour.",
"\n\n\"So when can I see you again?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"If I could give you one other piece of advice, I would suggest you get in contact with Mr. Saigon as soon as possible and let him know you've reconsidered his offer.\"",
"\n\n\"I will. ",
"Thank you so much, Mr. Chu.\"",
"\n\n\"It was my pleasure.\"",
"\n\n\"In return, you will owe me a favour. ",
"When the time comes, I will collect.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Seven\n\nIt was unusual for Kade to miss one of his NA meetings, which worried Tanjoban. ",
"He tried contacting Kade several times throughout the night, but there was no response. ",
"Fidgeting in his seat, he feared the worst.",
"\n\nLeaving the meeting early, Tanjoban went over to Kade's apartment and saw that the door had been forced open, breaking the air-tight seal and allowing precious oxygen to escape.",
"\n\nNot wanting to inadvertently step into the middle of a situation, Tanjoban proceeded with caution. ",
"He removed a small blade from his jacket and held it firmly in his hand. ",
"With his other hand, he slowly pushed the door open wide enough for him to slip through. ",
"He waited for a brief moment in the entryway to listen for any commotion that would signal the intruders were still in his apartment. ",
"When he didn't hear anything, he proceeded inside.",
"\n\nAs he walked down the hall, he read the digital display in his helmet. ",
"There was only one body detected in the vicinity and the oxygen levels were dangerously low. ",
"Rounding the corner, he saw Kade lying on the floor with his face bloodied and bruised. ",
"He was unconscious and barely breathing.",
"\n\n\"Kade!\" ",
"Tanjoban said, rushing over to his wounded friend.",
"\n\nIt was difficult to fully assess the damage since Kade's face was a bloody mess. ",
"Tanjoban looked around and saw that the apartment was completely trashed. ",
"He wasn't sure if this was a burglary, or payback from Mr. Saigon. ",
"Regardless, his friend needed help.",
"\n\nReaching into his pocket, Tanjoban pulled out an Epipen and jabbed it into Kade's thigh. ",
"The injected liquid entered his bloodstream and took affect instantly. ",
"Kade's body spasmed as it desperately clung to life.",
"\n\nKade's eyes slowly peeled open and he began to moan.",
"\n\n\"You're okay, buddy?\" ",
"Tanjoban said. \"",
"I got you.\"",
"\n\nUsing the density scanner on his helmet, Tanjoban checked for any broken bones. ",
"Fortunately, there didn't appear to be any major fractures. ",
"For now, Kade was just in a lot of pain, but he would heal.",
"\n\n\"Don't try to move,\" Tanjoban said. \"",
"Just relax. ",
"Can I get you anything?\"",
"\n\n\"In the kitchen. ",
"Third drawer down. ",
"By the fridge.\"",
"\n\nBefore Kade could finish his sentence, Tanjoban was on his feet and dashing toward the kitchen.",
"\n\n\"There's a bottle of pain killers. ",
"Bring me two please.\"",
"\n\n\"Don't worry, I got you, buddy,\" Tanjoban said, filling up a glass of water and bringing the medicine to Kade. ",
"He knelt down beside his friend. ",
"With Tanjoban's help, Kade sat up and swallowed the pills.",
"\n\n\"Can you breathe okay?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\n\"It's a little stuffy in here, but I should be alright for a while.\"",
"\n\n\"Where's your helmet? ",
"We should get you some oxygen. ",
"It'll help you heal and make you feel better.\"",
"\n\n\"Over there,\" Kade pointed to a shelf. ",
"Sitting on the floor with his back against his couch, he took a deep breath. ",
"Within minutes, the oxygen and pain killers kicked in and he felt a lot better.",
"\n\n\"What happened?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\n\"I'll give you one guess?\"",
"\n\n\"You know what, I'm sick of Saigon, bro. ",
"I say we roll up on him and blast that fool.\"",
"\n\n\"As much as I would love to live that dream with you, we can't... he has my mum.\"",
"\n\n\"What!?\"",
"\n\n\"He said if I ever want to see her again, I have to do exactly what he says.\"",
"\n\n\"I thought you called him and told him you reconsidered his offer?\"",
"\n\n\"I did. ",
"I guess I waited too long.\"",
"\n\n\"So he gets your message, but still lays a beating on you?\"",
"\n\n\"Pretty much.\"",
"\n\n\"That's messed up, bro.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, well... no sense dwelling on it now.\"",
"\n\n\"Man, I hate that guy. ",
"One of these days I swear he'll get what's coming to him.\"",
"\n\n\"It gets worse,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"You get beat within an inch of your life, your sweet mother gets kidnapped, and you're forced to do a suicide mission to Tri-City. ",
"How could it possibly get worse?\"",
"\n\n\"He got me high on ghost.\"",
"\n\nTanjoban stood up and paced back and forth, fuming with rage.",
"\n\n\"Yeah, his goon squad held me down and forced that toxin into my system.\"",
"\n\n\"Why the hell would he do that?\"",
"\n\n\"No clue.\"",
"\n\n\"He's pure evil. ",
"One year of sobriety down the drain. ",
"Does it still count if you get high against your will?\"",
"\n\n\"That's the least of my concerns right now. ",
"I have to deliver that package in one week. ",
"If I don't, my mother is dead.\"",
"\n\n\"Can't you just kill Saigon and get your mother back?\"",
"\n\n\"It'd be easier to just deliver the package. ",
"I need to go talk to Chu, see if he can hook me up with some gear.\"",
"\n\n\"Good thing you've been smart with your finances.\"",
"\n\n\"Actually, I'll need a loan. ",
"Saigon and his men robbed me of my entire stash.\"",
"\n\nTanjoban put his head down and exhaled. ",
"His friend's predicament kept getting worse, and there was nothing he could do about it. \"",
"I'm so sorry, brother. ",
"I can help you as much as I can, but as you know, I'm not as diligent with my savings as you are. ",
"Plus, I haven't been getting as many big jobs lately so I don't have much to offer.\"",
"\n\n\"It's alright, buddy. ",
"I'll figure this out on my own.\"",
"\n\n\"So when do you leave?\"",
"\n\n\"As soon as I can stand. ",
"The clock is ticking.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Eight\n\nKade was badly wounded and had no time to heal. ",
"Every moment that passed was one step closer to him and his mother suffering an unspeakable fate.",
"\n\nComing down from his hit of ghost, he was already feeling immense cravings for his next fix. ",
"He had been clean for over a year now and was not sure how he wanted to handle that situation, especially while embarking on the most dangerous mission of his life. ",
"Going through withdrawal presented all sorts of problems.",
"\n\nKade passed by three ghost heads on his way to Chu's Wisely, but didn't bother to stop. ",
"Walking with a slight limp, he entered the coffee shop and scanned in. ",
"Mr. Chu wasn't expecting Kade to return so soon, but was delighted to see him.",
"\n\n\"Mr. Casey, welcome back,\" he said. \"",
"What can I get you, the usual?\"",
"\n\nAs with most shops, customer service agents were a relic of the past. ",
"While Mr. Chu's coffee shop was automated as well, he liked to spend his time there, interacting with guests.",
"\n\n\"If the usual is a new bike and weapons, than yeah.\"",
"\n\nMr. Chu looked around before discreetly nodding and inviting Kade into the back. ",
"Kade followed a few paces behind.",
"\n\n\"You're limping,\" Chu commented. \"",
"You take a spill out there on your bike?\"",
"\n\n\"Not exactly.\"",
"\n\n\"I take it your meeting with Saigon did not go well.\"",
"\n\n\"No... no it did not.\"",
"\n\nKade and Chu entered a small service elevator, which took them down to the basement. ",
"That's when Kade pulled off his helmet, revealing his bruised and swollen face. ",
"He had a busted lip and a cut over his right eye. ",
"Chu took notice.",
"\n\n\"You should see the other guy,\" Kade said ironically.",
"\n\nChu stared at him for a moment and then burst out laughing. \"",
"That was a good one. ",
"You're a very funny guy.\"",
"\n\nIt was a lame joke as old as time, so Kade wasn't sure why Chu found it so funny.",
"\n\n\"So you need a new motorcycle and some guns?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, can you help me?\"",
"\n\n\"Of course, of course,\" Chu said smiling. \"",
"You've come to the right place. ",
"Mr. Chu can get you anything. ",
"But, there's one thing.\"",
"\n\n\"Oh yeah, what's that?\" ",
"Kade asked, expecting some outlandish condition.",
"\n\n\"Last time we spoke, you said you were going to call Saigon and accept the job.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Why then did he hurt you?\"",
"\n\n\"I guess he didn't get the message. ",
"Not really important now, is it?\"",
"\n\n\"Did he take your bike too?\"",
"\n\n\"No, but my bike is old and may not make the trip. ",
"I need something with a lot more power. ",
"Something fast and can handle the harsh terrain. ",
"Something with gadgets. ",
"It's like you said, for a trip like this, I want to stack the odds in my favour.\"",
"\n\n\"There are delivery trucks that routinely make this trip to Tri-City – they carry everything from passengers to supplies. ",
"Why doesn't Saigon just use one of those?\"",
"\n\n\"You know, I forgot to ask as he was stomping my head in. ",
"He's your old buddy, why don't you ask him?\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, okay, let's not dwell on matters that are outside of our control. ",
"You said you need weapons too?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, do you have any?\"",
"\n\n\"Please, don't insult me. ",
"I have everything. ",
"What did you have in mind?\"",
"\n\n\"Something small, but packs a punch.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, so a powerful bike with gadgets and a small weapon that packs a punch. ",
"Got it. ",
"When do you need it by?\"",
"\n\n\"Yesterday.\"",
"\n\nAgain, Mr. Chu laughed hysterically like it was the funniest thing he had ever heard.",
"\n\n\"Okay, wait right here. ",
"I'll make a call.\"",
"\n\nKade took a seat in the coffee shop while he waited for Mr. Chu to procure the items he requested. ",
"The coffee only served to enhance his desire for ghost. ",
"He fought the urge and focused on the cup in front of him. ",
"When he finished that, and the refill, he began to be overwhelmed with boredom. ",
"His feet were twitching and his arms began to tingle. ",
"Worst of all, he had a dull headache, which grew in intensity by the minute. ",
"Through deep breaths and other relaxation techniques, he tried to ignore the insatiable pull back to the dark side.",
"\n\nHe buried his head in his arms, which were folded over each other on the table. ",
"His mind continued its decent as he slipped further into a state of despair and dependency. ",
"In such a weakened condition, he was not capable of making rational choices of his own volition. ",
"The drug had taken over and he was on the verge of becoming a full-blown ghost head junkie again.",
"\n\nEventually, he could no longer fight the withdrawal symptoms and he submitted to temptation. ",
"His head snapped up like a man possessed and he shot out of his seat. ",
"Placing his helmet on his head, he cranked the oxygen on full blast. ",
"He closed his eyes, inhaled a deep breath, and then opened them again.",
"\n\nHe marched outside with a confident swagger and headed East toward one of the ghost heads he had passed by earlier.",
"\n\n\"Hey, pal,\" he said. \"",
"You selling?\"",
"\n\n\"Whatchu need?\"",
"\n\n\"Ghost,\" Kade said, looking over his shoulder. ",
"Drugs weren't illegal, but they instilled paranoia and delusions. ",
"An irrational fear was just one of many mind-altering states of the drug.",
"\n\n\"How much you need?\"",
"\n\n\"Give me 100cc... no 200... actually make it 300.\"",
"\n\n\"You sure?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, 300 it is. ",
"That'll be 600 units.\"",
"\n\nAs soon as the transaction was done, Kade found himself in a private area behind the coffee shop. ",
"He sat on the dirty pavement, away from prying eyes, and he took out one capsule of ghost. ",
"He stared at the capsule and couldn't believe he was in this place once again.",
"\n\nGhost was a drug that could be taken on its own or mixed with oxygen to give a person feelings of invincibility, recklessness, and euphoria. ",
"It was highly addictive and often used as a way of escape. ",
"It was developed after the fallout when people lost nearly everyone they ever cared about — not just family and friends, but their favourite restaurants, musicians, and entertainers. ",
"They lost their ability to cope and needed a substance to deal with the pain. ",
"There were no more celebrations or backyard BBQs, no more vacations or promotions, and early retirement took on a whole new meaning. ",
"Society went into a smokey, red-alert, mayday tailspin. ",
"In an instant, hopes and dreams were gone and life became a countdown until the end. ",
"There was nothing much to live for. ",
"People now focused on doing whatever they could to survive.",
"\n\nThe mind of an addict was a terrible state to be in and Kade vowed to never touch the substance again. ",
"Yet, through circumstances beyond his control, the evil talons of the drug had sunk its claws in and had an inescapable influence on him. ",
"It took everything in his power to stand up and walk away, but that's what he decided to do.",
"\n\nDespite having just paid an arm and a leg for three capsules, he knew if he went down that path, he may never return.",
"\n\n# Chapter Nine\n\nKade received a message from Mr. Chu informing him that his gear had arrived. ",
"He walked across the street and met Mr. Chu in front of his shop.",
"\n\n\"That was fast,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"What did I tell you? ",
"I can get you anything.\"",
"\n\n\"The bike came in?\" ",
"Kade asked as they made their way into the back.",
"\n\n\"Wait till you see this thing.\"",
"\n\n\"What did you get?\"",
"\n\n\"You'll see,\" Mr. Chu teased.",
"\n\nWhen they entered the back loading bay, Kade nearly lost his mind. ",
"In front of him was a mint Suicide 1200x — all black with thick treads. ",
"The bike was the fastest and most expensive bike ever produced.",
"\n\n\"I can't believe it,\" Kade said, approaching the bike in awe. ",
"He studied every inch of it and ran his hands over all the surfaces. \"",
"I have only read about these things. ",
"How did you get this?\"",
"\n\n\"Mind you, this bike is no ordinary 1200x,\" Mr. Chu said with a satisfied smile. \"",
"No, this is no stock bike. ",
"It has every mod you can imagine. ",
"Suped-up motor with turbo boost, reinforced suspension, Kevlar-armoured panels, ultra-grip tires, carbon fibre frame, extra storage for your long-distance trip.\"",
"\n\n\"Mr. Chu, this is incredible. ",
"Seriously, I can't believe you got me this.\"",
"\n\nMr. Chu and Kade continued to circle the bike. ",
"Mr. Chu then put his thumb on a hidden sensor, which caused four panels to open, each had a small gun protrude. ",
"He pressed the sensor again and the guns retracted and the panels sealed up inconspicuously.",
"\n\n\"Whoa! ",
"That was incredible,\" Kade said. ",
"The smile never left his face.",
"\n\n\"There's a sensor right here,\" Mr. Chu explained. \"",
"Just put your thumb here. ",
"You can also open through a voice command in your helmet. ",
"But that's not even the best part. ",
"The guns are automated so all you have to do is drive and they do the rest. ",
"You set the target and they will lock on.\"",
"\n\n\"That's so cool.\"",
"\n\n\"Wait, there's more,\" Mr. Chu said, leading Kade to the rear of the bike. \"",
"See this compartment? ",
"Inside is a Midnight Raven Drone — top of the line. ",
"Deploy it at will and see the visuals pop-up in the display of your helmet.\"",
"\n\n\"Does it have guns on it too?\"",
"\n\n\"No, but it can carry heavy loads, which may come in handy.\"",
"\n\n\"Good to know. ",
"This thing is amazing, Mr. Chu.\"",
"\n\n\"There's one other thing. ",
"This bike can drive itself. ",
"It has sensors that make thousands of decisions per second, far better than a human driver. ",
"No offense.\"",
"\n\n\"None taken.\"",
"\n\n\"To activate it, just press this button and then you can use your voice to command it.\"",
"\n\n\"Incredible,\" Kade said, truly astonished. ",
"It made his bike seem like it belonged in a museum.",
"\n\n\"Now, let me show you the guns I got for you.\"",
"\n\nKade was overwhelmed and quite excited to test out his new gear. ",
"After Mr. Chu showed him the guns and how to use everything, they had an important discussion about price. ",
"Kade was almost afraid to ask. ",
"However, seeing the bike and all its capabilities, he knew he couldn't make the trip without it.",
"\n\n\"So, Mr. Chu, for the bike, the weapons, and all the other gear, what are we talking?\"",
"\n\n\"For now, they are my gift to you,\" Mr. Chu said.",
"\n\n\"What do you mean, 'for now'? ",
"I don't want to have some impossible debt to pay when I come back.\"",
"\n\n\"You don't have to take the deal, it's up to you.\"",
"\n\nKade was trapped and knew that without the bike and weapons, he was dead man. ",
"Whatever debt he had to settle in the future was best not to think about at this time. ",
"Mr. Chu had a reputation of being fair and straightforward, so he bowed to him and told him he would accept the deal.",
"\n\n\"Good luck, Kade.\"",
"\n\n\"Thank you, Mr. Chu... for everything.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Ten\n\nKade hit the open road. ",
"His new bike felt much lighter and faster than the one he previously had. ",
"With his oxygen cranked, he cruised through the night, relying on the sensors on his bike to navigate through the thick smog. ",
"Since people rarely travelled, not even by air, the highways were mostly empty, which was a bonus. ",
"The first two hours of the journey were not the dangerous part. ",
"The danger would come later.",
"\n\nHis fatigued brain kept replaying the images of the attack from the night before. ",
"Now less than twenty-four hours later, it felt surreal that he was on the first leg of the trip that he feared so much.",
"\n\n***\n\nIt happened a little after midnight, Kade was awoken by a loud crash and the sound of men charging into his apartment. ",
"The door of his apartment had been kicked in, breaking the air seal. ",
"Kade jumped up and went for his gun, but was met with a boot to the chest. ",
"He flew back on the couch and before he could get up, three men were pummeling him.",
"\n\nAs the air escaped his apartment and replaced with poisonous carbon dioxide, Kade began to gasp for breath. ",
"He scrambled toward his helmet, but was held in place by three angry men.",
"\n\nOne of the men scanned every wall in his apartment until he found what he was looking for. ",
"On one of the walls were the greasy smears of hand prints, indicating there was a hidden panel that was operated by a touch sensor.",
"\n\nAs his mind wandered, images continued to flash in his head.",
"\n\nOne of the thug's broken into the secret stash and removed all his preciously preserved canisters. ",
"He returned to the living room where his cohorts were handily strong-arming Kade into submission. ",
"Any reservations from backing out of the deal were completely gone.",
"\n\n\"I can't... brea—\" Kade struggled with his words through a busted up jaw.",
"\n\n\"Let him go,\" Saigon said, entering the apartment. \"",
"He's no use to us dead.\"",
"\n\nThe man let Kade go and then kicked over Digi.",
"\n\n\"I called you,\" Kade said, barely able to breathe.",
"\n\n\"You did?\" ",
"Mr. Saigon said. ",
"He then took his phone out and played the message.",
"\n\n\"Playing message form Kade Casey — 'Mr. Saigon, I hope this message finds you well. ",
"I have reconsidered your offer and decided to take you up on it. ",
"I can leave as soon as possible.' — ",
"end of message. ",
"To replay message, press 1.\"",
"\n\n\"Oh, I guess you did. ",
"So I guess all this was unnecessary then. ",
"Oops, my bad. ",
"In any event, it appears we're on the same page now. ",
"Oh and Mr. Casey... we'll hold on to your mother just in case you decide to change your mind. ",
"Deliver the package and you can see your mum again. ",
"Sound good?\"",
"\n\nKade did his best to block out those thoughts, but on these solo adventures, the mind tended to wander into the darkest corners.",
"\n\n***\n\n\"Mum, look at me!\" ",
"Kade said, standing on the seat of his bike.",
"\n\nKade's mother watched her son proudly standing in her perfectly manicured lawn surrounded by a white picket fence. ",
"Kade was in the street, on his bike, showing off all the tricks he could do. ",
"The sky was blue, the weather was warm, and a slight breeze kept them cool.",
"\n\n\"Very nice, Kaden.\"",
"\n\n\"When's dad coming home?\"",
"\n\n\"He won't be home until later. ",
"He's working a night shift again. ",
"You can see him tomorrow afternoon.\"",
"\n\n\"Ah-man,\" Kade complained, taking a wide turn around the cul-de-sac before coming to a stop. \"",
"Okay, mum, watch this one. ",
"I'm going to jump off that curb and spin my handlebars.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, I'm watching.\"",
"\n\nKade beamed with joy because he could show off to his captive audience of one. ",
"He placed all his weight on his front, setting the bike in motion. ",
"He furiously peddled toward the curb with a fierce look of intensity. ",
"His bike rocked back and forth as he rode high like a jockey. ",
"His front wheel hit the lip of the curb, he popped off, and became momentarily airborne. ",
"Maintaining his focus, he whipped the handlebars around so that it, along with the front wheel, rotated 360 degrees before catching it again and sticking the landing.",
"\n\nThe bike came down with a thunderous crash and as the wheels touched down, the entire ground shook. ",
"With a look of shock, Kade settled the bike and came to a stop. ",
"When he looked back at his mother to see if she had witnessed his trick, she was looking up at the sky in horror. ",
"Kade turned his head around and saw a large plume of smoke engulf the sky.",
"\n\nThe ground started to shake and Kade's mum quickly called him over to come back inside their pristine suburban home.",
"\n\n***\n\nKade snapped out of his daze and focused on the hazards ahead. ",
"On either side of him were hundreds of kilometres of scorched Earth. ",
"Since the eruption of Eldorado super volcano nearly two decades ago, the world, along with civilization was forever changed. ",
"The once luscious planet, with green trees and blue skies, was in a desperate state of decay where nothing grew, and nature resembled a mars-like surface.",
"\n\nThe initial blast wiped out everything in a hundred-kilometre radius, but what happened next did even more damage. ",
"The sky turned black, restricting the sunlight. ",
"This sent the world into a cataclysmic shift, which killed nearly every living thing on the planet.",
"\n\nThe remaining survivors quickly scrambled, gathering food, supplies, and finding safe refuge. ",
"Some had prepped for a disaster such as this and retreated into their underground bunkers, while others seal their windows and doors, and relied on air filters to keep them alive.",
"\n\nWith time, the dust began to settle and people started venturing out into the world. ",
"Essential services such as grocery stores and hospitals resumed operation. ",
"People left their houses only when necessary, ensuring they covered their mouths with anything from coffee filters to diapers just to filter the particles out of the air.",
"\n\nAdjusting to a new normal, the resilience of humans found a way to carry on. ",
"New manufacturing plants and services emerged. ",
"High-tech masks and helmets became as ubiquitous as smartphones. ",
"People now breathed out of oxygen canisters and had home filtration systems installed. ",
"Along with these changes in lifestyle, people also saw old systems and governments collapse, giving rise to new power dynamics. ",
"Mr. Saigon had become the richest and most powerful man in the city.",
"\n\n# Chapter Eleven\n\nWhat made the route to Tri-City so dangerous was that there was no route. ",
"Traversing the badlands, as they were called, was more like completing a video game. ",
"First level was the dunes, then the ruins, the sinkholes, the mountains, the desert, the then the pit. ",
"Each level posed their own sets of challenges.",
"\n\nThe dunes were the first checkpoint that was notorious for wreaking havoc on vehicles. ",
"The soft sand would clog up moving parts and cause tires to get stuck.",
"\n\nThe ruins had miles of hazardous debris and scavengers — a lawless group of bandits that would stop at nothing to get their hands on anything of value. ",
"They were mostly after oxygen — the pure stuff. ",
"They were clever too, setting traps and relentlessly pursuing their targets, forcing them to panic and make mistakes. ",
"More often than not, people travelling through these parts never made it passed the ruins.",
"\n\nFor those luckily enough to survive the first two parts were met with a long stretch covered in sinkholes — large openings in the Earth loosely concealed with sand and rock. ",
"Even a small sinkhole could kill a traveller if they were unfortunate enough to fall in. ",
"The larger holes were easier to avoid, but the surrounding area was just as unstable. ",
"Even the slightest weight or disturbance could cause the ground to shift and collapse without warning. ",
"If the fall wasn't enough to kill a person, the subsequent rubble would bury them alive.",
"\n\nNext, was a steep ascent into the mountains. ",
"The treacherous climb through acid rain and snow weren't the only hazards. ",
"The sudden changes in weather, falling rock, broken roads, unstable bridges, and other passengers were just some of the things to watch out for.",
"\n\nOnce through the mountains, travellers would be met with miles upon miles of desert. ",
"These parts weren't known to have any people, but the threats were endless. ",
"The hot climate, the freezing temperate drop at night, the sandstorms... any one could be enough to pose serious health risks or cause equipment failure.",
"\n\nMaking it through these stages were actually the easiest part of the journey. ",
"As for the pit, Kade didn't want to even think about it until the time came.",
"\n\nThere were no rest stops along the way, no hotels or restaurants, no mechanics that could help repair or replace broken parts, no creeks or lakes to drink from or wash up. ",
"A traveller was pretty much on their own — human vs. nature.",
"\n\nUnfortunately, there was only one way across.",
"\n\nAt night, the temperature dropped to sub 30 degrees Celsius, but Kade's suit kept his body temperature stable — an upgrade from Mr. Chu. ",
"The suit also worked in hot climates as well, to keep his body cool. ",
"Without it, he would succumb to the elements.",
"\n\nKade had been riding throughout the night, breathing a supply of pure oxygen, which aided his wakeful state. ",
"At a certain point he would have to stop and get proper rest. ",
"His body was used to being hunched over for long periods of time, but with the beating and the mental anguish he had endured, he was about ready to collapse.",
"\n\nHe entered the dunes just as the sun was rising, which created the most picturesque beauty he had seen in a while. ",
"Seeing the gradient orange sky as the sun rose over the rolling mounds of sand was almost worth the trip. ",
"As the sun continued to rise, it would make the desert unbearable. ",
"Fortunately, Kade had all the proper gear he needed.",
"\n\nThe road had run out over a kilometre ago, and Kade saw nothing but endless dunes in every direction. ",
"With a simple voice command, he launched his drone, which exploded out of the back of his bike and climbed to over two-hundred feet within seconds. ",
"Through his digital display, he got a topographical view of the landscape. ",
"As he had suspected, there were no places to rest or hide. ",
"There were no caves or trees casting shade, just a barren wasteland.",
"\n\nHe reduced his speed and eventually came to a stop. ",
"After a quick systems check, he dismounted his bike and stretched his legs and back. ",
"The hydration system in his helmet was enough to last the trip, but only when he was connected to his bike. ",
"He had been slowly sipping it all night and had gotten used to it. ",
"Now he was ten paces away from his bike and had a slight moment of panic when he attempted to take a drink and nothing came out.",
"\n\nAfter relieving himself, he walked back to his bike, rehydrated, and then laid down for a quick nap. ",
"He had instructed his drone to continue to survey the area and alert him of any danger. ",
"Nestling into a grove in the sand, Kade closed his eyes and fell asleep almost instantly. ",
"He only needed a few hours sleep.",
"\n\nNear the end of his sleep cycle, Kade was awoken by a soft beeping sound. ",
"In a state of delirium, he forgot where he was and instinctually reached for his weapon. ",
"He posted up in a sitting position and looked ahead, but didn't see any danger. ",
"He checked the temperature and it was much lower than he was expecting. ",
"As he continued to become more awake and gather his senses, he noticed it was also much dimmer. ",
"Nevertheless, the alarm from the drone persisted.",
"\n\nHe rose to his feet and looked behind him. ",
"He stood in awe for a moment at the sheer magnitude of what was coming toward him. ",
"A giant wall of sand that stretched skyward, blocking out the sun. ",
"It was a nasty storm with thunder and lighting, unlike anything he had ever experienced before. ",
"It caught him off guard.",
"\n\nHe retrieved his drone and plotted out what he would do next. ",
"As he saw it, there were only three options — outrun it, stay put and hunker down, or ride into it. ",
"It made little sense to head back in the direction in which he had come. ",
"There was also no way around it. ",
"In that moment, he heard a voice in his head. ",
"It was Mr. Chu telling him to analyse the situation and stack the odds in his favour. ",
"There was no need to take unnecessary risks and riding blindly into a giant sand storm on a bike just didn't seem like a wise decision.",
"\n\nIf he was going to ride out the storm, he needed to act quickly. ",
"He mounted his bike and rode to the largest dune he could find and parked on the opposite side as the storm. ",
"He then took out a cable from a compartment on his bike and buried one end into the ground as deep as possible. ",
"On the end of the cable were spikes that stuck out like a grapple and acted as a land anchor. ",
"The cable was intended to be a winch, but he had to improvise. ",
"As the storm grew nearer, he tipped his bike on top of him, creating some sort of barrier of protection, and then got into a fetal position.",
"\n\nThe thunderous winds swept over the dune, creating a noise so loud that he could hardly hear himself think. ",
"Now fully engulfed in the swirling debris of chaos. ",
"He felt the bike move and expected it to be ripped from the ground and tossed around like a plastic bag. ",
"However, taking refuge behind one of the dunes seemed to have sheltered him from the strong gusts of wind. ",
"Now all he had to worry about was being buried alive.",
"\n\nThe storm seemed never-ending. ",
"He laid in one spot, covered in sand, for over an hour. ",
"His helmet was completely covered, blocking out his vision, but fortunately he could still breathe. ",
"Through his heads-up display, he was able to monitor everything from the wind and temperature. ",
"Once the winds slowed down and the temperature began to climb, he knew the storm had passed and the sun was now out.",
"\n\nA heavy blanket of sand covered him, restricting his movements. ",
"He struggled, pushed and kicked, but with each movement, it seemed to only make him more stuck. ",
"Claustrophobia was an issue for him, and for a brief moment he felt like he could die there. ",
"Less than 24 hours into his trip, the harsh environment had nearly taken him out. ",
"He needed to think of a solution, quickly.",
"\n\nHe felt around and found the cable. ",
"He then remembered Mr. Chu telling him the bike could go on autopilot from voice commands. ",
"He spoke the command, \"Bike, drive ten feet.\"",
"\n\nThe bike came to life and the thick tires found traction in the soft sand. ",
"Instantly, he could feel the ground move around him. ",
"Still holding onto the cable, the bike centered itself and pulled him out the dune, dragging him across the sand for ten feet before coming to a stop.",
"\n\n\"That was cool.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Twelve\n\nWith his drone flying high above him, he continued on course making considerable progress. ",
"He had survived the dunes and the nasty sand storm. ",
"The next stage of his journey was the abandoned city.",
"\n\nAfter riding several hours in the golden sands, he was beginning to be lulled into a false sense of security. ",
"So far there were relatively few dangers on his voyage. ",
"He had an insanely fast bike with every gadget imaginable, was one of the most skilled riders in the world, and was heavily armed. ",
"The more he thought about the dangers, the more confident he became.",
"\n\nIn his heads-up display, Kade was alerted to movement several kilometers ahead. ",
"As he approached closer, he was able to get more information. ",
"When he was less than a hundred yards away, he was able to pick up the digital signature of a woman. ",
"A silhouette of a slender woman appeared along with some basic biometric data — approximate height, weight, and BMI. ",
"This was far less information than what most digital signatures looked like, especially with Kade's equipment. ",
"He was usually able to bypass the privacy settings and see nearly every detail about a person. ",
"However, her signature was wiped clean, which was a red flag.",
"\n\nKade wondered what she was doing all the way out in the middle of the desert by herself, without any transportation or supplies, barely able to stand. ",
"Kade was clever to these sorts of tactics — some cute damsel pretends to be in distress, waiting for some poor sap to come along and rescue her. ",
"She was surely bait for a trap that Kade had no intention of falling for.",
"\n\nAs he passed her, she began frantically waving before collapsing face first. ",
"Kade raced passed her in a flash until she became just another blip on his radar. ",
"A slight smirk came across his face as he uttered to himself, \"Nice try.\"",
"\n\nKade continued on, but then thought about what his mother would do. ",
"His moral compass kept drawing him to the woman. '",
"What if she truly needed help?' ",
"he thought. '",
"Nah.' ",
"Kade then thought about his mother and the woman on the street. ",
"He continued to go back and forth in his mind until his conscience got the better of his rationality.",
"\n\nHe slowed to a stop and looked around. ",
"He was on the outskirts of the dunes and could see the abandoned city ahead. '",
"Where did this woman come from?' ",
"he thought. '",
"Who or what is she running from?' ",
"Kade checked the time. ",
"A large holographic timer appeared in his display, giving the illusion that it was projected ten feet in front of him. ",
"Each second that passed reminded him that he didn't have a lot of time to spare.",
"\n\n'If she were part of a trap, then where are the others?' ",
"he wondered. ",
"There weren't any others around and she did not appear to be armed. ",
"He kept debating.",
"\n\nKade readjusted on his bike, spun it around in the sand, creating a large rooster tail, and took off in the direction he had just come from. ",
"Against his better judgement, he just couldn't live with himself if she truly was in need of his help. '",
"If I'm a sap, then I'm a heavily armed sap.'",
"\n\nAs he approached the woman, he reduced his speed. ",
"She was lying face down and not moving. ",
"He parked his bike, dismounted, and withdrew his weapon. ",
"Looking around, he approached with caution. ",
"There really weren't any places to hide, which set his mind at ease. ",
"If she came from where he was going, then perhaps she could provide him with valuable information.",
"\n\n'Are you okay?' ",
"he spoke into his helmet. ",
"The audio file along with a chat request was sent instantly to the girl. ",
"He could tell she accepted the message and listened to it. ",
"A connection was established as he hung back about twenty feet, on high alert for any surprises that may come up. ",
"He didn't have to wait long until a reply came back. ",
"He accepted the message and a soft voice permeated throughout his helmet. '",
"Please, I need help. ",
"Water.'",
"\n\nKade analyzed those five words before responding, looking for any clue that she may be being deceitful.",
"\n\n\"What are you doing out here?\" ",
"he asked.",
"\n\n\"I was a prisoner, held captive, but I escaped.\"",
"\n\n\"What kind of prisoner? ",
"Who held you captive?\"",
"\n\n\"I'll tell you whatever you want to know,\" the woman moaned in desperation. \"",
"Please, I need water.\"",
"\n\nKade sat with those words and he was in a moral conundrum. ",
"Any sort of slip up or misjudgment on this journey could not only cost him his life, but also his mother's. ",
"He already knew he was going to help her or else he wouldn't have come back. ",
"He couldn't just turn around and leave her to die. ",
"There weren't a lot of travellers in these parts and if she truly needed water, she would likely die before another traveller came by.",
"\n\n\"I can give you water, but only a little,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"Thank you.\"",
"\n\n\"In exchange, I need you to tell me everything you know about the road up ahead.\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, of course. ",
"I can tell you whatever you want to know — who's out there, the traps, the best route, the best places to hide.\"",
"\n\nWater came in little packs that were stored in his bike, he couldn't exactly just give her a drink from a water bottle. ",
"Besides, in this environment, everyone wears helmets and would never expose their face to take a drink of water.",
"\n\n\"Okay look,\" Kade said. \"",
"I have water in my bike. ",
"I'm also packing a Wind Blazer. ",
"If you try anything, I won't hesitate to blast you across this desert.",
"\n\n\"It's okay, you can trust me. ",
"My word is gold.\"",
"\n\nKade returned to his bike and drove toward the young lady, parking mere inches from where she was lying. ",
"Kade once again dismounted and helped the young woman to her feet.",
"\n\n\"You're my hero,\" she said. \"",
"I cannot thank you enough.\"",
"\n\nThe woman mounted Kade's bike and connected the drinking tube to her helmet. \"",
"I'm not sure how much good this will do,\" he said. \"",
"It's sort of delaying the inevitable. ",
"You won't survive long without water.\"",
"\n\n\"Hopefully, I will meet another nice traveller such as yourself. ",
"If I keep doing that, I can make it the whole way like that.\"",
"\n\n\"How's your oxygen?\" ",
"he asked.",
"\n\n\"I have enough for two days.\"",
"\n\n\"That's not enough. ",
"Let me top you up.\"",
"\n\n\"You have a good heart.\"",
"\n\n\"You can thank my mother,\" he said, letting his guard down and feeling a little more at ease about the situation. \"",
"My name's Kade, what's your name?\"",
"\n\nBefore the woman answered, she shoved a taser into his thigh and zapped him. ",
"The high-intensity voltage pulsated throughout his body and he lost all control of his muscles. ",
"He toppled over like a bag of sand, dropping his gun in the process, and continued convulsing in the sand. ",
"Despite all his precaution, he had been tricked.",
"\n\nThe pain was unbearable and left his body in a momentary state of paralysis. ",
"His thoughts scrambled almost as if his soul had become separated from his body.",
"\n\nAs the feeling slowly started to return, he writhed on the ground in pain and completely helpless. ",
"His muscles eventually regained some functionality and he turned onto his stomach and pushed himself up to his knees. ",
"He staggered to his feet like a new born giraffe, swaying back and forth until the feeling in his muscles returned. ",
"Through heavy blinks and a pulsating headache, he had the wherewithal to reach for his weapon. ",
"It was gone. ",
"With the steadiness of a ventriloquist dummy, he stood with a feeling of stupidity as he watched the women disappear from his sight.",
"\n\nAs the female rider raced off with his bike, Kade was more than a little annoyed. ",
"She was killing precious time. ",
"Having a stretch and cracking his neck, he began to decompress. ",
"He then tracked various displays in his visor as his eyes darted back and forth, looking at data as it populated. ",
"After a few seconds, a black dot appeared in the distance.",
"\n\nKade stood relaxed, with his arms by his side and exhaling a deep breathe. ",
"The woman raced toward him at blurring speed, enhanced by the hazy heat waves of a desert mirage. ",
"The bike was almost completely soundless. ",
"The black dot grew larger as it approached closer, appearing as if it was on course to plow into him, but Kade didn't flinch. ",
"The female rider on the other hand was completely unaware of the bike's abilities to be guided remotely. ",
"The bike slowed to a stop directly in front of Kade. ",
"In a calm voice and demeanour, he commanded, \"Get off. ",
"Now.\"",
"\n\nThere was no need to check to see if the precious cargo was still in place, it was located in a small concealed compartment, air-sealed and locked.",
"\n\n\"Oh come on, I was just taking it for test drive, I didn't know you would be so sensitive about it.\"",
"\n\nKade held his hand out and demanded the gun. ",
"Without hesitation, the woman returned it to him. ",
"She could have refused, but in that moment, she decided to cooperate.",
"\n\nShe dismounted the bike in a huff and stepped aside.",
"\n\n\"Back up,\" Kade commanded, now aiming his weapon at her head.",
"\n\n\"What are you doing?\" ",
"she desperately pleaded. \"",
"You can't just leave me out here. ",
"Come on, man.\"",
"\n\nWithout saying another word to her, Kade mounted his bike and took off toward the abandoned city, leaving her in a cloud of dust.",
"\n\n\"Kade!\" ",
"she yelled. ",
"It was no use, he was gone.",
"\n\nKade cut the communication link and never thought about her again. ",
"It served him right for getting involved in someone else's business. ",
"He vowed to never make that mistake again. ",
"With a determined look in his eye, Kade narrowed his brow and focused on the abandoned city, which was fast approaching. ",
"Unfortunately, he didn't get any intel from the woman that could help him navigate the streets and avoid threats.",
"\n\nUnlike the Hive city in which he had passed through a thousand times, he had no idea what hazards may lie ahead. ",
"It presented a whole different set of obstacles than the dunes. ",
"It was less about environmental hazards and more about people with bad intentions. ",
"He recalled the little information the desert woman relayed to him, which was that there were bad people, optimal and sub-optimal routes, and places to hide. ",
"After all, she supposedly came from these ruins, so there were obviously people living there. ",
"That information alone was enough to cause concern.",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirteen\n\nKade brought his bike to a stop just on the outskirts of the city limits. ",
"Receiving information from his drone, he scouted the best route. ",
"The city was too large to go around. ",
"It would also be too time consuming. ",
"Heading straight through the city was the shortest and most obvious path; however, also likely to be the most dangerous.",
"\n\nWith no time to spare, Kade set off. ",
"Even though his bike hardly made a sound, that was of little consequence. ",
"Whoever were in these empty streets had other ways of detecting travellers passing through.",
"\n\nEntering the abandoned city was yet another sobering thought of humanity's fragility. ",
"Countless blocks of blown out high-rises and decaying structures, empty parks and lifeless suburbs, all covered in a thick layer of ash. ",
"The city was a ghost town, a lost and forgotten skeleton of what was a once vibrant and prosperous hub for civilization.",
"\n\nKade's drone stayed ahead of him, scanning the streets. ",
"So far, the coast was clear. ",
"His eyes scanned the streets and buildings as well. ",
"There were far too many places to hide, which made him feel exposed and vulnerable. ",
"He stuck to side streets and travelled at a moderate speed just so that if a hazard were to present itself suddenly and unexpectedly, he would have enough time to react.",
"\n\nFollowing his drone, Kade pulled into a parkade located under a random office building. ",
"He crept in, driving passed a number of broken down and rusted vehicles that were half buried in dust and debris. ",
"There didn't appear to be any other tracks in the dirt, which was a good sign. ",
"He pulled around a corner, placing sensors as he went, until he found a hidden spot tucked away in the back that made him feel safe. ",
"According to the drone's digital scan, there were multiple entry and exit points so in case of an attack, he could make an escape.",
"\n\nKade dismounted after a long day of riding and laid down on the dirt-covered floor. ",
"It was another chance to catch a few much needed hours of rest. ",
"He was on a tight schedule and had only allotted a few hours of sleep per day.",
"\n\nHe checked the timer, which had been counting down from five days. ",
"He also had a map, which charted his course so that he could visually see how far he was to his final destination. ",
"After being on the road for less than twenty-four hours, he still had a long way to go.",
"\n\nHe had a quick meal, holding his breath and lifting up his helmet just enough so that he could take a bite of a high-caloric protein bar. ",
"He then lowered his helmet back down to chew. ",
"He did this several times until it was finished. ",
"It wasn't exactly the best source of nutrients, but it was the customary food source for riders on the go.",
"\n\nAnother hunger that persisted was his insatiable desire to take a hit of ghost. ",
"He still had a small vile of it and kept the thought in his mind at all times. ",
"He wrestled with the idea of throwing it away, and on several occasions reached the conclusion that it was best to discard it, but something always prevented him from doing it. ",
"The drug had an incredible pull on him that was hard to shake. ",
"His rationale was it was better to have it and not need it than it was to need it and not have it.",
"\n\nKade settled in, exhaling and relaxing his mind and body. ",
"Within a few minutes, he was asleep.",
"\n\nLess than an hour into his rest, his alarm blared in his ears, alerting him of danger. ",
"In his sleep-depraved state, he had momentarily forgotten where he was. ",
"He looked around the underground parking structure and began to gain his bearings. ",
"A soft light crept in from a large crack in one of the walls, providing enough light for him to see. ",
"There were no signs of danger. ",
"He looked in his visor, but didn't see anything.",
"\n\nHe quickly mounted his bike and began to pull away, but was blindsided by an electrical pulse that knocked him off his bike and sent him flying into a parked car. ",
"The door caved in on impact and he was once again lying on the soot covered floor. ",
"Unsure what had hit him, he attempted to crawl to safety, but the pain was crippling.",
"\n\nThe small clan of nomadic scavengers had tracked him down and had him surrounded. ",
"The scavies, as they were called, were a lawless group usually with primitive technology. ",
"But these people were from a different tribe and could not be compared to any others. ",
"They had stolen high-tech weapons from travellers and were looking to do the same with him.",
"\n\nAnother shot exploded near his head, sending debris on top of him and chills down his spine. ",
"It was too close for comfort.",
"\n\nThe shots kept coming in multiple directions and Kade had yet to fully regain his faculties. ",
"The noise was deafening. ",
"Loud flashes of light exploded all around him. ",
"A nearby car was blasted to bits and sharp chunks of metal rained down on him.",
"\n\nKade withdrew his weapon, but was barely able to raise his arm let alone steady it to take aim. ",
"The gun had a kick, which required a certain level of strength to withstand the resistance. ",
"The only thing that didn't hurt was to speak. ",
"Using a voice command, he launched his drone from the back of his bike. ",
"It raced around the perimeter obtaining a digital scan of the area. ",
"Now, Kade had a rudimentary visual map showing him the location and number of his attackers.",
"\n\nHe slid back down and continued to watch the blips on his display as they circled in closer. ",
"With time, Kade slowly regained movement in his limbs and crawled to safety behind a heap of rubble. ",
"With his back now against a wall, he attempted to use it to push himself up to his feet. ",
"A paralyzing jolt of residual electricity flashed through his fried nervous system and caused him to grit his teeth in agony.",
"\n\nThere was one more option that Kade had in mind, but he only wanted to use it as a last resort. ",
"Reaching into his jacket, he pulled out a hit of ghost and stared at it. ",
"Now was not the time for hesitation. ",
"His life was on the line and he needed to make a quick decision.",
"\n\n# Chapter Fourteen\n\nKade was about to cross a line he hoped he wouldn't have to cross. ",
"Holding a small dose of the drug, he connected the tiny canister of ghost to his helmet and let the liquid turn to vapour. ",
"He closed his eyes and inhaled deeply. ",
"The drug mixed with the oxygen and entered his bloodstream via his lungs. ",
"After a few deep breaths, he disconnected the empty canister and waited for the drug to take effect.",
"\n\nHe could feel it work almost instantly. ",
"His body went numb and he stood up with confidence. ",
"With his blaster in his hand, he fought back like outlaw. ",
"He let out three shots from his supersonic weapon and hit all three targets. ",
"Dust and debris filled his field of vision and created a visual barrier.",
"\n\nHe walked over to his bike, picked it up of the ground, and hopped on. ",
"Within seconds of taking the drug, his demeanour had changed. ",
"The euphoric feeling of invincibility was exactly what he needed in this scenario and reminded him why he became so addicted to it in the first place.",
"\n\nKade took off in the direction in which he had come, navigating through the underground facility and avoiding any threats. ",
"Ducking his head and swerving around fallen objects, he sped away. ",
"The entire underground facility filled with a thick cloud of ash that had been disturbed. ",
"With a simple voice command, hidden panels on the front of his bike opened up to reveal two guns. ",
"The guns had sensors that looked for targets. ",
"When the targets were locked, Kade made the final decision to discharge the blasts. ",
"Several rounds of high-frequency sonic blasters pulsated out of the guns in a precise manner, finding their targets and taking out several scavies with non-lethal force.",
"\n\nSinking down in his riding mount, Kade create a low centre of gravity, which would help him control the bike as well as make himself a smaller target. ",
"The scavies shot back and but missed. ",
"With the exit in site, Kade and his drone shot out of the parkade like a canon and took to the streets. ",
"He became momentarily airborne, and when he landed, he shifted his weight and was heavy on the throttle. ",
"The backend fished-tailed out in the loose soot-covered streets before finding traction.",
"\n\nFearing his drone would be shot down, Kade instructed it to dock. ",
"It was a risk because now he was driving blindly. ",
"The sensors on the bike picked up movement and blasted automatically as Kade kept his eyes on the road.",
"\n\nThe bike raced through the desolate streets leaving the scavies in his dust. ",
"The effects of the ghost were now fully pulsating through his bloodstream, and he was in the zone. ",
"It allowed him to dial in and make thousands of micro decisions per second. ",
"With an expressionless face, he was in a sort of trance-like state where he had no fear.",
"\n\nPulling the bike into a wheelie, Kade's reckless nature took over. ",
"As his front wheel regained contact with the ground, he swiveled his head around and saw a squad of scavies flooding out of the buildings like rats. ",
"Their torn, loose-fitted clothes draped off them like dirty rags, covering their entire bodies. ",
"Goggles covered their eyes and they wore crude breathing masks, which looked like they were pieced together from scraps.",
"\n\nThe scavies screamed in unison like warriors on a hunt, but Kade was too focused to let it faze him. ",
"Besides, seeing as the scavies were on foot and he was on a bike, he wasn't at all concerned about them catching him.",
"\n\nSeveral scavies appeared from seemingly out of nowhere and from all angles. ",
"This time they were on motorbikes and other off-roading vehicles, which appeared to be assembled in a junkyard, sharing some semblance to a scene out of Mad Max.",
"\n\nKade was a far more skilled rider and was on the best bike money could buy, so he was confident he could outrun and out-manoeuver them. ",
"The only advantage they had was that they knew the streets well and had even designed it with traps.",
"\n\nKade began making a series of sporadic turns in an effort to be evasive. ",
"Left and right, Kade jockeyed back and forth as his silent bike moved stealthily through the streets, sliding around corners. ",
"So far, he was doing well to avoid capture.",
"\n\nAt one point, he made a wrong turn and was met with a roadblock. ",
"This was the first inclination that the scavies may be leading him into a trap. ",
"Like a spider catching a flying, the more the prey would struggle, the more it would seal its fate.",
"\n\n'Maximize your odds,' he heard Chu's voice once again. ",
"If he were to outsmart the scavies, he needed to think two steps ahead and be unpredictable. ",
"Running was the obvious choice. ",
"Fighting seemed like a death wish. ",
"That only other option was to hide.",
"\n\nHe came to a full stop and quickly turned around to look for another street. ",
"His eyes darted around, looking for a building in which he could enter. ",
"Less than fifty feet away, he found what he was looking for and accelerated toward a building. ",
"He entered through a hollowed-out window of what was once the main lobby. ",
"He manoeuvred around some debris and made his way up a flight of stairs. ",
"Soot and ash filled the stairs making it more like a ramp. ",
"The thick-treaded tires climbed the stairs with ease. ",
"Within seconds, he was on the second floor.",
"\n\nFlying down one of the hallways, Kade entered a random room. ",
"The large space was filled with old desks and cubicles, covered in soot. ",
"It was most likely an office for some company back in its heyday. ",
"Now, like everything, it resembled the aftermath of Chernobyl.",
"\n\nLooking at his timer, the seconds and minutes counted down. ",
"He didn't have time for this, but had no other options. ",
"Within the hour, his hit of ghost would slowly begin to wane, and he would experience intense symptoms of withdrawal, which he wasn't looking forward to. ",
"But it was an unavoidable byproduct of the drug. ",
"The only way to curb those effects were to take more. ",
"But he had no regrets. ",
"Had he not taken it, he may have been captured, or worse, killed.",
"\n\nKade found shelter under a forgotten piece of furniture and closed his eyes. ",
"His hope was that in a few hours, the scavies would give up looking for him and he could continue to carry out his mission. ",
"There was nothing to do now, but to sit tight and wait it out.",
"\n\n# Chapter Fifteen\n\nWith the exits blocked, the scavies knew their prey was hiding somewhere and they were hellbent on finding him. ",
"If they had to scour every building and every room to flush Kade out, they would. ",
"Time was on their side. ",
"They knew hiding was futile and he would have to come out eventually. ",
"Travellers always had a limited food, water, and oxygen.",
"\n\nKade tried to catch some rest, but the drug was causing debilitating paranoia. ",
"He could hear loud bangs and the savage howls from the scavies in the streets below. ",
"They were relentless. ",
"He had underestimated their resolve and now that nightfall had set in, he had realized the crucial mistake he had made.",
"\n\nAs the drug wore off, his mind played tricks on him. ",
"He would hallucinate, hear voices that were not there, and twitch for no reason. ",
"He was bugging out and desperately wanted to take another dose to keep the demons at bay. ",
"Plus, the pain from earlier was flaring up. ",
"His body had endured a beating and needed rest, but that was a luxury he could not afford.",
"\n\nKade rose to his feet. ",
"In his sleep depraved, drug-induced brain, he wasn't able to think clearly. ",
"He commanded his drone to deploy from his bike and exit through one of the hundred smashed out windows. ",
"It would surveil on the grounds below and provide him valuable intel.",
"\n\nThe drone zipped through the old office and flew above the skyline. ",
"As it cruised through the city, it picked up several figures, informing Kade exactly which areas to avoid and what was the best route to escape.",
"\n\nGlancing at the timer, he was approaching the twenty-four hour mark. ",
"He had six more days to go. ",
"Mounting his bike, he engaged his night vision. ",
"The entire building, and city for that matter, was pitch black. ",
"Nobody had seen the moon in years. ",
"Even on the clearest of nights, only a faint hazy circle was visible.",
"\n\nKade silently rode his bike through a large set of doors and down the hall. ",
"The walls and other objects in his field of view lit up with green highlights, allowing him to navigate. ",
"He passed a set of inoperable elevators, making his way toward the stairs from which he came. ",
"He took a moment to double check the route and ensure it was still viable. ",
"Once the coast was clear, he descended the stairs and took off into the night.",
"\n\nRacing through the city, Kade followed the map in his display. ",
"The scavies appeared to be completely unaware of him, which brought a smirk to his face. ",
"He leaned into a turn as he rounded the block at high speed, nearly hugging the pavement. ",
"Before he could straighten out, he was yanked off his bike abruptly and unexpectedly, and brought to the ground with a thud. ",
"The wind had been knocked out of him and he desperately gasped for breathe.",
"\n\nHis bike continued to ghost ride for several yards before crashing into the side of a building. ",
"Kade heard the loud crash, but was too hurt to pay any attention to it. ",
"He was in survival mode, writhing on the ground in more pain than he had ever felt. ",
"He wondered what the hell he had run into because he didn't see anything.",
"\n\nAs he laid in the foreign streets, gasping for breath, a thick cable hovered above him. ",
"The cable that stretched across the street was painted black so that it was nearly undetectable at night.",
"\n\nMoaning on the ground, he slowly regained control of his breathing. ",
"He had his body armour to thank for keeping his bones from breaking. ",
"He cranked his oxygen to one hundred percent, which helped ease some of the pain.",
"\n\nKade felt as though he was dying and there was no point to carry on. ",
"He had failed. ",
"There was nothing better to do than to allow the ghost to take him away and die with peace and dignity.",
"\n\nThe scavies were like a pack of savage hyenas that would surely strip him naked and take anything of value without batting an eye and leave him in the streets to die. ",
"Since his bike was likely trashed and he could barely move, he knew he was likely lying in his final place of rest.",
"\n\nThe celebratory howls of the scavies echoed throughout the streets as they circled around their prey.",
"\n\nWithout hesitation, Kade injected his second hit of ghost and let it mix with the oxygen. ",
"The drug entered his lungs and gave him a second wind. ",
"He was hoping to space out the doses, but with three hits in the last twenty-four hours, he was now a full-blown junkie again. ",
"If he were to survive, this would definitely complicate matters for him.",
"\n\n# Chapter Sixteen\n\nWhen Kade regained consciousness, he was surprised to find himself alive — naked, but alive. ",
"Everything he owned had been stripped off of him.",
"\n\nUnsure where he was, he looked around, but could hardly see a thing. ",
"Within a minute, his eyes adjusted to the darkness. ",
"A small amount of light escaped the hallway outside his room and crept through the tiny sliver of space underneath the door to his cell. ",
"His body was sore all over and shivered from the cold that penetrated his body like a disease. ",
"To make matters worse, he also had a splitting headache, a result of the synthetic oxygen he had been breathing combined with the nasty spill he had taken. ",
"Trace amounts of ghost still flirted with his mind, creating a strange mental state in which he desperately wanted to escape.",
"\n\nTrapped in an eight by ten-foot cell with nothing but an empty bucket, he thought about his mother and hoped she was okay. ",
"His thoughts then drifted toward wondering why the scavies kept him alive, and how much time had passed. ",
"If he ever wanted to see his mother alive, he needed to find a way to break free from his cell, find his gear, and... before he could finish the thought, a wave of despair consumed him. ",
"Given his current status, that seemed like such an impossible feat.",
"\n\nTrying to keep from shaking, he curled up in the corner. ",
"After a couple of agonizing hours in solitude, he heard footsteps coming toward his door. ",
"Kade had his head buried in his folded arms and when the door opened, he looked up. ",
"A blast of light flooded the room and caused his eyes to squint. ",
"Standing in the doorway was the silhouette of a large figure – broad shoulders and a wide stance. ",
"Behind him were two other men dressed in typical scavie garb.",
"\n\nKade's eyes adjusted to the light and he got a better look at the man. ",
"The man dressed much differently than the other scavies. ",
"With his modern helmet and battle armour, he looked more like a solider from the future.",
"\n\n\"What's your name?\" ",
"the man asked in a commanding voice.",
"\n\n\"Kade... Kade Casey.\"",
"\n\n\"Where are you from?\"",
"\n\n\"Megalopolis,\" he answered. \"",
"Endocrine district.\"",
"\n\n\"Endocrine? ",
"Never heard of it,\" the man said. \"",
"What brings you to these parts?\"",
"\n\n\"I'm just passing through.\"",
"\n\n\"You're a rider?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes.\"",
"\n\n\"Riders make deliveries.\"",
"\n\n\"Sometimes.\"",
"\n\n\"Tell me Kade Casey from Endocrine... what were you delivering?\"",
"\n\n\"Like I said, I was just passing through. ",
"I decided to take some time off and do some exploring,\" Kade said with shallow breaths, shivering from the cold.",
"\n\n\"Some exploring?\"",
"\n\n\"I figured I would make my way to Tri-city. ",
"Thinking about relocating.\"",
"\n\n\"Get him up,\" the man commanded.",
"\n\nTwo scavies funneled into the room and grabbed Kade under his armpits. ",
"They hauled him to his feet and brought him to the leader. ",
"Kade looked up at the man who was towering over him.",
"\n\n\"I'll ask you again,\" the man spoke in a matter of fact way. ",
"He was used to using intimidation tactics to get people to do what he wanted. \"",
"What were you delivering?\"",
"\n\n\"It was a small package. ",
"I don't know what it was. ",
"I never ask. ",
"I had it in my bike... but it was stolen from me in the dunes. ",
"My contractor is a very powerful man. ",
"If he finds out I didn't deliver his package, he will kill me and people I care about. ",
"So I decided to continue on toward Tri-city with the intent on starting a new life. ",
"This is the truth. ",
"You can search my gear, I don't have any package.\"",
"\n\nThe story was not entirely true, but seemed to satisfy the leader. ",
"The scavies checked the bike thoroughly and were unable to find any package. ",
"Before Kade was captured, he removed the package and had his drone hide it on a random rooftop. ",
"His hopes were that if he were to escape, he could recall the drone along with the package and carry on his way.",
"\n\n\"This contractor you speak of... what's his name?\"",
"\n\n\"He goes by the name of Saigon,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Mr. Saigon,\" the man repeated, demonstrating familiarity with the name. \"",
"Interesting.\"",
"\n\nThe man turned around and the scavies followed suit, unhanding Kade.",
"\n\n\"Wait, where are you going?\" ",
"Kade asked. \"",
"You can't just keep me here, he'll come looking for me. ",
"Can I at least have my clothes back... and a blanket? ",
"Wait, before you go, what time is it?\"",
"\n\nKade kept talking, but didn't receive a response. ",
"The leader and his minions exited the cell and shut the thick metal door, sealing Kade inside. ",
"Once again the room was swallowed by darkness.",
"\n\n# Chapter Seventeen\n\nKade was in rough shape. ",
"Each passing hour felt like it could be his last. ",
"While he was still able to breathe, he didn't have any food, water, or clothing.",
"\n\nComing down from his high, he had gone from a state of euphoria to feel like his brain was mud. ",
"He felt death would be an easier route than having to experience the crippling withdrawal symptoms and impending torture he was likely to face.",
"\n\nDespite the body shakes, aches, and hunger pangs, Kade eventually managed to drift off and catch up on some much needed sleep. ",
"After several hours, he was awoken once again by the sound of footsteps. ",
"By his estimation, it must have been late into the night or early morning at this point. ",
"It was hard to tell.",
"\n\nThe door opened, but instead of a towering figure, he saw the slender silhouette of a woman standing in the doorway.",
"\n\n\"Come on, get up,\" the female voice spoke. \"",
"I'm getting you out of here.\"",
"\n\nKade wasn't sure if he was dreaming. ",
"He needed time to allow his brain to process what was happening.",
"\n\n\"Unless of course you want to stay here?\" ",
"the woman said.",
"\n\n\"Who are you?\" ",
"Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Really? ",
"Am I that forgettable?\" ",
"the woman said.",
"\n\nHe recognized the voice. \"",
"You came back.\"",
"\n\n\"So you do remember. ",
"The name is Cali.\"",
"\n\n\"Why?\"",
"\n\n\"You'll have to ask my parents.\"",
"\n\n\"No, not that. ",
"Why are you helping me?\"",
"\n\n\"I'm still trying to answer that question myself. ",
"Let's call it guilty conscience mixed with a hatred for those scavie scum.\"",
"\n\nKade hesitated a moment, having serious reservations on whether or not he could trust her. ",
"He wanted to know more about this mysterious underground society and the kinds of horrible things that went on there. ",
"However, given the circumstances, any question he could come up with seemed moot, and given time was not on their side, he looked at her and stood up. ",
"As he did, he bared his full nudity to Cali.",
"\n\n\"Whoa, slow down buddy, we hardly know each other.\"",
"\n\nKade looked down almost completely oblivious that he was naked, then covered himself with his hands.",
"\n\n\"Here, you can wrap yourself in this until we find your clothes. ",
"They're most likely with your bike, which is down the hall. ",
"I recognized it the second I saw it.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm surprised you didn't try to steal it again,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"That was one time! ",
"Gosh, you're never going to let me live that down, are you?\"",
"\n\nThe two exited the small cell and ran through the labyrinth of passageways that stretched out in all directions. ",
"The scavies had laid claim to this once abandoned and forgotten city and made an intricate network of underground tunnels that connected many of the buildings in the city.",
"\n\n\"Seriously, I have to know. ",
"Why did you come back?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"You sound surprised?\" ",
"Cali said.",
"\n\n\"I mean, based on what I know of you, you don't seem like the type.\"",
"\n\n\"The type to come back and rescue someone.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, here I am, so I'm not sure what to tell you. ",
"Maybe your kindness rubbed off on me.\"",
"\n\n\"Or maybe you're working an angle.\"",
"\n\n\"Dude, you literally don't have anything. ",
"What could I possibly want from you?\"",
"\n\n\"Alright, sorry.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, look. ",
"I didn't come back for you. ",
"I came back for me. ",
"They captured me two years ago, held me against my will, and did unspeakable things to me. ",
"They broke me and tried to turn me into one of them — scavie scum. ",
"But I was never one of them. ",
"I was just biding my time, waiting for my moment to strike or escape. ",
"I tried to run yesterday, but... you saw how that turned out. ",
"Damn near died and I hadn't even made it ten kilometres. ",
"So I came back to figure out a new plan. ",
"They don't know that I tried to escape. ",
"But then I saw your bike and knew they had you. ",
"Trust me, you don't want to go through the hell that I went through. ",
"They'll break you too until you submit to them. ",
"They'll provide food, clothing, shelter, and that precious life liquid known as oxygen. ",
"In return, you have to be their ride-or-die soldier.\"",
"\n\n\"A den of thieves,\" Kade commented, knowing their reputation.",
"\n\n\"They're certainly not known for their charity work.\"",
"\n\n\"Not for nothing, I appreciate you getting me out of here,\" Kade said sincerely\n\n\"Like I said, I'm not helping you, I'm helping myself. ",
"There's only one person in this world who cares about me, and you're looking at her. ",
"I'm going to get us out of here, but I need that sweet bike of yours.\"",
"\n\n\"Hey, what time is it?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"Are you being serious?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"It's 3:30 a.m. Why?\"",
"\n\n\"No reason,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"You have somewhere to be? ",
"An appointment?\"",
"\n\n\"No, not exactly.\"",
"\n\n\"Then what is it?\"",
"\n\n\"Why do you have to be such a ball buster?\"",
"\n\nCali turned around and motioned as if she were going to kick him in the groin, which caused Kade to flinch. ",
"Cali started laughing and then said, \"I'm a ball buster to keep you on your toes. ",
"To keep you honest. ",
"If you're honest with me, then I'll be honest with you.\"",
"\n\n\"Oh right, honest like the time you zapped me and took off with my bike?\" ",
"Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Man, you are so hung up on the past,\" she said as she continued to lead the way. \"",
"We were getting along so nicely, why did you have to ruin it?\"",
"\n\n\"You're a strange gal, you know that?\"",
"\n\n\"I do know that,\" she replied. \"",
"A strange gal who's saving your life.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Eighteen\n\nIn the early morning hours, Cali led Kade to find some clothing, not just to cover himself, but to blend in. ",
"Entering the locker room of an abandoned high school, Kade felt a sense of nostalgia. ",
"There were wood benches, metal cage lockers, and a faded Cougars mural still visible on the cinder block wall. ",
"In each of the lockers hung stale fabric that smelled just as bad as they looked.",
"\n\n\"Here, put these on,\" Cali said, tossing Kade some scavie garb.",
"\n\n\"Are you going to turn around?\"",
"\n\n\"Why, it's nothing I haven't seen before.\"",
"\n\n\"Whatever.\"",
"\n\nKade dropped his towel and began to layer himself with the torn rags. ",
"The cloth draped off him and he looked every bit the part of a scavie.",
"\n\n\"Your face too,\" Cali said.",
"\n\n\"You want me to cover my mouth with this disgusting rag? ",
"Who knows where this has been?\"",
"\n\n\"Unless you want to get caught, I suggest you get over your fear of odours and wrap that cloth around your face.\"",
"\n\nAs much as Kade wanted to disagree, Cali had a point. ",
"He reluctantly covered his face with the cloth and began to breath.",
"\n\n\"See it isn't so bad,\" Cali said with a smirk.",
"\n\n\"It's worse than I thought. ",
"I think this part of the fabric used to cover someone's armpit.\"",
"\n\n\"Ah, no wonder, you put it on upside down. ",
"That's the loincloth.\"",
"\n\nKade immediately unraveled the cloth and gasped for air. ",
"Cali couldn't help but laugh. ",
"Kade balled up a mouthful of saliva and spit it on the floor.",
"\n\nStill amused, Cali confessed that she was just messing with him. \"",
"Come on, wrap up. ",
"We have to go.\"",
"\n\n\"Where are we going?\"",
"\n\n\"To get your bike.\"",
"\n\nWhen they exited the locker room, something caught Kade's attention.",
"\n\n\"Whoa, what's that?\" ",
"he asked. ",
"His attention was fixed on the pool area.",
"\n\n\"Oh, that's the tree farm. ",
"It's how we get our oxygen.\"",
"\n\n\"Let's check it out.\"",
"\n\n\"We don't have time,\" Cali insisted.",
"\n\n\"It'll just be a sec.\"",
"\n\nWalking toward the pool room, Kade's eyes darted around trying to take in everything. ",
"The Olympic-sized pool was emptied of water and filled with dirt. ",
"Inside was a small forest of trees and other plant life. ",
"The entire thing was covered in plastic from the floor to the ceiling, which stretched up over fifty feet. ",
"Mounted on the ceiling were several large hydroponic lights that lit up the otherwise dark room. ",
"Cables and tubes snaked around strange equipment that connected from the indoor greenhouse to several large tanks.",
"\n\n\"Oxygen comes in, gets funnelled through these tubes, and then goes into those tanks.\"",
"\n\n\"It's incredible,\" Kade said in awe.",
"\n\n\"I've been here so long that I take it for granted.\"",
"\n\n\"I've heard about these tree farms, but I've never seen one before.\"",
"\n\n\"We have several of these all over town. ",
"This is actually one of the smaller ones. ",
"We have one that takes up an entire warehouse. ",
"In fact, we have several of those.\"",
"\n\n\"You guys must be rich. ",
"Why then do you resort to a life of petty crime?\"",
"\n\n\"Robbing people is more of a pastime. ",
"Not too many are foolish enough to come to these parts alone. ",
"No offense.\"",
"\n\n\"None taken.\"",
"\n\n\"We should go. ",
"Come on, follow me.\"",
"\n\nCali rushed out of the pool area and down a series of halls. ",
"Kade tried his best to keep up, but his body was badly bruised. ",
"Each step made him wince in pain.",
"\n\nCali and Kade entered the gymnasium, which had been converted into an equipment room. ",
"There were tables full of weapons and gear, with tools and parts scattered every which way. ",
"It looked like a messy mechanic shop crossed with a junkyard. ",
"Amid all the scrap metal, machinery, and salvaged cars was Kade's bike.",
"\n\n\"I remember seeing it somewhere,\" Cali said in a whisper. \"",
"Unless they moved it.\"",
"\n\n\"We should split up,\" Kade suggested in the same hushed tone.",
"\n\n\"No, we stick together.\"",
"\n\nTogether they moved silently through the heap, using on the faintest of morning light coming through the window to guide their way.",
"\n\nNavigating through the equipment room was challenging. ",
"There were a lot of things to bump into and alert someone of their presence. ",
"As Kade passed by a tool bench, he picked up a knife and tucked it under his robe.",
"\n\n\"Is that it over there?\" ",
"Cali asked.",
"\n\n\"It's tough to say,\" Kade said, craning his neck. ",
"The jet-black bike was difficult to spot, but they made their way toward it. ",
"Just then, Kade's robe snagged a tool from one of the tables and dragged it to the floor. ",
"The large piece of metal smashed to the ground, creating a loud ruckus that echoed throughout the gym.",
"\n\nCali spun around and glared at Kade with a stunned look. ",
"There was fear in her eyes, which was something Kade had never seen on her before. ",
"This in turn caused him to be even more concerned.",
"\n\n\"We need to go now!\" ",
"Cali said.",
"\n\n# Chapter Nineteen\n\nLarge overhanging lights came on in succession, illuminating the repurposed gymnasium. ",
"Kade and Cali were not completely exposed. ",
"There was no place to run or hide. ",
"Before they knew it, they were surrounded by scavs.",
"\n\nAlthough Cali had rescued Kade, he didn't feel beholden to continue to help her. ",
"He ran to his bike, but couldn't find his helmet or suit anywhere. ",
"Without all his gear, there was no point in trying to escape. ",
"He needed everything if he were to survive the harsh environment.",
"\n\nKade looked around frantically, but eventually was forced to pay attention to more pressing matters. ",
"He was attacked from the rear by two men, one of which had a large metal pipe. ",
"Luckily he saw the attack coming just in time to avoid a wild swing that, if it had connected, would have been life altering.",
"\n\n\"If you help me get my gear, I can take you with me,\" Kade pleaded in a passive attempt to mollify the situation. ",
"He figured Cali couldn't be the only unhappy person living against their will. ",
"Neither of the men took the offer.",
"\n\nKade wasn't much of a fighter, but he was scrappy. ",
"In his line of work, he was no stranger to hand-to-hand combat. ",
"Even still, he was in no position or mood to fight. ",
"His body was badly beaten and his brain was fried. ",
"The Chu philosophy ran through his mind once again — increase the odds in your favour. ",
"Kade figured his best course of action was to run. ",
"He maneouvered himself behind a table, thinking that would prevent the attackers from getting him. ",
"The scavs simply jumped onto the table, forcing Kade to quickly come up with a new plan.",
"\n\nCali was a warrior. ",
"She was dealing with even more scavs. ",
"They attacked her from all angles, but her clever and crafty movement always seemed to be one step ahead. ",
"While dodging a punch from one of the attackers, she spun around with the fluidity of a ballerina and kicked another in the face. ",
"Then in a dizzying flurry, she smashed kneecaps, obliterated noses, and sent ill intended kicks to groins. ",
"Within seconds, she had dismantled several of her attackers. ",
"Before she had a chance to help out Kade, there were a dozen more men coming from all directions.",
"\n\nKade on the other hand had problems of his own. ",
"Cornered by two men, they traded blows. ",
"One of the men hit him with a taser, which dropped Kade to his knees. ",
"Then, another scav, a large fellow, hoisted Kade onto his shoulders like he was carrying a bag of rice, and slammed his body down on a table, forcing the air out of his lungs. ",
"Kade moaned in pain and struggled to get free, but one of his arms were pinned.",
"\n\nHe looked over at his right arm, which was stretched out and being held in place by a man who outweighed him by nearly one hundred pounds. ",
"Kade's eyes cascaded up and saw the man holding a large machete high over his head. ",
"In his mind, Kade made the logical connection. ",
"If he didn't get out of this compromising position, he was about to lose an arm.",
"\n\nAs the blade swung down, Kade withdrew a small knife from his robe and jabbed it into the man's leg. ",
"The machete slammed down on the table, inches away from dismembering a limb. ",
"As the man dealt with the knife in his leg, Kade slid off the table and limped away. ",
"He looked for another weapon and found a hammer. ",
"He held it out in a defensive stance, his eyes darting back and forth between the two men. ",
"He had a crazed look in his eyes that was a mixture of fear and panic.",
"\n\nOne of the men charged forward in a flash, covering the distance between them with one stride. ",
"Before Kade could even swing, the man landed a solid punch squarely on his jaw. ",
"Kade was wobbled from the blow and could barely see straight. ",
"As he searched for his bearings, he was tackled to the ground. ",
"The two men proceeded to pummel him with a rage unlike anything he had seen. ",
"All Kade could do to protect himself was turtle up and hope they would grow tired.",
"\n\nThe punches seemed never-ending as fists rained down on him, smashing into the meaty part of his already tender legs, rib cage, and arms, which were cradling his head. ",
"The odd punch managed to sneak through his defense and smash his face.",
"\n\nHe had nothing left and was ready to submit. ",
"Then, a firestorm of gunshots echoed throughout the gymnasium. ",
"Kade prayed that none of the bullets would hit him. ",
"When the gunfire stopped, he opened his eyes and peaked through his arms. ",
"He saw his two attackers bloodied and deceased on the floor beside him. ",
"He looked over and saw Cali sitting on his bike. ",
"The guns had been withdrawn and had taken out everyone in the vicinity.",
"\n\n\"I found your helmet,\" she said, looking like a total badass. \"",
"Come on, get up.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty\n\nIt took every ounce of will for Kade to pull himself off the floor and return to his feet, but he knew he would not likely live to see another sunrise if he didn't. ",
"With a severe limp, he hobbled toward Cali.",
"\n\n\"Can I have my helmet?\" ",
"he asked as blood oozed from his nose as well as the corners of his mouth.",
"\n\n\"Later,\" she replied. \"",
"Get on the back.\"",
"\n\nKade removed a mask from one of the scavs before climbing on the back of the bike. ",
"As soon as he did, Cali took off, weaving through the field of debris. ",
"Kade quickly wrapped his arms around Cali's waist and held on tightly. ",
"He could feel her tight abs flex as she jockeyed around the large room. ",
"She had demonstrated admirable skill in both combat and riding, which intrigued him. ",
"He had to know more about her.",
"\n\n\"Who are you?\" ",
"he asked.",
"\n\n\"Seriously, dude, not the right time to be asking questions,\" she shot back. ",
"Her focus was on getting them out alive.",
"\n\nWith Kade clinging on, Cali accelerated through the rubble and out the nearest exit. ",
"They made their way to the street just as the hazy orange sun began to rise. ",
"They were still not out of danger yet, but fortunately, Cali knew exactly which way wasn't riddled with traps.",
"\n\nShe shifted her weight like a pro as she raced through the empty streets. ",
"Around her shoulder was a large blaster. ",
"Gripping it with one hand, she spun the strap around and aimed the gun high letting out a succession of blasts. ",
"Kade didn't even see the target, but Cali knew all the hiding spots like going through a previously completed level of a video game. ",
"She took aim, blasting her enemies while navigating the streets.",
"\n\nTheir clothes flapped with force as they tucked their heads and flew through the city, making it to the highway. ",
"They were home free. ",
"The rode for more than an hour, being sure to check over their shoulders every so often. ",
"They were not being followed.",
"\n\nIn the middle of nowhere, several hundred kilometres outside of the city, Cali slowed the bike as she pulled into the temporary rest stop. ",
"Kade lifted his head and saw a little building with nothing else around it. ",
"Whatever township this once was, it had been wiped off the map and all that was left was a small stone structure.",
"\n\nThe two dismounted and took turns rehydrating. ",
"Fortunately, the bike's water reservoir as nearly full.",
"\n\n\"You're a good rider,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Thanks.\"",
"\n\n\"Where are we?\"",
"\n\n\"A rest stop.\"",
"\n\n\"What's the plan after this?\" ",
"Kade asked, looking around the abandoned shelter.",
"\n\n\"Let's worry about that later. ",
"First, we need to make sure we're both safe and in good health. ",
"How are you feeling? ",
"Anything broken?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't think so. ",
"A lot of swelling. ",
"My whole body is sore, but I think I'll pull through. ",
"I think I just need to lie down and allow my body to rest and heal up.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sorry to keep asking you this, but I have trust issues,\" Kade said. \"",
"I just don't understand why you're helping me? ",
"You didn't need me to escape. ",
"You have the bike and the helmet, you could have left me back there.\"",
"\n\n\"Kind of like how you left me to die out in the desert?\"",
"\n\n\"Exactly.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, fortunately I'm not like you,\" Cali said \"I have a heart.\"",
"\n\n\"I have a heart,\" Kade replied in defense.",
"\n\n\"I know, and it just about got you killed.\"",
"\n\n\"For the record, I knew you were trouble when I met you,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"What made you turn around for me then?\"",
"\n\n\"Honestly, I heard my mother's voice. ",
"Not in a crazy way. ",
"It's just... before I left, we saw this young girl being attacked, and my mum insisted that I help her. ",
"I figured helping you might be good karma for my journey.\"",
"\n\n\"Good karma for your journey? ",
"That's the dumbest thing I've ever heard.\"",
"\n\n\"Alright, whatever, it worked didn't it?\" ",
"Kade shot back.",
"\n\n\"You're the first person I've talked to in years who has a heart,\" Cali said. \"",
"The world needs more of that.\"",
"\n\n\"The second I helped you back in the desert, you zapped me and took off with my bike.\"",
"\n\n\"And obviously you're still not over it. ",
"This is now the hundredth time you brought it up. ",
"Look, I'm not saying be like me. ",
"I'm not perfect. ",
"I guess... I don't know, you make me want to be a better person, you know? ",
"Before all this craziness happened with the world, human civilization was in a good place. ",
"For the most part, we were kind, we cared for one another. ",
"Now look at us. ",
"Everyone's living in a constant state of fear. ",
"Always looking over their shoulder, waiting for someone to stab them in the back. ",
"I was forced into a world of being one of those scavie scum and I needed to reclaim a sense of my humanity. ",
"I hated who I was becoming.\"",
"\n\n\"There are still good people in the world. ",
"You can be the change you want to see.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, Ghandi.\"",
"\n\n\"For what it's worth, I appreciate you saving me back there,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Don't mention it.\"",
"\n\n\"So where did you learn to fight like that, and ride?\"",
"\n\n\"My mother,\" Cali said with a sense of sorrow.",
"\n\n\"Was she a rider?\"",
"\n\n\"Not really, but she was sort of a master of whatever skill she wanted to pick up.\"",
"\n\n\"Sounds like an incredible lady. ",
"Is she still alive?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't know.\"",
"\n\n\"What about your father?\"",
"\n\n\"What about him?\"",
"\n\n\"Where is he?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't know, dude, what is this, a therapy session?\"",
"\n\n\"And the walls go up,\" Kade said. \"",
"Geez, you don't have to be so guarded all the time. ",
"I'm trying to connect with you.\"",
"\n\n\"We can exchange backstories later, right now we need a plan,\" Cali said, eager to change the subject.",
"\n\n\"Okay, fine. ",
"So what's your plan?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"There's a saying I heard once that described travelling with a flashlight. ",
"It said even though you can only see ten feet in front of you, you can make the whole journey that way. ",
"So for me, I'm only looking ten feet ahead of me. ",
"Step one was to escape. ",
"Step two was to make it to some sort of functioning society. ",
"After that, it's anybody's guess where I go from there.\"",
"\n\nKade didn't respond. ",
"There was a long moment of silence before Cali said, \"Okay, you first.\"",
"\n\n\"Me first, what?\"",
"\n\n\"Tell me about yourself — where are you from, what was your life like, do you have anyone who cares for you back home?\"",
"\n\n\"Not much to tell,\" Kade said, reflecting on his life. \"",
"Former junkie, rider, friend, son. ",
"I live alone with my dog Digi.\"",
"\n\n\"Both parents still alive?\"",
"\n\n\"Just my mother.\"",
"\n\n\"What happened to your father if you don't mind me asking.\"",
"\n\n\"He was... helping people. ",
"He died a hero,\" Kade paused. ",
"Cali could see that he was choking up and holding back a lot of pain.",
"\n\n\"Do you remember where you were when it happened?\"",
"\n\n\"I was 10, riding my bike in front of our house. ",
"I remember this big explosion and the ground shook. ",
"At first, I thought I had caused it after doing one of my tricks. ",
"I immediately looked at my mother, who was outside with me. ",
"She was looking up toward the sky. ",
"That's when I turned around and looked. ",
"The sky was being swallowed by a thick black cloud. ",
"From that day forward, things were never the same. ",
"It's funny to think of how much we take for granted, you know? ",
"Rarely do we stop to think, this will be the last time I see a blue sky, or a sunset... or see my father.\"",
"\n\nKade's shoulders slumped as he put his head in his arms and sobbed.",
"\n\n\"It's okay,\" Cali said. \"",
"You're a really good person. ",
"If you're dad is looking down on you, I know he would be proud of you.\"",
"\n\nKade exhaled deeply to let his emotions decompress. \"",
"Sorry about that.\"",
"\n\n\"What are you, Canadian? ",
"You have to stop apologizing for everything. ",
"You never have to apologize for getting emotional. ",
"This situation we're in... it happened to all of us. ",
"We all lost something that day.\"",
"\n\n\"I was six years old, so I don't remember much. ",
"I only remember small glimpses of my childhood, but how much of that is my actual memory, or me just remembering what people told me?\"",
"\n\n\"Or that your brain made up. ",
"Memories can be very deceitful.\"",
"\n\n\"Very true,\" Cali conceded. \"",
"I'll tell you what I think happened. ",
"Like I said, I was six years old. ",
"I was the eldest of three siblings. ",
"I had a younger brother and a younger sister. ",
"My parents were still together, but I don't necessarily think they were happy. ",
"We weren't exactly well off, so there was a lot of financial struggle, which caused a lot of tension. ",
"I remember seeing my parents fight a lot.",
"\n\n\"My parents ran a restaurant and were barely scraping by. ",
"They had three young kids, my mother and aunt mostly looked after us while my dad was working to provide for the family. ",
"Then the volcano erupted and the business immediately shutdown. ",
"From what I'm told, things were pretty chaotic for a while, but at least we were alive. ",
"We were considered among the lucky ones.",
"\n\n\"To make matters worse, my father accepted a job as part of the cleanup crew. ",
"I think a lot of people took that job. ",
"Two years later, he had developed lung cancer and died.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sorry to hear that,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"I barely remember him at all. ",
"My only memories are from photographs. ",
"I don't even know what his voice sounded like or how he smelled.",
"\n\n\"After my father passed, my mother did what she had to do to survive, which she didn't talk about, but as I got older I assumed the worst. ",
"What does a single mother with three kids do to provide? ",
"The most obvious answer is prostitution... she was hanging out with the wrong crowd and got hooked on ghost. ",
"She was dead in less than a year.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sorry, that must have been really difficult for your and your siblings.\"",
"\n\n\"It's okay, I've made my peace with it,\" Cali replied without as much as shedding a tear. ",
"I was so young when it happened so it doesn't feel as though I lost anything. ",
"It's the only life I know. ",
"The other thing is, I don't blame anyone. ",
"It's no one's fault. ",
"It's neither good nor bad, it's just what happened. ",
"It is what it is. ",
"I'm twenty-four now and about the age that my mum was when she was raising three kids with no support. ",
"She was a fighter and I respect her for making difficult choices in difficult times.\"",
"\n\n\"So what happened next?\"",
"\n\n\"Trust me, you don't want to know what happens to an eleven year old girl living on the streets by herself, especially in this world. ",
"But what I can tell you is that you tend to grow up fast, learn to be guarded, and not trust people. ",
"I'm incredibly selfish and don't know if I can ever find love or happiness. ",
"In fact, most days I don't even allow myself to feel sadness or pity. ",
"It's a messed up world and there's no room for weakness. ",
"I used to think showing emotion was a weakness, but as I get older and become more introspective, I realize that to be emotional is to be human. ",
"If we all showed more of our humanity to each other, this world would be a better place. ",
"I truly believe that.\"",
"\n\n\"You're brother and sister?\" ",
"Kade asked. \"",
"Are they still around?\"",
"\n\n\"I have no idea where they are or if they're alive. ",
"I like to think they're out there, somewhere, hopefully doing better than me. ",
"I think about them from time to time and wonder if they even remember me.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sure they do,\" Kade said in an effort to comfort.",
"\n\n\"You're lucky that you have your mother,\" Cali said.",
"\n\n\"Actually, I'm not sure my mother is still around,\" Kade said, bowing his head remorsefully. \"",
"She was taken by my employer and held as ransom. ",
"He said if I don't complete this mission, then... well, you can guess what will happen to her.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you being serious? ",
"That is so messed up. ",
"I mean, if it was me...\" Cali stopped herself. \"",
"Actually, you know what... that is me. ",
"I basically work for a guy who took everything from me.\"",
"\n\n\"Then I guess we have something in common,\" Kade said. \"",
"We do what we do to survive.\"",
"\n\n\"Do you ever think about killing him?\"",
"\n\nKade chuckled then looked Cali straight in the eye and said, \"Every day.\"",
"\n\n\"So why don't you? ",
"Wouldn't that solve a lot of your problems?\"",
"\n\n\"First of all, I'm not a killer. ",
"Second, even if I were, killing Saigon would be much easier said than done. ",
"Third... you ever hear the saying, you never bite the hand that feeds you? ",
"If I kill Saigon, I lose my main employer. ",
"Then my problems only get worse. ",
"That's assuming I get away with it, which I probably won't. ",
"But if I did, and that's a big 'if', I no longer have a steady source of income.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you doing a delivery for him right now?\"",
"\n\nKade had major trust issues and reservations about opening up to a stranger, but he seemed to be bonding with Cali.",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I have two more days to get a package to Tri-City and the clock is ticking. ",
"If I don't then my mother is dead, and when I return, he'll probably kill me along with everyone I know. ",
"That would be getting off lightly. ",
"He'll most likely torture me first, which won't be pleasant. ",
"In that situation, I assure you, death would be a blessing.\"",
"\n\n\"What's in the package?\"",
"\n\n\"I have no idea.\"",
"\n\n\"You're going all this way, risking your life, and you have no idea what you're delivering?\"",
"\n\n\"I never look. ",
"It's against my code of ethics.\"",
"\n\nCali burst out laughing, unable to contain herself. \"",
"Code of ethics,\" she repeated, still having a chuckle. \"",
"That's funny.\"",
"\n\n\"Why is that so funny?\"",
"\n\n\"You're living in a dystopian wasteland where civilization is clinging to survival. ",
"It's basically a matter of time before we all die of some horrible catastrophe or from killing each other. ",
"There's no such thing as a code of ethics. ",
"It's all about survival. ",
"You do what you have to do to survive. ",
"That's it.\"",
"\n\n\"What happened to all that talk about having a heart and showing more of our humanity to one another? ",
"You said I make you want to be a better person. ",
"You seem very conflicted, Cali. ",
"I think you want to be good, but you don't know how. ",
"You have these moments of good, but then you put this wall up, and your hardened jaded side comes roaring back. ",
"I think deep down, we're all good. ",
"You rescued me because it was the right thing to do, which is a code of ethics that is still deep within you.\"",
"\n\n\"Save your philosophy for someone else. ",
"I look out for me. ",
"That's my only code of ethics.\"",
"\n\n\"I don't believe that. ",
"I think those are just your walls coming up, trying to protect you. ",
"It's your instinct. ",
"It's all you've ever known. ",
"Trust doesn't happen overnight, but I see good in you, Cali. ",
"I hope you see it in yourself. ",
"I'm going to go out on a limb and say that I trust you.\"",
"\n\n\"I hope you don't feel bad when I double-cross you.\"",
"\n\n\"I believe in the good of all people and you won't double-cross me.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay. ",
"Tell that to your man who killed your mother and will kill you and everyone you know if you don't do what he says. ",
"Is there good in him?\"",
"\n\n\"I believe so, he's just lost his way. ",
"If society is going to change, it must start with the individual.\"",
"\n\nAgain, Cali laughed in a mocking tone. \"",
"Look, I appreciate your idealistic viewpoint of the world, but I have to get some sleep.\"",
"\n\n\"Goodnight, Cali,\" Kade said sincerely.",
"\n\n\"Whatever.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-One\n\nIn the morning, Kade awoke with a splitting headache and dark rings around his eyes. ",
"He was on death's doorstep. ",
"Still feeling withdrawal symptoms from the ghost, each day was worse than the previous as his body craved the drug. ",
"The cold sweats and shakes were so severe that he was unable to get a proper night's rest, which only exacerbated his feeling of depletion.",
"\n\nAs Kade attempted to stand, every bone and muscle in his body ached. ",
"Once on his feet, his brain started piecing together the events that led him to being where he was. ",
"He looked around at the four walls that surrounded him and saw that he was inside a tiny stone structure — a destroyed church that had been abandoned long ago. ",
"He didn't see Cali anywhere. ",
"He looked down and saw a taser, most likely left for him. ",
"It had been placed there at some point after he had gone to sleep.",
"\n\nKade contorted his back to stretch out the tight knots that was a result of a lifetime of riding, mixed with sleeping on unforgiving floors. ",
"He went outside to look for Cali. ",
"Stepping out of the tiny church, he was met with nothing but the wind and the warm rays of the hidden sun. ",
"In every direction was endless landscape of dirt and rocks bathed in an orange haze. ",
"There were no trees, flowers, or weeds as far as the eye could see. ",
"A once lush and vibrant forest was now a wasteland that resembled the surface of Mars more than Earth.",
"\n\nCali was gone, and she had taken the bike. ",
"There was no sign of her anywhere, not even her tread marks to indicate which direction she had gone. ",
"The wind had since covered those. ",
"A part of him wasn't upset with Cali. ",
"She had warned him not to trust her.",
"\n\nListening to the whistling wind he realized he was the only living organism within a hundred kilometres. ",
"He tapped the side of his helmet to bring up the display to check the temperature, his bio-stats, and most importantly, his oxygen levels. ",
"Another quick tap and the display disappeared.",
"\n\nReturning to the tiny shack, he wanted to get out of the sun and rest, partly to heal his body but also to conserve his oxygen. ",
"His only option was to hope and pray for a miracle, which in this life, wasn't worth waiting for. ",
"Laying down on hard floor, he took those moments of quiet contemplation to think about his life and the choices he had made up until that point.",
"\n\nWith no food or water, no transportation, no eco-suit, and limited oxygen supply, he knew this would likely be his final place of rest. ",
"He had come to terms with death, but wasn't looking forward to the slow agonizing decent of starvation and dehydration. ",
"If there were any kind of consolation, it was that he would no longer have to deal with Saigon ever again.",
"\n\nHe thought about his mother and whether or not she was still alive. ",
"He then weighed out the possible scenarios. ",
"If he were to somehow make it out of this situation and return to Endocrine without the package, Saigon would surely kill him. ",
"Although, there may be some small chance Saigon would spare his life, as unlikely as that may seem. ",
"However, the package was with the drone on some random rooftop in the abandoned city, and it would be impossible to find without his helmet, which he didn't have. ",
"Even if he did have it, going back into scav territory was just as much of a death wish as baking out in the hot sun and waiting for dehydration to kill him. ",
"Either way, he was in a lose-lose situation.",
"\n\nWith each passing hour, his condition worsened. ",
"He was still clinging to a glimmer of hope that Cali would return for him. ",
"Perhaps it was a prank she was playing on him, or maybe she just went out to look for food and water and she got lost, or her bike broke down, or she got captured. ",
"After spending half the day with nothing but his thoughts, he came to the sad conclusion that she was not coming back. ",
"She had left him to die.",
"\n\nKade picked up the taser and thought about using it to kill himself. ",
"For the next four hours he weighed out all the pros and cons until he decided that it would be the best course of action to take. ",
"There was nothing left to live for and no point in delaying the inevitable.",
"\n\nHe took one last moment to briefly reevaluate his decision, and then slowly raised the taser to his throat and held it there. ",
"A tear rolled down his face as he was seconds away from taking his last breath and leaving this cruel world. ",
"Thoughts of his mother came flooding in, which overwhelmed his emotions. ",
"His hands started to tremble as the intensity of the sobbing increased. ",
"Tears soaked his glossy cheeks, his eyes squeezed tightly shut. ",
"This was it, his final moment. ",
"Thoughts of despair competed with thoughts about his sweet mother who had nurtured him and protected him since he was a baby. ",
"She would never see her son's face again, and he would never see hers, at least not in this life, but perhaps in the next. ",
"Thinking about her was gut wrenching.",
"\n\n\"I'll see you on the other side, ma. ",
"Please forgive me. ",
"I love you.\"",
"\n\nKade squeezed the trigger of the taser. ",
"In a flash, 50,000 volts of electricity surged through his body, causing his muscles to clamp down on the trigger and stiffen. ",
"He gritted his teeth and kept holding the taser as long as he could until his brain shut off. ",
"A moment after he had began, his arm went limp and he dropped the taser. ",
"He now lay motionless on the floor, his eyes closed, and gone from this wasteland of a planet called Earth.",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Two\n\n\"What's happening, mama?\" ",
"a young boy asked his mother.",
"\n\nKade sensed his mother's panic and quickly peddled toward the open garage.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure, but we need to get inside now.\"",
"\n\n\"What about papa? ",
"Is he going to be okay?\"",
"\n\n\"Your father is going to be just fine. ",
"I'll call him now.\"",
"\n\nKade's mother turned on the news and saw live feeds of the disaster. ",
"The Caldera supervolcano located Yellowstone National Park had erupted and was spewing hot lava hundreds of feet in the air. ",
"Scientists were being interviewed on television, speaking about the long-term environmental, economic, and social impacts.",
"\n\n\"We are entering the early stages of another mass extinction event,\" one scientist said. \"",
"This will come in several waves that people need to prepare for.",
"\n\n\"The first wave to hit us will be infrastructure breakdown. ",
"Roads will become congested, making it difficult to mobilize and have first-responders come to people's aid. ",
"Delivery drivers won't be able to supply food, medicine, and other essential items to distributors. ",
"Hospitals will be overwhelmed and unable to treat those in need. ",
"People will not receive proper food, water, and medical care.",
"\n\n\"This will lead to the second wave, which is a complete collapse of society. ",
"Riots, looting, murder will all become common place as systems erode and people become desperate.",
"\n\n\"Next will be a widespread famine. ",
"Crop yields will plummet, millions of people living in cities will die of starvation.",
"\n\n\"The fourth wave will hit whoever remains in rural environments. ",
"Pestilence brought on by a lack of clean drinking water and sewage treatment will wipe out nearly everyone.",
"\n\n\"The final wave will be from a lack of oxygen. ",
"After the trees and plant life die off, people will simply suffocate to death.",
"\n\n\"There will be survivors, but they will be few. ",
"To quote Thomas Hobbes, life on Earth will be nasty, brutish, and short. ",
"Ninety-nine point nine percent of all life on this planet will eventually die within ten to fifteen years.",
"\n\n\"Over time, hundreds of thousands or millions of years, Earth will undergo cataclysmic shifts in climate and other environmental changes. ",
"The sky will eventually return to its natural state, and a new life will begin again.",
"\n\n\"It goes in cycles,\" the scientist said frankly. \"",
"The dinosaurs were around a lot longer than us and they became extinct. ",
"Now it is our turn. ",
"We had our run. ",
"It was a good run. ",
"And we will leave this planet for the next civilization that comes after us. ",
"By then, nothing man made, aside from large stone structures will remain.",
"\n\n\"The next intelligent life that comes after us will think they're the first. ",
"They will postulate about the stars as we once did, they will develop philosophy and mathematics, science and medicine, they will have inventions and discoveries, and a life they call their own. ",
"It may look nothing like our civilization, or it may be pretty similar.",
"\n\n\"As a scientist, I can say with confidence there's nothing we can do to prevent this from happening. ",
"I recommend gathering all your family and friends, enjoy each other as much as possible, and hope that you die quickly.\"",
"\n\nThe matter of factness in which the scientist spoke was enough to freak anyone out. ",
"Kade's mother stared at the screen holding her mouth open in shock. ",
"Her eyes welled up with sadness as despair set in.",
"\n\n***\n\nKade's body was in transit. ",
"A group of insurgents had found him up and where carting him back to their base — a dwelling carved into the mountains. ",
"His body had endured a beating and had succumb to a comatose state in an effort to repair itself.",
"\n\nKade's mask had been pulled off and replaced by one of their own. ",
"One of the insurgents — a former doctor — tended to Kade by injecting him with a dose of steroids and a sedative. ",
"A saline drip hung overhead, slowly delivering much needed fluids into his depleted body.",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Three\n\nMorning came and went, and Kade was still unconscious. ",
"He remained asleep for nearly three days, being kept alive by a rogue group of mountain people. ",
"When he began to show signs of life, the doctor was called to his side. ",
"Kade's eyes opened and he was in a profound state of confusion. ",
"He didn't recognize his surroundings, nor the faces staring over him.",
"\n\n\"It's okay,\" the doctor said, \"My name is Kefu. ",
"You're in a safe place.\"",
"\n\nFor a moment Kade considered the possibility that he may in fact be dead. ",
"The room he was in didn't exactly fit the traditional images of heaven so his brain quickly searched for another explanation.",
"\n\n\"Where am I?\" ",
"he muttered with a course voice. ",
"His throat was dry and scratchy. ",
"He coughed immediately, which caused him excruciating pain. ",
"Kefu handed him a glass of water with a metal straw, which Kade immediately slurped up.",
"\n\n\"You're in a monastery,\" Kefu said. \"",
"My people found you several days ago and have been tending to you while you recover.\"",
"\n\nKade had so many questions, but wasn't sure where to start. \"",
"Thank you,\" Kade said. ",
"The confused look never left his face. \"",
"How long did you say I have been here?\"",
"\n\n\"We found you three days ago.\"",
"\n\n\"Three days ago?\" ",
"Kade said, nearly falling out of his bed.",
"\n\n\"Please, you must relax. ",
"Your body needs to rest.\"",
"\n\n\"Was there a girl with me?\" ",
"Kade asked. \"",
"About 5'5\", light brown hair, mid-twenties.\"",
"\n\n\"No, you were alone when we found you. ",
"It appears as though someone brought you to a very fortunate spot. ",
"We didn't find any transportation so we assumed you had been beaten and left for dead. ",
"You did have a taser lying next to you so whoever left you, didn't think to disarm you. ",
"A friend perhaps.\"",
"\n\n\"Cali is no friend of mine.\"",
"\n\n\"Did you say, 'Cali'?\" ",
"the monk asked in astonishment.",
"\n\n\"Yeah, why, did she betray you as well?\"",
"\n\n\"Mr...\"\n\n\"Casey. ",
"Kade Casey. ",
"You can call me Kade.\"",
"\n\n\"Very well, Kade. ",
"I'm not too sure your circumstances and what your relationship with Cali was, but I can assure you, she has a big heart.\"",
"\n\n\"Ha!\" ",
"Kade scoffed, followed by another coughing fit. \"",
"We must be talking about two different people. ",
"She robbed me and left me for dead. ",
"Twice.\"",
"\n\n\"How did she do that?\" ",
"the monk asked.",
"\n\n\"We were in the abandoned city and she helped me escape. ",
"Then she took my bike and all my equipment and left me for dead.\"",
"\n\n\"If what you say is true, why did she help you escape?\"",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure.\"",
"\n\n\"Was there some benefit she gained in doing so?\"",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, I know Cali. ",
"She helped us out a great deal a few years back. ",
"Haven't seen her since. ",
"If it wasn't for her, this community wouldn't exist, we'd all be slaves or dead. ",
"I don't think it was an accident that she left you where she did. ",
"She knows very well that the building you were in is used as a lookout post. ",
"We go there often. ",
"She knew you would eventually be discovered and provided assistance. ",
"The fact that she left you with a weapon and a near full canister is evidence of that. ",
"If she were truly out to get you, she would have left you with nothing.\"",
"\n\n\"Maybe so, but it doesn't change the fact that she stole my gear.\"",
"\n\n\"I cannot condone what she did, nor speculate on the reasons for her actions, but perhaps in time, her true motives will be revealed.\"",
"\n\n\"I appreciate you rescuing me, but I can't stay here. ",
"I need to get back to Endocrine.\"",
"\n\n\"That is a journey few can survive, especially one in your condition.\"",
"\n\n\"Thanks for the advice, but there's something I really need to take care of.\"",
"\n\n\"I suggest you stay here and rest. ",
"We can provide you with food, clothing, oxygen, safety, and shelter. ",
"In exchange, we ask you help out. ",
"Within a week or two, your body will have recovered adequately and we can give you all the supplies you need to go on your journey.\"",
"\n\n\"A week or two?\" ",
"Kade repeated. \"",
"I cannot wait that long. ",
"I need to leave immediately.\"",
"\n\nAs Kade attempted to stand, sharp pains pulsed through his body. ",
"He gritted his teeth and squinted his eyes in discomfort.",
"\n\n\"You are free to go anytime, you're not a prisoner here,\" the monk said. \"",
"But if you would like to stay, we can ensure you make a full recovery.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Four\n\nDrifting in and out throughout the night, Kade tossed and turned in his sweat-soaked sheets, moaning loudly like he was exercising a demon from his body. ",
"His body fluctuated from having a high fever to having cold sweats as he was desperately craving another hit of ghost. ",
"On more than one occasion the thought had crossed his mind to sneak out, find his way back to the abandoned city, and locate the dose he had thrown away. ",
"He played out the sequence in his mind over and over like an obsessed madman, minimizing the amount of effort and luck it would take.",
"\n\nKefu came in several times throughout the night to check on him.",
"\n\n\"Mr. Kade, can I get you anything?\"",
"\n\n\"Water. ",
"Please.\"",
"\n\nKefu stepped away and returned a moment later with a glass filled with a dark brown liquid.",
"\n\n\"Here, drink this.\"",
"\n\nKade accepted the drink and brought it up to his nose.",
"\n\n\"What is this?\"",
"\n\n\"It's medicine,\" Kefu said with a warm smile. \"",
"It'll make you feel better.\"",
"\n\nIf the drink tasted anything like it smelled, Kade knew he wouldn't enjoy it. ",
"He started with a small sip and nearly gagged, not trying to conceal his disgust. ",
"He took another sip.",
"\n\n\"Drink up,\" Kefu said, \"I'll get you new bedding.\"",
"\n\nAs he did with the water, Kefu shuffled off and returned yet again to help Kade through the ordeal.",
"\n\nAs he changed the bedding, Kade explained his situation and why he was having withdrawal.",
"\n\n\"I'm not a junkie, I promise,\" Kade said. \"",
"I was drugged.\"",
"\n\n\"I don't pass judgement,\" Kefu said with the warm smile. \"",
"There, all done. ",
"Enjoy your new sheets. ",
"I'll be back in a few hours to check on you.\"",
"\n\n\"What would I do without you, Kefu?\" ",
"Kade said sincerely.",
"\n\n\"It's important you get rest.\"",
"\n\nKade smiled and shut his eyes.",
"\n\n\"I'll wait with you until you fall asleep,\" Kefu said.",
"\n\n\"Thank you,\" Kade said. \"",
"For everything.\"",
"\n\nIt the morning, Kade awoke with a massive headache, brought on by extreme dehydration. ",
"His eyes slowly opened and he saw Kefu sitting bedside as if he had never left.",
"\n\n\"Another drink for you,\" Kefu said, handing Kade another glass of the murky liquid.",
"\n\nKade reluctantly accepted the strange brew and again choked it down. \"",
"What's in this?\" ",
"he asked again, hoping to get a more specific answer.",
"\n\n\"It's a concoction of fermented psilocybin mushrooms, tree bark, beetle protein, and mineral water.\"",
"\n\n\"That explains the crazy dreams,\" Kade said with a smirk. \"",
"My morning should be interesting to say the least.\"",
"\n\n\"Don't worry, I only used a small dose of mushrooms, you should hardly experience any psychedelic effects.\"",
"\n\nKade took another sip.",
"\n\n\"When you're ready, you can eat. ",
"We have breakfast prepared for you.\"",
"\n\n\"Thank you.\"",
"\n\nKefu stood up and went to leave until Kade stopped him. \"",
"Wait,\" Kade said causing Kefu to turn around.",
"\n\n\"Yes?\"",
"\n\n\"Did you say tree bark?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes,\" he said, flashing his large smile.",
"\n\n\"You have a tree here?\"",
"\n\n\"Of course, we have several. ",
"How do you think we're breathing right now?\"",
"\n\n\"Can I see them?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, of course. ",
"After breakfast I will take you to our tree habitat.\"",
"\n\nKade struggled to get out of bed as he was experiencing a combination of muscle fatigue, atrophy, and a debilitated mental state brought on by withdrawal.",
"\n\n\"Don't try to walk,\" Kefu said, rushing to bring him a wheelchair.",
"\n\nKade could barely stand. ",
"With Kefu's help, he was assisted into the chair and together, they entered a large eating area where Kade was met by over two dozen friendly faces, who were all eager to meet him. ",
"It wasn't often they had visitors, and consequently they received great joy from being of service to others.",
"\n\nKefu wheeled Kade up to a table and locked his chair in place. ",
"A moment later, a large plate of steaming potatoes and boiled vegetables were placed in front of him.",
"\n\n\"This looks amazing,\" he said graciously. \"",
"Thank you all for your warm hospitality.\"",
"\n\n\"It's our pleasure,\" one of the monks responded.",
"\n\n\"I'm Tenchu,\" an elegant woman said with an endearing smile. \"",
"What brings you to these parts?\"",
"\n\n\"I'm a rider... from Endocrine. ",
"I was just passing through on one of my deliveries, and... well, it didn't go as I had planned it.\"",
"\n\n\"You are safe here.\"",
"\n\n\"I appreciate it, thank you.\"",
"\n\nAfter breakfast, Kade was wheeled around the facility. ",
"He was shown the exercise and rehabilitation room, the medical centre, the sleeping bunks, and the entertainment area. ",
"The place was massive.",
"\n\nThe monastery was a modern facility, formerly an abandoned military bunker carved into the side of a mountain. ",
"It was completely off the grid. ",
"Apparently, whoever knew about it before the catastrophe had either perished or had no interest in returning. ",
"Fortunately for the monks, it was fully stocked with everything they needed, including seeds, fertile soil, fresh water and oxygen, medical equipment, and food.",
"\n\nThe monks had discovered the base by accident and had remained there ever since. ",
"The only encounter they had was with a group of scavs a few years prior, who upon finding it, threatened to take it over and kill everyone inside. ",
"Cali was among those scavs — a newcomer at that time — and could not allow her conscience to sit back and watch such a peaceful group be slaughtered.",
"\n\nKefu saved the best for last. ",
"The last place on the tour was a large glass dome with plants and trees. ",
"Insects such as butterflies and beetles thrived in this lush habitat. ",
"It was truly spectacular to see in person. ",
"Above the trees were a series of reflective tubes that connected to the surface, bringing natural sunlight to the underground oasis.",
"\n\n\"We are the guardians of this place,\" Kefu stated with pride. \"",
"This is our home.\"",
"\n\n\"This is incredible,\" Kade said, looking around in awe. ",
"It was unlike anything he had ever seen in his lifetime. \"",
"Where did this come from?\"",
"\n\n\"It was here when we discovered this place — to some extent. ",
"We, of course, nurture and maintain it. ",
"This is where we get all our food and oxygen. ",
"Without it, this place would be uninhabitable. ",
"As you know, there are no signs of life anywhere around us, which is ironically one of the things that keeps us safe. ",
"No one thinks to come looking for anything out here. ",
"Even if a drone were to fly overhead, it wouldn't even detect this place. ",
"We have technology to mask our digital signals so unless you happen to stumble upon this place like we did, or are brought here like you were, we can remain completely off the grid and safe.\"",
"\n\n\"It's truly a wonderful spot you have, nestled in the mountains, protected from being corrupted by the outside world. ",
"I'm really honoured to be here and have you take such good care of me.\"",
"\n\n\"We'd be delighted for you to stay with us for as long as you want. ",
"This is home now.\"",
"\n\n\"I appreciate that, but I mustn't stay too long. ",
"I need to return to Endocrine to see how my mother is doing. ",
"I've been given one week to make a delivery and I'm afraid I failed to deliver. ",
"My mother was being held as ransom. ",
"I need to tell my employer that I need more time.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm terribly sorry to hear that,\" Kefu said. \"",
"I can assure you that we will help you in any way. ",
"If there's anything you need, it's yours.\"",
"\n\n\"You're too kind,\" Kade said. \"",
"Thank you. ",
"The world needs more people like you.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Five\n\nKade had spent the better part of a week at the monastery, first wheeling around, and then hobbling on crutches. ",
"He was trying to make himself as useful as possible, but also took adequate time to rest in bed, hoping his mind and body would heel.",
"\n\nHis lack of mobility was frustrating. ",
"He needed to find a way to get back to Endocrine and see if his mother was still alive. ",
"It was not a life he wished to return to, but for his own sanctity, he needed to do everything in his power to save his mother and potentially others he was close to. ",
"He would surely be killed upon arrival, but there was a small chance that he would be spared and given another way to appease Mr. Saigon.",
"\n\nKade sat humbly at a long table, eagerly anticipating his next meal. \"",
"Thank you,\" he said, accepting a plate of food. ",
"He immediately began shoveling potatoes and other vegetables in his mouth. ",
"Periodically, he would massage the back of his stiff neck.",
"\n\nAfter dinner, Kefu visited Kade in his room and checked his stats once again.",
"\n\n\"Your body is recovering well,\" Kefu said.",
"\n\n\"You take good care of me.\"",
"\n\n\"It's more than just my care,\" Kefu said. \"",
"This seems to be the work of the divine.\"",
"\n\n\"No offense, Kefu, but if there is a God, he gave up on this planet, and he certainly has abandoned me a long time ago. ",
"After the things I've seen and the places I've been, no benevolent God would allow this to happen.\"",
"\n\n\"Maybe so, but who are we to question his or her authority and the divine plan. ",
"There are great benefits that are a result of great tragedy. ",
"Our scope of view is too narrow to understand broadly.\"",
"\n\nKefu took the usual blood samples and checked Kade's vitals. \"",
"How is everything feeling?\" ",
"Kefu asked. \"",
"Are there any nagging issues?\"",
"\n\n\"I didn't think to mention it before because my entire body was sore,\" Kade said, \"but my neck is killing me.\"",
"\n\n\"Oh?\" ",
"Kefu said, taking a closer look. \"",
"What seems to be the problem?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't know,\" Kade said, massaging the back of his neck. \"",
"Sometimes I feel like slow dull ache, and other times I feel this sharp pain. ",
"It's almost as if someone is sticking a hot poker in the back of my neck.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, lean forward. ",
"I'll take a look.\"",
"\n\nKefu placed a light above Kade and looked carefully at the back of his neck. \"",
"Hmm, this is unusual,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"What is it?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"There appears to be a small scar on the base of your hairline. ",
"I must have missed it before. ",
"What happens when I press down on it?\" ",
"Kefu asked.",
"\n\nJust then, a sharp pain shot through Kade's body and he reared his head back. \"",
"Ow!\" ",
"he hissed.",
"\n\n\"I think I felt something under your skin. ",
"I would like to make a small incision and see if I can get it out,\" Kefu said.",
"\n\n\"What do you think it is?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure, a piece of shrapnel perhaps. ",
"Given your line of work, it could be any number of things. ",
"It looks fresh though. ",
"Have you been near any blasts lately?\"",
"\n\nKade laughed. \"",
"Every day someone is trying to kill me.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, not today,\" Kefu said with a warm smile.",
"\n\nKefu cleaned the area and injected Kade with a local anesthesia. ",
"He then picked up a scalpel and pressed it firmly against the skin. ",
"As he drew the blade down, it sunk into his soft flesh and left a small trail of blood in its wake. ",
"The slit was only a centimetre long, but that was large enough to extract whatever was burrowed inside.",
"\n\n\"There it is,\" Kefu said, \"Now, I'm just going to see if I can get it out...\" his voice drifted off as he concentrated. ",
"Kefu pinched the surrounding skin like a pimple and a tiny metallic object poked out. ",
"Using a set of tweezers, Kefu carefully removed the object and rinsed it off in a nearby tray of water.",
"\n\nKade couldn't feel a thing. ",
"He sat there patiently until Kefu was finished.",
"\n\n\"All done,\" he said, placing the small object in a shallow metal container. \"",
"This is definitely not a piece of shrapnel.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Six\n\nKade had stayed at the monastery a lot longer than he had planned. ",
"Even though his body had recovered, he thought the extra time with the monks would be good for his mental state. ",
"It had been over three months since Kade was brought to the monastery. ",
"He knew he couldn't stay there indefinitely and the time had come to leave. ",
"With no communication with the outside world, he had no idea if his mother and Tanjoban were still alive, but he needed to get back to Endocrine to find out. ",
"No more running. ",
"No more hiding. ",
"He was ready to face his reality.",
"\n\nEquipped with a two-day supply of oxygen and a motorbike that he had restored, Kade said his final goodbyes to Kefu and the other monks.",
"\n\n\"I am forever indebted to you,\" Kade said to Kefu, pulling him in for a hug. ",
"If I can, I promise to make it back out this way to repay you. ",
"If you don't hear from me, assume the worst.\"",
"\n\n\"We hope to see you again soon, Kade,\" Kefu said with his infectious smile. \"",
"Be safe out there.\"",
"\n\nKade mounted his bike and descended down the steep mountainous road. ",
"The road was slick from a morning rain — the type of rain that wreaks havoc on anything it touches. ",
"He had to be careful to avoid puddles.",
"\n\nAfter three months off, it felt good to be riding again. ",
"Winding down the mountain, the bike's suspension and handling were put to the test. ",
"Once he reached the flats, he could really open up and see how fast it was. ",
"He had low expectations considering the age of the bike, the size of the motor, and what he had previously.",
"\n\nAs the mountain road came to an end, Kade was heavy on the throttle. ",
"His equipment was basic and he had no navigational system other than the directions the monks had told him. ",
"He didn't have a drone, no weapons, and no high-tech suit. ",
"He needed to be careful and calculated about his every move.",
"\n\nHe soon passed by the abandoned church in which he tried to take his own life, reminding him that it wasn't over until he breathed his last breath. ",
"He felt as though there was some higher force watching over him, guiding him.",
"\n\nAn early morning fog crept in as Kade tucked his head and raced toward the abandoned city. ",
"His plan was to make it back to Endocrine, visit Mr. Saigon, and explain the situation. ",
"His hopes were that Saigon would give him another chance and spare his life. ",
"With any luck, his mother and Tanjoban would be safe as well.",
"\n\nIt took a few hours until Kade approached the outer limits of the abandoned city. ",
"He needed a break, not only to stretch, but also to rehydrate. ",
"Success on this journey meant taking the right precautions. ",
"Mr. Chu's wisdom played in his head — 'You must stack the odds in your favour.'",
"\n\nSitting at the edge of the city, Kade heard something in the distance. ",
"It wasn't coming from the city, it was coming from behind him. ",
"Kade turned to look. ",
"He had to squint through the thick orange haze to make out what it was. ",
"It appeared to be a small army charging toward him. ",
"Kade quickly mounted his bike and attempted to turn on the ignition, but it was dead.",
"\n\n\"No no no, not now. ",
"Come on!\" ",
"he said as he tried over and over to get the bike to start.",
"\n\nHe got off the bike and fiddled with some wires that he believed may have been faulty. ",
"The whole time he kept looking at the swarming cavalry that was heading straight for him. ",
"His heart was racing.",
"\n\nWhen the large group punched through the fog and came within proper view, he realized the full scope of what he was dealing with. ",
"They weren't scavs at all, but something much more terrifying. ",
"The group was part human part machine — an unnerving sight for anyone especially a lone rider.",
"\n\nUpon his initial count, there appeared to be a dozen or so warriors with their makeshift Mad Maxian hell machines. ",
"Accompanying them were several unpiloted steampunk inspired bots that looked like they were assembled in a junkyard. ",
"Their haphazard metal plates, rusted mechanisms, and exposed gears were definitely not the work of refined engineers, but more the brainchild of a modern day Frankenstein.",
"\n\nKade looked on in horror, his heart pounding violently as he kept fiddling with the outdated circuitry. ",
"Fear grew as he began yelling and hitting the bike out of a panic-stricken frustration. ",
"Just as the machines were within a stone's throw, the bike finally turned over and came to life. ",
"In one fluid movement, Kade revved the throttle and dove on the seat while the bike was in motion.",
"\n\nThe bike accelerated as Kade climbed on properly and readjusted himself. ",
"On a straight stretch, he had a chance to turn his head back, but only for a glimmer, to see how close they were. ",
"They were right on his tail. ",
"He definitely didn't have the horsepower to outrun them, but he could definitely outride them. ",
"His skill as a rider was second to none and he had every bit of confidence that he would avoid capture by this rogue squad of bandits, whoever they were.",
"\n\nThe machines came in all shapes and sizes, some resembling headless horses while others had tank treads. ",
"They were fast, calculated, and relentless. ",
"The slower ones took aim and fired off several rounds of explosive projectiles. ",
"The streets and surrounding buildings exploded with debris, narrowly missing Kade as he ducked his head and manoeuvered through the streets as if they were a mine field. ",
"Little rocks, pieces of metal, and chunks of concrete rained down on him and gummed up his visor. ",
"His visibility was so impaired that at one point he had to wipe the dirt away.",
"\n\nThe bike howled through the vacant streets as he zigged and zagged around road hazards and large objects. ",
"He knew the streets were rigged by scavs, but wasn't exactly sure where all the traps were. ",
"That information would either help him or hurt him, but surely his pursuers would run into the same unexpected issues, putting them at a disadvantage.",
"\n\nKade rounded a corner, but this time saw the cable stretched out. ",
"He propped himself up so that he was standing on the seat and waited for the exact moment to jump. ",
"As the bike passed under the steel cable, Kade timed it so that he jumped over it. ",
"He became separated from his bike for a second as he cleared the cable before crashing back down on the bike. ",
"The bike wobbled, but Kade quickly corrected and regained control.",
"\n\nHe then realized there was another cable stretched out twenty feet away that was approaching rather quickly. ",
"It was positioned much too low to perform the same stunt, so he slammed on his front break causing the bike to do a nose wheelie. ",
"The bike wheeled right up to the cable, which is when Kade used his body momentum to swing the backend of the bike in the air and clear the cable. ",
"He then shifted his weight and pulled the front end up hopping over the cable like a choreographed dance.",
"\n\nKade resettled the bike on the other side of the cable and took off. ",
"Rounding the next corner, he heard the moment of impact. ",
"The metal militia plowed into the first cable, snapping it upon impact. ",
"The gang hardly even noticed it.",
"\n\nKade had no time to waste. ",
"He passed by one of the buildings he recognized and figured it was close to his drone and the package, but there was no time to look. ",
"The best-case scenario would be to find a place to hide and lay low.",
"\n\nThe bots came from all angles, galloping like demons out of hell. ",
"They leaped over large objects in a single bound without breaking stride. ",
"They caught up to Kade and swiped at him, but he managed to out manoeuvre them. ",
"Kade sunk lower into his seat to remain a smaller target. ",
"Glancing over, he saw one of the bots charging toward him from the side. ",
"It plowed into him causing his bike to wobble uncontrollably. ",
"The handlebars jerked back and forth and Kade was thrown off his bike. ",
"He hit the dirt-covered ground with a thud and slid to a stop. ",
"In his wake was a large cloud of dust. ",
"His bike flipped end over end before crashing into a wall. ",
"It appeared to be completely destroyed. ",
"Kade winced in pain, but before he could move, he was surrounded.",
"\n\nThe headless horse bot galloped toward him and with its solid frame, sharp edges, and imposing statue. ",
"It stood over Kade, pinning him to the ground.",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Seven\n\nKade hadn't made it very far in his journey before being captured once again. ",
"He was sure to be killed or enslaved by this race of warrior people. ",
"He struggled to get free, but it was no use - the heavy metallic bot had him pinned.",
"\n\nWithin seconds, the rest of the squad showed up. ",
"A badass woman with war paint and makeshift armour stepped into his field of vision. ",
"From his perspective, she appeared to be eight feet tall as she towered over him. ",
"She shoved the barrel of her gun in his face.",
"\n\n\"If you try to run, I will put a bullet in your head,\" the woman said.",
"\n\nJust then, the bot stepped aside allowing Kade to return to his feet. ",
"He was covered in dust and stood with a slightly bent leg that had been injured in the crash.",
"\n\n\"Let's go,\" she said, still pointing her gun at him.",
"\n\nKade was met by another woman, equally powerful in stature. ",
"He had yet to say a word. ",
"She grabbed his wrist and scanned him. \"",
"It's him,\" she notified the others.",
"\n\nKade wasn't sure what that meant or even who these women were. ",
"They certainly didn't look like scavs. ",
"Some had long flowing hair that spilled out the backs of their helmets, while others kept it short. ",
"They were all equipped with state-of-the-art weapons, battle armour, and bots.",
"\n\nTheir vehicles littered the street, with each driver holding a weapon on standby. ",
"If anything were to attack them, they'd be ready.",
"\n\nThe woman holding Kade's wrist slapped a thick, metal cuff on him and connected it another cuff on the other wrist. ",
"With his arms now bound behind his back, he was escorted to one of the vehicles.",
"\n\n\"Who are you people?\" ",
"he asked. \"",
"What do you want with me?\"",
"\n\n\"We're bounty hunters,\" the lead woman said. \"",
"We're here to take you in.\"",
"\n\n\"Take me in?\" ",
"Kade said in confusion. \"",
"Who issued the bounty?\"",
"\n\nKade's question went unanswered, but he had an idea who would issue the bounty. ",
"In fact, he didn't exactly mind being captured. ",
"He was on his way to Endocrine to see Mr. Saigon anyway, at least now he would have an armoured escort.",
"\n\nKade was shoved into the back of a vehicle with force. ",
"He then heard the leader give a command to rally the squad to leave. ",
"The had got what they had come for. ",
"One by one, the metal militia pulled away leaving behind a large cloud of dust.",
"\n\nThe all-women squad made their way through town, resembling a military convoy. ",
"There was an eerie presence that consumed them and kept them on high alert at all times. ",
"They knew they were not alone.",
"\n\nKade was in the back of a dust-covered vehicle, unsure what his fate would be. ",
"He peered out and saw movement in one of the buildings. ",
"Scavs. ",
"He turned his head in the other direction and saw more of them. ",
"An ambush was coming and he was utterly defenseless. ",
"He wondered if he should say something or let it play out.",
"\n\nBefore he had a chance to decide, shots were fired. ",
"A barrage of gunfire rained down from all angles.",
"\n\n\"Spread out!\" ",
"the leader shouted. ",
"The vehicles sped up, racing through the city, taking every direction possible. ",
"The bots followed closely behind, acting as their backup, firing back at targets they could not see. ",
"The scavs were prepared; this was their world. ",
"Every block had barricades and traps, along with vantage points to wage an attack.",
"\n\nThe vehicles split up, making themselves even more vulnerable. ",
"The vehicle Kade was in picked up speed, fishtailing in the loose dirt. ",
"As it rounded a corner, it ran over a landmine that exploded under one of the front tires. ",
"The blast uprooted the vehicle, flipping it on its side. ",
"With a thunderous crash, it slammed into the ground and slid to a stop. ",
"Kade was still in the back, rattled, but alive. ",
"In the distance, he could hear the violent sounds of gunfire and explosions and realized getting to Endocrine would not be so easy.",
"\n\nBefore the dust settled, Kade had scrambled out of the vehicle and belly crawled toward a hollowed out vehicle resting permanently on the side of the road. ",
"He struggled with his cuffs, but they were locked solid. ",
"He looked around to orient himself, but was completely mixed up. ",
"Having only spent a brief moment in the city, he had no idea where he was and what way he needed to go to escape.",
"\n\nKade stayed put, lying on his back and listening to the sounds of scavs scurrying around him like rodents. ",
"They were communicating with each other through their interconnected network in their helmets, so he couldn't hear what they were saying. ",
"He inched forward for a better view, but remained low so that he wouldn't be spotted.",
"\n\nThe large scav leader — the one who had come into Kade's cell one night — entered the street with a small crew. ",
"He walked right up to the flipped vehicle, knelt down, and looked inside. ",
"He said something to the wounded woman who was still inside.",
"\n\nKade watched on with intrigue.",
"\n\nThe scav reached inside the vehicle and dragged the warrior woman into the middle of the street. ",
"She kicked and fought with him, but had been weakened in the crash, so it wasn't much of a resistance. ",
"The leader scav then pulled out a gun and put it to her head.",
"\n\nKade watched on and tried to ignore his moral compass, but almost uncontrollably, he stood up to reveal himself, \"Don't shoot!\" ",
"he pleaded.",
"\n\nInstantly, a dozen guns were aimed in his direction.",
"\n\n\"Show me your hands,\" the scav said.",
"\n\n\"I can't,\" Kade replied, turning around slowly to reveal his bound arms.",
"\n\n\"Walk toward me,\" the scav leader said. \"",
"Slowly.\"",
"\n\nKade did exactly as he was instructed and shuffled his feet toward the small scav army. \"",
"That's enough,\" the leader said, aiming his gun at him. \"",
"Who are you?\"",
"\n\nWith Kade's face concealed, the scav leader had no idea that Kade was the same person who was captured and escaped months prior.",
"\n\n\"I'm nobody,\" Kade said. \"",
"Just a rogue traveller passing through until I was captured by these women.\"",
"\n\n\"Why have you captured this man?\" ",
"the scav leader asked.",
"\n\n\"We're scavengers just like you. ",
"We take whatever may be of use to us,\" the warrior woman said, not revealing Kade's true identity. \"",
"We were just passing through,\" she said. \"",
"We mean you no harm.\"",
"\n\nWithout warning, Kade's shackles unlocked and dropped to the ground with a thud. ",
"Kade looked just as stunned as anyone. ",
"The noise was just enough of a distraction to cause the scav leader to divert his attention away from the warrior woman. ",
"That's when she removed a blade from her belt and lunge forward, plunging it into the leader's ribs. ",
"Surprised by the attack, the leader fell forward, gasping for breath. ",
"He fell face first into the dirt. ",
"The warrior woman wasted no time. ",
"She quickly ran for cover, removing her weapon from its holster and began blasting.",
"\n\nIn the confusion, Kade took off running, zigging and zagging through back alleys and abandoned buildings. ",
"He had no idea where he was going or what his plan was, all he knew was he needed to keep moving.",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Eight\n\nKade's lungs burned and he was out of breath. ",
"He was sucking back his oxygen supply at an unsustainable rate, depleting his only canister. ",
"Once it ran out, that was it, he would be dead. ",
"His legs were moving as quickly as possible, despite his limp.",
"\n\nIt was midday so there was plenty of light, however, much of the sun was blocked by the tall buildings. ",
"He made it six blocks without encountering any danger, but he was still far from home. ",
"Ducking in an out of buildings, he navigated blindly through the dead city, heading down back alleys and back roads, trying to maintain a low profile. ",
"The city was massive, but with that, there were a lot of hiding spots for scavs as well, which made him nervous.",
"\n\nIn the distance, he spotted movement so he ducked into a blown out wall and withdrew into the shadows. ",
"He lay in wait for a moment to catch his breath and to avoid being spotted. ",
"Blood soaked into his boot. ",
"He lifted up his pantleg to reveal a wound that didn't know he had. ",
"He would definitely need treatment at some point soon, but that wasn't likely to happen. ",
"Within seconds, a group of scavs ran past with their guns drawn. ",
"Kade retreated back against the wall and remained still.",
"\n\nWhen the timing felt right, Kade poked his head out of the building. ",
"Struggling to his feet, he steadied himself on his wounded leg and hobbled forward. ",
"He picked up his pace with each laboured step and made it another two blocks before stopping once again. ",
"To his delight, he began to recognize some of the buildings. ",
"He had been there before.",
"\n\nIn his excitement, he threw caution to the wind and became careless. ",
"As he made his way down the middle of the street, he was spotted.",
"\n\n\"Hey!\" ",
"someone called out. \"",
"There he is!\"",
"\n\nA shot rang out and Kade ducked his head. ",
"He could hear the bullet whiz by. ",
"There was another shot, then another. ",
"Parts of the ground exploded mere inches away from his fast-moving feet. ",
"He found refuge in one of the buildings. ",
"Bullets ricocheted off the brick and echoed throughout the street. ",
"Through deep inhalations, he kept the oxygen flowing through his body. ",
"The ever-depleting levels was constant on his mind. ",
"If he were to make it back to Endocrine, he would definitely need to re-up.",
"\n\nThe scavs pursued on foot, but had stopped firing. ",
"Kade was in no condition to be involved in a foot chase, but knew the consequences of getting caught. ",
"Gritting through the pain, he kept moving, darting in and out of buildings in a sporadic and evasive pattern.",
"\n\nBreathing heavily, he needed to regain control over his heart rate not only to conserve oxygen and energy, but he felt like he was about to pass out at any moment. ",
"Evidently, he was no longer in the kind of shape he used to be where he could run for several kilometres in the scorching desert heat. ",
"Finding a spot in a building, he hunkered down in a dark corner.",
"\n\nAgain, Kade thought about how much oxygen he was expending. ",
"It was like being invested in a stock with one's entire life savings, and then watching helplessly as the stock plummeted.",
"\n\nCrouching low with his back against a wall, Kade sat up and peaked out a small window. ",
"He could see several scavs. ",
"It appeared as though they had split up to look for him. ",
"Kade sized up one of the guys who was by himself, and felt as though he would be an easy target.",
"\n\nLooking around him, Kade found a sizable chunk of brick that was heavy, but could be held in one hand. ",
"He picked it up and then let out a deep breath to calm his nerves. ",
"Using the wall for assistance, he stood up and sneaked up on the lone scav.",
"\n\nThe ground was made of loose dirt, which absorbed his weight and allowed him to move quietly, even as he was running. ",
"Plus, since everyone wore helmets, this acted as a barrier to dampen the sound.",
"\n\nKade moved quickly almost as if he had forgotten about his injury. ",
"He covered the distance between him and the unsuspecting scav within seconds. ",
"When he was within arm's reach, Kade raised the brick high and clobbered the scav on the back of the neck. ",
"The scav went down, plowing face first into the ground. ",
"A plume of ash billowed out around him. ",
"Kade dove on top of him and began to club him repeatedly, bashing in the scav's chest with the rock.",
"\n\nWith his heart rate elevated, Kade quickly searched the scav for anything of use — a weapon, disguise, oxygen canister. ",
"The only oxygen canister was the one in his helmet. ",
"Kade took a deep breath before removing his oxygen canister and swapping it out for the scav's canister. ",
"The scav's oxygen canister had significantly more oxygen than he had, which he was pleased about. ",
"It would buy Kade some more time. ",
"He could have kept both, but in doing so would bring about an agonizing and cruel death for someone who was likely just misguided or coerced into his depraved ways. ",
"That was in Kade's nature.",
"\n\nWhile crouching low, Kade ran across the street and hid once again. ",
"He needed to calm his nerves. ",
"His hands were shaking and he was breathing way too hard. ",
"He closed his eyes and attempted to regain control over his breathing. ",
"He recalled his time with the monks and how they taught him how to breathe and calm his mind and body. ",
"Like a Zen master, Kade took a moment to meditate. ",
"Despite being in the midst of a chaotic manhunt, Kade was in a state of relaxation in his mind and body. ",
"When he opened his eyes again, he had recalibrated. ",
"He wasn't so panicky and high-strung as he was before.",
"\n\nHe slowly stood up and made his way through the building he was in. ",
"Traversing down hallways, through debris fields, and over piles of rubble, Kade emerged on the other side of the block. ",
"Through sheer luck had found his bike. ",
"He wasn't sure what sort of damage it has sustained in the crash, but it was his only means of escape.",
"\n\n# Chapter Twenty-Nine\n\nWith a laser-intense focus, Kade hobbled toward his bike.",
"\n\n\"Hold it right there!\" ",
"a voice shouted.",
"\n\nKade turned and saw a scav aiming a gun at him.",
"\n\nRaising his hands to show that he was unarmed, Kade said, \"Your leader is dead.\"",
"\n\n\"Shut up!\"",
"\n\n\"I didn't kill him. ",
"It was the women. ",
"They stabbed him a few blocks away.\"",
"\n\n\"I said shut up. ",
"Get on the ground, now!\" ",
"the scav commanded.",
"\n\n\"It's okay, you're free,\" Kade said. \"",
"You no longer have to live in fear.\"",
"\n\nAs the scav processed what Kade had told him, he lost a sliver of focus. ",
"Kade took advantage of this moment and lunged forward, grabbing the barrel of the gun. ",
"A shot was fired, but was diverted away. ",
"As the struggle ensued, another shot rang out. ",
"Again, it narrowly missed. ",
"It was as if they were dancing.",
"\n\nKade threw all his weight into a punch that knocked the scav's helmet clean off. ",
"Kade then rip the gun out of the scav's hand. ",
"The scav was now on the ground, his head was rattled, and he was desperately searching for his helmet, which Kade was now standing over. ",
"Kade now had the gun and all the power. ",
"He aimed it at the scav, but didn't have the heart to pull the trigger. ",
"A young face stared up at him in desperation. ",
"The scav was just a kid, no more than seventeen. ",
"He was holding his breath, pleading with his eyes for Kade to show mercy.",
"\n\nThe last breath of the boy was held in his puffed cheeks. ",
"Each passing second invoked even more panic as his body absorbed the oxygen. ",
"Instead of shooting the boy, Kade kicked his helmet in one direction while running in the opposite. ",
"With his last bit of energy, the boy quickly scrambled toward the helmet and shoved it back on his head.",
"\n\nBy now, Kade had a sizable gap between him and the scav, and he was now armed. ",
"He tucked his arm and head through the strap of the gun, which now hung by his waist, and was making his way toward his bike. ",
"Just then, he felt something press against his shin and immediately stopped dead in his tracks. ",
"He had inadvertently tripped a wire.",
"\n\nBefore he had time to react, a series of mechanisms were set in motion. ",
"Buried beneath the soot was a metal wire that sprang up like a cobra, wrapped around his leg and took his feet from underneath of him. ",
"In one fluid motion, Kade was swept off his feet and hauled high in the air. ",
"The force whipped him up so fast that it ripped his loose-fitted helmet right off his face. ",
"Kade was completely caught off guard, but had the wherewithal to take a deep breath.",
"\n\nKade dangled upside down by both legs by a steel cable that stretched from one end of the street to the other. ",
"He felt like a fly trapped in a spider web. ",
"His arms, hair, and clothes stretched toward the ground. ",
"His view, now upside down, he saw the young scav approach. ",
"He looked down and saw the gun, which was now laying on the ground ten feet beneath him.",
"\n\nWhile still holding his breath, Kade reached for his knife, fumbled with it, but then gripped it firmly. ",
"With an aggressive sawing motion, Kade desperately tried to cut himself free, but it was no use. ",
"His knife was no match for the steel cable.",
"\n\nWhile he could hold his breath for a little over two minutes, he was already starting to slip. ",
"He estimated he had another thirty seconds or so before the last ounce of air burst from his lungs as he would instinctively inhale the toxic air.",
"\n\nBlood rushed to Kade's head, making him feel like he was going to pass out at any moment. ",
"His face turned a shade of purple and thick veins protruded from his face and neck. ",
"With his eyes barely open, he saw the boy standing underneath him. ",
"They made eye contact, but no words were spoken. ",
"Kade desperately wanted to beg the boy to spare his life, but he couldn't open his mouth.",
"\n\nThat was it, he was down to his final ten seconds of life on Earth. ",
"A valiant effort making it this far post-apocalypse, but ultimately a life that meant very little. ",
"He would die a nobody, without making any meaningful contribution or impact. ",
"The world would carry on without notice.",
"\n\nKade came to terms with death once again and said a silent prayer to his mother. ",
"As the final seconds counted down, he suddenly fell to the ground, slamming into a thick pile of ash that helped break his fall. ",
"Standing over him was the boy. ",
"His arm was stretched out and he was holding Kade's helmet. ",
"It was an offering. ",
"Without hesitation, Kade slipped the helmet on and inhaled a deep, life-saving breath.",
"\n\n\"Thank you,\" Kade said. \"",
"You saved my life.\"",
"\n\n\"And you saved mine. ",
"I think that makes us even. ",
"Go on, get out of here.\"",
"\n\nKade saw the bike and ran to it before more scavs showed up. ",
"He struggled to lift it up, but eventually mounted it. ",
"He looked back at the scav, who was standing twenty-feet away, wearing his helmet. ",
"Kade gave him a nod as if to thank him once again. ",
"Without wasting a second thought, Kade accelerated so fast that the rear tire dug into the loose dirt until it found traction. ",
"A plume of dust shot up as Kade tucked his head and raced away.",
"\n\nLike a man with a new lease on life, he decided to escape while he still could. ",
"Given the circumstance, locating and retrieving the package was far too risky. ",
"Like a stealth panther, Kade made it through the city undetected. ",
"Once he reached the city limits, he looked back to see if he was being followed. ",
"He was not.",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty\n\nKade didn't suspect he was being followed, but still wanted to get as far away from the abandoned city as possible. ",
"Monitoring his oxygen intake, he was mindful of the time. ",
"He needed to make his oxygen last until he reached Endocrine. ",
"The display on his helmet told him that he had less than a day's worth of oxygen. ",
"With Endocrine less than a day away, it would be cutting it close. ",
"He could not afford any major detours or setbacks at this point.",
"\n\nA dull, nagging headache lingered, but he did his best to ignore it. ",
"What he couldn't ignore was the pain in his leg. ",
"As he pressed on, he stretched it out, which only seemed to make it worse. ",
"Just as he was thinking about stopping for a quick stretch and bathroom break, he caught movement coming from behind.",
"\n\nHeavy on the throttle, Kade continued to look over his shoulder, blasting through the hazy fog that had crept in. ",
"Riding high, he jockeyed the bike as it skipped across the uneven terrain. ",
"Navigating the sand dunes were exhausting and required a lot of strength and endurance to control the bike as it bounced around the rolling mounds. ",
"Without his drone and special helmet, it was also difficult to read the topography. ",
"To his eye, everything appeared to be flat and of the same colour.",
"\n\nApproaching a sand dune at high speed, Kade launched off it like a ramp, becoming momentarily airborne before slamming down, compressing the suspension to the max. ",
"Kade gritted in pain as his wounded leg begin to shake from the lactic acid that had built up.",
"\n\nThe choppy and unpredictable landscape was taking its toll on him and his bike. ",
"It also made peering over his shoulder incredibly difficult and dangerous. ",
"When he hit a smooth patch, Kade snuck another glance over his shoulder. ",
"Racing toward him were large battle drones that were nearly impossible to escape, especially with the old bike he was riding.",
"\n\nThe high-speed drones were closing the distance and were now within firing range.",
"\n\nPff, pff, pff, pff – their guns started firing. ",
"Kade swerved back and forth to be as evasive as possible, but he knew he couldn't maintain these manoeuvres the whole way. ",
"It was only a matter of time before the drones had completely caught up to him. ",
"Once their sensors were close enough to lock onto him, he would be picked off with ease.",
"\n\nTurning his head for a brief moment, he only saw two drones. ",
"By the time he turned around, his front tire was already lifting off the ground. ",
"The bike launched off a sand drift, but this time he was unprepared. ",
"He lost his balance and was bucked off, slamming into the soft sand and he rolling to a stop.",
"\n\nWincing in pain, he wasn't sure if anything was broken, but he didn't have time to worry about that at the moment. ",
"He lifted his head just in time to see his bike explode into a million pieces. ",
"The drones slowed to a stop and circled the perimeter, looking for Kade. ",
"Using his last bit of strength, he placed one forearm in front of the other and crawled behind a large dune.",
"\n\nHe rolled onto his back and stared up at the sky. ",
"He was utterly defenseless. ",
"His only option was to bury himself in the sand. ",
"The drones continued to search the area. ",
"With their guns drawn and ready to lock onto a target, the high speed drones covered a 25 metre radius, scanning every rock, mound, and piece of debris. ",
"But they couldn't find Kade anywhere.",
"\n\nSatisfied that they had completed their mission, they retreated, disappearing into the fog in which they had come. ",
"Kade could hear the dissipating sounds, but remained buried for a few extra minutes just in case.",
"\n\nFeeling reasonably confident that he was in the clear, he emerged from the sand and dusted himself off. ",
"It was a close call, but he was definitely not out of danger just yet.",
"\n\nHobbling to his feet, he made his way to what was left of his bike, some of the larger pieces were still in flames. ",
"There was absolutely nothing to salvage.",
"\n\nWith only two choices — stay and die, or continue the rest of the way on foot, he started walking. ",
"Even though it was futile, he would rather die a fighter than a quitter. ",
"His injury, dehydration, and heatstroke didn't help matters, but those were the least of his concerns. ",
"His oxygen supply would surely run out before he reached any sort of civilization.",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-One\n\nDrenched in sweat, Kade's shuffling feet barely left the ground. ",
"His heavy eyes fought to stay open as his bone-dry mouth hung agape. ",
"With every ounce of strength and will, he continued putting one foot in front of the other. ",
"He knew it was a fool's errand since his oxygen supply would run out within the next ten minutes, and he was at least a day's walk away from reaching civilization, yet he persisted.",
"\n\nDepleted, Kade eventually collapsed face first into the sand. ",
"His last moments on this insufferable planet were near. ",
"As the last gasps of oxygen entered his lungs, alarms and buzzers began going off. ",
"He slapped the side of his helmet to silence the sounds. ",
"With his eyes closed, he baked under the hot desert sun.",
"\n\nIn his final moments of despair, a glimmer of hope emerged in the distance. ",
"A traveller. ",
"Perhaps a mirage. ",
"He wondered if his mind was playing tricks on him. ",
"A black spec barreled toward him, growing larger by the second until he could almost reach out and touch it. ",
"He stretched his arm out and held it for a second before it too collapsed in the sand.",
"\n\nHis brain was experiencing hypoxia — delusions brought on from a lack of oxygen. ",
"He would be dead within the minute.",
"\n\nA tire pulled up, the thick thread stopping mere inches from his face. ",
"A boot planted on ground, then another. ",
"Hands placed on his shoulder, rolled him over. ",
"A figure stood over him, blocking out the sun. ",
"A fresh oxygen canister placed in his helmet. ",
"Shallow breaths kept him alive. ",
"Then a voice entered his helmet. ",
"Delirium? ",
"He wondered if this was what death feels like? ",
"He could feel his consciousness slipping away. ",
"Too tired to move. ",
"Too exhausted to care. ",
"He was ready to be released from this harsh world.",
"\n\n\"Kade?\" ",
"the voice said. \"",
"Kade!\" ",
"It grew louder. \"",
"Can you hear me? ",
"Kade, wake up!\"",
"\n\nA tube was connected to his helmet. \"",
"Drink!\" ",
"the voice said with urgency. ",
"A flicker of light kept him alive — a spark in his soul telling him to hang on and fight for a moment longer. ",
"He sucked back the cold liquid and could feel it all the way down.",
"\n\n\"Hang on, Kade,\" the voice said again, this time it entered his brain with a little more coherence.",
"\n\nKade's near lifeless body was becoming more lucid. ",
"Just then, he felt a small prick in his leg. ",
"An injection of some kind. ",
"Like a dimmer switch being turned on, he slowly began to regain a foothold on reality. ",
"His eyes opened, and his field of vision narrowed. ",
"Cali. ",
"What is she doing here? ",
"Is this really happening? ",
"He tried to speak, but only slurs came out at first. ",
"His frustration grew as he fought the biological constraints that bound him. \"",
"Ca...li,\" he mumbled softly.",
"\n\n\"Kade!\" ",
"Cali said. \"",
"I'm here. ",
"I'm here to save you. ",
"Don't worry, I won't let you die.\"",
"\n\n\"You... left me.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm here now.\"",
"\n\nThere was an inaudible moan.",
"\n\n\"Come, on, let's get you home.\"",
"\n\nKade was assisted to his feet and then helped climb onto the back of his bike — the bike in which Cali had taken from him.",
"\n\n\"My bike,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"Was your bike. ",
"I stole it, remember?\" ",
"Cali said, mounting the large bike.",
"\n\n\"Why did you leave me?\" ",
"Kade said.",
"\n\n\"You really want to do this now?\"",
"\n\n\"Later may not come for me.\"",
"\n\n\"Fine. ",
"I did what was best for both of us. ",
"I trust the monks took care of you well — fed you, provided you with shelter, got you off drugs, centered your being... or whatever. ",
"They did the same for me. ",
"I knew you were in good hands.\"",
"\n\n\"What about you? ",
"Where did you go?\"",
"\n\n\"To take care of some unfinished business. ",
"Look, I'd love to catch up with you, but we don't have much time. ",
"We need to leave now. ",
"Can you hold on?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Then let's get you home.\"",
"\n\nCali accelerated, causing Kade to grip tighter around her waist. ",
"The back tire sunk into the ground and within seconds they were speeding toward Endocrine. ",
"Kade could hardly believe it.",
"\n\n\"Ironic, right?\" ",
"she said, communicating through their helmets.",
"\n\n\"What's that?\"",
"\n\n\"When you found me, I was stranded in a desert with nothing. ",
"Then through serendipitous events, I ended up saving you in the same desert, but this time you were stranded with nothing.\"",
"\n\n\"Some would call that fate,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Just goes to show you, it pays to be kind. ",
"You're welcome.\"",
"\n\n\"Was that a compliment for me, or you?\"",
"\n\n\"Both.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Two\n\nKade and Cali entered Endocrine a little past midnight, exhausted, broken, but alive. ",
"Many years ago, Cali had a place in Endocrine, she wondered if her things were still there. ",
"Together they drove to her apartment, which was not far from where Kade lived.",
"\n\n\"I need to see if my mother is okay,\" Kade insisted.",
"\n\n\"Now?\"",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure if she's alive.\"",
"\n\n\"Either she's alive, but asleep, or she's dead and... well, also asleep. ",
"My point is, you can't show up in the middle of the night unannounced, smelling like a desert rat and looking like, well, a desert rat. ",
"Sorry, I'm tired — my brain is not too sharp right now to think of clever names to call you. ",
"Let's get you cleaned up and rested, then we can go over there. ",
"You said she hasn't seen you in months, right?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Then what's a few more hours?\"",
"\n\nAs much as Kade didn't like to admit it, Cali had a point. ",
"They entered the apartment and stumbled through the door. ",
"The apartment was small and barely had any furniture. ",
"It looked like the kind of place that she could walk away from in five minutes and not leave anything behind. ",
"Cali went to her stash spot and found a dusty canister that had been untouched all the years she had been gone.",
"\n\n\"I cannot believe this is still here,\" she said, plugging the canister into the filtration system. \"",
"It's like I never left.\"",
"\n\n\"These units are air sealed, so it's like being in a vacuum. ",
"It sort of preserves everything.\"",
"\n\nOnce in the door, Kade immediately peeled off his dirty and disgusting clothes and dropped them in a pile by the floor. ",
"They were covered in stains and smelled like they had been in a sewer. ",
"A crusted blood stain ran along the side of his right leg and he was afraid to look. ",
"The blood had clotted, but it was mashed with dirt and sand.",
"\n\n\"Do you have a first-aid kit?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure, I had some stuff in the bathroom at one point, but I haven't been here in years.\"",
"\n\nCali returned with some clean clothes and told kade to wear them. \"",
"I found a first-aid kit,\" she said. \"",
"I'll get a bowl of warm water, and some rags.\"",
"\n\nCali went to the kitchen, opened up some cupboards and drawers, and then returned with some rags.",
"\n\n\"Are those clean?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"Clean-ish.\"",
"\n\nCali knelt down and tended to Kade's leg. \"",
"This is nasty,\" she said.",
"\n\n\"I appreciate everything you've done for me.\"",
"\n\n\"Don't mention it.\"",
"\n\nThey took turns getting cleaned up. ",
"Cali went into the bathroom of her tiny apartment while Kade looked in the pantry for anything he could eat. ",
"She didn't have much, but he gorged on some stale crackers and a can of corn. ",
"Once Cali was done with the shower, it was Kade's turn. ",
"Once they were both clean, they sat in the living room.",
"\n\n\"So what's the plan?\" ",
"Cali asked, sitting on the couch.",
"\n\n\"The good news is that no one knows that we know each other,\" Kade said. \"",
"That gives us an advantage. ",
"You can go to Mr. Saigon. ",
"Tell him you're a rider looking for work. ",
"See if you can gain intel.\"",
"\n\n\"I think we should go together,\" Cali said. \"",
"I don't know this guy or what he's capable of.\"",
"\n\n\"Fine. ",
"We'll go together. ",
"But first, I need to see if my mother is okay.\"",
"\n\nLater that night, Kade passed out on the couch while Cali slept on a single mattress less than ten feet away.",
"\n\nIn the morning, Kade awoke feeling better, but still not one hundred percent. ",
"He had no idea what was wrong with him, but chalked it up to being physically and mentally exhausted over the past couple months. ",
"After a morning meditation and stretch, he and Cali left her apartment.",
"\n\nThey walked down the street, their statuses set to unavailable, which hid their profiles from the network and allowed them to blend in discreetly without fear of being recognized by any of Saigon's goons.",
"\n\nThey approached the apartment where Kade's mother lived, remaining hopeful that she would be inside. ",
"With a pit in his stomach, Kade entered the building and rode the elevator to the eleventh floor. ",
"Ms. Casey's apartment was at the far end.",
"\n\nBeing separated by so much distance over the past few months, all he wanted was to be with his mother, to see her face again, tell her that he loved her and that he was sorry. ",
"Now, only a few paces separated him from his mother's door. ",
"He walked up with trepidation and took a deep breath to calm his nerves.",
"\n\nHe placed his wrist against the sensor and scanned in. ",
"The door clicked open. ",
"He and Cali entered the apartment. ",
"It was dark and cold, showing no signs of anyone living there. ",
"His heart grew heavier with every step.",
"\n\nKade entered each of the rooms anyway as Cali hung back. ",
"She wasn't exactly the supportive type, but knew how much Kade's mother meant to him.",
"\n\n\"Did she move?\" ",
"she asked.",
"\n\nKade looked at her and shook his head. ",
"She couldn't see his face, but could tell by the way he was hanging his head that he was hurting inside. ",
"She stepped into him and wrapped her arms around him.",
"\n\n\"I'm sorry, Kade,\" she said.",
"\n\nKade felt like someone had shoved a dagger through his heart. ",
"He pulled away from Cali and needed a moment to himself to collect his thoughts. ",
"He walked over and sat on the couch. ",
"His posture deflated, slouching forward he rested his head in the palms of his hands and cried.",
"\n\n\"We all go sometime,\" Cali said. \"",
"On to a better place.\"",
"\n\nThe words were meant to comfort him, but they missed their mark.",
"\n\n\"Let's go,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Three\n\nThe neighbourhood in which they lived was in a deteriorating state of disrepair. ",
"Rusted and hollowed out cars propped up on blocks — stripped of anything of value — littered the streets. ",
"Disenfranchised people walked sluggishly like high-tech zombies. ",
"Caged windows, graffiti, and trash were the de facto decor.",
"\n\nBeing back in Endorcrine was surreal for both Kade and Cali. ",
"As for Kade, he was constantly looking over his shoulder, fearful of being followed. ",
"Ideally, he would lay low for a few days and recover, but he needed to learn about what had happened in his absence, and if his friend Tanjoban had suffered the same fate as his mother.",
"\n\n\"As riders, we are sometimes hard to get a hold of,\" Kade explained as they walked through the seedy neighbourhood. \"",
"If we cannot find Tanjoban, it could just mean that he is out doing a delivery.\"",
"\n\nThey first checked Tanjoban's apartment, but he was not there. ",
"Next, they looked around some of his favourite spots in his neighbourhood. ",
"The word on the street was he was no longer making deliveries as none of his regular clients had heard from him or seen him in months. ",
"This was troubling news. ",
"It would be absolute heartbreaking for Kade to have lost the only two people he cared about.",
"\n\nThe last place Kade and Cali looked was Chu's Wisely Coffee Shop. ",
"A part of Kade was apprehensive to enter because he was now indebted to Mr. Chu. ",
"He was afraid it would be a debt he could not pay back. ",
"He wasn't exactly sure how Mr. Chu would respond to seeing him again, but figured upon telling his story and what he had been through, Mr. Chu would be sympathetic to his situation.",
"\n\nCali and Kade entered the small coffee shop and looked around. ",
"They were tracked and monitored the moment they scanned in. ",
"It wasn't particularly busy so they were able to find a preferable seat near the back. ",
"Looking over the digital menu, which was a part of the surface of the table, they selected some items and placed their order. ",
"A timer counted down upon receiving payment, which permitted them to stay in the shop. ",
"In addition to the coffee and donuts, they were also billed for the amount of oxygen they would use over the next hour.",
"\n\nA moment later, Mr. Chu emerged from the back.",
"\n\n\"Kade Casey,\" he said in a tone that didn't connote any hostility.",
"\n\nKade removed his helmet and looked at Mr. Chu. \"",
"I bet you didn't expect to ever see me again,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"I'm glad you're alive and well.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm alive,\" Kade said.",
"\n\nWithin seconds, their order was ready and delivered through an internal network of conveyor belts. ",
"A tiny door on the wall next to their table slid open and allowed them to grab their beverages and snacks.",
"\n\n\"I presume you're not just here for the coffee and donuts,\" Mr. Chu asked.",
"\n\n\"Your instincts are as sharp as ever,\" Kade replied.",
"\n\n\"Take your time. ",
"When you're ready, come on back and we can have a chat. ",
"I'm sure you have a doozy of a story and I can't wait to hear it.\"",
"\n\nCali followed Kade into the back where they met Mr. Chu. ",
"They all took seats around the desk in his office.",
"\n\n\"This is Cali,\" Kade said. \"",
"She literally saved my life.\"",
"\n\n\"Twice.\"",
"\n\n\"She also left me for dead. ",
"Twice.\"",
"\n\n\"It's nice to meet you, Cali. ",
"I'm excited to hear your story,\" Mr. Chu said, leaning back in his oversized chair with folded arms.",
"\n\n\"Gosh, where shall I begin?\" ",
"Kade said, searching his brain. \"",
"As you know, I got jumped by Saigon and his goons. ",
"I came to see you shortly after. ",
"Not only did they beat me within an inch of my life, but they took my entire stash and injected me with ghost. ",
"Looking back now, I think they did that to either keep me alive, or make me reckless so I would do the delivery, I'm not sure.",
"\n\n\"After I came to see you and got my gear, thank you for that by the way, I left that night. ",
"I was still badly wounded, but the clock was ticking, so I rode for a few hours. ",
"I encountered my first set of troubles early into the trip when I got caught in a crazy sand storm. ",
"It nearly killed me, but luckily the bike you had procured for me ended up saving my life.\"",
"\n\nKade continued to tell his story all the way up until arriving back into town the night before. ",
"The whole time, Mr. Chu looked at him with a look of astonishment that he somehow was able to survive.",
"\n\n\"I'm truly sorry you had to endure this experience,\" Mr. Chu said, \"but I'm sure this experience has made you stronger and wiser.\"",
"\n\n\"Truthfully, I don't think there was any benefit that came from it,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"I'm sure you may be overlooking some benefits,\" he said with a smile as he looked at Cali.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure about the wisdom part, but I definitely don't feel stronger. ",
"Right now, I feel drained.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you off the drugs?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, I'm clean.\"",
"\n\n\"So you're back now, what are you going to do?\" ",
"Mr. Chu asked.",
"\n\n\"First of all, let me just say that I appreciate everything you've done for me and I have every intention of paying you back. ",
"I may need some time though. ",
"I need to see about my mother. ",
"I went by her place last night, but she wasn't there. ",
"It looks as though she hasn't been there in months and I am fearing the worst. ",
"Have you heard anything?\"",
"\n\n\"No, I have not, but I will ask around and keep my eyes and ears open.\"",
"\n\n\"Thank you. ",
"I appreciate that. ",
"As for what I'm going to do... well, Saigon most likely wants me dead, my health is deteriorating, and I have nothing, not even a bike.\"",
"\n\n\"What happened to your bike?\"",
"\n\n\"Cali stole it,\" Kade answered.",
"\n\n\"I'm confused,\" Mr. Chu stated. \"",
"Cali is right here, why don't you just take it back?\"",
"\n\n\"Over my dead body,\" Cali said.",
"\n\n\"As you can see, she's not the most cooperative person I've met.\"",
"\n\n\"Interesting. ",
"Well, I can get you all new equipment,\" Mr. Chu offered. \"",
"I can help you get back on your feet and take care of whatever you need.\"",
"\n\n\"You'd do that?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"Of course,\" Mr. Chu said with a smile. \"",
"You need to pay me back, right? ",
"How are you going to do that without gear?\"",
"\n\n\"I really appreciate it,\" Kade responded graciously. \"",
"You won't regret this.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Four\n\nLying low in Cali's apartment was the perfect spot to hide. ",
"Nobody knew Cali and more importantly, nobody knew she had any connection to Kade.",
"\n\n\"Do you ever ask yourself, 'what's the point of it all'?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"The point of what?\" ",
"Cali responded.",
"\n\n\"Life. ",
"Think about it, we live in this crazy world where the air is toxic, the waters are polluted, the people are shady, the leaders are corrupt. ",
"Ninety-five percent of the population, including animals, insects, and plants are dead. ",
"We struggle so hard in life and nothing ever comes easy. ",
"Family and friends are few, and any sort of optimism for the future seems dismal at best. ",
"There's no hope, no promise of a better tomorrow, no light at the end of the tunnel. ",
"I mean, at a certain point, as rational human beings, you have to question why we bother. ",
"Why continue on? ",
"For what purpose? ",
"What's the point of it all?\"",
"\n\n\"You're in a dark place right now, which is understandable, but I think it's clouding your judgement. ",
"Not everyone has this doom and gloom outlook as you. ",
"Sure, things aren't always rosy, but that has been true for many points throughout human history, but it always gets better. ",
"I think that's the hope that keeps people going. ",
"Hope that one day it could get better even if you can't see it now. ",
"If not for yourself, do it for your species. ",
"Make this place better for those coming after you.\"",
"\n\n\"Did I ever show you this?\" ",
"Kade asked, staring at a tiny object in the palm of his hand.",
"\n\n\"What is that?\"",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure,\" Kade said. \"",
"The monks pulled it out of the back of my neck. ",
"I don't remember it being put in, but Kefu said the scar looked fresh.\"",
"\n\n\"A tracking device perhaps?\" ",
"Cali offered.",
"\n\n\"Could be, but doesn't look like one. ",
"And it's not like Saigon is knocking at our door.\"",
"\n\nJust then, there was a knock on the door, which made them both stop talking and reach for their guns.",
"\n\n\"Who the hell is that?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure,\" Cali said, standing up slowly, approaching the door with caution. \"",
"No one knows we are here.\"",
"\n\nKade stood at the end of a long corridor, gripping his gun tightly. ",
"Whoever were to come through the door would surely get blasted before taking their first step. ",
"Cali looked through the monitor, but didn't recognize the person on the other side. ",
"She looked at Kade and gave him a non-verbal cue to get ready.",
"\n\nCali swung the door open and shoved a gun in the man's face.",
"\n\n\"What do you want?\" ",
"she barked.",
"\n\n\"Whoa, don't shoot!\" ",
"Tanjoban said, holding out his hands passively to show that he was unarmed.",
"\n\n\"Tanjoban?\" ",
"Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Kade!\"",
"\n\nKade charged down the hall, colliding with his old friend, as they wrapped their arms around each other in a tight embrace.",
"\n\n\"Kade, my brother,\" Tanjoban said. \"",
"It's so good to see you again, buddy. ",
"How the hell are you?\"",
"\n\n\"I've been better,\" Kade said.",
"\n\n\"Tanjoban I presume,\" Cali asked. \"",
"I hate to interrupt this touching moment, but how the hell did you know we where here?\"",
"\n\n\"Kade texted me the address. ",
"I guess he forgot to tell you.\"",
"\n\n\"I must have forgot I did that. ",
"My brain has been a little off these last couple of days.\"",
"\n\n\"You should probably get that checked out. ",
"Did you hit your head?\"",
"\n\n\"Dozens of times. ",
"I've been beat up, shot at, dropped on my head from over ten feet, been in several accidents, some involving explosions... and those are just the ones I remember.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sure you just need rest. ",
"By the way, sorry I didn't text you back and just showed up out of the blue. ",
"I can't exactly check and reply to messages while I'm work. ",
"Besides, I thought it would be better to surprise you.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm surprised,\" Kade said, showing the first signs of happiness all day.",
"\n\n\"Yeah, me too. ",
"I nearly blew your head off. ",
"You shouldn't show up to someone's place unannounced.\"",
"\n\nTanjoban joined Cali and Kade on the couch and together they caught up with each other's lives over the past three months. ",
"Like he had done with Cali and Mr. Chu, Kade launched into his story once again.",
"\n\n\"What was it like staying at the monastery?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\n\"Honestly,\" Kade paused. \"",
"I was in a really dark place, some would say I still am. ",
"I thought Cali had left me for dead, I was alone, and completely helpless. ",
"My body and mind were breaking down and I didn't know how much longer I had left, or how much more I could endure. ",
"Then I was saved. ",
"These monks brought me back to this amazing compound that they had reclaimed. ",
"They told me it was a former military base or something.\"",
"\n\n\"That's so cool,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\n\"They taught me a lot about centering myself and finding inner peace. ",
"I still have a long way to go before I achieve inner peace, but like NA, I take it one day at a time.\"",
"\n\n\"So Cali, why did you leave him?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\n\"I didn't leave him for dead if that's what you are implying. ",
"I like to think of it more as me bringing him to a place where I knew he would get the help he needed, which turned out to be exactly what happened. ",
"But truthfully... I was just looking after myself. ",
"I was desperate to escape the tyranny of the scav overlord who had enslaved me. ",
"Kade had a bike and I saw that as an opportunity, so I took it. ",
"We've talked about it since and made our peace with it.\"",
"\n\n\"I learned more about Cali from the monks than from her,\" Kade added, coming to Cali's defense. \"",
"They told me that she had been there before and defended them against a bunch of scavs who were looking to kill them and take over their compound. ",
"She wouldn't let that happen. ",
"Underneath this rugged exterior, Cali has a heart of gold.\"",
"\n\n\"Shut up,\" Cali said.",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I was going to say, you two look good together,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\nKade looked over at Cali with reverence in his eyes. ",
"In a world where hope was hard to come by, he was beginning to find a reason to live.",
"\n\n\"So enough about me,\" Kade said, \"What's been happening here?\"",
"\n\n\"A lot has changed,\" Tanjoban said. \"",
"I'm no longer a rider.\"",
"\n\n\"Really? ",
"What happened?\"",
"\n\n\"I mean, I still take odd jobs, but that's not my main source of income.\"",
"\n\n\"What do you do now?",
"\n\n\"Actually, I got a job... with Saigon.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you being serious? ",
"Doing what?\"",
"\n\n\"Security of all things.\"",
"\n\n\"Security?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"What does that entail? ",
"Are you like his personal bodyguard or something?\"",
"\n\n\"No no, I'm just one of the guards in his building. ",
"I hardly ever see him.\"",
"\n\n\"Wow,\" Kade said, unsure how to react.",
"\n\n\"It's a job.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I hear you. ",
"Sometimes you gotta do what you gotta do. ",
"I've worked for him too so I can't really judge.\"",
"\n\n\"The guy pretty much owns the city, so it's kind of hard to avoid working for him, ya know.\"",
"\n\n\"May I ask what happened with my mother?\" ",
"Kade asked sorrowfully. \"",
"I have not seen her, so I assume the worst.\"",
"\n\n\"As a matter of fact, I do know what happened to your mother,\" Tanjoban said, pausing for effect. \"",
"Don't worry, she's fine.\"",
"\n\n\"What! ",
"Are you being serious?\" ",
"Kade said, leaping to his feet.",
"\n\n\"Why do you think I took the job as Saigon's security? ",
"I relocated her. ",
"She's safe. ",
"I can bring you to her tomorrow.\"",
"\n\n\"Does she know I'm alive?\" ",
"Kade said, holding back tears.",
"\n\n\"I don't know. ",
"I check in on her every couple of days and make sure she has everything she needs. ",
"I'm pretty sure that's not what Mr. Saigon had in mind when he told me to take care of her.\"",
"\n\n\"Bro, I cannot thank you enough,\" Kade said, stepping forward and wrapping his arms around Tanjoban. \"",
"You are a true friend.\"",
"\n\nKade could no longer hold back his tears as his emotions were in overdrive. ",
"Cali looked at the two and saw something in their friendship that she hadn't seen in a long time. ",
"It was a beautiful moment she got to be a part of and she felt something inside her change.",
"\n\n\"Don't mention it. ",
"I'm just doing what any decent person would do.\"",
"\n\n\"You're being modest and you know it. ",
"Seriously, I will repay you. ",
"Every last drop of oxygen, I swear.\"",
"\n\nThe three continued to talk for hours, but Tanjoban had work in the morning and needed sleep. ",
"He hugged Kade and Cali and left close to midnight.",
"\n\nNow with Tanjoban gone, Cali and Kade were alone. ",
"There was clearly something on her mind, but Kade didn't ask her about it. ",
"Instead they stayed up and drank a bottle of wine, staring out at the city lights. ",
"They sat on the couch with all the lights off, basking in the dim glow from the city as it lit up the skyline and crept through the large windows.",
"\n\n\"You know, when I was a younger,\" Kade reflected, \"I used to think these lights were beautiful. ",
"The neon purples and blues, flickering across the sky. ",
"Holograms coming to life sixty stories tall, dancing on the sides of buildings. ",
"Skyscrapers that literally touch the sky, disappearing in the clouds.\"",
"\n\n\"Now how do you look at it?\" ",
"Cali asked.",
"\n\n\"I don't know,\" Kade said. \"",
"I guess I look at it more of what it represents. ",
"Having lived with the monks for a brief period of time, I've developed a new appreciation for life and what it means. ",
"There's more to living than bright lights and material possessions. ",
"It's about having meaningful relationships with people, sharing moments with them, and creating lasting memories.\"",
"\n\nIn that moment, Kade looked over at Cali, locked eyes, and kissed her. ",
"Cali was caught off guard, but didn't pull back. ",
"She embraced the moment and allowed her heart to dictate her actions. ",
"She placed her glass of wine down and grabbed Kade's face, kissing him more passionately than he had kissed her. ",
"It was almost as if she was no longer in control of her actions. ",
"She had craved intimacy and physical touch for so long, it was almost reactionary. ",
"The two fell back on the couch, kissing aggressively and tearing off each other's clothes.",
"\n\nThe moment was magical. ",
"Neither of them had experienced anything close to that level of romantic connection with someone. ",
"As they lay on the couch, caressing each other's sweaty bodies, Kade joked about how much oxygen they had just used.",
"\n\n\"The universe works in mysterious ways,\" Cali said with an uncharacteristic smile. ",
"She was coming out of her shell, letting her guard down, and allowing Kade to see another side of her.",
"\n\n\"Tell me about it,\" Kade said. \"",
"Who would have thought that a suicide mission would have led to us finding each other.\"",
"\n\nThey shared a look and another kiss.",
"\n\n\"I'm falling for you, Cali,\" Kade said, leaning over and kissing her on the forehead. \"",
"I know we just met not too long ago, but I can't imagine my life without you.\"",
"\n\nCali didn't respond, almost as if she was putting her walls back up. ",
"Kade took notice. \"",
"I'm sorry... I—\"\n\n\"No, it's not that. ",
"I have to tell you something, Kade,\" she said with a look of regret.",
"\n\n\"What is it?\"",
"\n\n\"I... I'm not good at expressing my feelings, but let's just say that I like you, and I don't want to start off lying to you.\"",
"\n\nKade was unsure what was coming next.",
"\n\n\"You know when I found you in the desert?\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, I didn't come back to rescue you... I came back for the bounty.\"",
"\n\n\"What?\" ",
"Kade said, sitting up, allowing a blanket that covered them to slip off. ",
"Cali pulled it up to her neck and clutched it tightly.",
"\n\n\"There's a bounty on your head. ",
"A big one. ",
"I went out to look for you since I know where I left you. ",
"I figured I might find you, take you back to the city, and collect a nice paycheque.\"",
"\n\n\"When did you change your mind and decide not to turn me in? ",
"Wait, please tell me you've changed your mind.\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, I promise,\" Cali declared emphatically, sitting up with him. \"",
"When I found you in the desert, all alone and helpless, that's when everything changed. ",
"I saw you as that little boy riding his bike, alone in the world. ",
"After hearing your story and knowing how much you must have suffered to get where you are... plus, the situation with your mother... that's when my heart melted for you. ",
"I decided to be your friend and really be there for you. ",
"In fact, you taught me that. ",
"You taught me that there's good people in the world, you taught me how to love. ",
"You gave me hope.\"",
"\n\nCali started to cry, which Kade had never seen her do before.",
"\n\n\"My name is Calista Gray, 24 years old, no family, no friends. ",
"All I have is you. ",
"This is me. ",
"I'm not perfect, but I strive to be better every day. ",
"I never thought I would say this to anyone, but... I'm falling for you.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Five\n\nKade sat on his bike, adjusting his helmet. ",
"It felt good to be on a set of wheels again, back in his home city no less. ",
"He had waited a long time to see his mother and could not wait to lay eyes on her. ",
"For this, he went solo.",
"\n\nHe pulled out of the underground parking facility and cruised through the city. ",
"It was midday, but it was dark and cold, consumed by perpetual state of dull orangey smog. ",
"People went about their day, most of them blissfully unaware of the evil underpinnings that controlled everything from an ivory tower. ",
"Compliance or ignorance, he was guilty of it too, but most were not living in fear as he was.",
"\n\nFor some reason, he felt like an outsider who didn't belong. ",
"He felt more at home at the monastery. ",
"Returning to Endocrine felt like returning to a life that he had left behind.",
"\n\nAlthough his identity was cloaked, he knew there were ways around that. ",
"In the hyper-connected world in which he lived, it was next to impossible for a person to truly hide. ",
"The anxiety of not knowing what was coming was nearly crippling. ",
"At every stop, Kade was constantly looking over his shoulder, allowing paranoia to seep in and assume everyone was out to get him.",
"\n\nFollowing the address Tanjoban had given him, he maintained a low profile by choosing back roads that didn't have a lot of traffic. ",
"Upon arrival, he circled the block a few times just to ensure he wasn't being followed.",
"\n\nPulling into an underground parking garage, he dismounted his bike and entered the building. ",
"According to Tanjoban, his mother was living on the fourth floor. ",
"His heart pounded with anticipation as he felt this day would never come.",
"\n\nHe rode the elevator up and found his mother's unit. ",
"Now standing in front of the door, he scanned in, which captured his digital profile and sent an alert to the person on the other side. ",
"He could hear shuffling as he waited patiently in the hall. ",
"Some other people entered the hallway, which made him nervous. ",
"For a brief moment, he wondered if he had fallen into a trap. ",
"Keeping an eye on the others, he scanned in again.",
"\n\nThe other people entered a suite on the same floor, which put his mind at ease. ",
"He was carrying a gun that he had acquired from Mr. Chu, but he didn't want to use it.",
"\n\nThe door opened and Kade's mother immediately started to cry. ",
"It was as if she was looking at a ghost. ",
"She reached out, pulling her son inside, and hugging him.",
"\n\n\"Kaden, my sweet little boy,\" she said, squeezing as hard as she could. \"",
"I'm so happy to see you.\"",
"\n\nThe emotions where too overwhelming and soon Kade found himself sobbing uncontrollably as well.",
"\n\n\"I love you, mama. ",
"You don't have to worry no more. ",
"Your baby boy is home.\"",
"\n\nKade and his mother entered the living room of the small apartment and Kade saw how she was living. ",
"It was set up just the way she liked it, with food and oxygen to last her months.",
"\n\n\"Tanjoban set all this up for you?\" ",
"he asked.",
"\n\n\"Yes, he's an angel. ",
"Please come inside, take off your helmet, I want to see your beautiful face.\"",
"\n\n\"It's so incredible to see you, ma,\" Kade said, taking a seat on the couch and pulling his helmet off.",
"\n\n\"You as well,\" she said, still teary eyed. \"",
"You have no idea how long I've waited to see your face again. ",
"To have you show up one day and sit with me, it's just... words cannot begin to explain. ",
"It's a dream come true.\"",
"\n\n\"I feel the same way. ",
"Are you well?\" ",
"Kade asked.",
"\n\n\"These last couple of months for me have been really difficult — not knowing where you were, if you were alive and safe. ",
"I had to assume the worst and that broke my heart. ",
"I had to endure many stressful days and sleepless nights. ",
"A mother should never outlive her son and the thought of something happening to you absolutely crushed me.\"",
"\n\n\"I felt your pain as well,\" Kade said. \"",
"I was beaten, drugged, and threatened. ",
"I was given an impossible mission and if I did not carry it out, they told me they'd kill you. ",
"I was given one week to deliver a package and after that week had passed and I was nowhere near the drop point, I feared the worst. ",
"Over the past three months, I have felt an incredible amount of guilt, crippling guilt, but I didn't give up. ",
"Well, actually, I did once. ",
"I tried to...\" Kade stopped himself. \"",
"Let's just say I was in a very dark place. ",
"But I found a light that guided me. ",
"I made it back to you, so that's all that matters. ",
"I promise to put an end to all this and never leave your side again.\"",
"\n\n\"That sounds nice. ",
"I'd like that.\"",
"\n\n\"I found a girl,\" Kade said proudly. \"",
"I really want you to meet her. ",
"She saved my life, and she'll be the first to remind me that she did so on more than one occasion.\"",
"\n\n\"I would love to meet her. ",
"What's her name?\"",
"\n\n\"Her name is Cali. ",
"She's... well, she's not like anyone I've ever met before. ",
"She's tough and doesn't take you-know-what from anyone. ",
"But she also has a kind heart. ",
"Underneath, she's just as broken as the rest of us. ",
"I think we make a good team.\"",
"\n\n\"That's so wonderful. ",
"I hope you two go on to raise a family and live happily ever after.\"",
"\n\nKade laughed. \"",
"I don't know about all that, ma. ",
"It's still very early stages. ",
"We're not exactly official yet, but... I'm hopeful. ",
"For the first time in my life, I'm hopeful.\"",
"\n\nHis mother smile adoringly and squeezed his hand.",
"\n\n\"When did you get back?\" ",
"his mother asked.",
"\n\n\"Late last night, so I haven't fully recovered from my trip. ",
"I'm feeling a bit dehydrated.\"",
"\n\n\"I'll fetch you some water,\" his mother said. \"",
"Would you like something to eat. ",
"I can make you some lunch.\"",
"\n\n\"Lunch would be lovely, but please, allow me to make it for you.\"",
"\n\n\"Don't be silly, you need to rest.\"",
"\n\nKade proceeded to tell his mother how he went to her old apartment and asked around. \"",
"Nobody had heard or seen you in months. ",
"I didn't know where you were, what happened to you, or whether or not you were still alive. ",
"As soon as I found out from Tanjoban, I came to see you.\"",
"\n\n\"So you didn't make the delivery?\" ",
"his mother asked. \"",
"Did you ever find out what you were delivering? ",
"I can't imagine what would be so valuable that nearly got you killed?\"",
"\n\n\"Honestly, I have no idea what was in the package. ",
"I guess I will never know.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Six\n\nIt was late at night when Kade decided to leave his mother's place. ",
"He remained positive and optimistic with her to not cause her any more worry, but there was something he wasn't telling her. ",
"His health was declining and he wasn't sure why. ",
"His body was breaking down. ",
"He was experiencing fatigue, lightheadness, slower reaction time, and spouts of vertigo. ",
"He figured it was the trace amounts of ghost still lingering in his body or he was concussed. ",
"He planned to see a doctor soon, but had some other things he needed to sort out first.",
"\n\nThrough the visor of his helmet, Kade analyzed the neon holographic data that glowed in the display. ",
"The temperature was dropping, which gave him all the more reason to get home as soon as possible. ",
"As it was close to midnight, there were few vehicles on the road, most of which were automated and moved in very predictable patterns. ",
"This made speeding around them fun.",
"\n\nRiding through the city back to Cali's apartment, he pulled up to a stoplight and cranked up his oxygen in-take. ",
"The sudden rush of oxygen flooded his bloodstream and gave him the acuity and awareness he needed to get home safely.",
"\n\nTo his left, a vehicle pulled up next to him. ",
"He looked over at the tinted windows and saw his reflection. ",
"Then the window rolled down and a gun barrel protruded.",
"\n\n\"Pull over,\" the unidentified man demanded.",
"\n\nWithout giving it a second thought, Kade immediately accelerated through the intersection, nearly being stuck by opposing traffic. ",
"His heartrate elevated and his adrenaline kicked in. ",
"The vehicle gave chase, but was quickly left in the dust as Kade took off like a bolt of lighting, swerving in and out of traffic. ",
"He was one of the world's top riders and while his reaction time was diminished, he was still able to outrun just about anyone.",
"\n\nAs he made several evasive turns, he considered lying low, but knew that wasn't a good long-term strategy. ",
"He wasn't feeling well and wanted to get back to Cali as quickly as possible.",
"\n\nStreaks of light whizzed by as he maintained his speed, creating even more distance between him and his pursuer. ",
"As he focused on the road ahead, two other bikes emerged from adjacent streets and began to follow him. ",
"Unsure who they were, Kade kept a watchful eye on them through the rear display projected in his helmet visor.",
"\n\nThe two other riders closed the gap and were now right on his tail. ",
"Being careful to watch both the road and the two riders, Kade had to process a lot of data at once. ",
"His vision would go through bouts of blurriness and lights became too bright causing him to see spots. ",
"He did his best to adjust.",
"\n\nThe other riders pulled out their guns and started firing at him. ",
"The shots whizzed by his head and nearly took him out. ",
"He ducked and fired off a rapid burst of three shots of his own. ",
"The last bullet found its mark, hitting the front tire of one of the riders, causing him to flip end over end.",
"\n\nKade kept moving. ",
"The second rider was still in pursuit, following him like a shadow through the city streets, which were illuminated by a neon glow from the city centre. ",
"Kade swung his arm behind him and watched carefully in the rear video, attempting to aim. ",
"The rider kept swerving and Kade was too afraid a stray bullet would hit an innocent bystander. ",
"That's when he remembered his drone. ",
"He had received a new one from Mr. Chu.",
"\n\nWith a simple command, the drone blasted out of the back of his bike and rocketed toward the sky. ",
"Guided by Kade's voice, the drone came back down with the same velocity and slammed into the chest of the pursuing rider. ",
"The rider fell backward off his bike, slamming on the pavement and rolling to a stop.",
"\n\nKade watched the whole thing in the rear video display. ",
"With traffic moving around them, he reduced his speed and circled back around. ",
"He pulled up next to the downed rider who was writhing on the ground clutching his chest. ",
"Kade dismounted his bike and approached with caution, still brandishing his weapon. ",
"In the distance, he could hear sirens closing in on them.",
"\n\n\"Who sent you?\" ",
"Kade demanded.",
"\n\nHis arm stretched out and he took aim at the rider's head.",
"\n\n\"Saigon,\" the man uttered.",
"\n\n\"Why?\"",
"\n\n\"Bounty,\" the man said, coughing up blood. \"",
"There's a bounty on your head. ",
"Nearly everyone in the city is looking for you.\"",
"\n\n\"How much is the bounty?\"",
"\n\n\"250,000 units,\" the man said. \"",
"100,000 if you're dead.\"",
"\n\nKade quickly mounted his bike and took off. ",
"With this news, he had received the confirmation in which he feared — this was not something that Saigon had forgotten about. ",
"A bounty that high only meant one thing — whatever was in that package was even more valuable than he had previously thought.",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Seven\n\nKade arrived back at Cali's place with a distraught look on his face.",
"\n\n\"Is everything okay?\" ",
"she asked.",
"\n\n\"Three men tried to kill me... or kidnap me, I'm not sure.\"",
"\n\n\"Are you okay?\" ",
"Cali said, rising to her feet.",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I'm good. ",
"I managed to evade them, but one of the men, I took him out and approached him. ",
"I asked who sent him and he told me that there is a bounty on my head. ",
"Undoubtedly the same bounty you were once after.\"",
"\n\n\"We knew this was a likely scenario,\" Cali said. \"",
"A bounty like that is going to attract nearly everyone in the city. ",
"It's only a matter of time before someone gets you.\"",
"\n\n\"I can't live like that,\" Kade said, still pacing.",
"\n\n\"Okay, so what do you want to do?\" ",
"Cali asked.",
"\n\n\"This has to end. ",
"We need to go see Saigon.\"",
"\n\nCali and Kade exited together and rode to Mr. Saigon's massive empire. ",
"Kade wasn't sure what to expect when they arrived. ",
"They pulled up much like he had done a hundred times in the past and were let in by security. ",
"Upstairs, Saigon watched on the monitors. ",
"He wasn't expecting to ever see Kade again.",
"\n\nStanding in the impressive entryway, Cali hadn't seen anything like it. ",
"It looked like a luxurious hotel. ",
"Crystals and chrome, polished brass and rich woods — the place was an opulent display of modern architecture and aesthetics, mixed with traditional textures. ",
"She felt a sense of awe as she looked around. ",
"She had been so removed from modernity that she felt a little out of place. ",
"She also had experience with evil dictator types and didn't want to fall victim to any traps.",
"\n\nWhile passing through one of the security checkpoints, Cali grew more nervous.",
"\n\nEscorted by security, they entered the elevator and rode it to the top floor. ",
"The doors opened directly in Mr. Saigon's office. ",
"The large room seemed to extend endlessly in all directions. ",
"The floor to ceiling windows provided stunning views of Endocrine that few ever got to see.",
"\n\n\"The prodigal son returns,\" Mr. Saigon said with a sinister smile.",
"\n\nThe towering man with an impeccably pristine three-piece suit sat on a throne-like chair behind a beautiful rose wood desk. ",
"Kade didn't say anything, he was holding back. ",
"He was so enraged at the sight of Mr. Saigon and wanted to charge at him and rip his eyes out of his head.",
"\n\n\"And who might you be?\" ",
"Saigon said in a somewhat flirtatious tone, turning his attention toward Cali.",
"\n\n\"You can call me Cali — the bounty hunter that brought you Kade Casey — alive.\"",
"\n\nKade turned toward her in shock, but before he could say anything, Cali had jammed a taser in his ribs, flipped a switch, which sent a thousand volts of electricity through his body, not enough to kill him, but enough to incapacitate him. ",
"Kade's muscles spasmed uncontrollably as he collapsed to the floor and continued to convulse.",
"\n\nCali stepped over him and demanded payment. \"",
"I believe the offer was two-hundred and fifty thousand units.\"",
"\n\nMr. Saigon didn't look pleased, but played along as if he had every intention of paying the bounty. \"",
"Of course,\" he said. \"",
"Right this way.\"",
"\n\nCali followed closely behind.",
"\n\nMr. Saigon walked over to Kade, knelt down, and held a device to the back of his neck. ",
"Without saying a word, his face said it all. ",
"He stood up with a look equivalent to a calm before the storm and asked sternly, \"Where's the implant?\"",
"\n\n\"The what?\" ",
"Cali asked.",
"\n\n\"One of you has it,\" Mr. Saigon said, stepping over Kade and walking right up to Cali. ",
"His towering figure and deep authoritative voice was enough to intimidate anyone, but Cali wasn't backing down.",
"\n\n\"Look, I have no idea what you're talking about,\" Cali said defensively. \"",
"You asked for Kade Casey, I delivered you Kade Casey. ",
"I'm not leaving without my payment.\"",
"\n\nMr. Saigon paused for a moment, almost as if he were attempting to read her thoughts. ",
"He reached out with the quickness of a jungle cat and snatched Cali by the neck and lifted her in the air. ",
"She looked like a small child compared to Mr. Saigon.",
"\n\nCali shoved the taser into Mr. Saigon's armpit and squeezed the trigger expecting him to release her. ",
"But instead, he just flashed his devilish grin and threw her across the room like a ragdoll. ",
"Her body smashed into a table and knocked it over.",
"\n\nKade was still on the ground, unresponsive, and not moving. ",
"Tanjoban was also in the room. ",
"He froze in the moment unsure when to reveal himself. ",
"He remained on guard, waiting for the perfect moment to strike.",
"\n\nMr. Saigon became completely enraged. ",
"He first kicked Kade in the stomach and charged over to Cali like a bull. \"",
"Where is it?\" ",
"he shouted as spit flew out of his mouth. ",
"By now, Cali had returned to her feet and realized she was outmatched. ",
"With no time to think and nowhere to run, Cali was cornered. ",
"Mr. Saigon grabbed a hold of her again. ",
"With the strength of a silverback gorilla, he pinned her up against a wall and began to squeeze her windpipe closed. ",
"Cali's face was starting to turn purple and a look of panic came over her. ",
"Her eyes looked over at Tanjoban, which prompted him to jump into action.",
"\n\nJust then, a loud gunshot rang out, echoing throughout the office. ",
"Shattered glass, the sound of whistling air escaping the room, the bustle of a busy metropolis many stories below. ",
"Tanjoban stood with his gun steadied, now taking aim at Mr. Saigon.",
"\n\n\"Let her go,\" he commanded.",
"\n\nMr. Saigon complied and Cali collapsed to the floor, gasping for breath. ",
"He turned to look at the broken window, which was no longer acting as a barrier to the toxic outside atmosphere.",
"\n\nTanjoban locked his eyes on Mr. Saigon while taking the necessary steps forward to his fallen friend. ",
"He crouched down and checked on Kade. ",
"He had a pulse, but it was faint. \"",
"Cali, get over here,\" Tanjoban said with urgency, still keeping Mr. Saigon at bay.",
"\n\n\"You're a dead man,\" Mr. Saigon said with an expressionless face. \"",
"All of you are dead.\" ",
"His expression changed ever so slightly from melancholy to pleasure as if he was fantasizing about killing them.",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Eight\n\nCali and Tanjoban helped Kade to his feet, but he was still very much out of it. \"",
"Keep him alive,\" Mr. Saigon said. ",
"I want to have the pleasure of killing him.",
"\n\nTanjoban had heard enough. ",
"He went into a complete rage and shot Mr. Saigon several times until him emptied the clip. ",
"Mr. Saigon fell backward over his desk and out of sight.",
"\n\nTanjoban ran up to a locked cabinet and raided it for all the canisters. ",
"There were over 100, but it was more than he could carry.",
"\n\n\"Come on, let's go!\" ",
"Cali said.",
"\n\nTanjoban loaded them all in a bag and then the three made a fast exit.",
"\n\n\"Hang in there, buddy,\" Tanjoban said. \"",
"We're going to get you out of here.\"",
"\n\nThe elevator barely made it down three stories before it stopped abruptly. ",
"An alarm was sounded, which sent the team into a panic. ",
"Kade was on the floor of the elevator, pale, and barely conscious.",
"\n\n\"What's wrong with him?\" ",
"Cali asked, crouching to her knees.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure. ",
"How much voltage did you use?\"",
"\n\n\"I barely touched him,\" she said. \"",
"That was the plan.\"",
"\n\n\"What's-his-face kicked him pretty hard, maybe he's suffering from internal bleeding or something.\"",
"\n\n\"Kade, wake up,\" Cali said, slapping him gently on his face. ",
"His eyes opened a crack. \"",
"Listen to me, we have to get out of here. ",
"Are you able to walk?\"",
"\n\n\"You guys go,\" Kade said softly.",
"\n\n\"We're not leaving you here. ",
"You'll die.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm already dying.\"",
"\n\n\"That's why we need to get you out of here.\"",
"\n\n\"No, you don't understand,\" Kade said. \"",
"I'm sick. ",
"I've been sick for a while. ",
"I won't make it. ",
"Just go.\"",
"\n\nCali looked at Tanjoban who was out of answers and growing anxiously impatient by the second. \"",
"Come on, Kade,\" Cali said with glossing eyes. \"",
"You have to get up. ",
"There's still time.\"",
"\n\n\"This is the end for me,\" his said with a whisper. \"",
"But a new beginning for you.\"",
"\n\n\"Cali, we have to make a decision now,\" Tanjoban said. ",
"The alarm still blaring in the background adding even more urgency to the situation.",
"\n\n\"This can't be the end,\" Cali said. ",
"Her face tightened up, her eyes squinted, and tears began flowing freely down her face and dripping onto Kade. ",
"She leaned in and threw her body on top of Kade. ",
"She held him, sobbing uncontrollably. ",
"It was a rare emotion for her as she had been so bottled up for so many years. ",
"She hadn't allowed herself to get close to anyone. ",
"Since Kade came into her life, he had taught her how to love again. ",
"Seeing him like this was a real gut-punch for her.",
"\n\nShe could almost feel Kade's life slip away in her arms, that's when she clamped on tighter. ",
"Tanjoban was just as distraught, but knew his moment of grieving would need to come later. ",
"He reached down grabbed Cali by the shoulder and pulled her off. ",
"She stood up and looked down at Kade, who was motionless on the cold and sterile elevator door. ",
"his eyes were closed and he no longer appeared to be breathing.",
"\n\n\"We can't just leave him,\" Cali said through irrational thoughts of desperation.",
"\n\n\"We must,\" Tanjoban said. \"",
"Unless you would like to join him.\"",
"\n\n# Chapter Thirty-Nine\n\n\"You think he's dead?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked, staring blankly out the window of Cali's apartment.",
"\n\n\"I felt him slip away in my arms.\"",
"\n\n\"I meant Saigon.\"",
"\n\n\"How can you think of Saigon right now?\"",
"\n\n\"Because if he's not dead, then we are. ",
"I shot the man like ten or eleven times.\"",
"\n\n\"Sounds like he'd be dead to me,\" Cali said.",
"\n\n\"You never know with Saigon. ",
"He fell behind his desk. ",
"Until I see him dead, I won't ever feel safe.\"",
"\n\n\"So what next?\" ",
"Cali asked.",
"\n\n\"We have enough canisters to last us a few months. ",
"I suggest we lay low and wait for this dust to settle.",
"\n\nCali looked down at the rice-sized implant that was pulled out of the back of Kade's neck \"What is this thing?\" ",
"she said, flipping the tiny tube around in her hand.",
"\n\n\"Whatever it is, it must be very valuable. ",
"Whatever package Kade was delivering must have been a decoy — he was the package.\"",
"\n\n\"Do you know anyone you can trust with the knowledge, or technology, to analyze this thing?\"",
"\n\n\"I know a guy,\" Tanjoban said, retracting from the window and looking at Cali like a man with a plan. \"",
"What do you say we take that thing down to our friend Mr. Chu and see if he knows what it is?\"",
"\n\n\"Do you really think that's a good idea? ",
"I mean, suppose it is something powerful or dangerous, we won't want it to fall into the wrong hands.\"",
"\n\n\"Good point. ",
"Let's stash it somewhere safe and where no one would ever think to look. ",
"Then we'll pretend we don't have it, but that Kade told us about it. ",
"See if Mr. Chu knows anything.\"",
"\n\n\"I feel more comfortable with that plan,\" Cali said.",
"\n\nCali and Tanjoban waited a few days before surfacing. ",
"During that time, they continued to grieve the loss of their friend. ",
"Tanjoban shared stories Kade, which only made Cali's heart grow fonder of him.",
"\n\nBy the end of the week, Cali and Tanjoban had left the apartment and were now standing in front of Mr. Chu.",
"\n\n\"I'm sorry for your loss,\" Mr. Chu said.",
"\n\n\"Thank you,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\nMr. Chu led them into the back where they could speak privately. ",
"Cali trailed behind, following Mr. Chu and Tanjoban into his office. ",
"She was constantly on guard, looking around anxiously, expecting to be walking into a trap.",
"\n\nThey sat down in Mr. Chu's office and he asked them the reason for their visit.",
"\n\n\"We were wondering if you heard about Mr. Saigon's death?\"",
"\n\nMr. Chu paused for a moment and looked at them. \"",
"I have heard rumours, but nothing concrete,\" Mr. Chu replied. \"",
"Perhaps you know more than me.\"",
"\n\n\"Just the same rumours as you,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\n\"Whenever you have a major player removed from the game, it creates a void. ",
"According to Game Theory, that void must be filled. ",
"One of two outcomes could happen. ",
"There could be a direct transfer of power — a successor if you will who takes over the throne and assumes that role. ",
"But we know Mr. Saigon did not have any children, and so far no one has come forward as a successor.\"",
"\n\n\"What's the second scenario?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\n\"The second scenario is a power struggle between competing forces. ",
"The power will shift partially or fully to whoever has the means and desire to acquire it. ",
"I suspect the latter. ",
"In the coming months, we may expect a new leader to rise and take over the city.\"",
"\n\n\"Yourself perhaps?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\nMr. Chu chuckled. \"",
"I'm an old man, and I enjoy my life as it is.\"",
"\n\n\"I feel like this is the calm before the storm,\" Cali said.",
"\n\n\"Whatever happens, it cannot be worse than what we have seen in our lifetimes. ",
"We are all strong people. ",
"We will find a way to survive,\" Mr. Chu replied.",
"\n\n\"We always do.\"",
"\n\n\"Was there something else you wanted to ask me?\" ",
"Mr. Chu asked.",
"\n\nTanjoban looked and Cali, then back and Mr. Chu. ",
"He leaned in and said, \"You know, something just isn't sitting right with me about this whole mission,\" he said. \"",
"Mr. Saigon paid Kade ten canisters to deliver a package, right?",
"\n\n\"As you know, that is a very generous offer — ten times the typical amount of any offer I have even heard of for a delivery. ",
"Now, granted it was a suicide mission and Saigon had no intention of ever fulfilling that payment, but here's where it gets interesting. ",
"The bounty on Kade's head was more than ten times the initial offer. ",
"So whatever Kade was carrying must have been very valuable.\"",
"\n\n\"Perhaps it was bogus offer and would boycott payment once he got what he wanted,\" Mr. Chu said. \"",
"Nevertheless, Kade, or whatever was in that package, was valuable to Saigon.\"",
"\n\n\"We don't know what was in the package because it was never recovered, but if you ask me, I think Kade was the thing that was valuable.\"",
"\n\n\"Oh,\" Mr. Chu said. \"",
"What makes you say that?\"",
"\n\n\"Upon Kade's return, he mentioned experiencing neck pain at some point in the journey. ",
"With the help of Cali, they removed a little implant of some sort from the back of his neck.\"",
"\n\n\"We didn't know what it was,\" Cali added. \"",
"We figured it was some kind of tracking device so we destroyed it.\"",
"\n\n\"What did this object look like exactly?\" ",
"Mr. Chu asked.",
"\n\n\"It was a small cylindrical object no bigger than a grain of rice. ",
"It was smooth, metallic, and had no markings that we could see with our eyes. ",
"There was no way to open it. ",
"It didn't make any noise. ",
"We had no idea what it was or how it got there, but perhaps this was what he was unknowingly transporting. ",
"The actual contents of the package may have been completely meaningless, a decoy.\"",
"\n\nMr. Chu looked very puzzled indeed.",
"\n\n\"Based on what you've heard, what do you think it was? ",
"And could it be connected to Saigon in any way?\"",
"\n\nMr. Chu took a moment before responding. \"",
"You said this tube was metallic?\" ",
"he asked, directing his question to Cali.",
"\n\n\"Yes. ",
"Due to its size, we didn't get a good look at it, but there must have been something inside. ",
"Some nanotech perhaps. ",
"Too small for the naked eye to examine and of course, we didn't have a microscope.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, then, it could have been anything,\" Mr. Chu said. \"",
"However, to really analyze this conundrum, let's first take a step back. ",
"We shall not look for answers in the micro, but in the macro.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay,\" Tanjoban said.",
"\n\n\"In order to learn more about this item, we first must ask ourselves some basic questions about what we know, which are the origins of it. ",
"As we likely agree, it belonged to Mr. Saigon.\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, I believe that to be true.\"",
"\n\n\"Very well. ",
"So the next question we must ask is, what is the ultimate goal of a person in Saigon's position? ",
"A man who seemingly has everything — money, power, fame... What would a person living in this world want?\" ",
"Mr. Chu asked.",
"\n\nThe question didn't elicit an immediate response so Mr. Chu reiterated the question in another way. \"",
"If you were Mr. Saigon, what would you want?\"",
"\n\nCali was the first to offer an answer. \"",
"Security.\"",
"\n\n\"Why?\" ",
"Mr. Chu shot back.",
"\n\n\"I would want to protect what I have for as long as possible. ",
"I would assume people would be constantly after me, trying to take me out.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, good. ",
"What else?\"",
"\n\n\"I mean, if it were me,\" Tanjoban said. \"",
"And I assume me and Saigon have different values and life goals. ",
"But, I would try to make the world a better place.\"",
"\n\nAgain, Mr. Chu was quick to ask a follow-up question. \"",
"What does a better world look like to you?\"",
"\n\n\"Everyone's basic needs are met — environmental stability, clean air, food, and shelter for everyone.\"",
"\n\n\"Why is that important?\"",
"\n\n\"A world that is good for everyone is a world that is good for me.\"",
"\n\n\"So what I hear you both saying are versions of the same thing, which is that you want a good life for as long as possible?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes.\"",
"\n\n\"So you two ultimately arrived at the same conclusion — security and prosperity.\"",
"\n\n\"I guess so.\"",
"\n\n\"Now, what are some ways a person could ensure their security and prosperity?\"",
"\n\n\"Weapons,\" Tanjoban said. \"",
"You could have an army protect you in an impenetrable fortress.\"",
"\n\n\"Okay, what else?\"",
"\n\n\"Love?\" ",
"Cali suggested.",
"\n\n\"Interesting,\" Mr. Chu stated, leaning forward in his chair. \"",
"Can you elaborate?\"",
"\n\n\"As Machiavelli said, there are two ways to rule — fear and love. ",
"If the people love you, they won't come after you.\"",
"\n\n\"As I'm sure you know, as much as you try, not everyone will love you, so pursuing love as a strategy wouldn't guarantee a person's security. ",
"And we also know that Saigon was not trying to get people to love him. ",
"What else? ",
"It can be completely outside of the box.\"",
"\n\n\"Immortality,\" Cali suggested.",
"\n\n\"Very good, Cali,\" Mr. Chu said. \"",
"So if a person is immortal, then that would be the ultimate form of security, right?\"",
"\n\nTanjoban and Cali both nodded.",
"\n\n\"Let's chase this whimsy and see where it leads us, shall we? ",
"What are some ways a person can achieve immortality?\"",
"\n\n\"Is this a trick question?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\n\"No, we're just brainstorming here,\" Mr. Chu replied.",
"\n\n\"Superpowers, a magic genie, a miracle,\" Tanjoban suggested, unable to take the question seriously.",
"\n\n\"Technology,\" Cali said. \"",
"In theory, there could be technology that could rejuvenate a person's cells so that they can live forever.\"",
"\n\n\"Ok, good,\" Mr. Chu said with a smile. \"",
"So technology that a keeps a person alive. ",
"That would be very valuable. ",
"And we all know technology is really about information. ",
"Could it be that Kade was transporting information in a tiny drive embedded in his neck?\"",
"\n\n\"If Saigon had this technology, why have Kade need to deliver it to Tri-city?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked. \"",
"Why not use it to keep yourself alive?\"",
"\n\n\"Perhaps Saigon is still alive?\" ",
"Mr. Chu said, giving them all a moment of pause. \"",
"As for why he delivered it, perhaps it was for a trade of some kind, or the technology was not fully developed.\"",
"\n\n\"Do we know who he was supposed to deliver this package to?\" ",
"Cali asked.",
"\n\nEveryone looked around the room blankly.",
"\n\n\"Then perhaps we've reached the end of the road with our deductive reasoning. ",
"To truly solve this mystery, we need more information.\"",
"\n\n\"Any suggestions on how we could acquire more information?\" ",
"Tanjoban asked.",
"\n\n\"I know a guy you can speak with. ",
"Perhaps he can help you. ",
"But it requires some travel.\"",
"\n\n# About the Author\n\nEdward Mullen is a novelist, blogger, vlogger, and podcaster from Vancouver, Canada.",
"\n\nBorn and raised in beautiful British Columbia, Edward developed a love for the wilderness. ",
"This love, combined with an innate curiosity about all things, eventually spawned a healthy imagination for storytelling.",
"\n\nDespite spending a lot of his time indoors writing, Edward continues to enjoy the outdoors. ",
"He is an avid tennis player, mountain biker, snowboarder, runner, and traveler.",
"\n\nFor more information about Edward Mullen, such as his podcast, blog, vlog, or upcoming books, please visit:\n\nwww.EdwardMullen.com\n\n# Zero Introduction\n\nThank you for reading The Rider. ",
"If you're looking for another cyberpunk book to read, check out Zero. ",
"I've included the introduction and the first two chapters for you to preview. ",
"I've also made this book into an audio book if you are interested. ",
"It's available on Audible and YouTube.",
"\n\n***\n\nDisplaced workers, a robot uprising, billions of lives lost.",
"\n\nThe Automation War was inevitable. ",
"An unstoppable force of hyper-connected, uninhibited, carelessly misinformed people, hurling toward the edge of a cliff. ",
"A runaway train of capitalism and greed with no one at the controls. ",
"The unrelenting momentum of progress created by our insatiable appetites for innovation. ",
"No one able to stop what so many could see coming. ",
"Our fates were sealed.",
"\n\nThe year is 2080, World War III is a recent memory, and the scars still remain. ",
"Billions have died, systems have collapsed, and the planet is in a state of disrepair.",
"\n\nIt's now five years after the war and the governments of the world have fallen into the hands of an anonymous group of rogue hackers who call themselves The Shadow. ",
"They control every aspect of society from the economy, healthcare, education, justice, and law enforcement. ",
"They've eradicated disease, hunger, and poverty, but most importantly, they maintain peace and order.",
"\n\nThere are no more terrorists plotting against the collective, no mental health disorders, no wars, and no crime. ",
"The only people permitted to live on Earth are law-abiding, healthy, educated, and productive members of society.",
"\n\nUsing embedded chips, they track everyone's productivity, health, social status, and even emotional state. ",
"Based on these metrics, individuals are given a rank based on their social utility. ",
"Each person who exists is a vital part of the whole, contributing some net utility to the species.",
"\n\nHowever, under the guise of a seemingly benevolent agenda, they have created a climate of fear. ",
"Their radical policies are met with a lot of controversy and resistance.",
"\n\nThose who dissent, disappear. ",
"Those who do not maintain the required level of net productivity, emotional well-being, and financial stability as determined by The Shadow, which includes many of the elderly, are removed. ",
"What that means exactly, no one really knows, and no one dares to question the almighty authority. ",
"They could be watching, listening, plotting against you.",
"\n\nYou could be next.",
"\n\n# Zero Chapter One\n\n\"I was being followed, it was obvious. ",
"To the untrained eye, you know, someone just going about their day, not paying attention to their surroundings, they probably wouldn't have even noticed. ",
"But I noticed. ",
"I notice everything. ",
"They stood out like sprinkles on icing — a man 'waiting' for a bus across the street with an unmarked van parked fifteen feet away; a Goliath-looking mouth-breather, dragging his knuckles and sipping coffee; another man on a park bench feeding the ducks... They think they're being subtle, but they're not. ",
"Sometimes our eyes connect and I give them a wink or a nod... my little way of saying, 'I see you.'",
"\n\n\"At this point, I'm not sure who they are or what they want, but so far they've kept their distance. ",
"Never once interacting with me. ",
"This went on for several days.",
"\n\n\"I can think of about a dozen reasons why someone would want to follow me. ",
"The worst case scenario would land me minor jail time, but more likely just probation and a fine. ",
"Good luck getting me to pay though, I spent all my money on... well, I'm not going to say her name. ",
"That's another story altogether. ",
"Point is, I wouldn't be surprised if I've popped up on a few watchlists due to my browser history, which I won't go into.",
"\n\n\"As I was saying, my guess is that some covert government organization wants to ensure I'm not a terrorist. ",
"If that's true, then let them follow me, I have nothing to hide. ",
"In fact, sometimes I behave in a sketchy manner just to mess with them, you know what I mean?",
"\n\n\"So anyway, I returned from lunch one day and meandered through a sea of cubicles until I arrived at my desk. ",
"I removed my jacket and took a seat at my desk. ",
"Nobody was really paying attention to me.",
"\n\n\"Something just didn't sit right, you know? ",
"Thinking back, it could have been the fish tacos I had for lunch. ",
"Come to think of it, it did give me a little case of hot bum if you know what I mean, but, I digress.",
"\n\n\"What I remember feeling at the time was this insurmountable, gut-wrenching paranoia. ",
"Now, to be fair, I tend to sway a bit heavy on the paranoid side, but this was extra. ",
"And as you can see, given my current situation, I had a right to be a little paranoid.",
"\n\n\"But it was the build-up that really took its toll on me, you know? ",
"The days of constantly looking over my shoulder, sleepless nights, not knowing who or why I was being followed. ",
"The anxiety of that isn't a pleasant thing to deal with as I'm sure you are all aware. ",
"It was like psychological warfare, and I'll admit, it was really starting to get to me, you know? ",
"I felt as though I was beginning to break down mentally and lose grip of my sanity.",
"\n\n\"So I'm at my desk and I posture up a bit so that my head was sticking up over the cubicle wall. ",
"I saw my manager looking at me and I wondered — is he looking at me because I'm looking at him, or does he know something I don't?",
"\n\n\"Nothing ever came of that, I just thought I'd mention it to give the story a little more context. ",
"So I decided I was done for the day so I left my coat and backpack at my desk and snuck out the back. ",
"I did this from time to time, especially on Fridays, or when my manager wasn't in the office.",
"\n\n\"I exited the building without being seen by any of my coworkers and headed home. ",
"I got a few blocks away from where I live, and I saw a man walking his dog, a jogger stretching on a stoop, a mail carrier delivering packages. ",
"All ordinary stuff, right? ",
"But something about it seemed off. ",
"I then spotted the same van from earlier and realized they're all around me. ",
"They've been following me and have me surrounded and I yet to know why, or even who these people are. ",
"As you can imagine, I'm more than a little freaked out. ",
"I should mention that they've never come to my neighbourhood before, I mean, as far as I know. ",
"I was nervous and sweating profusely, my heart was pounding with anticipation because I knew something was about to go down. ",
"You know that feeling? ",
"It's almost like time slows down or something, it's really weird. ",
"I picked up my pace and began walking faster than usual.",
"\n\n\"I then decided right then and there to be bold. ",
"It was like this wave of courage came over me. ",
"I was like, you know what, I'm sick of not knowing what this is all about. ",
"I'm going to confront them.",
"\n\n\"Just as I was approaching the dog walker and about to speak, I hear a voice say my name, 'Mr. Jacobs.' ",
"It was a deep voice, the stern kind that you'd hear as a kid and make you piss your pants in fear. ",
"Nevertheless, it was a voice that I didn't recognize. ",
"And I should point out that I never interact with any of my neighbours.",
"\n\n\"I turn around and see a tall man with broad shoulders. ",
"Our eyes met, not in a romantic way, I don't want any of you getting the wrong idea about me. ",
"But I will say this, he was handsome. ",
"I'm not ashamed to say that. ",
"He had a full head of hair and brawny jawline, but looked as though he'd been in a few tussles if you know what I mean. ",
"Call it a rugged handsome if you will. ",
"His presence made me feel a little, I don't know... insecure about my masculinity.",
"\n\n\"'Can we have a word with you?' ",
"the man said to me in an authoritative tone.",
"\n\n\"'What about?' ",
"I replied. ",
"I then said, 'If this is about my search history, I can explain.'",
"\n\n\"I soon realized this was not about my search history.",
"\n\n\"'Please, come with us,' the man said.",
"\n\n\"'Who are you?'\" ",
"I demanded. '",
"Who do you work for? ",
"What is this about?' ",
"I had a million questions, none of which were answered.",
"\n\n\"'We have some questions for you,' he said to me.",
"\n\n\"Next thing I know, two men approached me from the rear.",
"\n\n\"I'm not sure why I decided to run, I guess I was in a fight or flight moment and my brain just shut down and my instinct took over. ",
"Before I knew it, my legs were moving beneath me and I was running as fast as I could down the street. ",
"I was hoping my neighbours would see me and call the police, or intervene in some way, but I know now that was foolish thinking.",
"\n\n\"So I'm running, right... my adrenaline kicked in and for a split second I think I'm an athlete and my cardio will carry me for days if need be. ",
"Well, I didn't even make it fifteen feet before my body went numb and I collapsed to the ground. ",
"My head bounced off the pavement and put me in a bit of a daze. ",
"That's why I have this cut on my forehead.",
"\n\n\"I was a little out of it after hitting my head, but the next thing I remember was the men standing over me, dragging me to my feet, and then shoving me into their van. ",
"It all happened so quickly and I was still in a bit of a daze. ",
"At one point I even questioned if this was real or if I was dreaming. ",
"It was all very surreal, you know? ",
"Perhaps some of you had a similar experience.",
"\n\n\"They didn't handcuff me or read me my rights, which I thought was weird.\"",
"\n\n\"Man, would you please shut the hell up? ",
"You talk too damn much. ",
"I can't hear myself think,\" a voice said from the back of the bus.",
"\n\n\"Nah, let the brother speak,\" another man said.",
"\n\n\"It's okay, I was done,\" Dane said.",
"\n\n\"Go on, continue your story,\" another random voice encouraged.",
"\n\n\"I mean, there's nothing really more to tell,\" Dane said to the group of strangers packed on the bus with him. \"",
"The last thing I remember was being in the van and then waking up here. ",
"I don't know how long it has been, what they did to me, where we're all going. ",
"In fact, I don't really know who any of you people are other than what you've told me. ",
"For all I know, you could be working for them.\"",
"\n\n\"We're all handcuffed on this damn bus together. ",
"What makes you think that you're so important that someone would go to all this trouble to try to trick you? ",
"And to what end? ",
"You just told us a long boring story about how the worst thing about you was having porn on your search history.\"",
"\n\n\"It wasn't porn actually, I was searching weapons and how to make a—\"\n\n\"Man, I don't give a damn what you do in your spare time. ",
"All I know is that we need to figure out why the hell we are all on this damn bus, who put us here, and where we're going.\"",
"\n\n\"That's what we're trying to do,\" another voice spoke. \"",
"We should hear each other's stories. ",
"Maybe there'll be some common thread that'll tell us why we're all here.\"",
"\n\n\"I agree,\" a lady from the middle of the bus said. \"",
"At the very least, it'll pass the time.\"",
"\n\n\"What's up with your man back there?\" ",
"someone asked, directing the question to a quiet man at the back of the bus. \"",
"What's your story, dude?\"",
"\n\nEveryone turned toward the man who was in the very last row of the bus. ",
"He hadn't said a word to anyone. ",
"He didn't even look out the window. ",
"The entire ride, he just had his head down. ",
"Then all of a sudden, the bus slammed on its breaks, causing everyone to jolt forward in their seats.",
"\n\nThe automated bus stopped abruptly in the middle of nowhere. ",
"Trees and mountains surrounded them and a barren highway stretched out for miles in both directions.",
"\n\n\"What's happening?\" ",
"one man asked.",
"\n\n\"Why are we stopping here?\"",
"\n\nFor a few minutes, the entire busload of people began to feel uneasy about the situation. ",
"They were all bound by their hands and feet and were secured to their seats. ",
"Then, their electronic shackles suddenly released. ",
"Everyone looked around nervously and massaged their wrists. ",
"A few stood up while others remained in their seats and looked out the window.",
"\n\nWithout saying a word, the man from the back of the bus wheeled out from his position and rolled down the aisle. ",
"Until that moment, no one had any idea that he was bound to a wheelchair. ",
"The other passengers couldn't help but stare, curious to find out what he was up to.",
"\n\nThe man reached the front of the bus and just as he was about to exit, he turned to everyone and said calmly, \"They'll be here soon. ",
"I advise everyone to escape now while you still can.\"",
"\n\n# Zero Chapter Two\n\nConfusion, fear, and uncertainty swirled throughout the bus as people stared at the paraplegic man who was seemingly staging an escape. ",
"Inaudible murmurs began until someone from the middle of the bus had the courage to stand up and say, \"Excuse me, where are you going?\"",
"\n\nThe stoic man didn't respond, he looked straight ahead, waiting for the ramp to deploy and then wheeled out onto the highway. ",
"Shortly after, others rose from their seats. ",
"What began as a few quickly turned into the entire group of eighty people shuffling out of their seats and rushing down the aisle toward the exit.",
"\n\nThe large group spilled out onto the empty highway and were met with the brisk air. ",
"Many didn't even have the proper attire to endure the elements for any long period of time.",
"\n\n\"Now what are we supposed to do?\" ",
"someone asked.",
"\n\nIn situations such as these, it's natural to look for a leader. ",
"The paraplegic man didn't exactly fit the bill physically, but he at least seemed to know more about the situation than the others. ",
"He therefore become the default leader. ",
"The group formed a semi-circle around him, asking him a barrage of questions like a pack of desperate news reporters.",
"\n\n\"Do you know why we were abducted and put on this bus?\" ",
"someone asked.",
"\n\n\"I want to know where the bus was taking us.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm hungry.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm cold.\"",
"\n\nThe paraplegic man had yet to respond. ",
"Just then, he spoke, which silenced the huddled mass, \"I wish I could give you the answers in which you all seek, but I'm afraid time is of the essence.\"",
"\n\n\"Time is of the essence for what?\"",
"\n\n\"Are we in danger?\"",
"\n\n\"You tell me?\" ",
"the man said. \"",
"You were all taken against your wills, bound by your hands and feet, and placed on a bus, being transported somewhere without your consent. ",
"Were you provide any information as to why you were taken or where you are going? ",
"To me, this strongly suggests that we're all in grave danger and therefore it would be in our best interest to run and hide.\"",
"\n\n\"Do you know who's behind this?\" ",
"someone from the crowd asked.",
"\n\n\"Wait, where are you going?\" ",
"another person asked.",
"\n\nThey all watched as the man rose from his chair and began to walk with the assistance of a mechanical contraption affixed to his body.",
"\n\n\"Is that an exoskeleton?\" ",
"Dane asked a question that did not receive a response.",
"\n\n\"I think it's best we split up into smaller groups,\" the man said. \"",
"Anyone who wants to join me is welcome to come.\"",
"\n\nEight people immediately stepped forward from the crowd, leaving the others standing around looking at each other.",
"\n\n\"Hey, I'm Dane. ",
"What's yours?\"",
"\n\n\"You can call me Mr. Camouflage.\"",
"\n\n\"Mr. Camouflage?\" ",
"Dane repeated. \"",
"I'm definitely not going to call you that. ",
"How about Camo, or Cam?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't know what's going on, but I don't want to get into any more trouble,\" someone said. \"",
"I'm just going to wait here.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, me too.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm with you. ",
"I don't want to go into the forest. ",
"I don't even know what I'm supposed to be running from.\"",
"\n\nThe crowd started to chat amongst themselves and form groups based on shared sentiments. ",
"Some opted to remain on the driver-less bus where it was warm while others decided to head off on their own.",
"\n\n\"You can't stay here,\" Mr. Camouflage insisted to those heading back onto the bus. \"",
"They'll be here soon, and if they find you, they will kill you.\"",
"\n\n\"Who?\"",
"\n\n\"There's no time to explain, you just have to trust me. ",
"Our best chance for survival is to split up into smaller groups and hide.\"",
"\n\nFrom the distance, the headlights of what appeared to be one oncoming vehicle sped toward the group. ",
"Upon closer inspection, there were two other large vans trailing behind. ",
"The small convoy of vehicles approached hastily and came to a stop. ",
"The vans were slower, but eventually caught up and pulled into position.",
"\n\nA dozen armed men in full combat gear exited the vehicles and surrounded the bus. ",
"Establishing a perimeter, several men entered the bus with their guns raised high. ",
"There were a handful of people who had rejected Mr. Camouflage's warning and remained behind.",
"\n\n\"Who are you?\" ",
"one of the old ladies on the bus asked.",
"\n\nWithout hesitation, one of the men aimed his weapon and shot her in the head, killing her instantly. ",
"A hailstorm of gunshots could be heard in the distance. ",
"Each gunshot echoed throughout the forest, sending bone-chilling shivers up the spines of the group. ",
"They knew each blast meant one of their former bus mates was being killed. ",
"Dane and his small crew stopped momentarily, but were encouraged to continue.",
"\n\n\"What the hell is going on?\" ",
"Dane demanded. \"",
"Were those gunshots?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, but we need to keep moving or else we're going to be next,\" Cam insisted, trudging through the dense forest. \"",
"It'll be dark soon, we need to get as far away from here as possible.\"",
"\n\n\"I don't know if I can carry on,\" someone from the group said.",
"\n\n\"Fine, stay here and die, but I strongly suggest we stick together,\" Mr. Camo said.",
"\n\n\"I think I'm having a panic attack,\" Dane said. \"",
"I can't breathe.\"",
"\n\n\"Look, Dane,\" a man in the group said. \"",
"I want to know what the hell is going on just as badly as you do, okay? ",
"But right now, I much rather live another day and see my son. ",
"There'll be a time and a place to ask questions. ",
"For now, I suggest we listen to this gentlemen over here and keep moving.\"",
"\n\nDane let out a huff before setting off again to catch up with the rest of the pack.",
"\n\nThe heightened anxiety gave them all a boost of adrenaline, which helped push their bodies to their limits and continue on for as long as possible.",
"\n\nMaking their way through the forest and uneven terrain wasn't easy to begin with. ",
"Now with the sun setting lower on the horizon, less light penetrated the dense trees making it increasingly more difficult to see. ",
"A night chill set in, testing their resolve and inducing even more of a panic state. ",
"The naïve ones of the group were quickly realizing that they would sleep outside in the cold unforgiving night.",
"\n\n\"Hey, Mr. Camouflage,\" a pretty woman said, gasping for breath. \"",
"I need to stop.\"",
"\n\n\"Yeah, I'm with her,\" another one from the group said. \"",
"I'm not sure how much further I can go on. ",
"We've been on the move for several hours and I'm pretty sure my feet are covered in blisters.\"",
"\n\nThe group came to an agreement to settle in for the night before the sun completely set. ",
"They found a clearing amongst the trees, which appeared to be as good a spot as any.",
"\n\nOne of the men from the group took charge and said, \"Can you two gather as many little sticks as you can find?\" ",
"He then turned to two ladies. \"",
"We need to find long, slender sticks, preferably without any branches.\"",
"\n\nDane took inventory of the group. \"",
"Hey, wait, we're missing someone,\" he said, looking around. \"",
"There was nine of us. ",
"Who's missing?\"",
"\n\n\"The girl,\" one of the group members said. \"",
"The quiet girl.\"",
"\n\n\"What was her name?\"",
"\n\n\"She didn't say.\"",
"\n\n\"She hasn't said anything.\"",
"\n\n\"Has anybody seen her?\"",
"\n\n\"I remember seeing her about an hour ago,\" someone said.",
"\n\n\"She's probably just using the bathroom.\"",
"\n\n\"Do you think she got lost?\"",
"\n\n\"If she did, there's no way we're going to find her. ",
"I suggest we make camp and let her find us.\"",
"\n\n\"Maybe it's a good idea going forward for each of us to have a buddy. ",
"We'll be responsible for that buddy at all times. ",
"There's eight of us, so it works perfectly.\"",
"\n\nThey took a minute to find partners and introduce themselves. ",
"It was the first chance they had to do that since being on the bus.",
"\n\nDane partnered up with a towering man with large muscles who introduced himself as Train, an obvious nickname. ",
"The two complemented each other nicely since Dane was lean and not as physically gifted. ",
"He made up for that by being quick-witted and creative, two undervalued qualities in a survival situation.",
"\n\n\"What do you want me to do?\" ",
"Dane asked, happy to follow orders.",
"\n\n\"I need you to help me start a fire,\" Train said. \"",
"First, we need large stones to make a fire pit. ",
"Then we need to gather kindle and firewood.\"",
"\n\nEach pair was delegated a specific task and everyone worked diligently to set up camp before it became completely dark.",
"\n\n\"So tell me... how did you get the name Train?\"",
"\n\n\"I got it from my football days. ",
"I was a linebacker?\"",
"\n\n\"I don't know what that means.\"",
"\n\n\"It means I was a protector.\"",
"\n\n\"I guess I picked a good buddy then, huh?\"",
"\n\n\"Yes, you did,\" Train said with a chuckle.",
"\n\nTrain was a bit hard to read. ",
"Standing over 6'5\" with hulking muscles, he was certainly an intimidating looking man, but so far he seemed kind and gentle.",
"\n\nAs they worked alongside one another, Dane took notice of the tribal tattoos covering Train's skin. ",
"Among them appeared to be several military markings common for soldiers who had endured combat.",
"\n\n\"You fight in the war?\" ",
"Dane asked.",
"\n\n\"Of course, who didn't?\"",
"\n\n\"Well... I didn't. ",
"I'm not much of a fighter. ",
"I'm an artist. ",
"I'm more of the creative type. ",
"I'd rather write a poem about war than be in a war, if you know what I mean.\"",
"\n\n\"War makes us all fighters.\"",
"\n\n\"Not me, it turned me into a coward.\"",
"\n\n\"How can you call yourself a coward? ",
"Where I come from, no man would ever speak those words.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm not much of a man apparently, and I'm okay with that. ",
"What do you do... I mean, when you're not fighting and looking for firewood?\"",
"\n\n\"I do various things. ",
"It's hard to put a label on me.\"",
"\n\n\"I hear ya, brother. ",
"You mentioned you son, what's his name?\"",
"\n\n\"Caleb.\"",
"\n\n\"How old is Caleb?\"",
"\n\n\"He's ten.\"",
"\n\n\"What is that, fifth grade?\"",
"\n\n\"Fourth.\"",
"\n\n\"Oh nice.\"",
"\n\n\"You have any kids?\"",
"\n\n\"Uh... sort of, not really.\"",
"\n\n\"What does that mean?\"",
"\n\n\"It's complicated.\"",
"\n\n\"Baby mama drama?\"",
"\n\n\"Exactly.\"",
"\n\nThey both shared a laugh.",
"\n\nCarrying large stones back to camp, Dane plopped them down on the ground and began arranging them in a circle. ",
"He was sweaty and exhausted, but wanted to do his part to contribute.",
"\n\nJust before nightfall, the missing group member appeared from the darkness without saying a word. ",
"She didn't seem pleased to see everyone, nor did she attempt to make friends. ",
"Instead she kept to herself, sitting by the fire to stay warm.",
"\n\n\"Hey, the quiet girl is back,\" Dane announced. \"",
"Where were you?\"",
"\n\n\"I got lost,\" she said.",
"\n\n\"Well, we're glad to have you back,\" an older lady said with a welcoming smile. \"",
"We came up with the idea of having a buddy system while you were away. ",
"Since there are now nine of us, you can be in a group with us. ",
"I'm Cheryl, what's your name?\"",
"\n\n\"Allie.\"",
"\n\n\"It's nice to meet you, Allie.\"",
"\n\n\"Perhaps we should all properly introduce ourselves,\" Dane suggested. \"",
"We can tell everyone a bit about our backgrounds, what we do for a living, our education, and skills. ",
"It'll help us get to know each other, but also give us an understanding of our unique strengths and what we can offer to the group. ",
"I can go first.\"",
"\n\nEveryone shuffled into position and took seats around the fire. ",
"They didn't have any food, water, or shelter, but they were at least warm. ",
"And they had each other.",
"\n\n\"So as many of you know, I'm Dane. ",
"I told you a bit about what I do for work. ",
"I'm recently single, I live alone. ",
"I would say my strengths are intelligence and creativity. ",
"I'm an ideas guy. ",
"I pride myself on being an outside-of-the-box thinker so I'm sure that will come in handy at some point.\"",
"\n\nWhen Dane was finished, the person sitting to his left went next.",
"\n\n\"I'm Cheryl, I'm a former lawyer, former mayor... former a lot of things actually. ",
"Before the war I was the mayor of a small county, but now that county is... well, you can probably guess. ",
"I'm one of the few survivors and I feel very fortunate about that. ",
"Currently, I'm in between roles, still trying to figure out what the next stage of my career and life are going to be.\"",
"\n\n\"What are your strengths?\" ",
"Dane asked.",
"\n\n\"I'd say leadership, policy, law... I'm very organized. ",
"I'm not sure what use any of those are in this environment, but I'm happy to help in any way I can.\"",
"\n\n\"That's great, thank you for sharing, Cheryl,\" Dane said.",
"\n\n\"I'm Lynn, I was a surgeon, but a year ago I was involved in a devastating automobile accident which claimed the life of my husband and crushed both of my hands. ",
"After a long and difficult recovery, I was no longer able to perform surgery. ",
"Despite that, I still have vast amounts of knowledge of the human body.\"",
"\n\n\"I'm sure your skills will come in very handy with first aid and other ailments we may encounter. ",
"It's nice to meet you, Lynn.\"",
"\n\nAfter listening to some of the stories, a thread stood out, but Dane waited until he heard from everyone to confirm his hypothesis.",
"\n\n\"I'm Lauren... Lauren Larkin, some of you may recognize me. ",
"I was a former model and humanitarian. ",
"My strengths are being headstrong, standing up for what I believe, fighting for what's right, and ensuring everyone is treated equally and fairly.\"",
"\n\n\"Thank you, Lauren,\" Dane said with a smile. \"",
"It's nice to have you in the group. ",
"Okay, who's next? ",
"Train, would you like to go?\"",
"\n\n\"My name is Train,\" he said stoically, in a deep and soothing voice.",
"\n\n\"Is there anything else you'd like to share with the group?\" ",
"Cheryl asked.",
"\n\n\"No.\"",
"\n\n\"Very well, then. ",
"Who's next?\"",
"\n\n\"I can go next, a soft spoken Mexican man said. ",
"My name is Mauricio. ",
"I'm a construction worker. ",
"I'm good with my hands, I can fix just about anything. ",
"I can fight.\"",
"\n\n\"Perfect, we're glad to have you, Mauricio.\"",
"\n\nThey had made it through nearly half the group and so far people were being fairly reserved. ",
"They were reluctant to open up and share too much personal details. ",
"Some weren't even comfortable giving their real name.",
"\n\nGoing around the campfire, an older man who had an eccentric look was next in line.",
"\n\n\"I don't know about the rest of you, but I'm starving,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"Ah, don't mention food,\" Lauren said.",
"\n\n\"I thought models were used to starving themselves,\" Dane said.",
"\n\nLauren shot him an evil look.",
"\n\n\"What's your name, where are you from?\" ",
"Cheryl ask an elderly man to her right.",
"\n\n\"You can call me Professor,\" the man said. \"",
"I'm a scientist, an inventor, and a mathematician. ",
"I hold two PhDs, several patents, and a long list of inventions.\"",
"\n\nThere was an arrogance about the Professor that was off-putting. ",
"He spoke in a demeaning way as if the rest of the group weren't on his level intellectually. ",
"Everyone could hardly wait for his turn to be over.",
"\n\nAs the introductions went around the campfire, there was one person everyone was eager to hear from. ",
"He was mysterious and seemed to know more than anyone about the situation they were in. ",
"With eager ears, everyone turned to him.",
"\n\n\"I go by the name Mr. Camouflage,\" the man said, \"but if that's too long for you to say, you can call me Cam, or Camo. ",
"As you can see, I'm a paraplegic. ",
"I lost the use of my legs in... an accident. ",
"I'm good with computers, and.... um, well... that's pretty much it.\"",
"\n\n\"Can you please tell us what you know about why we're all here?\" ",
"Cheryl said.",
"\n\nAfter a brief pause, the man said, \"Yes, I think the time has come for you all to know the truth.\" ",
"\n"
] | {
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] | 0.005758 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nGraph containing every n-vertex graph as an induced subgraph\n\nLet $f(n)$ denote the minimum number of vertices in a graph $G$ which contains every graph on $n$ vertices (up to isomorphism) as an induced subgraph. ",
"I want to estimate $f(n)$. A simple counting argument gives a lower bound : there are essentially $2^{C(n,2)}/n!$ isomorphism classes of graphs on $n$ vertices, while a graph with $N$ vertices contains $C(N,n) \\approx N^{n}/n!$ induced subgraphs of size $n$. From this we can deduce that, for example, \n\\begin{eqnarray*}\n\\liminf_{n\\rightarrow \\infty} f(n) ^{1/n} \\geq \\sqrt{2}.",
"\n\\end{eqnarray*}\nCan we replace the inequality by an equality here ? ",
"I assume the answer is known, though I didn't find it after some basic googling. ",
"I know that the liminf above is $O(1)$, for example this follows from the main result of [1]. ",
"Indeed, it follows from [1] and the standard probabilistic argument for lower-bounding Ramsey numbers that there is some $c > 0$ for which the random graph $G(c^n, 1/2)$ almost surely, as $n \\rightarrow \\infty$, contains every graph on $n$ vertices as an induced subgraph. ",
"I assume the best-possible $c$ here is not known, since any $c < 4$ would yield an improvement on the best-known upper bound for Ramsey numbers. ",
"\n[1] H.I. Prömel and V. Rödl, Non-Ramsey graphs are $c \\log n$-universal, J. Combin. ",
"Theory Series A 88 (1999), 379-384. ",
" \n\nA:\n\n@Tony and Chris : Thanks for your very helpful comments. ",
"I had a look at Vu's paper and it references an earlier paper \nB. Bollobas and A. Thomason, Graphs which contain all small graphs, Europ. ",
"J. Combinatorics 2 (1981), 13-15.",
"\nThere it is proven (according to the review on MathSciNet, I could not find the original paper online) that almost every graph on approximately $n^2 2^{n/2}$ vertices is what they call $n$-full, i.e.: contains every graph on $n$ vertices as an induced subgraph. ",
"This answers all my questions : my function $f(n)^{1/n}$ does indeed tend to $\\sqrt{2}$, and $G(c^n,1/2)$ is almost surely $n$-full for any $c > \\sqrt{2}$. It was incorrect of me to suggest, when I posed the question, that the latter fact would have any consequences for estimating Ramsey numbers. ",
" \n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nCan we use \"sth that forms\", \"where sth collects\", or \"is deposited\" for non-living items?",
"\n\nSource\n Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats, are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers.",
"\nSource\n They are usually found in flat areas where water collects in pools.",
"\n\nI think that it should be that are formed and water gets collected. ",
"Is there personification used? ",
"Is it right to say, \n\n\"Mudflats are coastal wetlands that form when mud deposits by tides or rivers\"?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAll thanks goes to Damkerng T.'s comment for providing me direction:\nThe sentences given in the question are correct as they stand. ",
"This type of speech is called mediopassive voice.",
"By Wikipedia,\n\nThe mediopassive voice is a grammatical voice that subsumes the meanings of both the middle voice and the passive voice.",
"\n\nAn excellent list of examples is taken as:\n\nThe book reads well. ",
" \nThe trousers wash easily. ",
" \nRipe oranges peel well. ",
" \nThe lost language from which all Indo-European languages derive.",
"\nHydrogen combines.",
"\n\nAbout 2nd part of the question, I am not sure if we can use it two times in a sentence.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nWSO2 Class Mediator - Is it possible to give more complex properties?",
"\n\nExample From the docs here: https://docs.wso2.com/display/ESB470/Class+Mediator\n <class name=\"samples.mediators.",
"SimpleClassMediator\">\n <property name=\"variable1\" value=\"10\"/>\n <property name=\"variable2\" value=\"5\"/>\n </class>\n\nWhat I would like to do:\n <class name=\"samples.mediators.",
"SimpleClassMediator\">\n <property name=\"variable1\" value=\"10\"/>\n <property name=\"variable2\">\n <list> \n <foo>bar</foo>\n <abc>def</abc>\n <!-- ",
"up to 20 more props here -->\n </list>\n </property>\n </class>\n\nI'm willing to do dirty tricks to enable this if necessary. ",
" \n\nA:\n\nYou can't set such a complex value to class mediator properties directly. ",
"But you can read any property from within the class mediator. ",
"For example see this.",
"\n<property name=\"variable2\"> \n <list> \n <foo>bar</foo> \n <abc>def</abc> \n </list> \n</property> \n<class name=\"org.wso2.ClassMediator\"></class>\n\nInside class mediator, you can read the property like this.",
"\nOMElement ss = (OMElement) mc.getProperty(\"variable2\");\n\n"
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"Exercising the frozen shoulder.",
"\nFrozen shoulder (also called adhesive capsulitis) results from shrinking and scarring of a previously normal joint. ",
"It involves significant shoulder pain and loss of movement. ",
"The pain can last from weeks to many months. ",
"Loss of movement can last months to years. ",
"Fortunately, you can take steps to control the pain and regain motion."
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"Companies:\n\nRELATED QUOTES\n\nMajor retailers are beginning their online sales even earlier this year, with M&S\nand John Lewis among them. ",
"We round-up the clearance sales and the bargains\non offer.",
"\n\nM&S and John Lewis will today take the unprecedented step of shifting\ntheir online sales forward to Christmas Eve as competition among retailers\nintensifies.",
"\n\nOnline sales have crept forward in recent years as the number of consumers\nsearching for bargains over Christmas has exploded.",
"\n\nChristmas Day has been the main battleground in recent years but this year M&S\nwill begin discounting at midday today.",
"\n\nIt has bought \"Christmas Eve sales\" search advertising slots on\nGoogle (NasdaqGS: GOOG - news) in an attempt to draw online consumers along with an array of other\nterms shoppers are likely to be searching for today.",
"\n\nJohn Lewis, meanwhile, will start its online sale at 5pm today while Currys/PC\nWorld will follow at 7pm.",
"\n\nOther retailer have already launched a sell-off of stock.",
"\n\nCatalogue store Argos is already offering up to 60pc off on selected lines,\nsuch as coffee machines, half-price toys and 40pc off some TVs. ",
"A Hitachi (Other OTC: HTHIY - news) 24\ninch television has been reduced from £249.99 to £149.99.",
"\n\nDebenhams (Other OTC: DBHSY - news) began its sale on Saturday. ",
"It is offering up to 60pc off on\nfurniture with a 'Paris' brown leather sofa reduced from £2,500 to £1,000.",
"\nIt is also offering 50pc off on a wide range of clothes and footwear and\neven aftershave, with free delivery.",
"\n\nThe retailer expects “online trade to be busy, especially on Christmas Day” as\nthe same day last year saw more than 800,000 hits on its website.",
"\n\nIts in-store sale, as with M&S, begins on Boxing Day. ",
"John Lewis will not\noffer the discounts in-store until the following day.",
"\n\nThe store, which had a internet hit with its snowman adverts, said its most\npopular products were tablets, such as Apple (NasdaqGS: AAPL - news) 's iPad. ",
"Its sale will include\nup to 50pc off furniture.",
"\n\nHalfords is offering a 'web exclusive' of 10pc off everything until midnight\non Christmas Day as well as clearance prices on bikes, radios and satnavs. ",
"A\nGarmin Nuvi is reduced from £299.99 to £99.99, plus the additional 10pc off\nuntil tomorrow.",
"\n\nGame also started its 'biggest ever sale' today online. ",
"Among computer games,\nFIFA 13 was reduced from £44.99 to £35 while the price for Halo 4 was\nreduced from £39,99 to £25. ",
"On consoles, PlayStation's PS3 12 GBm with The\nAmazing Spiderman HD movie was cut to £125, saving £71, but the offer ends\non Friday. ",
"Game's in-store sale starts on Boxing Day.",
"\n\nChristmas Day is expected to see even more shoppers go online than today.",
"\nNearly 1.5 million people are expected to log on. ",
"Searches for the best\ndeals are predicted to peak between 1pm and 2pm as most families prepares to\nsit down to Christmas dinner, with new owners of iPads, tablets and laptops\nhitting the sales, a survey of more than 2,000 adults showed.",
"\n\nLast year, consumers spent £235 million online on Christmas Day alone, a rise\nof around 17 per cent on the previous year, and online spend tomorrow is\nexpected to hit £307 million, forecasts by Experian (Other OTC: EXPGF - news) and IMRG showed.",
"\n\nAmazon.co.uk will begin cutting prices at 9am on Christmas Day, bringing\nforward its sale forward a day. ",
"It said Christmas Day sales from its website\nhave more than doubled over the last five years.",
"\n\nMoneysavingexpert said it had heard rumours that Next (Other OTC: NXGPF - news) , which offers one of the\nmost widely anticipated sales, would start offering 50pc off from Boxing\nDay. ",
"The website said: 'Previous years' sales have seen all sale items\nreduced by 50pc, both online at Next and in-store.'",
"\n\nSales\n\n• Amazon.co.uk Christmas Day will see clearance offers and\nlimited-quantity ‘lightning deals’, offering up to 80pc off select Amazon\n‘apps’, HD TVs reduced from £230 to £140, and 50pc off items such as desk\nlamps.",
"\n\n• John Lewis The clearance sale starts online at 5pm today\n(Christmas Eve) offering up to 50pc off thousands of products, including\n£1,200 sofa beds reduced to £840, crystal-studded sandals down to £29 from\n£99 and a two-seater sofa reduced from £750 to £525.",
"\n\n• Debenhams the largest sale in the store’s 200-year history\nstarted on Saturday with up to 60pc off furniture and beds, up to half price\nparty dresses and jewellery and up to 50pc off Designers at Debenhams\nhandbags.",
"\n\n• Harrods the online sale is offering more than 50pc off\nselected women’s dresses and men’s jackets, £1,299 silk bedding sets down to\n£649 and selected perfumes and fragrances at less than half price.",
"\n\n• Argos the end of catalogue clearance sale is already under\nway, with half price offers on hundreds of toys, up to £150 off laptops, and\nup to 50pc off large screen TVs.",
"\n\n21st Century Fox, the international film and television giant behind hit shows like The Simpsons and Modern Family, has tabled a takeover bid for Sky (Frankfurt: 893517 - news) , the owner of Sky News. ",
"21st Century Fox, whose other media assets … More »\n\nThe beginning of 2016 was marred by the Chinese stock market crashing following the Federal Reserve raising interest rates in the US. ",
"Fast forward to December and China seems to no longer be the centre of investor concerns – being more distracted … More »\n\nUS media company 21st Century Fox has tabled a takeover bid for Sky PLC. \"",
"The Independent Directors of Sky PLC note today's share price increase, and announce that Sky has received an approach from ... … More »\n\nThe questions of what will they look like and who will control them are now answered. ",
"The next two decades, predicts Benedict Evans, a partner at venture-capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, will be how smartphones redefine myriad industries from … More »\n\nGlencore (GLEN) has announced that as part of a consortium with the Qatar Investment Authority, the firm is in the final stages of acquiring a 19.5% interest in Rosneft shares. ",
"First, the size of Glencore’s investment is fairly small. ",
"Despite the … More »\n\nThe chairman of one of Britain's largest pub chains and one of the most vocal business leaders on the Leave campaign launched another scathing attack on the European Union and those who back staying within the 28-nation bloc. ",
"Tim Martin, chairman … More »\n\nWorking for Airbnb apparently isn’t as spectacularly amazing as it was last year. ",
"Last year, the sharing economy mascot took the top spot on Glassdoor’s list of best places to work, beating out companies like Facebook and Google. ",
"But on the newly … More »\n\nThe UK’s trade deficit in goods and services fell by £3.8 billion ($4.7 billion) in October, according to data from the Office for National Statistics. ",
"The figures are the first from the Office for National Statistics since it admitted calculating … More »\n\nThis point is particularly well illustrated in the “surprise” conventional commentators had with first the Brexit and then Trump. ",
"Of course, a troubled geopolitical situation is traditionally good for Gold, and this has been a rather more counter … More »\n\nThe UK does not spend much on research and development and it could be the key to solving the country's low productivity problem. ",
"The puzzle is simply put: why do UK workers take five days to make what the French do in four? … ",
"More »\n\nNigeria has been synonymous with corruption for many years now. ",
"Repeatedly, governments have been characterized by wayward spending and a lack of accountability. ",
"But many people hoped the country had taken a turn for better when, in May 2015, … More »\n\nGoldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein may not have voted for President-elect Donald Trump, but he is ready to give him the benefit of the doubt. \"",
"Mr. Trump may turn out to be a much better president than anyone else might have been in that place,\" … More »\n\nA usually reticent voice is leading the crusade against Narendra Modi’s decision to demonetise Rs500 and Rs1,000 notes. ",
"Two weeks after criticising the move in the upper house of India’s parliament, former prime minister Manmohan Singh has once … More »\n\nNarendra Modi is in a hurry to transform the way India’s economy works. ",
"A month after the Indian prime minister surprisingly withdrew all the Rs500 and Rs1,000 notes—which accounted for as much as 86% of the cash in circulation—his government, on … More »\n\nThe euro dived and stocks surged on Thursday, after the European Central Bank announced a six-month extension to its quantitative easing programme. ",
"The bank said that it will keep buying up eurozone corporate and government debt until at least … More »\n\nA rare Enigma machine designed for use by the German Navy during World War II has smashed its estimate by selling for a record-breaking £367,000. ",
"The fully operational M4 Naval Enigma was ordered in 1941 by the head of the German Navy Admiral Karl\n\nIt has been a busy year for the global financial markets. ",
"On the 15 September this year, the UK government gave the go-ahead for a new £18 billion nuclear power station in Somerset, financed by the French and Chinese governments. ",
"On the 27 June of … More »\n\nThe commodities rally looks set to continue into 2017, according to analysts and investment managers. ",
"The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OPEC) deal to cut oil production by 1.2 million barrels per day in its December meeting paved … More »\n\nAlso on Yahoo\n\nQuotes are real-time for NASDAQ, NYSE, and NYSEAmex when available. ",
"See also delay times for other exchanges. ",
"Quotes and other information supplied by independent providers identified on the Yahoo! ",
"Finance partner page. ",
"Quotes are updated automatically, but will be turned off after 25 minutes of inactivity. ",
"Quotes are delayed at least 15 minutes. ",
"All information provided \"as is\" for informational purposes only, not intended for trading purposes or advice. ",
"Neither Yahoo! ",
"nor any of independent providers is liable for any informational errors, incompleteness, or delays, or for any actions taken in reliance on information contained herein. ",
"By accessing the Yahoo! ",
"site, you agree not to redistribute the information found therein."
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"Q:\n\nCreating loop inside table. ",
"PHP\n\nI'm trying to display if certain processes are running in PHP, getting the process name from a txt file\n\n<table style=\"width:959px;\" border=\"3\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\">\r\n<tr>\r\n \r\n<td style=\"background-color:#A4A4A4;\">\r\n<b><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">Service Name</font></b>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#A4A4A4;\">\r\n<b><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">Source Channel ID</font></b>\r\n</td>\r\n\r\n <td style=\"background-color:#A4A4A4;\">\r\n<b><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">Webhook</font></b>\r\n</td>\r\n \r\n<td style=\"background-color:#A4A4A4;\">\r\n<b><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">Status</font></b>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n\r\n<?",
"php\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n$procfiles = file(\"proc.txt\");\r\n \r\n foreach ($procfiles as $profile){\r\n $pro = explode(\"^\", $profile);\r\n exec(\"ps -aux | grep $pro[0] 2>&1\", $output);\r\n\r\nif (count($output) > 2) {\r\n ?",
">\r\n <tr>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#E0A701;\" ><?",
"php echo $pro[0]; ?",
"></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#E0A701;\" ><?",
"php echo $pro[1]; ?",
"></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#E0A701;\" > <div style=\"width: 500px; height: 40px; overflow: auto\"><li><?php echo $pro[2]; ?",
"></li></div></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#03D12F;\">Running</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n \r\n<?",
"php\r\n }\r\n else{\r\n ?",
"> \r\n <tr>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#E0A701;\" ><?",
"php echo $pro[0]; ?",
"></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#E0A701;\" ><?",
"php echo $pro[1]; ?",
"></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#E0A701;\" > <div style=\"width: 500px; height: 40px; overflow: auto\"><li><?php echo $pro[2]; ?",
"></li></div></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color:#EF3636;\">Not Running</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n <?",
"php\r\n }\r\n }\r\n ?",
">\n\nproc.txt\n\nThe outcome\n\nThe problem is none of these processes are running. ",
"It checks if bot1.js is running or not fine, If I start bot1.js it will say its Running and if I stop it Not Running. ",
"But bot2.js and bot3.js, It always says it is running even when It's not. ",
"Im guessing I have to make it run the exec each time? ",
"How would I go about doing this?",
"\nCheers\nAdded print_r($output);\nResults:\nArray ( \n [0] => www-data 3670 0.0 0.0 4592 936 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 sh -c ps -aux | grep bot1.js 2>&1 \n [1] => www-data 3672 0.0 0.0 11396 1088 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 grep bot1.js \n) \nArray ( \n [0] => www-data 3670 0.0 0.0 4592 936 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 sh -c ps -aux | grep bot1.js 2>&1 \n [1] => www-data 3672 0.0 0.0 11396 1088 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 grep bot1.js \n [2] => www-data 3673 0.0 0.0 4592 744 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 sh -c ps -aux | grep bot2.js 2>&1 \n [3] => www-data 3675 0.0 0.0 11396 972 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 grep bot2.js \n) \nArray ( \n [0] => www-data 3670 0.0 0.0 4592 936 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 sh -c ps -aux | grep bot1.js 2>&1 \n [1] => www-data 3672 0.0 0.0 11396 1088 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 grep bot1.js \n [2] => www-data 3673 0.0 0.0 4592 744 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 sh -c ps -aux | grep bot2.js 2>&1 \n [3] => www-data 3675 0.0 0.0 11396 972 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 grep bot2.js \n [4] => www-data 3676 0.0 0.0 4592 808 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 sh -c ps -aux | grep bot3.js 2>&1 \n [5] => www-data 3678 0.0 0.0 11396 1068 ? ",
"S 07:38 0:00 grep bot3.js \n)\n\nNew Edit and info. ",
"Been trying to add what is suggested, but with no luck.",
"\nJust testing with patterns etc. ",
"If I do this I get results shown.",
"\n\n \r\n$pattern = '/(\\\\/usr\\\\/bin\\\\/node\\\\s\\\\/home\\\\/james\\\\/bot-accounts\\\\/Testing\\\\/botname\\\\/bot1.js)/i';\r\n$subject = '/usr/bin/node /home/james/bot-accounts/Testing/botname/bot1.js ';\r\n$result = preg_match( $pattern, $subject , $matches );\r\necho $result;\r\nprint_r($matches);\n\nBut if I change the $subject to $output, I get no results. ",
"Its 'NULL'\n\nexec(\"ps aux | grep $pro[0] | awk {'print $11, $12'}\", $output);\r\n \r\n$pattern = '/(\\\\/usr\\\\/bin\\\\/node\\\\s\\\\/home\\\\/james\\\\/bot-accounts\\\\/Testing\\\\/botname\\\\/bot1.js)/i';\r\n\r\n$result = preg_match( $pattern, $output , $matches );\r\necho $result;\r\nprint_r($matches);\n\nA:\n\nAs you see with var_dump, exec is always adding the output of each call to $output, but does not replace it. ",
"So add $output =[] before the exec command.",
"\n\n"
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[
"“Tiwari is feeling let down as he was not given due importance by the party leadership. ",
"He was not offered any big post,” a BJP office-bearer told IANS.",
"\n\nThe Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) central leadership recently not only re-appointed former chief minister Vasundhara Raje as the party’s state president but also elevated Tiwari’s rival Gulab Chand Kataria to the post of leader of opposition.",
"\n\nTiwari, one of the top Brahmin leaders in the state, had already openly expressed unwillingness to continue in the post.",
"\n\n“I will carry out the responsibilities as given to me by the party. ",
"But I will not accept the responsibility of the deputy leader of opposition,” Tiwari said in an emotional farewell speech to the party office-bearers.",
"\n\n“I can’t compromise on dignity. ",
"That is why I’m resigning.”",
"\n\nIn his speech, Tiwari also drew attention to one of the statements made by a party colleague a few days back.",
"\n\nWithout naming the legislator, Tiwari said: “I thank him for letting me know that I’m not a mass leader. ",
"Though in my position as deputy leader of opposition, I have tried to raise the voice of my party colleagues both in and outside the house.”",
"\n\nSources in the BJP said that earlier in the day, efforts were made to pacify Tiwari and top leaders, including newly-elected leader of opposition Gulab Chand Kataria, Rajya Sabha MP Bhupendra Yadav and Onkar Singh Lakhawat, met him to work out a compromise. ",
"But Tiwari was adamant on resigning, a day ahead of the assembly’s budget session.",
"\n\n“Though efforts were being made to work out some kind of patch up with Tiwari, he expressed displeasure over being sidelined and said he will resign, making life difficult for Raje,” a BJP office-bearer, not wanting to be named, told IANS.",
"\n\n“Tiwari is not a small leader. ",
"He has a big stature and comes from RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) background and not giving him due importance will certainly affect the party in the state,” he said."
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[
"Field of the Invention\nThe invention pertains to chemical processing, chemical process design, chemical process modeling, and laboratory apparatus, and in more detail to modular laboratory apparatus and associated components and associated computer systems and numerical models used in the study and design of reactive separation systems, and in particular as applied to reactive distillation.",
"\nBackground of the Invention\nMany chemical laboratory setups and production systems involving extensive investments of expensive and established laboratory glassware, both general purpose and special purpose, are run by scientists and other highly-trained laboratory technicians. ",
"Existing methods typically employed to operate these chemical laboratory setups and production systems can be time-consuming, expensive, tedious, and often comprise difficult to precisely record and precisely replicate actions involved in operation of these chemical laboratory setups and production systems. ",
"Automating these tasks could save both time and money as well as increase precision and reproducibility.",
"\nIn order to automate such tasks glassware-based systems would beneficially be adapted to be able to connect with various combinations of servos, motors, electrical apparatus (heaters, pumps, chillers, aerators, etc.) ",
"control, and sensors. ",
"Ideally such adaptations would make it so traditional laboratory glassware-based systems can be controlled by computers providing user interface software, even recording, and process control software, as well as permitting operation by hand.",
"\nThe present invention addresses these matters. ",
"The invention provides: Servo-controlled adaptors for traditional laboratory glassware apparatus stopcocks; Elongating the passageway opening along the surface and through the stopcock plug to increase the usable rotation angle so as to provide the user or a servo system get finer degrees of accuracy in adjustment.; ",
" Multiple-port glassware arrangements involving one or more stopcocks. ",
" "
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"\n\nZenefits Financials Reveal It Is One of the Fastest-Growing SaaS Businesses Ever - jstreebin\nhttp://techcrunch.com/2015/01/14/zenefits-financials/?ncid=rss\n\n======\napplecore\nMaybe they should choose a better screenshot, or do they want to show how easy\nit is to \"terminate\" an employee with a single tap or click?",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
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[
"Q:\n\nBlazor server side projects no longer log in\n\nI have a number of Blazor test projects all of which were working correctly until a few days ago. ",
"Now none of them will login and give the following error:\nThis site can’t be reached\nThe web page at https://localhost:44373/Identity/Account/Login might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.",
"\nERR_HTTP2_PROTOCOL_ERROR\nVisual studio throws no error and there is no error in the browser console. (",
"Tested on Edge, Chrome, Opera & Firefox)\nI have subsequently created a new default Blazor app and it has the same problem.",
"\nVisual Studio 2019 16.5.1\n.Net core 3.1.3 with all NuGet packages updated to latest 3.1.3 versions \nCan anyone point me in the right direction?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere is a similar conversation on this very topic in aspnet/aspnetcore GitHub repository, where it turned out to be an OS-specific issue.",
"\nIn that particular case the user was using a preview version of Windows 10, and after switching to the latest release version, things started to work.",
"\nHere is the conversation: https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/issues/20105#issuecomment-603839404\nHope this helps!",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"The present invention relates to a pressure-limiting valve for limiting the pressure in a return-flow line which extends from an injection system to a sucking-jet pump of a fuel delivery device of a fuel tank, which valve has a closure member which is urged by a closing spring into closed position against a valve seat, said closure member in its open position releasing a pressurized fluid connection from the return-flow line to the fuel tank, bypassing the sucking-jet pump.",
"\nPressure-limiting valves of the above type are used in return-flow lines which extend in a motor vehicle from the injection system back to the fuel tank. ",
"In this connection the amount of fuel which flows back is conducted through a sucking-jet pump, in order by means of the latter, to draw, for instance, fuel from the fuel tank into a surge pot from which a fuel pump conveys fuel to the injection system.",
"\nSince the amount of fuel which flows back varies as a function of the instantaneous fuel consumption of the motor vehicle, corresponding pressure variations would occur in the return-flow line if a pressure-limiting valve were not used. ",
"Such variations in pressure would, however, affect the manner of operation of the sucking-jet pump. ",
"It is therefore necessary to limit these variations in pressure. ",
"In order to avoid reactions on the pressure regulator of the injection system, the pressure of the return flow must not be greater than about 1.4 bar and must exhibit only slight variations in pressure. ",
"In modern motor vehicles, pressure variations of between 1 bar and 1.4 bar can still be tolerated.",
"\nIt has been found in practice that with ordinary pressure-limiting valves brief variations in pressure of more than 1.4 bar cannot be avoided. ",
"This is due to the fact that, after the initial opening of the closure member of the valve, there is a repeated brief closing of the closure member, thus producing pressure surges. ",
"The reason for this is that when the closure member is open, eddies form behind the valve seat in the pressure-limiting valve as a result of burbling phenomena, leading to an oscillating of the closure member and thus to pressure pulses."
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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"Google Search\n\neobot\n\nSearch This Blog\n\nSunday, August 24, 2014\n\nSoundExchange Payout Increases 8%\n\n8-21-14\n\nSoundExchange paid out $161 million to performing artists and rights holders in Q2, according to Billboard Magazine. ",
"That's a jump of 8% over Q2 of 2013. ",
"The number of artists and rights holders receiving a piece of that cash increased 34% to 22,343. ",
"In 2013, total royalties paid out were $590.4 million. ",
"To date in 2014, $323.6 million has been paid out so SoundExchange is on a good pace to beat the 2013 payout numbers by quite a bit."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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"Description\n\nThe scientists and explorers profiled in this engaging study of pioneering Euro-American exploration of late imperial and Republican China range from botanists to ethnographers to missionaries. ",
"Although a diverse lot, all believed in objective, progressive, and universally valid science; a close association between scientific and humanistic knowledge; a lack of conflict between science and faith; and the union of the natural world and the world of \"nature people.\" ",
"Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands examines their cultural and personal assumptions while emphasizing their remarkable lives, and considers their contributions to a body of knowledge that has important contemporary significance.",
"\nEssays are devoted to D. C. Graham, Joseph Rock, Reginald Farrer and George Forrest, Ernest Henry Wilson, Paul Vial, Johan Gunnar Andersson and Ding Wenjiang, and Friedrich Weiss and Hedwig Weiss-Sonnenburg. ",
"Richly illustrated with historic photographs, this collection reveals the extraordinary lives and times of these remarkable people."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
" FILED\n NOT FOR PUBLICATION FEB 19 2013\n\n MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS\n\n\n\n\n FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n\nLUCRETIA BURKARD, No. ",
"11-35799\n\n Plaintiff - Appellant, D.C. No. ",
"3:09-cv-01073-PK\n\n v.\n MEMORANDUM *\nCOMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL\nSECURITY,\n\n Defendant - Appellee.",
"\n\n\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the District of Oregon\n Ancer L. Haggerty, District Judge, Presiding\n\n Submitted February 11, 2013 **\n\nBefore: FERNANDEZ, TASHIMA, and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges.",
"\n\n Tim Wilborn, the attorney of record for Lucretia Burkard and the real-party-\n\nin-interest, appeals from the district court’s order granting in part his motion for\n\nattorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. § 406(b) based on a contingent-fee agreement with\n\n\n *\n This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent\nexcept as provided by 9th Cir. ",
"R. 36-3.",
"\n **\n The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision\nwithout oral argument. ",
"See Fed. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 34(a)(2).",
"\n\fBurkard. ",
"We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. ",
"We review for an abuse of\n\ndiscretion, Crawford v. Astrue, 586 F.3d 1142, 1147 (9th Cir. ",
"2009) (en banc), and\n\nwe affirm.",
"\n\n The district court did not abuse its discretion by reducing the fees from the\n\npercentage specified in Wilborn’s fee agreement based on the court’s assessment,\n\nunder the appropriate legal standard, of what fees were reasonable given the risk\n\nand complexity involved in this case. ",
"See id. at 1152-53 (explaining that courts\n\nshould assess the complexity and risk involved in the specific case at issue, rather\n\nthan social security cases in general, when analyzing the reasonableness of the\n\nrequested fees); see also Gisbrecht v. Barnhart, 535 U.S. 789, 808 (2002) (“Judges\n\nof our district courts are accustomed to making reasonableness determinations in a\n\nwide variety of contexts, and their assessments in such matters, in the event of an\n\nappeal, ordinarily qualify for highly respectful review.”); ",
"Clark v. Astrue, 529 F.3d\n\n1211, 1214 (9th Cir. ",
"2008) (“The district court abuses its discretion if it does not\n\napply the correct legal standard or rests its decision on a clearly erroneous finding\n\nof fact.”).",
"\n\n AFFIRMED.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 2 11-35799\n\f"
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[
"egg cases on grape leaves\n\negg cases on grape leaves\n\nSun Jun 24, 2012 4:58 pm\n\nI found groups of egg cases on the underside of my wild grape vine's leaves. ",
"The cases are 1/4 inch long, yellow/green, with a point on the end. ",
"Where one has fallen off, there is a round spot with a red center. ",
"Inside is a little larva. ",
"They don't look like any of the pics I found on the internet. ",
"Any ideas. ",
"I live in SE Texas."
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[
"// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be\n// found in the LICENSE file.",
"\n\n// This file defines utility functions for X11 (Linux only). ",
"This code has been\n// ported from XCB since we can't use XCB on Ubuntu while its 32-bit support\n// remains woefully incomplete.",
"\n\n#include \"ui/base/x/x11_util.h\"\n\n#include <ctype.h>\n#include <sys/ipc.h>\n#include <sys/shm.h>\n\n#include <list>\n#include <map>\n#include <utility>\n#include <vector>\n\n#include <X11/extensions/shape.h>\n#include <X11/extensions/XInput2.h>\n\n#include \"base/bind.h\"\n#include \"base/command_line.h\"\n#include \"base/debug/trace_event.h\"\n#include \"base/logging.h\"\n#include \"base/memory/scoped_ptr.h\"\n#include \"base/memory/singleton.h\"\n#include \"base/message_loop/message_loop.h\"\n#include \"base/metrics/histogram.h\"\n#include \"base/strings/string_number_conversions.h\"\n#include \"base/strings/string_util.h\"\n#include \"base/strings/stringprintf.h\"\n#include \"base/sys_byteorder.h\"\n#include \"base/threading/thread.h\"\n#include \"base/x11/x11_error_tracker.h\"\n#include \"third_party/skia/include/core/SkBitmap.h\"\n#include \"third_party/skia/include/core/SkPostConfig.h\"\n#include \"ui/base/x/x11_util_internal.h\"\n#include \"ui/events/event_utils.h\"\n#include \"ui/events/keycodes/keyboard_code_conversion_x.h\"\n#include \"ui/events/x/device_data_manager.h\"\n#include \"ui/events/x/touch_factory_x11.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/canvas.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/image/image_skia.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/image/image_skia_rep.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/point.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/point_conversions.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/rect.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/size.h\"\n\n#if defined(OS_FREEBSD)\n#include <sys/sysctl.h>\n#include <sys/types.h>\n#endif\n\n#if defined(USE_AURA)\n#include <X11/Xcursor/Xcursor.h>\n#include \"skia/ext/image_operations.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/skia_util.h\"\n#endif\n\n#if defined(TOOLKIT_GTK)\n#include <gdk/gdk.h>\n#include <gtk/gtk.h>\n#include \"ui/gfx/gdk_compat.h\"\n#include \"ui/gfx/gtk_compat.h\"\n#endif\n\nnamespace ui {\n\nnamespace {\n\n// Used to cache the XRenderPictFormat for a visual/display pair.",
"\nstruct CachedPictFormat {\n bool equals(XDisplay* display, Visual* visual) const {\n return display == this->display && visual == this->visual;\n }\n\n XDisplay* display;\n Visual* visual;\n XRenderPictFormat* format;\n};\n\ntypedef std::list<CachedPictFormat> CachedPictFormats;\n\n// Returns the cache of pict formats.",
"\nCachedPictFormats* get_cached_pict_formats() {\n static CachedPictFormats* formats = NULL;\n if (!",
"formats)\n formats = new CachedPictFormats();\n return formats;\n}\n\n// Maximum number of CachedPictFormats we keep around.",
"\nconst size_t kMaxCacheSize = 5;\n\nint DefaultX11ErrorHandler(XDisplay* d, XErrorEvent* e) {\n if (base::MessageLoop::current()) {\n base::MessageLoop::current()->PostTask(\n FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&LogErrorEventDescription, d, *e));\n } else {\n LOG(ERROR)\n << \"X error received: \"\n << \"serial \" << e->serial << \", \"\n << \"error_code \" << static_cast<int>(e->error_code) << \", \"\n << \"request_code \" << static_cast<int>(e->request_code) << \", \"\n << \"minor_code \" << static_cast<int>(e->minor_code);\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint DefaultX11IOErrorHandler(XDisplay* d) {\n // If there's an IO error it likely means the X server has gone away\n LOG(ERROR) << \"X IO error received (X server probably went away)\";\n _exit(1);\n}\n\n// Note: The caller should free the resulting value data.",
"\nbool GetProperty(XID window, const std::string& property_name, long max_length,\n Atom* type, int* format, unsigned long* num_items,\n unsigned char** property) {\n Atom property_atom = GetAtom(property_name.c_str());\n unsigned long remaining_bytes = 0;\n return XGetWindowProperty(gfx::GetXDisplay(),\n window,\n property_atom,\n 0, // offset into property data to read\n max_length, // max length to get\n False, // deleted\n AnyPropertyType,\n type,\n format,\n num_items,\n &remaining_bytes,\n property);\n}\n\n// A process wide singleton that manages the usage of X cursors.",
"\nclass XCursorCache {\n public:\n XCursorCache() {}\n ~XCursorCache() {\n Clear();\n }\n\n ::Cursor GetCursor(int cursor_shape) {\n // Lookup cursor by attempting to insert a null value, which avoids\n // a second pass through the map after a cache miss.",
"\n std::pair<std::map<int, ::Cursor>::iterator, bool> it = cache_.insert(\n std::make_pair(cursor_shape, 0));\n if (it.second) {\n XDisplay* display = base::MessagePumpForUI::GetDefaultXDisplay();\n it.first->second = XCreateFontCursor(display, cursor_shape);\n }\n return it.first->second;\n }\n\n void Clear() {\n XDisplay* display = base::MessagePumpForUI::GetDefaultXDisplay();\n for (std::map<int, ::Cursor>::iterator it =\n cache_.begin(); it !",
"= cache_.end(); ++it) {\n XFreeCursor(display, it->second);\n }\n cache_.clear();\n }\n\n private:\n // Maps X11 font cursor shapes to Cursor IDs.",
"\n std::map<int, ::Cursor> cache_;\n\n DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(XCursorCache);\n};\n\nXCursorCache* cursor_cache = NULL;\n\n#if defined(USE_AURA)\n// A process wide singleton cache for custom X cursors.",
"\nclass XCustomCursorCache {\n public:\n static XCustomCursorCache* GetInstance() {\n return Singleton<XCustomCursorCache>::get();\n }\n\n ::Cursor InstallCustomCursor(XcursorImage* image) {\n XCustomCursor* custom_cursor = new XCustomCursor(image);\n ::Cursor xcursor = custom_cursor->cursor();\n cache_[xcursor] = custom_cursor;\n return xcursor;\n }\n\n void Ref(::Cursor cursor) {\n cache_[cursor]->Ref();\n }\n\n void Unref(::Cursor cursor) {\n if (cache_[cursor]->Unref())\n cache_.erase(cursor);\n }\n\n void Clear() {\n cache_.clear();\n }\n\n private:\n friend struct DefaultSingletonTraits<XCustomCursorCache>;\n\n class XCustomCursor {\n public:\n // This takes ownership of the image.",
"\n XCustomCursor(XcursorImage* image)\n : image_(image),\n ref_(1) {\n cursor_ = XcursorImageLoadCursor(gfx::GetXDisplay(), image);\n }\n\n ~XCustomCursor() {\n XcursorImageDestroy(image_);\n XFreeCursor(gfx::GetXDisplay(), cursor_);\n }\n\n ::Cursor cursor() const { return cursor_; }\n\n void Ref() {\n ++ref_;\n }\n\n // Returns true if the cursor was destroyed because of the unref.",
"\n bool Unref() {\n if (--ref_ == 0) {\n delete this;\n return true;\n }\n return false;\n }\n\n private:\n XcursorImage* image_;\n int ref_;\n ::Cursor cursor_;\n\n DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(XCustomCursor);\n };\n\n XCustomCursorCache() {}\n ~XCustomCursorCache() {\n Clear();\n }\n\n std::map< ::Cursor, XCustomCursor*> cache_;\n DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(XCustomCursorCache);\n};\n#endif // defined(USE_AURA)\n\nbool IsShapeAvailable() {\n int dummy;\n static bool is_shape_available =\n XShapeQueryExtension(gfx::GetXDisplay(), &dummy, &dummy);\n return is_shape_available;\n\n}\n\n// A list of bogus sizes in mm that X detects that should be ignored.",
"\n// See crbug.com/136533. ",
"The first element maintains the minimum\n// size required to be valid size.",
"\nconst unsigned long kInvalidDisplaySizeList[][2] = {\n {40, 30},\n {50, 40},\n {160, 90},\n {160, 100},\n};\n\n} // namespace\n\nbool XDisplayExists() {\n return (gfx::GetXDisplay() !",
"= NULL);\n}\n\nbool IsXInput2Available() {\n return DeviceDataManager::GetInstance()->IsXInput2Available();\n}\n\nstatic SharedMemorySupport DoQuerySharedMemorySupport(XDisplay* dpy) {\n int dummy;\n Bool pixmaps_supported;\n // Query the server's support for XSHM.",
"\n if (!",
"XShmQueryVersion(dpy, &dummy, &dummy, &pixmaps_supported))\n return SHARED_MEMORY_NONE;\n\n#if defined(OS_FREEBSD)\n // On FreeBSD we can't access the shared memory after it was marked for\n // deletion, unless this behaviour is explicitly enabled by the user.",
"\n // In case it's not enabled disable shared memory support.",
"\n int allow_removed;\n size_t length = sizeof(allow_removed);\n\n if ((sysctlbyname(\"kern.ipc.shm_allow_removed\", &allow_removed, &length,\n NULL, 0) < 0) || allow_removed < 1) {\n return SHARED_MEMORY_NONE;\n }\n#endif\n\n // Next we probe to see if shared memory will really work\n int shmkey = shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, 1, 0600);\n if (shmkey == -1) {\n LOG(WARNING) << \"Failed to get shared memory segment.\";",
"\n return SHARED_MEMORY_NONE;\n } else {\n VLOG(1) << \"Got shared memory segment \" << shmkey;\n }\n\n void* address = shmat(shmkey, NULL, 0);\n // Mark the shared memory region for deletion\n shmctl(shmkey, IPC_RMID, NULL);\n\n XShmSegmentInfo shminfo;\n memset(&shminfo, 0, sizeof(shminfo));\n shminfo.shmid = shmkey;\n\n base::X11ErrorTracker err_tracker;\n bool result = XShmAttach(dpy, &shminfo);\n if (result)\n VLOG(1) << \"X got shared memory segment \" << shmkey;\n else\n LOG(WARNING) << \"X failed to attach to shared memory segment \" << shmkey;\n if (err_tracker.",
"FoundNewError())\n result = false;\n shmdt(address);\n if (!",
"result) {\n LOG(WARNING) << \"X failed to attach to shared memory segment \" << shmkey;\n return SHARED_MEMORY_NONE;\n }\n\n VLOG(1) << \"X attached to shared memory segment \" << shmkey;\n\n XShmDetach(dpy, &shminfo);\n return pixmaps_supported ? ",
"SHARED_MEMORY_PIXMAP : SHARED_MEMORY_PUTIMAGE;\n}\n\nSharedMemorySupport QuerySharedMemorySupport(XDisplay* dpy) {\n static SharedMemorySupport shared_memory_support = SHARED_MEMORY_NONE;\n static bool shared_memory_support_cached = false;\n\n if (shared_memory_support_cached)\n return shared_memory_support;\n\n shared_memory_support = DoQuerySharedMemorySupport(dpy);\n shared_memory_support_cached = true;\n\n return shared_memory_support;\n}\n\nbool QueryRenderSupport(XDisplay* dpy) {\n static bool render_supported = false;\n static bool render_supported_cached = false;\n\n if (render_supported_cached)\n return render_supported;\n\n // We don't care about the version of Xrender since all the features which\n // we use are included in every version.",
"\n int dummy;\n render_supported = XRenderQueryExtension(dpy, &dummy, &dummy);\n render_supported_cached = true;\n\n return render_supported;\n}\n\nint GetDefaultScreen(XDisplay* display) {\n return XDefaultScreen(display);\n}\n\n::Cursor GetXCursor(int cursor_shape) {\n if (!",
"cursor_cache)\n cursor_cache = new XCursorCache;\n return cursor_cache->GetCursor(cursor_shape);\n}\n\nvoid ResetXCursorCache() {\n delete cursor_cache;\n cursor_cache = NULL;\n}\n\n#if defined(USE_AURA)\n::Cursor CreateReffedCustomXCursor(XcursorImage* image) {\n return XCustomCursorCache::GetInstance()->InstallCustomCursor(image);\n}\n\nvoid RefCustomXCursor(::Cursor cursor) {\n XCustomCursorCache::GetInstance()->Ref(cursor);\n}\n\nvoid UnrefCustomXCursor(::Cursor cursor) {\n XCustomCursorCache::GetInstance()->Unref(cursor);\n}\n\nXcursorImage* SkBitmapToXcursorImage(const SkBitmap* cursor_image,\n const gfx::Point& hotspot) {\n DCHECK(cursor_image->config() == SkBitmap::kARGB_8888_Config);\n gfx::Point hotspot_point = hotspot;\n SkBitmap scaled;\n\n // X11 seems to have issues with cursors when images get larger than 64\n // pixels. ",
"So rescale the image if necessary.",
"\n const float kMaxPixel = 64.f;\n bool needs_scale = false;\n if (cursor_image->width() > kMaxPixel || cursor_image->height() > kMaxPixel) {\n float scale = 1.f;\n if (cursor_image->width() > cursor_image->height())\n scale = kMaxPixel / cursor_image->width();\n else\n scale = kMaxPixel / cursor_image->height();\n\n scaled = skia::ImageOperations::Resize(*cursor_image,\n skia::ImageOperations::RESIZE_BETTER,\n static_cast<int>(cursor_image->width() * scale),\n static_cast<int>(cursor_image->height() * scale));\n hotspot_point = gfx::ToFlooredPoint(gfx::ScalePoint(hotspot, scale));\n needs_scale = true;\n }\n\n const SkBitmap* bitmap = needs_scale ? &",
"scaled : cursor_image;\n XcursorImage* image = XcursorImageCreate(bitmap->width(), bitmap->height());\n image->xhot = std::min(bitmap->width() - 1, hotspot_point.x());\n image->yhot = std::min(bitmap->height() - 1, hotspot_point.y());\n\n if (bitmap->width() && bitmap->height()) {\n bitmap->lockPixels();\n // The |bitmap| contains ARGB image, so just copy it.",
"\n memcpy(image->pixels,\n bitmap->getPixels(),\n bitmap->width() * bitmap->height() * 4);\n bitmap->unlockPixels();\n }\n\n return image;\n}\n\n\nint CoalescePendingMotionEvents(const XEvent* xev,\n XEvent* last_event) {\n XIDeviceEvent* xievent = static_cast<XIDeviceEvent*>(xev->xcookie.data);\n int num_coalesced = 0;\n XDisplay* display = xev->xany.display;\n int event_type = xev->xgeneric.evtype;\n\n DCHECK(event_type == XI_Motion || event_type == XI_TouchUpdate);\n\n while (XPending(display)) {\n XEvent next_event;\n XPeekEvent(display, &next_event);\n\n // If we can't get the cookie, abort the check.",
"\n if (!",
"XGetEventData(next_event.xgeneric.display, &next_event.xcookie))\n return num_coalesced;\n\n // If this isn't from a valid device, throw the event away, as\n // that's what the message pump would do. ",
"Device events come in pairs\n // with one from the master and one from the slave so there will\n // always be at least one pending.",
"\n if (!",
"ui::TouchFactory::GetInstance()->ShouldProcessXI2Event(&next_event)) {\n XFreeEventData(display, &next_event.xcookie);\n XNextEvent(display, &next_event);\n continue;\n }\n\n if (next_event.type == GenericEvent &&\n next_event.xgeneric.evtype == event_type &&\n !",
"ui::DeviceDataManager::GetInstance()->IsCMTGestureEvent(\n &next_event)) {\n XIDeviceEvent* next_xievent =\n static_cast<XIDeviceEvent*>(next_event.xcookie.data);\n // Confirm that the motion event is targeted at the same window\n // and that no buttons or modifiers have changed.",
"\n if (xievent->event == next_xievent->event &&\n xievent->child == next_xievent->child &&\n xievent->detail == next_xievent->detail &&\n xievent->buttons.mask_len == next_xievent->buttons.mask_len &&\n (memcmp(xievent->buttons.mask,\n next_xievent->buttons.mask,\n xievent->buttons.mask_len) == 0) &&\n xievent->mods.base == next_xievent->mods.base &&\n xievent->mods.latched == next_xievent->mods.latched &&\n xievent->mods.locked == next_xievent->mods.locked &&\n xievent->mods.effective == next_xievent->mods.effective) {\n XFreeEventData(display, &next_event.xcookie);\n // Free the previous cookie.",
"\n if (num_coalesced > 0)\n XFreeEventData(display, &last_event->xcookie);\n // Get the event and its cookie data.",
"\n XNextEvent(display, last_event);\n XGetEventData(display, &last_event->xcookie);\n ++num_coalesced;\n continue;\n }\n }\n // This isn't an event we want so free its cookie data.",
"\n XFreeEventData(display, &next_event.xcookie);\n break;\n }\n\n if (event_type == XI_Motion && num_coalesced > 0) {\n base::TimeDelta delta = ui::EventTimeFromNative(last_event) -\n ui::EventTimeFromNative(const_cast<XEvent*>(xev));\n UMA_HISTOGRAM_COUNTS_10000(\"Event.",
"CoalescedCount.",
"Mouse\", num_coalesced);\n UMA_HISTOGRAM_TIMES(\"Event.",
"CoalescedLatency.",
"Mouse\", delta);\n }\n return num_coalesced;\n}\n#endif\n\nvoid HideHostCursor() {\n CR_DEFINE_STATIC_LOCAL(XScopedCursor, invisible_cursor,\n (CreateInvisibleCursor(), gfx::GetXDisplay()));\n XDefineCursor(gfx::GetXDisplay(), DefaultRootWindow(gfx::GetXDisplay()),\n invisible_cursor.get());\n}\n\n::Cursor CreateInvisibleCursor() {\n XDisplay* xdisplay = gfx::GetXDisplay();\n ::Cursor invisible_cursor;\n char nodata[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };\n XColor black;\n black.red = black.green = black.blue = 0;\n Pixmap blank = XCreateBitmapFromData(xdisplay,\n DefaultRootWindow(xdisplay),\n nodata, 8, 8);\n invisible_cursor = XCreatePixmapCursor(xdisplay, blank, blank,\n &black, &black, 0, 0);\n XFreePixmap(xdisplay, blank);\n return invisible_cursor;\n}\n\nXID GetX11RootWindow() {\n return DefaultRootWindow(gfx::GetXDisplay());\n}\n\nbool GetCurrentDesktop(int* desktop) {\n return GetIntProperty(GetX11RootWindow(), \"_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP\", desktop);\n}\n\n#if defined(TOOLKIT_GTK)\nXID GetX11WindowFromGtkWidget(GtkWidget* widget) {\n return GDK_WINDOW_XID(gtk_widget_get_window(widget));\n}\n\nXID GetX11WindowFromGdkWindow(GdkWindow* window) {\n return GDK_WINDOW_XID(window);\n}\n\nGtkWindow* GetGtkWindowFromX11Window(XID xid) {\n GdkWindow* gdk_window =\n gdk_x11_window_lookup_for_display(gdk_display_get_default(), xid);\n if (!",
"gdk_window)\n return NULL;\n GtkWindow* gtk_window = NULL;\n gdk_window_get_user_data(gdk_window,\n reinterpret_cast<gpointer*>(>k_window));\n if (!",
"gtk_window)\n return NULL;\n return gtk_window;\n}\n\nvoid* GetVisualFromGtkWidget(GtkWidget* widget) {\n return GDK_VISUAL_XVISUAL(gtk_widget_get_visual(widget));\n}\n#endif // defined(TOOLKIT_GTK)\n\nvoid SetHideTitlebarWhenMaximizedProperty(XID window,\n HideTitlebarWhenMaximized property) {\n // XChangeProperty() expects \"hide\" to be long.",
"\n unsigned long hide = property;\n XChangeProperty(gfx::GetXDisplay(),\n window,\n GetAtom(\"_GTK_HIDE_TITLEBAR_WHEN_MAXIMIZED\"),\n XA_CARDINAL,\n 32, // size in bits\n PropModeReplace,\n reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&hide),\n 1);\n}\n\nvoid ClearX11DefaultRootWindow() {\n XDisplay* display = gfx::GetXDisplay();\n XID root_window = GetX11RootWindow();\n gfx::Rect root_bounds;\n if (!",
"GetWindowRect(root_window, &root_bounds)) {\n LOG(ERROR) << \"Failed to get the bounds of the X11 root window\";\n return;\n }\n\n XGCValues gc_values = {0};\n gc_values.foreground = BlackPixel(display, DefaultScreen(display));\n GC gc = XCreateGC(display, root_window, GCForeground, &gc_values);\n XFillRectangle(display, root_window, gc,\n root_bounds.x(),\n root_bounds.y(),\n root_bounds.width(),\n root_bounds.height());\n XFreeGC(display, gc);\n}\n\nbool IsWindowVisible(XID window) {\n TRACE_EVENT0(\"ui\", \"IsWindowVisible\");\n\n XWindowAttributes win_attributes;\n if (!",
"XGetWindowAttributes(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, &win_attributes))\n return false;\n if (win_attributes.map_state !",
"= IsViewable)\n return false;\n // Some compositing window managers (notably kwin) do not actually unmap\n // windows on desktop switch, so we also must check the current desktop.",
"\n int window_desktop, current_desktop;\n return (!",
"GetWindowDesktop(window, &window_desktop) ||\n !",
"GetCurrentDesktop(¤t_desktop) ||\n window_desktop == kAllDesktops ||\n window_desktop == current_desktop);\n}\n\nbool GetWindowRect(XID window, gfx::Rect* rect) {\n Window root, child;\n int x, y;\n unsigned int width, height;\n unsigned int border_width, depth;\n\n if (!",
"XGetGeometry(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, &root, &x, &y,\n &width, &height, &border_width, &depth))\n return false;\n\n if (!",
"XTranslateCoordinates(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, root,\n 0, 0, &x, &y, &child))\n return false;\n\n *rect = gfx::Rect(x, y, width, height);\n\n std::vector<int> insets;\n if (GetIntArrayProperty(window, \"_NET_FRAME_EXTENTS\", &insets) &&\n insets.size() == 4) {\n rect->Inset(-insets[0], -insets[2], -insets[1], -insets[3]);\n }\n // Not all window managers support _NET_FRAME_EXTENTS so return true even if\n // requesting the property fails.",
"\n\n return true;\n}\n\n\nbool WindowContainsPoint(XID window, gfx::Point screen_loc) {\n TRACE_EVENT0(\"ui\", \"WindowContainsPoint\");\n\n gfx::Rect window_rect;\n if (!",
"GetWindowRect(window, &window_rect))\n return false;\n\n if (!",
"window_rect.",
"Contains(screen_loc))\n return false;\n\n if (!",
"IsShapeAvailable())\n return true;\n\n // According to http://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.6/doc/libXext/shapelib.html,\n // if an X display supports the shape extension the bounds of a window are\n // defined as the intersection of the window bounds and the interior\n // rectangles. ",
"This means to determine if a point is inside a window for the\n // purpose of input handling we have to check the rectangles in the ShapeInput\n // list.",
"\n // According to http://www.x.org/releases/current/doc/xextproto/shape.html,\n // we need to also respect the ShapeBounding rectangles.",
"\n // The effective input region of a window is defined to be the intersection\n // of the client input region with both the default input region and the\n // client bounding region. ",
"Any portion of the client input region that is not\n // included in both the default input region and the client bounding region\n // will not be included in the effective input region on the screen.",
"\n int rectangle_kind[] = {ShapeInput, ShapeBounding};\n for (size_t kind_index = 0;\n kind_index < arraysize(rectangle_kind);\n kind_index++) {\n int dummy;\n int shape_rects_size = 0;\n XRectangle* shape_rects = XShapeGetRectangles(gfx::GetXDisplay(),\n window,\n rectangle_kind[kind_index],\n &shape_rects_size,\n &dummy);\n if (!",
"shape_rects)\n continue;\n bool is_in_shape_rects = false;\n for (int i = 0; i < shape_rects_size; ++i) {\n // The ShapeInput and ShapeBounding rects are to be in window space, so we\n // have to translate by the window_rect's offset to map to screen space.",
"\n gfx::Rect shape_rect =\n gfx::Rect(shape_rects[i].x + window_rect.x(),\n shape_rects[i].y + window_rect.y(),\n shape_rects[i].width, shape_rects[i].height);\n if (shape_rect.",
"Contains(screen_loc)) {\n is_in_shape_rects = true;\n break;\n }\n }\n XFree(shape_rects);\n if (!",
"is_in_shape_rects)\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n}\n\n\nbool PropertyExists(XID window, const std::string& property_name) {\n Atom type = None;\n int format = 0; // size in bits of each item in 'property'\n unsigned long num_items = 0;\n unsigned char* property = NULL;\n\n int result = GetProperty(window, property_name, 1,\n &type, &format, &num_items, &property);\n if (result !",
"= Success)\n return false;\n\n XFree(property);\n return num_items > 0;\n}\n\nbool GetRawBytesOfProperty(XID window,\n Atom property,\n scoped_refptr<base::RefCountedMemory>* out_data,\n size_t* out_data_bytes,\n size_t* out_data_items,\n Atom* out_type) {\n // Retrieve the data from our window.",
"\n unsigned long nitems = 0;\n unsigned long nbytes = 0;\n Atom prop_type = None;\n int prop_format = 0;\n unsigned char* property_data = NULL;\n if (XGetWindowProperty(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, property,\n 0, 0x1FFFFFFF /* MAXINT32 / 4 */, False,\n AnyPropertyType, &prop_type, &prop_format,\n &nitems, &nbytes, &property_data) !",
"= Success) {\n return false;\n }\n\n if (prop_type == None)\n return false;\n\n size_t bytes = 0;\n // So even though we should theoretically have nbytes (and we can't\n // pass NULL there), we need to manually calculate the byte length here\n // because nbytes always returns zero.",
"\n switch (prop_format) {\n case 8:\n bytes = nitems;\n break;\n case 16:\n bytes = sizeof(short) * nitems;\n break;\n case 32:\n bytes = sizeof(long) * nitems;\n break;\n default:\n NOTREACHED();\n break;\n }\n\n if (out_data_bytes)\n *out_data_bytes = bytes;\n\n if (out_data)\n *out_data = new XRefcountedMemory(property_data, bytes);\n else\n XFree(property_data);\n\n if (out_data_items)\n *out_data_items = nitems;\n\n if (out_type)\n *out_type = prop_type;\n\n return true;\n}\n\nbool GetIntProperty(XID window, const std::string& property_name, int* value) {\n Atom type = None;\n int format = 0; // size in bits of each item in 'property'\n unsigned long num_items = 0;\n unsigned char* property = NULL;\n\n int result = GetProperty(window, property_name, 1,\n &type, &format, &num_items, &property);\n if (result !",
"= Success)\n return false;\n\n if (format !",
"= 32 || num_items !",
"= 1) {\n XFree(property);\n return false;\n }\n\n *value = static_cast<int>(*(reinterpret_cast<long*>(property)));\n XFree(property);\n return true;\n}\n\nbool GetXIDProperty(XID window, const std::string& property_name, XID* value) {\n Atom type = None;\n int format = 0; // size in bits of each item in 'property'\n unsigned long num_items = 0;\n unsigned char* property = NULL;\n\n int result = GetProperty(window, property_name, 1,\n &type, &format, &num_items, &property);\n if (result !",
"= Success)\n return false;\n\n if (format !",
"= 32 || num_items !",
"= 1) {\n XFree(property);\n return false;\n }\n\n *value = *(reinterpret_cast<XID*>(property));\n XFree(property);\n return true;\n}\n\nbool GetIntArrayProperty(XID window,\n const std::string& property_name,\n std::vector<int>* value) {\n Atom type = None;\n int format = 0; // size in bits of each item in 'property'\n unsigned long num_items = 0;\n unsigned char* properties = NULL;\n\n int result = GetProperty(window, property_name,\n (~0L), // (all of them)\n &type, &format, &num_items, &properties);\n if (result !",
"= Success)\n return false;\n\n if (format !",
"= 32) {\n XFree(properties);\n return false;\n }\n\n long* int_properties = reinterpret_cast<long*>(properties);\n value->clear();\n for (unsigned long i = 0; i < num_items; ++i) {\n value->push_back(static_cast<int>(int_properties[i]));\n }\n XFree(properties);\n return true;\n}\n\nbool GetAtomArrayProperty(XID window,\n const std::string& property_name,\n std::vector<Atom>* value) {\n Atom type = None;\n int format = 0; // size in bits of each item in 'property'\n unsigned long num_items = 0;\n unsigned char* properties = NULL;\n\n int result = GetProperty(window, property_name,\n (~0L), // (all of them)\n &type, &format, &num_items, &properties);\n if (result !",
"= Success)\n return false;\n\n if (type !",
"= XA_ATOM) {\n XFree(properties);\n return false;\n }\n\n Atom* atom_properties = reinterpret_cast<Atom*>(properties);\n value->clear();\n value->insert(value->begin(), atom_properties, atom_properties + num_items);\n XFree(properties);\n return true;\n}\n\nbool GetStringProperty(\n XID window, const std::string& property_name, std::string* value) {\n Atom type = None;\n int format = 0; // size in bits of each item in 'property'\n unsigned long num_items = 0;\n unsigned char* property = NULL;\n\n int result = GetProperty(window, property_name, 1024,\n &type, &format, &num_items, &property);\n if (result !",
"= Success)\n return false;\n\n if (format !",
"= 8) {\n XFree(property);\n return false;\n }\n\n value->assign(reinterpret_cast<char*>(property), num_items);\n XFree(property);\n return true;\n}\n\nbool SetIntProperty(XID window,\n const std::string& name,\n const std::string& type,\n int value) {\n std::vector<int> values(1, value);\n return SetIntArrayProperty(window, name, type, values);\n}\n\nbool SetIntArrayProperty(XID window,\n const std::string& name,\n const std::string& type,\n const std::vector<int>& value) {\n DCHECK(!value.empty());\n Atom name_atom = GetAtom(name.c_str());\n Atom type_atom = GetAtom(type.c_str());\n\n // XChangeProperty() expects values of type 32 to be longs.",
"\n scoped_ptr<long[]> data(new long[value.size()]);\n for (size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); ++i)\n data[i] = value[i];\n\n base::X11ErrorTracker err_tracker;\n XChangeProperty(gfx::GetXDisplay(),\n window,\n name_atom,\n type_atom,\n 32, // size in bits of items in 'value'\n PropModeReplace,\n reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data.get()),\n value.size()); // num items\n return !",
"err_tracker.",
"FoundNewError();\n}\n\nbool SetAtomArrayProperty(XID window,\n const std::string& name,\n const std::string& type,\n const std::vector<Atom>& value) {\n DCHECK(!value.empty());\n Atom name_atom = GetAtom(name.c_str());\n Atom type_atom = GetAtom(type.c_str());\n\n // XChangeProperty() expects values of type 32 to be longs.",
"\n scoped_ptr<Atom[]> data(new Atom[value.size()]);\n for (size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); ++i)\n data[i] = value[i];\n\n base::X11ErrorTracker err_tracker;\n XChangeProperty(gfx::GetXDisplay(),\n window,\n name_atom,\n type_atom,\n 32, // size in bits of items in 'value'\n PropModeReplace,\n reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data.get()),\n value.size()); // num items\n return !",
"err_tracker.",
"FoundNewError();\n}\n\nAtom GetAtom(const char* name) {\n#if defined(TOOLKIT_GTK)\n return gdk_x11_get_xatom_by_name_for_display(\n gdk_display_get_default(), name);\n#else\n // TODO(derat): Cache atoms to avoid round-trips to the server.",
"\n return XInternAtom(gfx::GetXDisplay(), name, false);\n#endif\n}\n\nvoid SetWindowClassHint(XDisplay* display,\n XID window,\n const std::string& res_name,\n const std::string& res_class) {\n XClassHint class_hints;\n // const_cast is safe because XSetClassHint does not modify the strings.",
"\n // Just to be safe, the res_name and res_class parameters are local copies,\n // not const references.",
"\n class_hints.res_name = const_cast<char*>(res_name.c_str());\n class_hints.res_class = const_cast<char*>(res_class.c_str());\n XSetClassHint(display, window, &class_hints);\n}\n\nvoid SetWindowRole(XDisplay* display, XID window, const std::string& role) {\n if (role.empty()) {\n XDeleteProperty(display, window, GetAtom(\"WM_WINDOW_ROLE\"));\n } else {\n char* role_c = const_cast<char*>(role.c_str());\n XChangeProperty(display, window, GetAtom(\"WM_WINDOW_ROLE\"), XA_STRING, 8,\n PropModeReplace,\n reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(role_c),\n role.size());\n }\n}\n\nXID GetParentWindow(XID window) {\n XID root = None;\n XID parent = None;\n XID* children = NULL;\n unsigned int num_children = 0;\n XQueryTree(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, &root, &parent, &children, &num_children);\n if (children)\n XFree(children);\n return parent;\n}\n\nXID GetHighestAncestorWindow(XID window, XID root) {\n while (true) {\n XID parent = GetParentWindow(window);\n if (parent == None)\n return None;\n if (parent == root)\n return window;\n window = parent;\n }\n}\n\nbool GetWindowDesktop(XID window, int* desktop) {\n return GetIntProperty(window, \"_NET_WM_DESKTOP\", desktop);\n}\n\nstd::string GetX11ErrorString(XDisplay* display, int err) {\n char buffer[256];\n XGetErrorText(display, err, buffer, arraysize(buffer));\n return buffer;\n}\n\n// Returns true if |window| is a named window.",
"\nbool IsWindowNamed(XID window) {\n XTextProperty prop;\n if (!",
"XGetWMName(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, &prop) || !",
"prop.value)\n return false;\n\n XFree(prop.value);\n return true;\n}\n\nbool EnumerateChildren(EnumerateWindowsDelegate* delegate, XID window,\n const int max_depth, int depth) {\n if (depth > max_depth)\n return false;\n\n XID root, parent, *children;\n unsigned int num_children;\n int status = XQueryTree(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, &root, &parent, &children,\n &num_children);\n if (status == 0)\n return false;\n\n std::vector<XID> windows;\n for (int i = static_cast<int>(num_children) - 1; i >= 0; i--)\n windows.push_back(children[i]);\n\n XFree(children);\n\n // XQueryTree returns the children of |window| in bottom-to-top order, so\n // reverse-iterate the list to check the windows from top-to-bottom.",
"\n std::vector<XID>::iterator iter;\n for (iter = windows.begin(); iter !",
"= windows.end(); iter++) {\n if (IsWindowNamed(*iter) && delegate->ShouldStopIterating(*iter))\n return true;\n }\n\n // If we're at this point, we didn't find the window we're looking for at the\n // current level, so we need to recurse to the next level. ",
" We use a second\n // loop because the recursion and call to XQueryTree are expensive and is only\n // needed for a small number of cases.",
"\n if (++depth <= max_depth) {\n for (iter = windows.begin(); iter !",
"= windows.end(); iter++) {\n if (EnumerateChildren(delegate, *iter, max_depth, depth))\n return true;\n }\n }\n\n return false;\n}\n\nbool EnumerateAllWindows(EnumerateWindowsDelegate* delegate, int max_depth) {\n XID root = GetX11RootWindow();\n return EnumerateChildren(delegate, root, max_depth, 0);\n}\n\nvoid EnumerateTopLevelWindows(ui::EnumerateWindowsDelegate* delegate) {\n std::vector<XID> stack;\n if (!",
"ui::GetXWindowStack(ui::GetX11RootWindow(), &stack)) {\n // Window Manager doesn't support _NET_CLIENT_LIST_STACKING, so fall back\n // to old school enumeration of all X windows. ",
" Some WMs parent 'top-level'\n // windows in unnamed actual top-level windows (ion WM), so extend the\n // search depth to all children of top-level windows.",
"\n const int kMaxSearchDepth = 1;\n ui::EnumerateAllWindows(delegate, kMaxSearchDepth);\n return;\n }\n\n std::vector<XID>::iterator iter;\n for (iter = stack.begin(); iter !",
"= stack.end(); iter++) {\n if (delegate->ShouldStopIterating(*iter))\n return;\n }\n}\n\nbool GetXWindowStack(Window window, std::vector<XID>* windows) {\n windows->clear();\n\n Atom type;\n int format;\n unsigned long count;\n unsigned char *data = NULL;\n if (GetProperty(window,\n \"_NET_CLIENT_LIST_STACKING\",\n ~0L,\n &type,\n &format,\n &count,\n &data) !",
"= Success) {\n return false;\n }\n\n bool result = false;\n if (type == XA_WINDOW && format == 32 && data && count > 0) {\n result = true;\n XID* stack = reinterpret_cast<XID*>(data);\n for (long i = static_cast<long>(count) - 1; i >= 0; i--)\n windows->push_back(stack[i]);\n }\n\n if (data)\n XFree(data);\n\n return result;\n}\n\nvoid RestackWindow(XID window, XID sibling, bool above) {\n XWindowChanges changes;\n changes.sibling = sibling;\n changes.stack_mode = above ? ",
"Above : Below;\n XConfigureWindow(gfx::GetXDisplay(), window, CWSibling | CWStackMode, &changes);\n}\n\nXSharedMemoryId AttachSharedMemory(XDisplay* display, int shared_memory_key) {\n DCHECK(QuerySharedMemorySupport(display));\n\n XShmSegmentInfo shminfo;\n memset(&shminfo, 0, sizeof(shminfo));\n shminfo.shmid = shared_memory_key;\n\n // This function is only called if QuerySharedMemorySupport returned true. ",
"In\n // which case we've already succeeded in having the X server attach to one of\n // our shared memory segments.",
"\n if (!",
"XShmAttach(display, &shminfo)) {\n LOG(WARNING) << \"X failed to attach to shared memory segment \"\n << shminfo.shmid;\n NOTREACHED();\n } else {\n VLOG(1) << \"X attached to shared memory segment \" << shminfo.shmid;\n }\n\n return shminfo.shmseg;\n}\n\nvoid DetachSharedMemory(XDisplay* display, XSharedMemoryId shmseg) {\n DCHECK(QuerySharedMemorySupport(display));\n\n XShmSegmentInfo shminfo;\n memset(&shminfo, 0, sizeof(shminfo));\n shminfo.shmseg = shmseg;\n\n if (!",
"XShmDetach(display, &shminfo))\n NOTREACHED();\n}\n\nbool CopyAreaToCanvas(XID drawable,\n gfx::Rect source_bounds,\n gfx::Point dest_offset,\n gfx::Canvas* canvas) {\n ui::XScopedImage scoped_image(\n XGetImage(gfx::GetXDisplay(), drawable,\n source_bounds.x(), source_bounds.y(),\n source_bounds.width(), source_bounds.height(),\n AllPlanes, ZPixmap));\n XImage* image = scoped_image.get();\n if (!",
"image) {\n LOG(ERROR) << \"XGetImage failed\";\n return false;\n }\n\n if (image->bits_per_pixel == 32) {\n if ((0xff << SK_R32_SHIFT) !",
"= image->red_mask ||\n (0xff << SK_G32_SHIFT) !",
"= image->green_mask ||\n (0xff << SK_B32_SHIFT) !",
"= image->blue_mask) {\n LOG(WARNING) << \"XImage and Skia byte orders differ\";\n return false;\n }\n\n // Set the alpha channel before copying to the canvas. ",
" Otherwise, areas of\n // the framebuffer that were cleared by ply-image rather than being obscured\n // by an image during boot may end up transparent.",
"\n // TODO(derat|marcheu): Remove this if/when ply-image has been updated to\n // set the framebuffer's alpha channel regardless of whether the device\n // claims to support alpha or not.",
"\n for (int i = 0; i < image->width * image->height * 4; i += 4)\n image->data[i + 3] = 0xff;\n\n SkBitmap bitmap;\n bitmap.setConfig(SkBitmap::kARGB_8888_Config,\n image->width, image->height,\n image->bytes_per_line);\n bitmap.setPixels(image->data);\n gfx::ImageSkia image_skia;\n gfx::ImageSkiaRep image_rep(bitmap, canvas->image_scale());\n image_skia.",
"AddRepresentation(image_rep);\n canvas->DrawImageInt(image_skia, dest_offset.x(), dest_offset.y());\n } else {\n NOTIMPLEMENTED() << \"Unsupported bits-per-pixel \" << image->bits_per_pixel;\n return false;\n }\n\n return true;\n}\n\nXID CreatePictureFromSkiaPixmap(XDisplay* display, XID pixmap) {\n XID picture = XRenderCreatePicture(\n display, pixmap, GetRenderARGB32Format(display), 0, NULL);\n\n return picture;\n}\n\nvoid FreePicture(XDisplay* display, XID picture) {\n XRenderFreePicture(display, picture);\n}\n\nvoid FreePixmap(XDisplay* display, XID pixmap) {\n XFreePixmap(display, pixmap);\n}\n\nbool GetWindowManagerName(std::string* wm_name) {\n DCHECK(wm_name);\n int wm_window = 0;\n if (!",
"GetIntProperty(GetX11RootWindow(),\n \"_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK\",\n &wm_window)) {\n return false;\n }\n\n // It's possible that a window manager started earlier in this X session left\n // a stale _NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK property when it was replaced by a\n // non-EWMH window manager, so we trap errors in the following requests to\n // avoid crashes (issue 23860).",
"\n\n // EWMH requires the supporting-WM window to also have a\n // _NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK property pointing to itself (to avoid a stale\n // property referencing an ID that's been recycled for another window), so we\n // check that too.",
"\n base::X11ErrorTracker err_tracker;\n int wm_window_property = 0;\n bool result = GetIntProperty(\n wm_window, \"_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK\", &wm_window_property);\n if (err_tracker.",
"FoundNewError() || !",
"result ||\n wm_window_property !",
"= wm_window) {\n return false;\n }\n\n result = GetStringProperty(\n static_cast<XID>(wm_window), \"_NET_WM_NAME\", wm_name);\n return !",
"err_tracker.",
"FoundNewError() && result;\n}\n\nWindowManagerName GuessWindowManager() {\n std::string name;\n if (GetWindowManagerName(&name)) {\n // These names are taken from the WMs' source code.",
"\n if (name == \"Blackbox\")\n return WM_BLACKBOX;\n if (name == \"chromeos-wm\")\n return WM_CHROME_OS;\n if (name == \"Compiz\" || name == \"compiz\")\n return WM_COMPIZ;\n if (name == \"e16\")\n return WM_ENLIGHTENMENT;\n if (StartsWithASCII(name, \"IceWM\", true))\n return WM_ICE_WM;\n if (name == \"KWin\")\n return WM_KWIN;\n if (name == \"Metacity\")\n return WM_METACITY;\n if (name == \"Mutter (Muffin)\")\n return WM_MUFFIN;\n if (name == \"GNOME Shell\")\n return WM_MUTTER; // GNOME Shell uses Mutter\n if (name == \"Mutter\")\n return WM_MUTTER;\n if (name == \"Openbox\")\n return WM_OPENBOX;\n if (name == \"Xfwm4\")\n return WM_XFWM4;\n }\n return WM_UNKNOWN;\n}\n\nbool ChangeWindowDesktop(XID window, XID destination) {\n int desktop;\n if (!",
"GetWindowDesktop(destination, &desktop))\n return false;\n\n // If |window| is sticky, use the current desktop.",
"\n if (desktop == kAllDesktops &&\n !",
"GetCurrentDesktop(&desktop))\n return false;\n\n XEvent event;\n event.xclient.type = ClientMessage;\n event.xclient.window = window;\n event.xclient.message_type = GetAtom(\"_NET_WM_DESKTOP\");\n event.xclient.format = 32;\n event.xclient.data.l[0] = desktop;\n event.xclient.data.l[1] = 1; // source indication\n\n int result = XSendEvent(gfx::GetXDisplay(), GetX11RootWindow(), False,\n SubstructureNotifyMask, &event);\n return result == Success;\n}\n\nvoid SetDefaultX11ErrorHandlers() {\n SetX11ErrorHandlers(NULL, NULL);\n}\n\nbool IsX11WindowFullScreen(XID window) {\n // If _NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN is in _NET_SUPPORTED, use the presence or\n // absence of _NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN in _NET_WM_STATE to determine\n // whether we're fullscreen.",
"\n std::vector<Atom> supported_atoms;\n if (GetAtomArrayProperty(GetX11RootWindow(),\n \"_NET_SUPPORTED\",\n &supported_atoms)) {\n Atom atom = GetAtom(\"_NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN\");\n\n if (std::find(supported_atoms.begin(), supported_atoms.end(), atom)\n !",
"= supported_atoms.end()) {\n std::vector<Atom> atom_properties;\n if (GetAtomArrayProperty(window,\n \"_NET_WM_STATE\",\n &atom_properties)) {\n return std::find(atom_properties.begin(), atom_properties.end(), atom)\n !",
"= atom_properties.end();\n }\n }\n }\n\n gfx::Rect window_rect;\n if (!",
"ui::GetWindowRect(window, &window_rect))\n return false;\n\n#if defined(TOOLKIT_GTK)\n // As the last resort, check if the window size is as large as the main\n // screen.",
"\n GdkRectangle monitor_rect;\n gdk_screen_get_monitor_geometry(gdk_screen_get_default(), 0, &monitor_rect);\n\n return monitor_rect.x == window_rect.x() &&\n monitor_rect.y == window_rect.y() &&\n monitor_rect.width == window_rect.width() &&\n monitor_rect.height == window_rect.height();\n#else\n // We can't use gfx::Screen here because we don't have an aura::Window. ",
"So\n // instead just look at the size of the default display.",
"\n //\n // TODO(erg): Actually doing this correctly would require pulling out xrandr,\n // which we don't even do in the desktop screen yet.",
"\n ::XDisplay* display = gfx::GetXDisplay();\n ::Screen* screen = DefaultScreenOfDisplay(display);\n int width = WidthOfScreen(screen);\n int height = HeightOfScreen(screen);\n return window_rect.size() == gfx::Size(width, height);\n#endif\n}\n\nbool IsXDisplaySizeBlackListed(unsigned long mm_width,\n unsigned long mm_height) {\n // Ignore if the reported display is smaller than minimum size.",
"\n if (mm_width <= kInvalidDisplaySizeList[0][0] ||\n mm_height <= kInvalidDisplaySizeList[0][1]) {\n LOG(WARNING) << \"Smaller than minimum display size\";\n return true;\n }\n for (unsigned long i = 1 ; i < arraysize(kInvalidDisplaySizeList); ++i) {\n const unsigned long* size = kInvalidDisplaySizeList[i];\n if (mm_width == size[0] && mm_height == size[1]) {\n LOG(WARNING) << \"Black listed display size detected:\"\n << size[0] << \"x\" << size[1];\n return true;\n }\n }\n return false;\n}\n\nconst unsigned char* XRefcountedMemory::front() const {\n return x11_data_;\n}\n\nsize_t XRefcountedMemory::size() const {\n return length_;\n}\n\nXRefcountedMemory::~XRefcountedMemory() {\n XFree(x11_data_);\n}\n\nXScopedString::~XScopedString() {\n XFree(string_);\n}\n\nXScopedImage::~XScopedImage() {\n reset(NULL);\n}\n\nvoid XScopedImage::reset(XImage* image) {\n if (image_ == image)\n return;\n if (image_)\n XDestroyImage(image_);\n image_ = image;\n}\n\nXScopedCursor::XScopedCursor(::Cursor cursor, XDisplay* display)\n : cursor_(cursor),\n display_(display) {\n}\n\nXScopedCursor::~XScopedCursor() {\n reset(0U);\n}\n\n::Cursor XScopedCursor::get() const {\n return cursor_;\n}\n\nvoid XScopedCursor::reset(::Cursor cursor) {\n if (cursor_)\n XFreeCursor(display_, cursor_);\n cursor_ = cursor;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// These functions are declared in x11_util_internal.h because they require\n// XLib.h to be included, and it conflicts with many other headers.",
"\nXRenderPictFormat* GetRenderARGB32Format(XDisplay* dpy) {\n static XRenderPictFormat* pictformat = NULL;\n if (pictformat)\n return pictformat;\n\n // First look for a 32-bit format which ignores the alpha value\n XRenderPictFormat templ;\n templ.depth = 32;\n templ.type = PictTypeDirect;\n templ.direct.red = 16;\n templ.direct.green = 8;\n templ.direct.blue = 0;\n templ.direct.redMask = 0xff;\n templ.direct.greenMask = 0xff;\n templ.direct.blueMask = 0xff;\n templ.direct.alphaMask = 0;\n\n static const unsigned long kMask =\n PictFormatType | PictFormatDepth |\n PictFormatRed | PictFormatRedMask |\n PictFormatGreen | PictFormatGreenMask |\n PictFormatBlue | PictFormatBlueMask |\n PictFormatAlphaMask;\n\n pictformat = XRenderFindFormat(dpy, kMask, &templ, 0 /* first result */);\n\n if (!",
"pictformat) {\n // Not all X servers support xRGB32 formats. ",
"However, the XRENDER spec says\n // that they must support an ARGB32 format, so we can always return that.",
"\n pictformat = XRenderFindStandardFormat(dpy, PictStandardARGB32);\n CHECK(pictformat) << \"XRENDER ARGB32 not supported.\";",
"\n }\n\n return pictformat;\n}\n\nXRenderPictFormat* GetRenderVisualFormat(XDisplay* dpy, Visual* visual) {\n DCHECK(QueryRenderSupport(dpy));\n\n CachedPictFormats* formats = get_cached_pict_formats();\n\n for (CachedPictFormats::const_iterator i = formats->begin();\n i !",
"= formats->end(); ++i) {\n if (i->equals(dpy, visual))\n return i->format;\n }\n\n // Not cached, look up the value.",
"\n XRenderPictFormat* pictformat = XRenderFindVisualFormat(dpy, visual);\n CHECK(pictformat) << \"XRENDER does not support default visual\";\n\n // And store it in the cache.",
"\n CachedPictFormat cached_value;\n cached_value.visual = visual;\n cached_value.display = dpy;\n cached_value.format = pictformat;\n formats->push_front(cached_value);\n\n if (formats->size() == kMaxCacheSize) {\n formats->pop_back();\n // We should really only have at most 2 display/visual combinations:\n // one for normal browser windows, and possibly another for an argb window\n // created to display a menu.",
"\n //\n // If we get here it's not fatal, we just need to make sure we aren't\n // always blowing away the cache. ",
"If we are, then we should figure out why\n // and make it bigger.",
"\n NOTREACHED();\n }\n\n return pictformat;\n}\n\nvoid SetX11ErrorHandlers(XErrorHandler error_handler,\n XIOErrorHandler io_error_handler) {\n XSetErrorHandler(error_handler ? ",
"error_handler : DefaultX11ErrorHandler);\n XSetIOErrorHandler(\n io_error_handler ? ",
"io_error_handler : DefaultX11IOErrorHandler);\n}\n\nvoid LogErrorEventDescription(XDisplay* dpy,\n const XErrorEvent& error_event) {\n char error_str[256];\n char request_str[256];\n\n XGetErrorText(dpy, error_event.error_code, error_str, sizeof(error_str));\n\n strncpy(request_str, \"Unknown\", sizeof(request_str));\n if (error_event.request_code < 128) {\n std::string num = base::UintToString(error_event.request_code);\n XGetErrorDatabaseText(\n dpy, \"XRequest\", num.c_str(), \"Unknown\", request_str,\n sizeof(request_str));\n } else {\n int num_ext;\n char** ext_list = XListExtensions(dpy, &num_ext);\n\n for (int i = 0; i < num_ext; i++) {\n int ext_code, first_event, first_error;\n XQueryExtension(dpy, ext_list[i], &ext_code, &first_event, &first_error);\n if (error_event.request_code == ext_code) {\n std::string msg = base::StringPrintf(\n \"%s.%d\", ext_list[i], error_event.minor_code);\n XGetErrorDatabaseText(\n dpy, \"XRequest\", msg.c_str(), \"Unknown\", request_str,\n sizeof(request_str));\n break;\n }\n }\n XFreeExtensionList(ext_list);\n }\n\n LOG(WARNING)\n << \"X error received: \"\n << \"serial \" << error_event.serial << \", \"\n << \"error_code \" << static_cast<int>(error_event.error_code)\n << \" (\" << error_str << \"), \"\n << \"request_code \" << static_cast<int>(error_event.request_code) << \", \"\n << \"minor_code \" << static_cast<int>(error_event.minor_code)\n << \" (\" << request_str << \")\";\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// End of x11_util_internal.h\n\n\n} // namespace ui\n"
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[
"Desperately striving for an objective view of reality is a technique to reduce anxiety-provoking uncertainty. ",
"It promises itself as a way to stop a descent into madness, to avoid being completely disorientated in a nonsensical confusion.",
"\n\nBelief is by its very nature a personal phenomenon, I cannot objectively hold a belief, it is a subjective experience. ",
"There can be objective evidence that proves or disproves my belief, or there can be objective evidence or reasoning that points to my belief being highly unlikely, therefore objectively the belief can be false. ",
"The definition of the word delusional shows its idiosyncratic, personal nature. ",
"Take this alongside its synonyms which point to something incorrect, an error, a falsehood and it would be easy to define a delusion as a false belief. ",
"But as the very nature of a belief is subjective this tells me exceptionally little about the belief, the experience of having it or the person who holds it.",
"\n\nA child at Christmas thinks Father Christmas has come and delivered her presents, but as adults we know this is false, a delusion, does this then mean that we reject the experience of opening presents on Christmas morning for the child and call it all nonsense? ",
"If we are trying to engage with the child it would be interesting to wonder what it means for the child to think that an old fat man she has never met has deemed her to be not naughty but nice enough to therefore (hopefully) recieve presents she will like and enjoy? ",
"How about if her brother gets more than her and she doesn’t receive her most wanted gift this year? ",
"The answers to these questions open us up to the rich, complicated, idiosyncratic narrative of the child that would be completely missed if we had dismissed her belief in Father Christmas as a false delusion.",
"\n\nWhen we read about psychosis or delusions we come across phrases such as “removed from reality”, “strong conviction despite superior evidence”, “abnormality of thought”. ",
"This discourse provides a story about a superior viewpoint on reality, a truth about the world that you either share or you don’t, and if you don’t you are Other, you are separate and not in a good way, in an abnormal and deviant way. ",
"This discourse only serves to alienate and coerce. ",
"It creates an atmosphere of hopelessness and fear around a person who is probably suffering enough already.",
"\n\nNothing new is being said here! ",
"Deleuze & Guattari in Anti-Oedipus famously said “A schizophrenic out for a walk is a better model than a neurotic lying on the analyst’s couch. ",
"A breath of fresh air, a relationship with the outside world”. ",
"Laing, Foucault, etc have been encouraging people to see delusions or unusual experiences as something more than a false belief and always as a product of something else (even though they disagree about what that something else may be, Marxist critique’s of capitalism aside) for decades. ",
"However, these themes rarely appear in mainstream “mental health” culture, both inside and out of the clinic. ",
"It takes a programme like BBC Horizons “Why did I go mad?” ",
"for people to even start to question whether the narrative is starting to change.",
"\n\nWhy do we cling to such simplistic views about truth or falsehood? ",
"Why is it counter-intuitive to go with the belief itself rather than try to provide evidence to the contrary? ",
"CBT uses this technique to look at evidence “for” and “against” beliefs and while this may be effective for some people there is another way.",
"\n\nDesperately striving for an objective view of reality is a technique to reduce uncertainty, it promises itself as a way to stop a descent into madness, to avoid being completely disorientated in a nonsensical confusion. ",
"Which in part it achieves, it has a function and a role to play. ",
"Yet the downsides to this approach are clear; the human suffering caused by this obsessive rejection of subjectivity should not be ignored just because doing the opposite has an advantage too.",
"\n\nWhat would happen if we were more able to bear the anxiety of not knowing? ",
"If we were willing to risk feeling disoriented by trying to put ourselves in the position of the person experiencing the ‘false belief’ and join in the descent into madness, however bewildering that may feel at times?",
"\n\nWhen we try to empathise, when we curiously ask about those valid, subjective narratives. ",
"When we try to engage in a non-judgemental, accepting way towards experiences of psychosis/delusions/unusual beliefs instead of focusing on the flawed logic that objectively the belief is false, we are dramatically increasing the chances of helping someone. ",
"To feel heard, to feel accepted, to have value, and to belong somewhere."
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"#ifndef UINT16_UNPACK_H\n#define UINT16_UNPACK_H\n\n#include \"crypto_uint16.h\"\n\nextern crypto_uint16 uint16_unpack(const unsigned char *);\n\n#endif\n"
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[
"It follows ASDA’s announcement that it would be the first retailer to fine drivers who misuse the dedicated bays in its car parks. ",
"The move, which will see abusers fined £60, comes into force from Monday and follows a trial last year in the north.",
"\n\nAll profits from the fines will go back to baby charity Tommy's and Motability - the leading car scheme for disabled people.",
"\n\nThe clampdown was described as “wonderful news” by Mary Cartwright, chair of the Independent Living Project which helps disabled people in Stockton develop greater independence.",
"\n\n“I just wish the same would happen all over the place, and we would encourage other supermarkets and places like hospitals to follow suit,” she said.",
"\n\n“There are so many able bodied people who just don’t care. ",
"You even see them sat in their car in the bay. ",
"I am disabled myself and it is very frustrating.”",
"\n\nMrs Cartwright, who has suffered from rheumatoid arthritis since she was seven, said the dedicated bays help encourage disabled people to go out and shop for themselves and develop greater independence.",
"\n\n“They are near the shop entrance,” she said. “",
"But if you have to park further away then you have to walk further, and this can be difficult, especially if it is windy or raining.”",
"\n\nJane Brewin, chief executive of Tommy’s, the baby charity, said a routine trip to the shops can also “turn into a nightmare” for some parents when they don’t have adequate parking spaces.",
"\n\nAs a result of Asda’s three month trial the number of free parking spaces increased by over 60% for disabled drivers and parents with young children.",
"\n\nPaul Hedley, ASDA’s customer service manager, said: “Most customers using these bays without good reason don't realize their actions impact on people that rely on them to do their weekly shop.",
"\n\n“Signs in all stores will clearly state that you will get a fine if you park here unnecessarily. ",
"We would encourage anyone that manages a car park to take our lead.”"
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"Laser-induced liquid bead ion desorption-MS of protein complexes from blue-native gels, a sensitive top-down proteomic approach.",
"\nWe have developed an experimental approach that combines two powerful methods for proteomic analysis of large membrane protein complexes: blue native electrophoresis (BNE or BN-PAGE) and laser-induced liquid bead ion desorption (LILBID) MS. ",
"Protein complexes were separated by BNE and eluted from the gel. ",
"The masses of the constituents of the multiprotein complexes were obtained by LILBID MS, a detergent-tolerant method that is especially suitable for the characterisation of membrane proteins. ",
"High sensitivity and small sample volumes required for LILBID MS resulted in low demands on sample quantity. ",
"Eluate from a single band allowed assessing the mass of an entire multiprotein complex and its subunits. ",
"The method was validated with mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase from Yarrowia lipolytica. ",
"For this complex of 947 kDa, typically 30 microg or 32 pmol were sufficient to obtain spectra from which the subunit composition could be analysed. ",
"The resolution of this electrophoretic small-scale approach to the purification of native complexes was improved markedly by further separation on a second dimension of BNE. ",
"Starting from a subcellular fraction obtained by differential centrifugation, this allowed the purification and analysis of the constituents of a large multiprotein complex in a single LILBID spectrum."
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[
"Q:\n\nJQuery: Change class when radiobutton is clicked\n\nI need some help with javascript. ",
"\nHere is the link to the code in JSFIDDLE: http://jsfiddle.net/Gopher69/B98kZ/4/\nMy JS is: \n$(document).ready(function() {\n//add the Selected class to the checked radio button\n$('[type=radio]').parent().addClass(\"selected\");\n//If another radio button is clicked, add the select class, and remove it from the previously selected radio\n$('input').click(function() {\n $('input:not(:checked)').parent().removeClass(\"radio validate-one-required-by-name product-custom-option\").find(\"class\").html(\"radio validate-one-required-by-name product-custom-option\");\n $('input:checked').parent().addClass(\"radio validate-one-required-by-name product-custom-option\").find(\"class\").html(\"radio validate-one-required-by-name product-custom-option active\");\n});});\n\nI want to adjust the the background color for the radio buttons just like I did with the hover effect with css. ",
"So I need to add something like \"checked\" to the class when the radiobutton is active. ",
"\nI found this post but I'm juts not getting foreword: jQuery Checkbox selection and change class\nIf somebody could help me out, I would be very thankfull. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nyou can use pure css to do this:\n input[type=\"radio\"]:checked {\n /* put some style here */\n }\n\n"
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[
"Playing In India Depends On Pak Govt's Approval, Says PCB Chief\n\nPakistan Cricket Board chairman Ijaz Butt said on Saturday that revival of cricket ties and playing cricket matches of 2011 World Cup in India solely depended on Pakistan Government's decision. \"",
"We will be following Government\n\nPTI [ Updated: September 19, 2009 10:44 IST ]\n\nplaying in india depends on pak govt s approval says pcb chief\n\nPakistan Cricket Board chairman Ijaz Butt said on Saturday that revival of cricket ties and playing cricket matches of 2011 World Cup in India solely depended on Pakistan Government's decision.",
"\n\n\"We will be following Government advice as far revival of bilateral cricket ties with India and playing matches of World Cup in India are concerned and PCB cannot take decision on its own to permit its team to visit India,\" he said at a news conference in Lahore.",
"\n\nButt said PCB was updating the government on regular basis and seeks its advice whenever and a similar practice will be followed regarding Pak team's visit to India.",
"\n\nHe said PCB has finalised details for playing one day matches of New Zealand series at off shore venues, Abu Dhabi and Dubai Sports City. ",
"He dispelled an impression that while finalising hosting of two Twenty-20 matches in Dubai PCB will be suffering huge loss as the one-day matches in Abu Dhabi will be profit-earning venture.",
"\n\nThe PCB chief said pace bowler Muhammad Asif will be joining the team after completing a year long ban in South Africa travelling via Qatar.",
"\n\n\"We don't know the exact position either he can travel via Dubai or not we will be writing to concerned authorities to know the situation,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"The pace bowler is in good shape and he worked really hard to make a come back and it is fact that he has not played cricket for a long time but I am optimistic that he has the potential to deliver,\" he asserted.",
"\n\nAnswering a question, he said the itinerary of Pakistan-New Zealand series matches in Abu Dhabi and Dubai has been finalised and sent to New Zealand cricket for final approval.",
"\n\nHe said ICC was monitoring the security situation in Pakistan and if it found the security situation conducive it wiould give the green signal for foreign teams to visit Pakistan."
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"Defence department says it provides export permits only if satisfied that the weapons will not be used in breach of international law\n\nA former secretary of the Australian defence department says the country cannot justify selling weapons to militaries involved in the five-year war in Yemen, which now stand “accused of gross violations of human rights and likely war crimes by the UN”.",
"\n\nAnd the Australian co-author of the just-released United Nations report into human rights atrocities in Yemen has said governments that sell weapons to belligerent countries are responsible for prolonging the conflict and contributing to immense humanitarian suffering.",
"\n\nThe report found that the conflict had been plagued by human rights abuses, including hospitals being bombed, civilians being deliberately targeted by shelling and sniper fire, civilian populations being deliberately starved, medical supplies being blocked, rape, murder, enforced disappearances, torture, and children being forced to fight.",
"\n\nAustralia may be complicit in war crimes if it supports Saudi-led coalition in Yemen – UN Read more\n\nAustralia is one of several countries that sell weapons to those that are part of the Saudi-led Coalition in conflict with the Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen. ",
"The Australian government says it imposes strict controls on exports to ensure they are not used in the Yemeni conflict.",
"\n\nBut the former secretary of the department of defence Paul Barratt told Guardian Australia that regardless of whether Australian-made weapons were crossing the border into Yemen, “the fact remains that Australia now has a national policy which seeks and facilitates weapons sales with countries that stand accused of gross violations of human rights and likely war crimes”.",
"\n\n“When did this particular trade in arms become official Australian policy? ",
"Even if we are successfully legally tiptoeing around the Arms Trade Treaty, such deals surely cannot be acceptable on moral or ethical grounds,” Barratt said. “",
"As a country that routinely asks other countries to abide by the rules-based international order, it would seem hypocritical, at best, that Australia is now willing to … make a profit from, weapons sales to nations that are openly flouting this international order.”",
"\n\nMelissa Parke, the former federal MP for Fremantle, was one of three UN-appointed experts to compile its report on Yemen.",
"\n\nWhen did this particular trade in arms become official Australian policy? ",
"Paul Barratt\n\nThe report said hospitals had been bombed, civilians attacked and starvation used as a tactic of war, and alleged that there had been a “collective failure” from the international community to intervene in the five-year war to reduce the suffering of civilians; rather, support from international actors had prolonged the conflict. ",
"The public report detailed a list of the key military, political participants in the conflict. ",
"A confidential list of those most likely to be complicit in war crimes has been sent to the UN.",
"\n\nParke said Yemeni civilians had “borne the brunt” of a brutal conflict that was being exacerbated by international indifference, and material support from some governments.",
"\n\n“Given the number of reports establishing the abuses being committed, no state can claim not to be aware of the violence being perpetrated. ",
"And the continued supply of weapons will perpetuate the conflict and prolong the suffering of the people of Yemen. ",
"It’s our strong belief that weapons provided to the parties will be used in the conflict: that’s why we have asked all states to prohibit the authorisation of arms transfers and refrain from providing arms.",
"\n\n“The international community has to act. ",
"There is absolutely no regard for the lives and the dignity of fellow human beings by parties, it has to be the international community that steps in and acts accordingly.”",
"\n\nThe UN report names France, Iran, the UK and the US “among other states” as potentially complicit in war crimes. ",
"Parke said there remained a lack of transparency around arms transfers.",
"\n\n“Where the provisions of arms leads to the commission of crimes under international humanitarian law, that state could also be responsible for those violations, and individuals in those countries could be exposed to charges of war crimes.",
"\n\n“It’s very serious … every nation needs to play its part to bring this war to an end.”",
"\n\nIn July, photographs were published that showed Australian-built remote weapons systems being shipped from Sydney airport to the general department of arms and explosives of Saudi Arabia’s ministry of interior. ",
"The manufacturer, Electro Optic Systems (EOS), said none of its weapons systems had been used in Yemen, and were used only for interior ministry border operations.",
"\n\nAustralia told to halt arms sales as Yemen catastrophe unfolds Read more\n\nThe Australian defence department maintains that it provides export permits only if it is satisfied the weapons will not be used in breach of international law. “",
"Any military goods proposed for export by Australian companies are subject to a rigorous assessment process that takes into account Australia’s international obligations, including the Arms Trade Treaty, and the impact the export could have on foreign policy, human rights, national security and regional security,” a spokeswoman said.",
"\n\nGuardian Australia asked the defence department whether it had requested EOS to obtain an “end-use and non-transfer certificate” from Saudi-Arabia – a document detailing where and how the equipment would be used and a guarantee it would not be on-sold. ",
"A spokeswoman for the department declined to answer, saying “defence does not comment on the details of specific export applications”.",
"\n\nYemen has been at war since 2015, when president Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi and his cabinet were forced to flee the capital Sanaa by Houthi rebel forces. ",
"Saudi Arabia backs Hadi, and has led a coalition of regional countries in air strikes against the Iran-backed Houthis.",
"\n\nThe UN experts’ report was excoriating in its assessment of all sides of the war that has left 100,000 dead and up to 85,000 children starving. ",
"It also detailed a Saudi coalition airstrike that hit a bus carrying 50 children in a market area, killing 11, some aged as young as 10. ",
"The coalition also bombed the Al-Kitaf rural hospital killing children and adults. ",
"Other strikes hit residential buildings, and then a nearby farm to where civilians had fled seeking safety.",
"\n\nThe UN panel heard allegations that Saudi, Emirati and affiliated forces tortured, raped and killed suspected political opponents detained in secret facilities at Bir Ahmed prison II, al-Bureiqa and numerous unofficial detention sites.",
"\n\nYemeni government forces, including those backed by Saudi Arabia and the UAE, continue to arbitrarily detain, threaten and otherwise target political opponents, journalists, human rights defenders and religious leaders, the report said. ",
"Yemeni forces also forcibly recruit children, as young as 13, to fight.",
"\n\nThe panel also found that Iran-backed Houthi rebel fighters used anti-personnel and anti-vehicle landmines illegally, placing them indiscriminately in civilian areas. ",
"Houthi snipers deliberately fired on civilians, including children, or fired indiscriminately into markets or residential areas, and shelled camps for displaced people."
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"Want to help us make this new chapter the best it can be? ",
"We’re taking donations!"
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"The use of Urovysion fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis and surveillance of non-urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.",
"\nUrovysion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a sensitive and specific test used to diagnose urothelial carcinoma in urine. ",
"It detects aneuploidy of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17, and loss of both 9p21 loci in malignant urothelial cells. ",
"We evaluated Urovysion FISH in non-urothelial carcinoma involving bladder to determine its possible application to their diagnosis and surveillance. ",
"Paraffin blocks from 31 non-urothelial bladder carcinomas, 12 pure urothelial carcinomas and 2 urothelial carcinomas with squamous differentiation were tested according to Vysis-Abbot Laboratories' recommended standards. ",
"Cases included 15 primary squamous carcinoma, 2 urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation, 4 primary adenocarcinoma, 5 colonic, 4 prostatic and 1 cervical adenocarcinoma. ",
"Total 60% of squamous, 83% of pure urothelial, 100% of urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation and 100% of primary and secondary adenocarcinomas hybridized successfully; 2/10 (11%) squamous carcinomas and 11/14 (79%) primary and secondary adenocarcinomas were Urovysion FISH-positive with primary adenocarcinomas accounting for 75% (3/4), colonic, 80% (4/5), prostatic, 75% (3/4) and cervical, 100% (1/1) positivity. ",
"Total 70% (7/10) of pure urothelial carcinomas and 100% (2/2) of urothelial carcinomas with squamous differentiation were Urovysion FISH-positive. ",
"In conclusion, we found that chromosomal abnormalities tested for by Urovysion FISH may be seen in non-urothelial carcinomas of bladder. ",
"These false-positive results were frequent in primary and secondary adenocarcinoma and rare in squamous carcinoma. ",
"This has significant implications for the accurate diagnosis and management of patients with urinary tract cancer. ",
"Urovysion FISH cannot be used to definitively diagnose squamous carcinoma or adenocarcinoma nor can it be used to differentiate the two from urothelial carcinoma. ",
"However, it may be useful as a surveillance tool in established primary and secondary bladder adenocarcinoma. ",
"Cytopathologists and urologists should correlate Urovysion FISH results with cytomorphology and clinical information."
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"The American Studies Association has voted to initiate an academic boycott of Israel ostensibly to protest its denial of civil rights to Palestinians in the occupied territories. ",
"Forgetting for a moment Israel's unique security concerns (what would the US do if Mexico routinely lobbed rockets and artillery shells into US border towns), the implication is that the Palestinians in Israels have it worse than any other group in the world, since this is the first and only such boycott the ASA has ever entered into. ",
"Is it really worse to be a Palestinian in Israel than, say, a woman anywhere in the Arab world** or about anyone in North Korea? ",
"Do academics in Cuba have more ability to write honestly than they do in Israel? ",
"I doubt it.",
"\n\nThe only statement the ASA makes on the subject that I can find is in their FAQ on the boycott\n\n7) Does the boycott resolution unfairly single out Israel? ",
"After all there are many unjust states in the world.",
"\n\nThe boycott resolution responds to a request from the Palestinian people, including Palestinian academics and students, to act in solidarity. ",
"Because the U.S. contributes materially to the Israeli occupation, through significant financial and military aid - and, as such, is an important ally of the Israeli state - and because the occupation daily confiscates Palestinian land and devastates Palestinian lives, it is urgent to act now.",
"\n\nA couple of thoughts. ",
"First, I am not sure why US material aid is relevant to choosing a boycott target. ",
"I suppose the implication is that this boycott is aimed more at the US than at Israel itself. ",
"But the question still stands as to why countries like Saudi Arabia, which receives a lot of US material aid as well, get a pass. ",
"Second, the fact that Palestinian academics can seek international help tends to disprove that their situation is really the worst in the world. ",
"I don't think the fact that the ASA is not hearing cries for help from liberal-minded academics in North Korea means that there is less of a problem in North Korea. ",
"It means there is more of a problem.",
"\n\nI am not a student of anti-semitism, so I can't comment on how much it may explain this decision. ",
"However, I think it is perfectly possible to explain the ASA's actions without resorting to anti-semitism as an explanation. ",
"As background, remember that it is important for their social standing and prestige for liberal academics to take public positions to help the downtrodden in other countries. ",
"This is fine -- not a bad incentive system to feel social pressure to speak out against injustice. ",
"But the problem is that most sources of injustice are all either a) Leftish regimes the Left hesitates to criticize for ideological reasons or b) Islamic countries that the left hesitates to criticize because they have invested so much in calling conservatives Islamophobic.",
"\n\nSo these leftish academics have a need to criticize, but feel constrained to only strongly criticizing center-right or right regimes. ",
"The problem is that most of these are gone. ",
"Allende, the Shah, Franco, South Africa -- all gone or changed. ",
"All that's left is Israel (which is odd because it is actually fairly socialist but for some reason never treated as such by the Left). ",
"So if we consider the universe of appropriate targets -- countries with civil rights and minority rights issues that are not leftish or socialist governments and not Islamic, then the ASA has been perfectly consistent, targeting every single country in that universe.",
"\n\n** To this day I am amazed how little heat the gender apartheid in the Arab world generates in the West in comparison to race apartheid in South Africa. ",
"I am not an expert on either, but from what I have read I believe it is a true statement to say that blacks in apartheid South Africa had more freedom than women have today in Saudi Arabia. ",
"Thoughts?",
"\n\nUpdate: I twice emailed the ASA for a list of other countries or groups they have boycotted and twice got a blurb justifying why Israel was selected but with no direct answer to my question. ",
"I guess I will take that as confirmation this is the first and only country they have ever targeted. ",
"They did want to emphasize that the reason Israel was selected (I presume vs. other countries but they did not word it thus) had a lot to do with he fact that Israel was the number one recipient of US aid money (mostly military) and that it was this American connection given they represent American studies professors that made the difference. ",
"Why Pakistan or Afghanistan, who treat their women far worse than Israel treats Palestinians, and which receive a lot of US aid, were not selected or considered or mentioned is not explained. ",
"Basically, I would explain it thus: \"all the cool kids are doing it, and we determined that to remain among the cool kids we needed to do it too\". ",
"This is a prestige and signalling exercise, and it makes a lot more sense in that context, because then one can ask about the preferences of those to whom they are signalling, rather than try to figure out why Israel is somehow the worst human rights offender in the world.",
"\n\nBy the way, by the ASA logic, it should be perfectly reasonable, even necessary, for European academic institutions to boycott US academic institutions because the US government gives aid to such a bad country like Israel. ",
"This seems like it would be unfair to US academics who may even disagree with US policy, but no more unfair than to Israeli academics who are being punished for their government's policies. ",
"I wonder how US academics would feel about being boycotted from European events and scholarship over US government policy?",
"\n\n30 Comments\n\nRodrigo:\n\nesoxlucius:\n\nI'm a little confused. ",
"Haven't you suggested at several times on this blog that someone inflicting a worse wrong isn't an argument against a lesser wrong? ",
"I never looked at the Israel thing with a right-left filter but I have often wondered why the US is giving them anything at all. ",
"And, while we are at it, how much different is what the US and the world did to Palestine from what the US did to the Native Americans? ",
"It looks the same to me. ",
"Here's your postage stamp of land and refugee reservation Mr. Native Palestinian, we'll be taking the rest of your land and putting \"settlements\" on the fringe until we have it all. ",
"Thankyouverymuch. ",
"Please step aside for the chosen people, manifest destiny and all that...\n\nThere is no difference between the slur of anti-semitism to stop criticism and the slur of racism to stop criticism. ",
"Oftentimes criticism is earned and well deserved.",
"\n\na_random_guy:\n\nMy history is pretty rusty, but as I recall the population of Palestine basically consists of the descendants of the the population move to make room for Israel after WWII. ",
"The land was taken from the surrounding Arab nations and the agreement was that those nations would absorb the displaced population. ",
"They refused to do so, as a way of pressuring Israel and attempting to cause its nationhood to fail early on. ",
"If I may oversimplify: Palestine is basically what happens to a refugee camp after 60 years.",
"\n\nOne can discuss the right and wrongs of this all day, and I can see arguments on all sides. ",
"Israel certainly does mistreat the Palestinians. ",
"That said, the Palestinians mistreat Israel at every opportunity as well. ",
"It's frankly a local dispute that the parties in the region need to sort out, with support from the UN.",
"\n\nThe fact that the ASA sees this issue as somehow black and white, rather than the muddled gray it actually is, does not speak terribly well of their members or their organization.",
"\n\nSam L.:\n\nWell, way back in '48, the other Arabs told the local Arabs to get out of Dodge so as to be out of the way of the fighting, and many did. ",
"The Arabs lost that fight. ",
"They've lost those fights ever since. ",
"The other Arabs don't like the Palis enough to take them in, so there they squat.",
"\n\nJoshK:\n\nJoe_Da:\n\nSam L stated one point overlooked by many of the pro palestinians.",
"\nIn addition a second factor overlooked by the pro palestinians is:\nA large segment of the palestinians are from Jordan viewed somewhat as a lessor class of people than the jordanians which is a part of the reason the other arab countries did not take them back after the 1948 war.",
"\n\nWhen the zionist movement began in the late 1800's through the 1940's, a large portion of palestinians living in jordan migrated to Israel because of the growing prosperity in the area. ",
"The middle east including palestinian/israel area was not well developed and as the jewish population from europe and western russia moved into the area, bringing significant improvements to the living standards in the area.",
"\n\nLastly, those condemning Israel, seem to forget the large expulsion of the jewish population from the arab countries after the '48 war, including the large jewish populations in iran, iraq, libya, egypt, etc\n\nMS61:\n\nAnd that is why the ASA must pass a resolution rejecting all collaboration with the US Government, including any grants, until such time as the US returns these illegally occupied territories to its native inhabitants.",
"\n\nJoe_Da:\n\nJess1:\n\n\"I am not an expert on either, but from what I have read I believe it is a true statement to say that blacks in apartheid South Africa had more freedom than women have today in Saudi Arabia.\"",
"\nI claim no expertise - just experience with the Arabic Peninsula. ",
"What I can say is that I witnessed behavior towards women in general that would be shocking to Westerners, that was not only allowed, but encouraged.",
"\nOf course, that makes me some sort of Israel loving apologist. ",
"Or something.",
"\n\nMingoV:\n\n\"I think it is perfectly possible to explain the ASA's actions without resorting to anti-Semitism as an explanation....\"\n\nThe ASA isn't anti-Semitic, because Semites are Jews and Arabs. ",
"The ASA is anti-Israel.",
"\n\nPalestinians living within Israel and under Israeli rule (not the ones living under Palestinian despots) have a better life than most Arabs (except those related to monarchs). ",
"Palestinians in Syria, Lebanon, or Jordan don't fare as well. ",
"But, hell, let's single-out those evil Israelis.",
"\n\nI see this \"They can't be anti-semitic because Arabs are semites too\" argument a lot and find it pretty tiring. ",
"Words and phrases evolve and take on new meaning over time. ",
"Whatever the origin of the word \"semite\", anti-semite has come to mean hatred of jews.",
"\n\nMatthew Slyfield:\n\n\"It's frankly a local dispute that the parties in the region need to sort out, with support from the UN.\"",
"\n\nThe UN has done nothing positive to help this situation and it has had many years to try. ",
"The problem is that at least one party to the dispute and likely both have no interest in sorting it out short of the complete annihilation of the other party.",
"\n\nmakes sense, sort of:\n\nIsrael is the only one of those countries with really established research universities - maybe they have good teaching at the universities in Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, but not the same kind of international profile. ",
"Not much effect.",
"\n\nAlso, while Saudi Arabia is undeniably bad, the Arab World isn't all the same - BYU had a fair contingent of middle eastern students, and they were almost always shocked at how conservative it was. ",
"Way more intense than anything they'd seen in Gaza, Beirut, or Karachi.",
"\n\njhertzli:\n\nwerewife:\n\nWilhelm Marr, a German politician, coined the term in the 19th century as a replacement for \"Judenhass\" (Jew-hate) because it made his party's platform sound classier. ",
"No Arabs, Berbers, etc., ",
"were involved or even thought of at the time. ",
"The term \"Semitic\" originally referred to a family of languages.",
"\n\nMS61:\n\nYes, Joe Da it should. ",
"In addition, the ASA needs to extend its boycott to the United Kingdom until such time as all historic land of the Celts is restored by the Anglo-Saxon and Norman invaders. ",
"Latin America would also be a fruitful place for an ASA boycott until such time as their native inhabitants get their land back. ",
"And let's not forget the Han Chinese in Tibet and the Aryans in India. ",
"And, for that matter, the Arab occupation of North Africa and the oppression of the Berbers. ",
"So much to do!",
"\n\nNL7:\n\nIt's a little bizarre that Israel gets criticism for regularly excluding Palestinians from jobs inside Israel, and for making IDF service a virtual prerequisite to many jobs (thus disqualifying non-Druze Arab Israelis, as well as haredim and others), yet the US, Australia, Europe, and many other countries have similar open efforts to exclude, marginalize, punish, arrest, and deport migrants coming to work or live within their borders. ",
"I'm entirely against immigration controls, but it's quite inconsistent to label it apartheid in Israel but not elsewhere.",
"\n\nI'm also not in favor of boycotts, generally. ",
"They mostly serve to make the boycotters feel good about themselves. ",
"I'm a believer in protest over boycott. ",
"If something is so hateful to you, then go there and talk about it openly. ",
"Cutting people off just causes cognitive dissonance and reinforces a feeling of isolation. ",
"Much better to engage than to exclude.",
"\n\nJust stylistically, I don't think the way to protest exclusionary government policies is to pursue exclusionary economic behaviors.",
"\n\nNL7:\n\nSaudi, the gulf states, and China are known for making gifts to third world countries of hospitals, equipment, sports centers, universities, etc. ",
"If one wanted to protest these states, they could also protest the institutions or countries that accepted their largesse. ",
"Maybe doctors could refuse to work in Saudi-purchased hospitals, universities refuse to do study abroad programs to institutions funded by China or whoever, etc. ",
"To be clear, I'm not in favor of that. ",
"But there are avenues for academics to actively oppose the existence or behavior of some of those countries.",
"\n\nNL7:\n\nAlso, the lands in Eastern Europe formerly dominated by German-speaking elites should be returned to Germany, because if history shows us anything it's that everybody loves when the Germans quickly accrete more power and territory.",
"\n\nMS61:\n\nPerhaps it would be best for us to pick some arbitrary starting date when everyone in the world can go back to their respective corners. ",
"Maybe we'd get it right this time! ",
"How's 1000 AD sound? ",
"1AD? ",
"1000 BC? ",
"5000 BC?",
"\n\nAri S.:\n\nBeing Anti-Israel is the new politically correct way to be anti-semitic. ",
"There are over a hundred thousand people killed recently in Syria, and over a million displaced. ",
"Nobody is boycotting anything there. ",
"Arabs with Israeli citizenship vote, they have parliament seats, they go to universities. ",
"Did any South Africans get to do that anywhere during apartheid? ",
"This is really pathetic bandwagon boarding, it has become topic du jour to say one opposes Israel and people don't even know the facts straight.",
"\n\nobloodyhell:\n\n}}} But the problem is that most sources of injustice are all either a) Leftish regimes the Left hesitates to criticize for ideological reasons or b) Islamic countries that the left hesitates to criticize because they have invested so much in calling conservatives Islamophobic.",
"\n\nYou missed option 3, which is almost certainly accurate, and pointed out many many moons ago by P.J. O'Rourke -- \"Some listen, some don't.\"",
"\n\nIIRC, his context was protests about Apartheid in South Africa, vs. obvious civil rights injustices in the USSR or China. ",
"South Africa listened to the complaints, and did make an effort to fix things -- debatably not enough, or not fast enough -- but they DID LISTEN AND RESPOND.",
"\n\nMake the same complaints against regimes like Russia or China, NoKo or any other despot -- the only response you're going to get is \"Fuck Off!\".",
"\n\nWhich latter gets you laughed at and, more critically, does not make liberals FEEL GOOD about themselves.",
"\nSo they protest the ones who listen rather than the ones who REALLY, REALLY ought to be protested.",
"\n\n...Because, to a liberal, after all -- if it doesn't make you FEEL good, why the hell would you bother doing it?",
"\n\nThe term you seek, here, btw, is \"narcissism\". ",
"And yes, it's one of the defining characteristics of most lefties.",
"\n\nelliotdiafono:\n\nMany people are afraid to criticize Muslims. ",
"When drawing a cartoon gets you killed or gets you death threats (while protest riots result in a number of murders), it is easier to find a target which doesn't hold that risk."
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"Q:\n\nA formula to find the organs's value from $1$ to $100$.\n\nWe have a variable named NUMBER\nThis variable, can hold ANY number from $1$ to $100$.\nLet's mark that number as $X$.\nWe know that:\n$x(1) = 1000$ Coins\n$x(100) = 250$ Coins\nI need to write down a formula that will automatically find the coins amount of the variable $x$ (NUMBER).",
"\nAny ideas?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere are many choices: One approach is $$\\begin {cases} x(NUMBER)=1000 & x \\neq 100 \\\\x(NUMBER)=250 & x=100 \\end {cases}$$ which is probably not what you are thinking. ",
" You need to specify better what you want. ",
" Probably what you are thinking is $$x(NUMBER)=1000-\\frac {750}{99}(NUMBER-1)$$ which is a straight line\n\n"
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"The kids are home all day with nothing to do, I don’t know about any other parents but I don’t want my kiddos sitting in front of the TV or tablet all day so I like giving them some crafts and activities to do during the day. ",
"I recently found these two great titles from Klutz books that has my daughter creating and be active all Summer.",
"\n\nMake Your Own Soap:\n\nMake Your Own Soap is a super fun interactive crafting book and set that includes everything you need to make and create your very own soaps. ",
"My daughters and I love to make crafts so this was a perfect Summer Fun title for us. ",
"We learned all about how to make soap and got to get creative coming up with our very own soaps.",
"\n\nThe pages in the book are fun and vibrant. ",
"Full of detailed instructions on how to create your very own soaps. ",
"They give you lots of ideas and inspirations to make lots of fun designed soaps.",
"\n\nThe set includes everything needed to make up to 10 different soaps. ",
"It is a great way to get their creative juices flowing, learning new skills, and having fun.",
"\n\nShop make Your Own Soap here.",
"\n\n101 Outrageously Fun Things to Do:\n\nDo your kiddos like activities, games, and puzzles? ",
"Then 101 Outrageously Fun Things To Do is a super fun book sure to keep them entertained. ",
"The book features tons of fun interactive activities that you can do over and over again. ",
"Things like puzzles, games, and much much more. ",
"It’s a great book to take with you on road trips and traveling too to keep the kids entertained the entire trip.",
"\n\nThere is a huge variety of activities in this book, so everyone can find something they like. ",
"Anytime my daughter comes to me saying she’s bored I give her this book to find something to do. ",
"With 101 activities she has lots to keep her busy.",
"\n\nSample Activities:\n\nEncryption Wheel for Secret Messages, DIY Brain Eraser, Cootie Catcher, Design Your Own Superhero, Paper Airplane, 3D Tic Tac Toe, Secret Handshake, 50 Jokes Every Kid Should Know, Ultimate Thumb Wrestling, Mini Playing Cards, Phony Fork Bending, Make Your Thumb Disappear, Cat’s Cradle, Mind-Reading Magic, Photography Tricks (No Apps Needed), License Plate Bingo, Wacky Car Rituals, High-Speed Hand Games, Dollar Bill Monster, …And More!",
"\n\nThey even include some items to help you complete the activities like clay, string, fart putty, google eyes, and a spinner. ",
"You have everything you need to keep you entertained all summer long.",
"\n\nShop this book here.",
"\n\nThe Giveaway:\n\nKlutz was nice enough to give us an extra copy of each of these books to giveaway to our lovely readers. ",
"We will have 2 winners (1 will win Make Your Own Soap and the other winner will win 101 Outrageously Fun Things To do). ",
"Entrants must be 18 or older & US residents to eligible to win. ",
"Entries will be accepted until June 30th, 2017.",
"\n\nKlutz Books\n\n\n\n*Disclaimer: This giveaway is sponsored by Klutz Books. ",
"If for some reason the sponsor fails to send the prize or is unable to Parenting In Progress is not responsible for supplying the prize or the value of the prize to the winner.",
"\n\nShop More Klutz Books:\n\nVisit the Klutz Books Website\n\nFollow them at:\n\nFacebook | Twitter | Instagram\n\nDisclosure: Parenting In Progress receives products in order to conduct reviews. ",
"No monetary compensation was provided unless noted otherwise. ",
"All opinions are 100% my own. ",
"Some posts may contain affiliate links that I receive commission or payment from in exchange for referrals. ",
"In the event of a giveaway, the sponsor is responsible for delivery of the prize, unless otherwise noted in the posting. ",
"I only recommend products or services I personally use and believe will be a good fit for my readers. ",
"I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 225: “Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising”\n\nSave\n\nSave"
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"Are you placing tickets for all my table at the door? ",
" Allison McHenry has \nnot received her ticket yet and was inquiring? ",
" \n\nThanks!!",
"\n\nDebra Perlingiere\nEnron North America Corp.\nLegal Department\n1400 Smith Street, EB 3885\nHouston, Texas 77002\[email protected]\nPhone 713-853-7658\nFax 713-646-3490"
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"It’s more than what happens in the classroom that adds up to a student receiving a great education. ",
"Fun and diverse learning opportunities ensure that youth and young adults will develop their own creative pursuits, expand their education, and prepare for career success. ",
"Our Blueprint platform was designed to be an easy-to-use mobile tool that connects ALL young people to a wide array of learning opportunities. ",
"It was built with the generous support and partnership of community leaders and organizations who want to help youth succeed."
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"Here's the latest \"narrative\": two migrant teens, around the age of 16 or 17, were murdered, apparently by robbers, while wandering around with a third teen in Tijuana.",
"\n\nThe press is using anything it can as a pretext for pressing President Trump to end his firm stance on rule of law at the U.S. border and allow thousands of caravan migrants from Honduras and elsewhere into the U.S.\n\nThe press has called them \"unaccompanied children\" who were \"'teens\" staying at the \"child shelter.\" ",
"Journalists write about this as yet another element of the arduous dangers and terrors of \"children\" crossing over to the U.S. illegally, to specifically criticize the U.S. for asking them to wait at the border as their asylum claims are evaluated. ",
"The Guardian is just one example of such pious narrative-making:\n\nTheir deaths highlight not only the treacherous pilgrimage thousands of children and teenagers from El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala make to the US each year but also the dangers they continue to face even after reaching the border. ",
"Minors often find themselves trapped in cities such as Tijuana as a result of bureaucratic hurdles being erected by US authorities.",
"\n\nThere's just one problem with these tears and flapdoodle: the Mexican press tells a different story. ",
"Here's what La Jornada, a big Tijuana paper, via Google Translate, reports really went down:\n\nTijuana, BC. ",
"Two teenagers, aged 16 and 17 – of Honduran origin, members of the Migrant Caravan died strangled in the northern part of this city, after being hooked by a young woman who offered them sex. ",
"Although they did not carry identification, the bodies were recognized by a third young man who went with them, and who, although injured, they left the barracks where the double homicide occurred because he promised to \"go for money and work with them.\" ",
"The deputy attorney general in Tijuana, Jorge Álvarez, reported that the murder took place in a place they have identified as a riding stables and because of what the surviving victim recounts, those who committed the homicide were \"in a state of drug addiction\".",
"\n\nThey were out there alone, with money or \"a check,\" looking to solicit hookers, and got slaughtered by robbers, who, the Tijuana cops say, were on drugs. ",
"Drug addicts committing crimes against normals? ",
"Yes, it happens. ",
"It's a particularly nasty kind of street crime. ",
"And it's not unique to Tijuana. ",
"It could just as easily happen in San Diego or San Pedro Sula, where the teens hailed from. ",
"Anyone engaging in dangerous behavior, such as soliciting street hookers, is quite likely to be a victim. ",
"The cops also said the robbers didn't know that their victims were caravan migrants. ",
"Being thugs, their aim was money.",
"\n\nAnd not a word about the hooker part from the Guardian or any of the mainstream press.",
"\n\nThe real issues are why these caravan migrants had money to entice robbers, since caravan migrants are so indigent, according to the press and its activists, and more important, why the \"child\" shelter let them out unaccompanied to solicit hookers. ",
"Perhaps the teens lied about their intentions, but any experienced shelter whose job is to protect kids would have known that teens are quite capable of that and escorted them to cash their checks or whatever it was they said they would want to do to ensure they didn't make it a night on the town. ",
"What's more, the shelter people had to have known that Tijuana can be a dangerous city, given that it's very big (bigger than San Diego, actually), and big cities can be dangerous places. ",
"I know that Tijuaneros know that, because I have visited Tijuana many times, and any time it was an official event, Tijuana officials have insisted that I, as a single female, walk around escorted. ",
"The Tijuana people just don't want trouble. ",
"Seems the child shelter, which was run by a leftist NGO called \"Coalicion Pro Defensa del Migrante,\" didn't necessarily have the same standards, although to be fair, we don't know yet what the circumstances were. ",
"What we do know is that caravan migrants have more money than the press is reporting, and some of these vaunted and supposedly vulnerable teens are using it to solicit hookers, which can't be making them popular in Tijuana, given the blight such activity supports.",
"\n\nYes, it's a shame the migrants were killed. ",
"Nobody should be killed by drug-addicted thugs while soliciting prostitutes.",
"\n\nBut it's the sort of thing that could happen anywhere, and it's the result children being allowed out with no supervision or parental involvement, and quite possibly being raised with no values. ",
"There also could be gang ties, given that the teens would even think of looking for hookers as an ordinary activity. ",
"Do you know any teens who would do that?",
"\n\nThe only question it raises for the U.S. is one of vetting. ",
"Should the U.S. really be importing these kinds of people (prostitution and soliciting hookers remains illegal in most of the U.S.) over others who can be productive and law-abiding? ",
"The whole situation is a crime situation, not a migration situation. ",
"They were killed not because they were migrants, but because they had money. ",
"It's not an argument to allow every caravan migrant in and open wide the U.S. borders. ",
"Nice try, mainstream media, but we can read the Mexican press.",
"\n\nImage credit: Tucker Carlson, Fox News via YouTube screen grab."
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"[Retrospective study of tumor growth and progression in gastric leiomyosarcoma; a care report].",
"\nPresented is the case of a 58-year-old female who had been found to have a submucosal tumor of the stomach during a group medical examination 7 years earlier. ",
"Since that time, the proliferative course of the tumor has been regularly observed and the diagnosis of a gastric smooth muscle sarcoma was finally determined after an endoscopic examination performed this year. ",
"On the basis of X-ray photographs taken periodically, the mass gradually proliferated from 1.3 to 3.5 cm in diameter during the observation period of 2392 days. ",
"According to the doubling time (DT) calculation of Horai et al, the DT was 0.69. ",
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"Protecting Oregon's Natural Resources from Invasive Species\n\nOregon Invasive Species Council\n\nOur mission is to protect Oregon's natural resources and economy by planning and leading a coordinated and comprehensive campaign to prevent the introduction of invasive species and eradicate, contain or manage existing invasive species in Oregon."
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"Security vs Promotion\n\nThese used to be mutually exclusive concepts. ",
"Either products could be secured or products could be promoted - but not both. ",
"As recently as a few years ago, batteries and razor cartridges were sold from behind the counter. ",
"It's hardly promoting a product when you go to the shelf to pick it up but all you find is a note saying 'available from the service counter' (with the underlying additional message: 'and we don't trust you either'). ",
"In many mobile phone stores even today, only dummy products are displayed (and some retailers still navel gaze about why Apple does so well...)\nThe good news is that it doesn't have to be this way: retailers can promote and secure. ",
"Innovation in the area of security means that marketing-at-retail actually ties in with security, rather than being in conflict. ",
"A perfect example is Mills' new Shopguard range of security products. ",
"Yes, the products are secured, but this isn't what stands out to the customer. ",
"What stands out are well displayed actual products, powered and ready for play, and linked to interactive product and promotional info via touch screens.",
"\n\nMills Display is uniquely placed in Australia to be the first choice for visual communication and production presentation for the retail environment. ",
"Why? ",
"Because no one else can offer the combination of core services:\n1. ",
"The most comprehensive range of popular shelf-ready visual merchandising products in Australia\n2. ",
"International sourcing experience and some of the most valuable supply relationships with specialised Asian manufacturers of retail displays\n3. ",
"In-house manufacture for prototyping, customisation and short-lead time rollouts of signage, plastic display stands and injection molded product presentation displays\n4. ",
"A national experienced salesforce with a complete commitment to getting results for our customers, no matter what!",
"\n\nWe specialise in providing truck safety signage. ",
"Some of our categories include"
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"Q:\n\nstretch border to existing space\n\nI have this:\n<Border Background=\"Gray\">\n <TextBlock x:Name=\"Text\" \n Text=\"{Binding Name}\" \n Margin=\"0, 5\" \n FontSize=\"16\"/>\n</Border>\n\nIt looks like this: (There are three of those)\n\nI want it to look like this:\n\n(Border stretching to end of the space + some control over the height of the border.)",
"\np.s. ",
"I do not have to use borders, anything that will achieve the same effect will do.",
"\nupdate: This is part of a DataTemplate for a ListBoxItem. ",
"It's defined in a style like this:\n<Setter Property=\"ContentTemplate\">\n <Setter.",
"Value>\n <DataTemplate>\n <Border>\n <TextBlock x:Name=\"Text\"\n Text=\"{Binding Name}\" \n Margin=\"0, 5\" \n FontSize=\"16\"/>\n </Border>\n </DataTemplate>\n </Setter.",
"Value>\n</Setter>\n\nI tried to set the HorizontalAlignment to \"Stretch\" and it didn't work. ",
"Any ideas?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAt last I found this as the easiest solution to accomplish exactly what I wanted:\n\nI create a grid (with one column and one row)\nI create a Rectangle inside (which automatically stretches to the grid space)\nI create a textBox (which automatically renders on top of the Rectangle)\n\nHere's how it looks like:\n<Grid>\n <Rectangle x:Name=\"fillColor\" Fill=\"...\"/>\n <TextBox ... />\n</Grid>\n\n"
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"Saturday, November 24, 2012\n\nIn the last post I told you about using Lonesome Whistle Farm's polenta in skillet cornbread. ",
"The other dish I made right away with this rainbow of coarse cornmeal is one inspired by a baked polenta and gorgonzola recipe from The Greens Cookbook by Deborah Madison. ",
"To contrast the sharp notes of the cheese, I used some earthy mushrooms, both fresh creminis and an assortment of dried ones. ",
"And to make the most of the flavors, I used the soaking liquid from the dried mushrooms as the broth for the polenta.",
"\n\nAdmittedly, this dish is a bit involved. ",
"First you prepare a tomato sauce, saute your mushrooms, and stir your polenta into a thick mush. ",
"Then you need to let the polenta solidify before sliced it, layering it with the mushrooms, sauce, and cheese, and baking it into a pan of bubbling, pungent gooeyness. ",
"But each of the steps itself is easy and relaxing; nothing like the time sensitive last stages of getting warm turkey, stuffing, mashed potatoes and gravy on the table for a hungry horde. ",
"So make this dish on a leisurely weekend day when you're ready for a break from turkey leftovers.",
"\n\nBaked Polenta with Mushrooms and Gorgonzolaserves 4 to 6\n\n1 cup polenta3 1/2 cups boiling water2 ounces dried mushrooms such as porcini6 ounces fresh cremini mushrooms2 Tbsp olive oil for sauteing the mushrooms and more for oiling the pans~2 cups simple tomato sauce4 ounces gorgonzola cheesefresh parsley leaves1. ",
"Soak the dried mushrooms in 3 1/2 cups of boiling water. ",
"After ten minutes, strain the mushroom broth through a fine mesh strainer into a medium pot (you will have about 3 cups), and reserve the rehydrated mushrooms. ",
"Heat the mushroom broth with a generous pinch of salt until it is boiling. ",
"Slowly pour the polenta grain into the pot in a narrow stream as you whisk. ",
"Adjust the heat to medium and stir the polenta with a wooden spoon for about 15 minutes, until it forms a thick, creamy mush that pulls away from the sides of the pan. ",
"Brush the inside of a loaf pan with olive oil and pour in the polenta. ",
"Let the polenta cool and harden (you can do this a day ahead). ",
"2. ",
"Prepare a simple tomato sauce with a 32 ounce can of tomatoes or a quart of fresh peeled romas.3. ",
"Brush the cremini mushrooms clean and cut them into slices. ",
"Heat 2 Tbsp olive oil in a skillet and saute the mushrooms with a generous pinch of salt and grinding of black pepper until their juices are released and then evaporated. ",
"Chop the rehydrated mushrooms.4. ",
"Preheat the oven to 400 degrees. ",
"Cover the bottom of a 9 x 12 inch baking dish with about one cup of tomato sauce. ",
"Sprinkle over the chopped rehydrated mushrooms. ",
"Unmold the hardened polenta and cut it into 1/2 inch slices. ",
"Arrange strips of polenta along the bottom of the baking dish. ",
"Drizzle the remaining tomato sauce over the polenta (you can leave some parts uncovered). ",
"Then sprinkle the cooked cremini mushrooms over and finally crumble the gorgonzola cheese on top. ",
"5. ",
"Bake the polenta for about 30 minutes until the sauce is bubbling and the gorgonzola has melted. ",
"Sprinkle with fresh chopped parsley and serve warm.",
"\n\nTuesday, November 20, 2012\n\nIn the bounty of a Thanksgiving feast, cornbread is always a welcome addition. ",
"Here I adapted my favorite skillet cornbread, from Cook's Illustrated, to a combination of Lonesome Whistle Farm's gorgeous multicolored polenta and freshly ground corn flour. ",
"The polenta gives it texture and crunch, while the corn flour keeps it light, and both provide an intense corn flavor.",
"\n\nAs your cast iron skillet warms in the oven, mix up a polenta mush and whisk it into a buttermilk slurry. ",
"Then melt the butter (or bacon lard) in the skillet, quickly incorporate the dry ingredients into the batter, stir in the melted fat, and pour the batter back into the hot skillet. ",
"The batter will sizzle as it hits the cast iron, releasing the fragrant smell of toasted corn.",
"\n\nThis recipe calls for an 8 inch cast iron skillet, which I don't own. ",
"I found that doubling the recipe works well for my 10 inch pan (with an extra 5 minutes for baking). ",
"About half the recipe will fill my cast iron corn mold, and the other half makes a cute 6 inch skillet bread. ",
"In any shape or size, this cornbread is delicious with a slab of cheddar cheese or slathered with homemade jam, like my husband's quince, hardy kiwi, and raspberry concoction here. ",
"A bite of this bread will make you thankful for the bounty of our fertile valley.",
"\n\n1/3 cup polenta1/3 cup boiling water3/4 cup buttermilk1 egg2 Tbsp butter (or 4 Tbsp bacon lard)1. ",
"Preheat the oven to 450 degrees. ",
"Place an 8 inch cast iron skillet (or two cast iron corn muffin molds on baking sheets) in the oven.2. ",
"Mix together the dry ingredients of corn flour, sugar, salt, baking powder and baking soda.3. ",
"In a large glass or ceramic bowl, our the boiling water over the polenta and whisk to make a stiff mush. ",
"Slowly whisk in the buttermilk, making sure there are no lumps, and then whisk in the egg.4. ",
"When the oven is hot, take the skillet out of the oven and place it over medium low heat on the stove. ",
"Melt the butter or bacon lard. ",
"If using muffin molds, take them from the oven and brush them generously with melted fat. ",
"Working quickly, stir the dry ingredients into the polenta mixture just until they are incorporated. ",
"Then pour the melted butter into the batter, stir quickly, pour the batter into the skillet or molds, and put them back in the oven.5. ",
"Bake until the corn bread is golden brown and a skewer comes out clean, about 20 minutes for a skillet bread and 15 minute for muffins. ",
"Turn the bread or muffins onto a wire rack, cool for five minutes, and serve warm.",
"\n\nSaturday, November 17, 2012\n\nIn our last share from our Open Oak Farm summer CSA, we received an Oregon Homestead Sweet Meat winter squash that was about the size of my son when he was born. ",
"It felt like a big responsibility to process it. ",
"I roasted and froze some for my favorite Thanksgiving pumpkin praline pie, a second aliquot went into a spicy bean and pumpkin soup with stock made from the pulp, and the final third I used in a rendition of my favorite Thai dish: pumpkin curry. ",
"I was lucky enough to have some especially fresh and fragrant ginger and lemon grass that I picked up at last week's Saturday Market, which I blended into an approximation of a red curry paste.",
"\n\nA heaping tablespoon of this wonderfully fragrant, if not terribly red paste, combined with coconut milk and the cubed squash, cooked up a delicious pot of rich, thick curry. ",
"Because I had fuyu persimmon salad on my mind, we had an extra orange meal with sliced persimmons on salad greens with lime juice dressing and peanuts. ",
"And now I have a good half cup of curry paste remaining. ",
"When I'm all cooked out after Thanksgiving, and we've had our fill of cranberry turkey sandwiches, I plan to whip up another pot of Thai winter squash curry as a perfect vehicle for leftover turkey.",
"\n\n1 lb boneless skinless chicken breast, cut into bite sized pieces1 14 ounce can coconut milk1 to 2 Tbsp red curry paste (recipe below)1 red or yellow sweet pepper, seeded and cut into thin strips1 small onion, finely chopped1 Tbsp lime juice1 Tbsp fish sauce1 scant tsp sugarthai basil leaves or cilantro leaves1. ",
"Heat a large Dutch oven or cooking pot over medium heat. ",
"Open the coconut milk can and scoop out the thick coconut cream. ",
"Melt this in the pot until it sizzles and then add the curry paste. ",
"Cook for a couple of minutes, stirring, until it is very fragrant. ",
"2. ",
"Add the chicken pieces and cook for a couple of minutes, stirring to coat in the curry paste. ",
"If using cooked turkey pieces, omit this step and add the turkey once the squash is cooked.3. ",
"Mix together the remaining coconut milk, lime juice, fish sauce, and sugar. ",
"Add this to the pot, along with the cubed squash, peppers, and onions. ",
"Bring the stew to a simmer, turn the heat to medium low, cover, and cook until the squash is tender, about 30 or 40 minutes. ",
"Uncover, taste and adjust seasonings, (add cooked turkey at this point, if using) and simmer for another 10 minutes or so until the sauce is desired consistency. ",
"Turn off the heat and stir in the basil or cilantro leaves. ",
"Serve with steamed rice.",
"\n\nRed Curry Paste\n\n1 Tbsp coriander seeds6 small dried chile peppers (such as de arbol)1 tsp black pepper corns2 tsp coarse sea salt1 shallot2 large cloves garlic2 Tbsp cilantro stems1 lemon grass, coarse outer leaves removed2 inches ginger root1. ",
"Toast the coriander seeds for a minute in a dry skillet until fragrant. ",
"Then toast the chile peppers until the puff up, but do not burn. ",
"Remove the seeds from the peppers. ",
"Using a mortar and pestle or electric spice grinder, grind the coriander seeds, chile peppers, pepper corns, and coarse salt into a powder.2. ",
"If you want a good work out, you can process the rest of the ingredients in a large mortar and pestle, or combine them all in food processor and process together into a smooth paste. ",
"Store in a glass jar in the refrigerator or freeze single portions in an ice cube tray. ",
"This makes enough for multiple pots of curry.",
"\n\nThursday, November 8, 2012\n\nWith the end of daylight savings time, the early darkness creates a new sense of urgency about getting dinner on the table in the evening. ",
"This lentil dish from Neelam Batra's 1,000 Indian Recipes cooks up in a matter of minutes after you enter the house, as long as you remembered to rinse and soak a cup of red lentils in the morning. ",
"I usedCamas Country Mill's red chief lentils, and was delighted to find that the soaking nicely brought these orange beauties out of their brown outer skins. ",
"You can stock up on local lentils at the Fill Your Pantry event November 18 from noon to 4 PM at Sprout (pre-order here). ",
"This recipe uses an unusual cooking technique in which the liquid from the softened soaked lentils is evaporated quickly over high heat with a minimum of stirring, creating a fluffy pilaf rather than a creamy soup. ",
"Here's the game plan: first thing when you get home, start a pot of rice cooking. ",
"Then mince some ginger and start toasting the spices for the lentils. ",
"Once you get the lentils cooking down in their water, warm some flatbread, cut up some crunchy carrots and peppers, put out some condiments like chutney, yogurt, and Indian pickles, and then sit down to enjoy a satisfying vegetarian meal.",
"\n\n1 cup red lentils, rinsed well (such as Camas Country Mill's red chief lentils)1 1/2 cup water1/4 cup cooked and minced beets (optional, used to give the lentils a red hue)2 Tbsp vegetable oil3 to 5 dried red chile peppers, such as chile de arbol1 1/2 tsp cumin seeds1 Tbsp peeled minced ginger2 tsp ground coriander1/2 tsp ground cumin1/2 tsp garam masala1/2 tsp salt, or to taste1/4 cup freshly chopped cilantro1 Tbsp fresh lime or lemon juice4 scallions, finely sliced1. ",
"Combine the lentils, water, and beets (if using) in a bowl and allow to soak 2 hours or longer.2. ",
"Heat the oil in a large skillet over medium high heat.",
"Cook the chile pepper until they puff up, about 1 minute. ",
"Add the cumins and let them sizzle for a few seconds. ",
"Add the ginger and stir for about a minute. ",
"Add the coriander, ground cumin, and garam masala and cook for a few seconds until fragrant.3. ",
"Add the lentils with their soaking water and the salt and cook over high heat until the water has evaporated and the lentils are tender, about five minutes (taste and add a little more water if you need to). ",
"Stir a few times with a fork just to fluff, but take care not to break the lentils.4. ",
"With a fork, gently mix in the citrus juice and chopped cilantro, transfer to a serving bowl, sprinkle with the chopped scallions, and serve.",
"\n\nSaturday, November 3, 2012\n\nIf you are tired of the cloyingly sweet Halloween candy kicking around your house, a good antidote is some fresh baked treats, such as these strawberry pinwheels from Liana Krissoff's Canning for a New Generation. ",
"The dough is flavored with ground cardamom and just a hint of sugar and is the perfect vessel for homemade strawberry preserves or some of Sweetwater Farm's strawberry spread, if you are lucky enough to have any left from the summer.",
"\n\nThe assembly of these pinwheels may look a bit fussy, but it's actually quite simple and forgiving and a fun activity for kids who need some distractions now that the excitement of Halloween preparations is over. ",
"I let some rye flour slip into the dough (because it had proved so tasty in these cookies) and rather than chopped nuts as a topping I used this streusel, which meant these cookies could be packed for a snack at my daughter's nut-free school. ",
"These treats will fill your house with the delicious smell of baked yeast dough, and when everyone is sated, you can surreptitiously tossed out the rest of the Halloween candy.",
"\n\n1. ",
"In a medium bowl, beat together the eggs, yeast, and 3/4 cup warm water until smooth.",
"\n\n2. ",
"In a large bowl, sift the flours. ",
"Stir in the salt, sugar, and cardamom. ",
"Then cut in the butter until the pieces of butter are about the size of peas. ",
"Now make a well in the center and pour in the egg mixture. ",
"Gradually incorporate the dry into the wet ingredients. ",
"You could also form this dough in a food processor.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Turn the dough out onto a floured surface and knead until smooth and soft but not sticky. ",
"Clean the bowl, return the dough, and let it rise in a warm spot until doubled in volume, about 1 1/2 hours.",
"\n\n4. ",
"To make the streusel, combine the dry ingredients in a food processor and pulse to mix. ",
"Then add the vanilla and butter and pulse until it is a coarse crumb. ",
"Reserve.5. ",
"Preheat the oven to 425 degrees. ",
"Line two baking sheets with parchment paper. ",
"6. ",
"Divide the dough into quarters. ",
"Roll one out into and approximately 9 inch long and 6 inch wide rectangle and cut it into half lengthwise and thirds widthwise to produce six 3 x 3 inch squares. ",
"Take one square and cut a slit from each corner diagonal toward the center, stopping about 1/2 inch before the center. ",
"Spread a bit of softened butter in the center of each square and spoon 1 scant tsp jam on top of the butter. ",
"Bring every other point (four total) to the center of the pastry and pinch them together tightly over the jam. ",
"Transfer to a parchment paper-covered baking sheet and sprinkle with streusel. ",
"Repeat with the remaining dough. ",
"7. ",
"Bake for 8 to 10 minutes, until nicely browned. ",
"Let cool on wire racks. ",
"Enjoy.",
"\n\nThe Fairmount Neighborhood Farmers Market, Eugene, OR\n\nThe eighth season of the Fairmount Neighborhood Farmers Market was held from June 4th, 2017 through October on Sundays from10 AM to 2 PMon the Sun Automotive lot on the corner of Agate St. and 19th Ave. ",
"For more information about the market, contact Jonah and Amber of Camas Swale Farm at [email protected].",
"\n\nAbout this blog\n\nThis blog offers cooking ideas and recipes for produce and other foods purchased from vendors at the Fairmount Neighborhood Farmers Market and other local farmers."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"I am a self-prescribed boring person who loves to talk and dance.",
"If I was a man, I imagine I would take a liking to the Pipe. ",
"Mainly because I would rather seat and have \"discussions\"on politics, History, and Football, rather than be out on the dance floor or buckling on who is most righteous.",
"\nI am a contradiction at best.",
"\nSo welcome to my thoughts on Politics and Society, and media's role in that\n\nThursday, May 07, 2009\n\nIn a recent article in the Huffington Post about the Somalian Pirates, John Prendergast points out that what seemed like an innocent attack was really a vicious circle of policies taken by the West, especially the US, in Somalia, that has led to extreme actions by these pirates.",
"This off course led me to explore the meaning of being a dreamer who has a dream, or a dreamer aka dreaminger, who lives in a dream. ",
"As you would imagine, these two are much different, and in the end result in two different outcomes.",
"So now, lets face the poverty and Injustice of the world with this mindset at hand.",
"The poor will always be among us....I didn't say it. ",
"If you don't believe me, read your Bibles.so then what should we do? ",
"Seat still and let the poor become poorer?....but then there is a mandate to take care of the \"least of these\" which moves to become a more complicated issue that we would like it to be.",
"\n\nBut there is hope. ",
"the hope of living for a better day, but not being disillusioned that the poor will have their better days.",
"But there is a difference between being poor and being impoverished, or living in absolute poverty. ",
"Therefore, we can and we have the ability to eliminate poverty, but we live as dreamingers that we end up botching up those dreams we live in.for example, you will find that a lot of people in the west, for eg the US will go to Africa and start this great project....now, with all the instant gratification, they expect to have the results instantly. ",
"Unfortunately, Africa and some other parts of the world are really on CPT ( Colored People's Time) therefore, the change will take time. ",
"This is where the botched projects come in. ",
"After two months of preparing for the project, and then an expected two to three months of expected results, these people who had gone down to help with 'good\" intentions end up frustrated,, dillusioned and back to the States...leaving behind a mess, that is cleaned up by the people that this project was intended to help.yea, that is a lot of wording....but lets walk down a street or for familiarity's sake. ",
"a village in Africa. ",
"You will find buildings that are not in use, or if they are, they have become houses for two to three families, and more or less, goats. ",
"This is good, depending on how you look at it. ",
"For one, these buildings were once orphanages, schools and testing centers. ",
"But after the money ran out, or the project did not \"seem\" to work, these buildings were abandoned.",
"There is something seemingly wrong with this picture....."
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"Prediction of therapeutic strategy and outcome for antenatally diagnosed pulmonary atresia/stenosis with intact ventricular septum.",
"\nThe therapeutic strategy for pulmonary atresia (PA) and severe pulmonary stenosis (PS) with intact ventricular septum is controversial. ",
"Recent improvements in prenatal detection necessitate the identification of predictors of outcome for appropriate counseling and prenatal management planning. ",
"Echocardiograms of 18 fetuses antenatally diagnosed with PA (n=14) and PS (n=4) were reviewed and the total cardiac dimension (TCD) and tricuspid valve diameter (TVD) were measured. ",
"The right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) was calculated from the right ventriculogram of the neonatal period by the percentage of the predicted normal value (%RVEDV). ",
"There was a positive correlation between TVD/TCD and %RVEDV (p<0.001). ",
"As the initial treatment, balloon atrioseptostomy was performed in 13 cases of TVD/TCD<0.26. ",
"As the final treatment, patients with TVD/TCD<0.17 underwent or were planned for the Fontan procedure. ",
"Patients with TVD/TCD>0.21 underwent or were planned for biventricular repair. ",
"Patients whose TVD/TCD was between 0.17 and 0.21 underwent or were planned for 1.5 ventricular repairs. ",
"TVD/TCD is a useful index for selecting the postnatal initial treatment for PA/PS and to predict the final status of the fetus. ",
"Prenatal detection and prediction of the future status is helpful for family counseling. ",
"Furthermore, it will help to decide the postnatal management prenatally."
] | {
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[
"using System.",
"Collections.",
"Generic;\nusing AlephNote.",
"PluginInterface;\nusing System.",
"Linq;\nusing System.",
"Text.",
"RegularExpressions;\n\nnamespace AlephNote.",
"Common.",
"Util.",
"Search\n{\n\tpublic abstract class SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tpublic abstract bool IsMatch(INote n);\n\t\tpublic abstract IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags();\n\t\tpublic abstract bool IsMatchingNoTag();\n\t}\n\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_Regex : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tprivate readonly Regex _regex;\n\n\t\tpublic SearchExpression_Regex(Regex r)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t_regex = r;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (_regex.",
"IsMatch(n.",
"Title)) return true;\n\t\t\tif (_regex.",
"IsMatch(n.",
"Text)) return true;\n\t\t\tif (n.Tags.",
"Any(t => _regex.",
"IsMatch(t))) return true;\n\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => Enumerable.",
"Empty<string>();\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => false;\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_Text : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tprivate readonly string _needle;\n\t\tprivate readonly bool _nocase;\n\t\tprivate readonly bool _exact;\n\n\t\tpublic SearchExpression_Text(string txt, bool ignorecase, bool exact)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t_needle = txt;\n\t\t\t_nocase = ignorecase;\n\t\t\t_exact = exact;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (_nocase)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tif (_exact)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Title.",
"ToLower() == _needle.",
"ToLower()) return true;\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Text.",
"ToLower() == _needle.",
"ToLower()) return true;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Title.",
"ToLower().Contains(_needle.",
"ToLower())) return true;\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Text.",
"ToLower().Contains(_needle.",
"ToLower())) return true;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tif (n.HasTagCaseInsensitive(_needle)) return true;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tif (_exact)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Title == _needle) return true;\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Text == _needle) return true;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Title.",
"Contains(_needle)) return true;\n\t\t\t\t\tif (n.Text.",
"Contains(_needle)) return true;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tif (n.HasTagCaseSensitive(_needle)) return true;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => Enumerable.",
"Repeat(_needle, 1);\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => false;\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_Tag : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tprivate readonly string _tag;\n\t\tprivate readonly bool _nocase;\n\n\t\tpublic SearchExpression_Tag(string tag, bool ignorecase)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t_tag = tag;\n\t\t\t_nocase = ignorecase;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (_nocase && n.HasTagCaseInsensitive(_tag)) return true;\n\t\t\tif (!_",
"nocase && n.HasTagCaseSensitive(_tag)) return true;\n\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => Enumerable.",
"Repeat(_tag, 1);\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => false;\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_NoTag : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tpublic SearchExpression_NoTag()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t//\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\treturn n.Tags.",
"Count == 0;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => Enumerable.",
"Empty<string>();\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => true;\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_All : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n) => true;\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => Enumerable.",
"Empty<string>();\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => false;\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_None : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n) => false;\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => Enumerable.",
"Empty<string>();\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => false;\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_AND : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tprivate readonly SearchExpression[] _expressions;\n\n\t\tpublic SearchExpression_AND(params SearchExpression[] se)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t_expressions = se;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n) => _expressions.",
"All(e => e.IsMatch(n));\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => _expressions.",
"SelectMany(e => e.GetPossibleMatchedTags());\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => _expressions.",
"Any(e => e.IsMatchingNoTag());\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_OR : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tprivate readonly SearchExpression[] _expressions;\n\n\t\tpublic SearchExpression_OR(params SearchExpression[] se)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t_expressions = se;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n) => _expressions.",
"Any(e => e.IsMatch(n));\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => _expressions.",
"SelectMany(e => e.GetPossibleMatchedTags());\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => _expressions.",
"Any(e => e.IsMatchingNoTag());\n\t}\n\t\n\tpublic class SearchExpression_NOT : SearchExpression\n\t{\n\t\tprivate readonly SearchExpression _expression;\n\n\t\tpublic SearchExpression_NOT(SearchExpression se)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t_expression = se;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatch(INote n) => !_",
"expression.",
"IsMatch(n);\n\t\t\n\t\tpublic override IEnumerable<string> GetPossibleMatchedTags() => _expression.",
"GetPossibleMatchedTags();\n\t\tpublic override bool IsMatchingNoTag() => _expression.",
"IsMatchingNoTag();\n\t}\n}\n"
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"I can do data entry and transcribing of audio files to word/excel for P199\n\nI can do typing or any data entry and can transcribe audio files. ",
"I can assure that the job gets done as quick as possible with very minimal or no errors at all. ",
"You get to save time and will surely help your business grow.",
"\n\nI need your trust, communication and fast response if anything comes up. ",
"Specific detail is very much appreciated."
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[
"The lessons of Chernobyl\n\nThe terrible sequence of events in Japan — massive earthquake, and then a tsunami — make the nuclear crisis different from Chernobyl in 1986. ",
"The Chernobyl accident was not a consequence of a natural disaster, but happened at the hands of people. ",
"The design of the reactor was such that it lacked a protective containment; ...\n\nThe terrible sequence of events in Japan — massive earthquake, and then a tsunami — make the nuclear crisis different from Chernobyl in 1986. ",
"The Chernobyl accident was not a consequence of a natural disaster, but happened at the hands of people. ",
"The design of the reactor was such that it lacked a protective containment; once it exploded, radioactive debris was ejected into the air. ",
"So far, at least, the Japan nuclear crisis does not appear to have reached this level of danger.",
"\n\nStill, Chernobyl is worth pondering for another reason. ",
"The accident demonstrated the importance of full transparency at moments like this. ",
"Chernobyl was a ramrod against the Soviet Union’s whole system of obfuscation and secrecy. ",
"It reinforced the value of glasnost or openness in the mind of the Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev.",
"\n\nWhen we try to understand the events in Japan, both now and in the months ahead, we ought to ask: have we learned the lessons of Chernobyl?",
"\n\nChernobyl blew up at 1:23 a.m. on April 26, 1986. ",
"In my book The Dead Hand, I recount the events that led to the catastrophe, and its aftermath. ",
"The blast blew a hole straight up through the roof of Reactor No. ",
"4, and the explosions were followed by fire. ",
"Some debris fell down near the site, but radioactive elements were carried by the winds across Europe. ",
"The initial contamination was one nightmare, then came another: the graphite core was on fire and burned for ten days, spewing more dangerous materials into the air.",
"\n\nHours after the disaster, with the graphite core burning, an “urgent report” arrived at the Central Committee in Moscow from Deputy Energy Minister Alexei Makukhin, who had once been minister of energy in the Ukraine when Chernobyl was first being built. ",
"The report said that at 1:21 A.M. on April 26 an explosion occurred in the upper part of the reactor, causing fire damage and destroying part of the roof. “",
"At 3:30, the fire was extinguished.” ",
"Personnel at the plant were taking “measures to cool the active zone of the reactor.” ",
"No evacuation of the population was necessary, the report said. ",
"Almost everything in Makukhin’s report was wrong. ",
"The reactor was still burning and was not being cooled, and the population should have been evacuated immediately. ",
"What the report did not say was even worse: at the scene, radiation detectors failed, firefighters and others were sent in without adequate protection and officials were debating—but not deciding—about evacuation.",
"\n\nGorbachev’s initial reaction was slow. ",
"He has said he did not have any idea of the scope of what had happened.",
"\n\nBut the reason for the lack of information was the Soviet system itself, which reflexively buried the truth. ",
"At each level of authority, lies were passed up and down the chain; the population was left in the dark; and scapegoats were found. ",
"Gorbachev was at the top of this decrepit system; his biggest failure was that he did not break through the pattern of coverup right away. ",
"He reacted slowly, a moment of paralysis for this man of action. ",
"He seemed unable to get the truth when he needed it from the disaster scene or the officials responsible for nuclear power.",
"\n\nThe Swedes had picked up signs of the radiation, and confronted the Soviet Union at midday on April 28. ",
"Up to this point, Moscow had said nothing. ",
"At 9 p.m. that evening, the Soviet news media distributed a Kremlin statement so terse as to relay none of the catastrophic nature of the event:\n\nAn accident has occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, damaging one of the reactors. ",
"Measures are being taken to eliminate the consequences of the accident. ",
"The injured are receiving aid. ",
"A government commission has been set up.",
"\n\nOn the next day, April 29, Gorbachev called another Politburo meeting. ",
"There was more discussion about what to say to the outside world. ",
"The Politburo decided to issue another public statement, which the historian Dmitri Volkogonov described as “terms that might have been used to announce an ordinary fire at a warehouse.”",
"\n\nThe announcement said the accident had destroyed part of the reactor building, the reactor itself, and caused a degree of leakage of radioactive substances. ",
"Two people ad died, the statement said, and “at the present time, the radiation situation at the power station and the vicinity has been stabilized.” ",
"One section was added for socialist countries saying that Soviet experts had noted radiation spreading in the western, northern and southern directions from Chernobyl. “",
"Levels of contamination are somewhat higher than permitted standards, however not to the extent that calls for special measures to protect the population.”",
"\n\nWhile the Chernobyl firefighters and others performed acts of heroism, the bosses of the Soviet state obfuscated. ",
"An evacuation of the nearby town of Pripyat was begun only thirty-six hours after the explosion; the second stage of the evacuation, including a wider zone that eventually displaced 116,000 people, did not begin until May 5. ",
"The Communist Party in Ukraine insisted that May Day parades should carry on as usual in Kiev even though winds were blowing in that direction.",
"\n\nI found in the Kremlin files an amazing report by a journalist, Vladimir Gubarev, who was science editor of Pravda, the party newspaper.",
"\n\nGubarev, who had good contacts in the nuclear establishment, heard of the accident soon after it happened and called Alexander Yakovlev, Gorbachev’s close adviser and champion of new thinking. ",
"But Yakovlev told him to “forget about it, and stop meddling,” Gubarev recalled. ",
"Yakovlev wanted no journalists to witness the scene. ",
"But Gubarev was persistent, and kept calling Yakovlev every day. ",
"Yakovlev finally authorized a group of journalists to go to Chernobyl, including Gubarev, who had a physics degree but also wrote plays and books. ",
"He arrived May 4 and returned May 9. ",
"His private report to Yakovlev depicted chaos and confusion. ",
"One hour after the explosion, the spread of radiation was clear, he said, but no emergency measures had been prepared. “",
"No one knew what to do.” ",
"Soldiers were sent into the danger zone without individual protective gear. ",
"They didn’t have any. ",
"Nor did helicopter pilots. “",
"In a case like this, common sense is required, not false bravery,” he said. “",
"The whole system of civil defense turned outto be entirely paralyzed. ",
"Even functioning dosimeters were not available.” ",
"Gubarev said, “the sluggishness of local authorities is striking. ",
"There were no clothes, shoes, or underwear for victims. ",
"They were waiting for instructions from Moscow.” ",
"In Kiev, the lack of information caused panic. ",
"People heard reports from abroad but didn’t get a single word of reassurance from the leaders of the republic. ",
"The silence created more panic in the following days when it became known that children and families of party bosses were fleeing.",
"\n\nWhen Gubarev returned to Moscow, he gave Yakovlev his written report. ",
"It was passed to Gorbachev.",
"\n\nGorbachev finally spoke about the disaster on May 14, two and a half weeks after it happened, in a nationally televised address. ",
"His speech dodged the reasons for the catastrophe, and advanced the line that people had been alerted “as soon as we received reliable initial information.” ",
"Gorbachev seemed to lose his cool entirely at some of the wild accusations that spread in the West while the Kremlin had bottled up information, such as early reports of mass casualties in the thousands. ",
"He also took umbrage at criticism of his sincerity as a reformer.",
"\n\nIn the weeks after Chernobyl, Gorbachev began to shake off his early inertia. ",
"At the Politburo meeting July 3, his fury boiled over at the nuclear establishment. ",
"He said:\n\nFor 30 years you’ve been telling us that everything was safe. ",
"And you expected us to take it as the word of God. ",
"This is the root of our problems. ",
"Ministries and research centers got out of control, which led to disaster. ",
"And, so far, I do not see any signs that you’ve learned your lesson from this . . . ",
"Everything was kept secret from the Central Committee. ",
"Its apparat didn’t dare to look into this area. ",
"Even decisions about where to build nuclear power stations weren’t made by the leadership. ",
"Or decisions about which reactor to employ. ",
"The system was plagued by servility, bootlicking, window-dressing . . . ",
"persecution of critics, boasting, favoritism, and clannish management. ",
"Chernobyl happened and nobody was ready—neither civil defense, nor medical departments, not even the minimum necessary number of radiation counters. ",
"The fire brigades don’t know what to do! ",
"The next day, people were having weddings not far away from the place. ",
"Children were playing outside. ",
"The warning system is no good! ",
"There was a cloud after the explosion. ",
"Did anyone monitor its movement?",
"\n\nAs I concluded in the book, Gorbachev, in his anger after the disaster, did not turn the spotlight of blame on the Soviet party or the system itself. ",
"Rather, he responded by blaming individuals and finding scapegoats, including the plant operators, who were later put on trial. ",
"Gorbachev wanted to shake off the lethargy of the system, not challenge its legitimacy. ",
"Yet the inescapable truth was that Chernobyl offered a glimpse of how the Soviet Union was rotting from within. ",
"The failures, lassitude and misguided designs that led to the disaster were characteristic of much else. “",
"The great glowing crater at Block 4 had revealed deep cracks in the state,” Volkogonov said. ",
"He described Chernobyl as a “bell tolling for the system.”",
"\n\nGorbachev’s emphasis on glasnost, or openness, grew significantly when he finally came to grips with what happened at Chernobyl. ",
"At the July 3 Politburo meeting, he declared, “Under no conditions will we hide the truth from the public, either in explaining the causes of the accident nor in dealing with practical issues.” ",
"He added, “We cannot be dodging the answers. ",
"Keeping things secret would hurt ourselves. ",
"Being open is a huge gain for us.”",
"\n\nNo matter what happens in Japan, being open about it is a huge gain, still, a quarter century later."
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[
"---\nabstract: 'We investigate photon emission from a moving particle in an expanding universe. ",
"This process is analogous to the radiation from an accelerated charge in the classical electromagnetic theory. ",
"Using the framework of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, we demonstrate that the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation leads to the Larmor formula for the rate of the radiation energy from a moving charge in an expanding universe. ",
"Using exactly solvable models in a radiation-dominated universe and in a Milne universe, we examine the validity of the WKB formula. ",
"It is shown that the quantum effect suppresses the radiation energy in comparison with the WKB formula.'",
"\naddress:\n- 'Graduate School of Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan'\n- ' Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan'\n- 'Graduate School of Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan'\nauthor:\n- Hidenori Nomura\n- Misao Sasaki\n- Kazuhiro Yamamoto\ntitle: Classical and quantum radiation from a moving charge in an expanding universe \n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nOne of the notable feature of quantum fields in curved spacetime is that quantum processes prohibited in the Minkowski spacetime is allowed [@BirrellD; @BirrellDB]. ",
"For example, the emission of a photon from a moving massive charged particle occurs in an expanding universe, though such a process is prohibited by the energy momentum conservation in the Minkowski spacetime due to the Lorentz invariance. ",
"This subject was studied by several authors: Pioneering work was done by Buchbinder and Tsaregorodtsev [@BT] and by Lotze[@Lotze]. ",
"These authors investigated the transition probability of the process by applying QED to a radiation-dominated universe. ",
"Then Futamase et al. ",
"and Hotta et al. ",
"considered the case of a simple background spacetime with a sudden transition of the scale factor [@Futamase; @Hotta]. ",
"These previous works, however, focused on the transition probability of the process. ",
"While, in the present paper, we calculate the radiation energy emitted through the process. ",
"Our point of view is as follows: The motion of a massive charge in an expanding or contracting universe can be regarded as an accelerated motion, because the physical momentum of the particle decreases (increased) as the universe expands (contracts). ",
"Then, the photon emission process can be regarded as the well-known classical radiation process from an accelerated charge [@Jacson]. ",
"The present paper aims to clarify the correspondence between the classical and quantum approaches to photon emission from a moving charge in expanding universe.",
"\n\nThis paper is organized as follows: In section 2, we review the scalar QED model in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. ",
"Then, we show that the classical radiation formula, which corresponds to the Larmor formula for the rate of the radiation energy from an accelerated charge, is derived under the WKB approximation in the framework of quantum field theory. ",
"In section 3, we analyze the scalar QED model without WKB approximation in two different universe models. ",
"We first consider a universe which undergoes a bounce and is radiation-dominated at asymptotic past and future infinity. ",
"The advantage of this model is that the equation of motion of a free complex scalar field is exactly solvable. ",
"Then, the radiation energy through the photon emission process is numerically computed. ",
"The result is compared with the corresponding result based on the WKB formula, and the condition for the validity of the WKB formula is found. ",
"Second, we consider the case of a bounced Milne universe, to verify the robustness of the result. ",
"The last section is devoted to the summary and conclusions. ",
"Throughout this paper, we use the unit light velocity equals $1$. We follow the convention $(-,+,+,+)$.\n\nDerivation of the radiation formula with the WKB approximation \n===============================================================\n\nIn what follows, we focus on the spatially flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime, whose line element is expressed as $$\\begin{aligned}\n ds^2=a(\\eta)^2[-d\\eta^2+d{\\bfx}^2]=a(\\eta)^2\\eta_{\\mu\\nu}dx^\\mu dx^\\nu,\n\\label{lineelement}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\eta$ is the conformal time, and $a(\\eta)$ is the scale factor. ",
"We consider the scalar QED Lagrangian conformally coupled to the curvature, $$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\cal S}&=& \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g}\n \\left[-g^{\\mu\\nu}\\left(\\nabla_{\\mu}-{ieA_\\mu\\over \\hbar }\\right)\n \\Phi^\\dagger\\left(\\nabla_{\\nu}+{ieA_\\nu\\over \\hbar }\\right)\\Phi\\right.",
"\n\\nonumber\n\\\\\n &&~~~~~~~~\\left.-\\left({ m^2\\over \\hbar^2}+\\xi_{\\rm conf} R\\right)\n \\Phi^*\\Phi -{1\\over 4\\mu_0}F^{\\mu\\nu}F_{\\mu\\nu}\\right],\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $F_{\\mu\\nu}=\\nabla_\\mu A_\\nu-\\nabla_\\nu A_\\mu$ is the field strength, and $\\mu_0$ is the magnetic permeability of vacuum. ",
"In this paper, we explicitly include the Planck constant $\\hbar$. Introducing the conformally rescaled field $\\phi$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Phi={\\phi\\over a(\\eta)},\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ we may rewrite the Lagrangian as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\hspace{-1cm} {\\cal S}=\\int d^4x \n \\left[-\\eta^{\\mu\\nu}\\left(\\partial_{\\mu}-{ieA_\\mu\\over \\hbar }\\right)\\phi^\\dagger\n \\left(\\partial_{\\nu}+{ieA_\\nu\\over \\hbar }\\right)\\phi\n -{m^2a(\\eta)^2\\over \\hbar^2}\\phi^* \\phi \n -{1\\over 4\\mu_0}f^{\\mu\\nu} f_{\\mu\\nu}\\right],\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $f_{\\mu\\nu}=\\partial_\\mu A_\\nu-\\partial_\\nu A_\\mu$. Thus the system is mathematically equivalent to the scalar QED in the Minkowski spacetime with the time-variable mass $m\\,a(\\eta)$.\n\n![",
"Feynman Diagram of the photon emission process[]{data-label=\"fig1\"}](f1.eps){width=\"4.5in\"}\n\nWe follow a general prescription for interacting fields, based on the interaction picture approach (see e.g., [@BirrellD; @BirrellDB]). ",
"We focus on the radiation energy emitted through the process described by the Feynman diagram in Fig.",
" 1. ",
"The S-matrix corresponding to the diagram is $$\\begin{aligned}\n S={-i\\over \\hbar}\\int {{ieA^\\mu\\over \\hbar}\\left(\n \\phi\\partial_\\mu\\phi^\\dagger-\\phi^\\dagger\\partial_\\mu\\phi\\right)}d^4x.",
"\n\\label{smatrix}\\end{aligned}$$ Here the field operator in the right-hand side, $A^\\mu$ and $\\phi$ obey the free field equations. ",
"The quantized free fields are expressed as follows. ",
"For the photon field, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n A_\\mu(x)=\\sum_{r=1,2}\\sum_{\\bfk} \\sqrt{\\hbar \\mu_0\\over 2 \\omega(k)} \n \\varepsilon_\\mu^{(r)}\\left\\{\\hat a_\\bfk^{(r)} e^{-i\\omega\\eta}{e^{i\\bfk\\cdot\\bfx}\\over L^{3/2}}+{\\rm Hermite ~Conjugate}\n \\right\\},\n\\label{photonfield}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\omega(k)=k$, $\\varepsilon_\\mu^{(r)}$ is the polarization vector, and $a_\\bfk^{(r)}$ and $a_\\bfk^{(r)}{}^\\dagger$ are the annihilation and creation operators. ",
"They satisfies the commutation relations, $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\left[\\hat a_\\bfk^{(r)},\\hat a_{\\bfk'}^{(r')}{}^\\dagger\\right]\n =\\delta_{r,r'}\\delta_{\\bfk,\\bfk'}, \n\\hspace{1cm}\n\\left[\\hat a_\\bfk^{(r)},\\hat a_{\\bfk'}^{(r')}\\right]\n =\\left[\\hat a_\\bfk^{(r)}{}^\\dagger,\\hat a_{\\bfk'}^{(r')}{}^\\dagger\\right]=0.",
"\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The vacuum state of the photon field is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat a_\\bfk^{(r)}|0\\big>^{(1)}=0, ~\\hspace{0.5cm}\\mbox{for any}~\\bfk,~r.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe complex scalar field is quantized as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\phi(x)=\\sqrt{\\hbar}\\sum_{\\bfq} \n \\left\\{\\hat b_\\bfq \\varphi_\\bfq(\\eta) {e^{i\\bfq\\cdot\\bfx}\\over L^{3/2}}\n +\\hat c_\\bfq^\\dagger \\varphi_\\bfq^*(\\eta) {e^{-i\\bfq\\cdot\\bfx}\\over L^{3/2}}\n \\right\\},\n\\label{complexscalar}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\hat b_\\bfq$ and $\\hat b_\\bfq^\\dagger$ satisfy $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\left[\\hat b_{\\bfq},\\hat b_{\\bfq'}^\\dagger\\right]\n =\\delta_{\\bfq,\\bfq'},\n\\hspace{1cm}\n \\left[\\hat b_\\bfq,\\hat b_{\\bfq'}\\right]\n =\\left[\\hat b_\\bfq^\\dagger,\\hat b_{\\bfq'}^\\dagger\\right]=0, \n\\label{commutationrelation}\\end{aligned}$$ and $\\hat c_\\bfq$ and $\\hat c_\\bfq^\\dagger$ satisfy the same commutation relations. ",
"The mode function $\\varphi_\\bfq(\\eta)$ satisfies the equation of motion $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left({d^2\\over d\\eta^2}+{m^2a(\\eta)^2\\over \\hbar^2}\n +\\bfq^2\\right)\\varphi_\\bfq(\\eta)=0,\n\\label{equationofmotion}\\end{aligned}$$ with the normalization condition $$\\begin{aligned}\n {d\\varphi_\\bfq^*(\\eta)\\over d\\eta}\\varphi_\\bfq(\\eta)-\n \\varphi_\\bfq^*(\\eta){d\\varphi_\\bfq(\\eta)\\over d\\eta}=i.\\end{aligned}$$ The vacuum state of the complex scalar field is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat b_\\bfq|0\\big>^{(2)}=\\hat c_\\bfq|0\\big>^{(2)}=0,\n~\\hspace{0.5cm}{\\rm for~any}~\\bfq.\\end{aligned}$$ It may be noted that because of the time-variation of the mass $m\\,a(\\eta)$ the definition of the vacuum state can be ambiguous. ",
"In this section, however, we assume that there exists a natural stable vacuum state, which is the case when the WKB approximation is valid.",
"\n\nWith the WKB approximation, the mode function $\\varphi_\\bfq(\\eta)$ is given as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\varphi_\\bfq(\\eta)=\\sqrt{1\\over 2\\Omega_\\bfq(\\eta)}\\exp\n \\left[-i\\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta {\\Omega_\\bfq(\\eta')} d\\eta'\n \\right],\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Omega_\\bfq(\\eta)={\\sqrt{m^2a(\\eta)^2+\\hbar^2\\bfq^2}\\over\\hbar}.\\end{aligned}$$ We can write the condition that the WKB formula is valid, as (see e.g., [@BirrellD]) $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Omega_{\\bfq}^2\\gg {1\\over 2}\\Biggl|{\\ddot \\Omega_\\bfq\\over \\Omega_\\bfq}\n -{3\\over 2}{\\dot \\Omega_\\bfq^2\\over \\Omega_\\bfq^2}\\Biggr|,\n\\label{wkbcondition}\\end{aligned}$$ where the dot means the differentiation with respect to $\\eta$.\n\nUsing the WKB mode functions, we evaluate the transition amplitude of the process described by Fig.",
" 1, $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\rm Transition~ Amplitude}=\\left<{\\rm f}| S |{\\rm i}\\right>,\n\\label{transitionamplitude}\\end{aligned}$$ where the initial state and the final state are $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&| {\\rm i}\\big>=\\hat b_{\\bfq_i}^\\dagger |0\\big>^{(1)}|0\\big>^{(2)},\n \\\\\n &&| {\\rm f}\\big>=\\hat b_{\\bfq_f}^\\dagger \\hat a_{\\bfk}^{(r)}{}^\\dagger\n |0\\big>^{(1)}|0\\big>^{(2)},\\end{aligned}$$ respectively.",
"\n\nThe radiation energy is $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={(2\\pi)^3\\over L^3} \\sum_{r=1,2} \\sum_\\bfk \\sum_\\bfq \\hbar \\omega(k)\n |\\rm Transition ~Amplitude|^2,\\end{aligned}$$ which gives $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={2{e^2}\\over \\varepsilon_0} \\int {d^3\\bfk \\over (2\\pi)^3} \\left(\n \\bfq_i^2-{(\\bfq_i\\cdot \\bfk)^2\\over k^2}\\right) \\left|\n \\int d\\eta e^{ik\\eta} \\varphi_{\\bfq_f}^*(\\eta)\\varphi_{\\bfq_i}(\\eta)\n \\right|^2,\n\\label{larmora}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\bfq_f=\\bfq_i-\\bfk$, and $ \\varepsilon_0$ is the permittivity of vacuum, which is related to $\\mu_0$ as $ \\varepsilon_0 \\mu_0=1/c^2=1$. We set $\\bfq_i\\cdot \\bfk=q_ik\\cos\\theta$, and rewrite (\\[larmora\\]) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\hspace{-1cm} &&E={e^2\\over 2\\varepsilon_0} \n \\int {d^3\\bfk \\over (2\\pi)^3} \\bfq_i^2\\left(1-\\cos^2\\theta\\right) \n\\nonumber\\\\\n &&\\times\\left| \\int d\\eta\n {1\\over \\sqrt{\\Omega_{\\bfq_i}(\\eta)\\Omega_{\\bfq_f}(\\eta)}}\n \\exp\\left[ik\\eta+i\\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta d\\eta'\\Omega_{\\bfq_f}(\\eta')\n -i\\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta d\\eta'\\Omega_{\\bfq_i}(\\eta')\n \\right]\n \\right|^2,\n\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n p^0=\\hbar\\Omega_\\bfq(\\eta)\n =\\sqrt{\\hbar^2\\bfq^2+m^2a(\\eta)^2}\n =\\sqrt{\\bfp^2+m^2a(\\eta)^2},\\end{aligned}$$ where the first and last equalities follow from the definition of the momentum of the charged particle, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bfp=\\hbar\\bfq.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe follow the prescription in ref. [",
"@Higuchi], $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta d\\eta'\\left(\n \\Omega_{\\bfp_f}(\\eta')-\\Omega_{\\bfq_i}(\\eta')\n \\right)\n &\\simeq&\n \\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta d\\eta'\\left(\n \\bfq_f-\\bfq_i\n \\right)\\cdot {\\partial \\over \\partial\\bfq}\\sqrt{\\bfq^2+{m^2a(t)^2\\over \\hbar^2}}\n \\Bigg|_{\\bfp=\\bfp_i}\\\\\n\\nonumber\n &=&-\\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta d\\eta' {\\bfk\\cdot \\bfp_i \\over p^0},\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\sqrt{\\Omega_{\\bfq_i}(\\eta)\\Omega_{\\bfq_f}(\\eta)}\\simeq\\Omega_{\\bfq_i}(\\eta)={p^0\\over \\hbar},\\end{aligned}$$ where we used $\n\\bfq_f=\\bfq_i-\\bfk\n$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\nk(=|\\bfk|)\\ll q_f(=|\\bfq_f|),~~{\\rm and}~q_i(=|\\bfq_i|). ",
" \n\\label{classicalpic}\\end{aligned}$$ Then, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n E&=&{e^2\\over 2\\varepsilon_0} \n \\int_0^\\infty {dk k^2 \\over (2\\pi)^2}\\int_{-1}^1d\\cos\\theta \\left(1-\\cos^2\\theta\\right) \n\\nonumber\\\\\n &&\\times\n \\left| \\int d\\eta\n {p_i\\over p^0(\\eta)}\n \\exp\\left[ik\\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta d\\eta'\\left( 1-{p_i\\cos\\theta\\over p^0(\\eta')}\\right)\n \\right]\n \\right|^2.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe can choose ${\\bfp}_i$ to be in proportion to $z$-axis. ",
"Therefore, we may write $$\\begin{aligned}\n p_i=p^z={dz\\over d\\tau}, \\qquad p^0={d\\eta\\over d\\tau},\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\tau$ is the parameter chosen as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\eta_{\\mu\\nu}{dx^{\\mu}\\over d\\tau}{dx^{\\nu}\\over d\\tau}=-(p^0)^2+p_z^2\n =-m^2a^2(\\eta).",
"\n\\label{affine}\\end{aligned}$$ Because we may write $p_i/p^0=dz/d\\eta$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\left| \\int d\\eta\n {p_i\\over p^0(\\eta)}\n \\exp\\left[i\\int_{\\eta_*}^\\eta\n d\\eta'k\\left( 1-{p_i\\cos\\theta\\over p^0(\\eta')}\\right)\n \\right]\n \\right|^2\n\\nonumber\\\\\n && ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n =\\left| \\int dz \\exp\\left[ ik(\\eta(z)-\\cos\\theta z)\\right] \\right|^2.",
"\n\\label{affine2}\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nInstead of $z$ or $\\eta$, introducing the variable $\\xi$ defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\xi\\equiv\\eta-\\cos\\theta z(\\eta),\\end{aligned}$$ we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={e^2\\over 2\\varepsilon_0} \n \\int_0^\\infty {dk k^2 \\over (2\\pi)^2}\\int_{-1}^1d\\cos\\theta \\left(1-\\cos^2\\theta\\right) \n \\left| \\int d\\xi{dz\\over d\\xi} e^{ik\\xi } \\right|^2.\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, the partial integration gives $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Biggl|\\int d\\xi{dz\\over d\\xi}e^{ik\\xi}\\Biggr|^2\n ={1\\over k^2}\\Biggl|\\int d\\xi{d^2z\\over d\\xi^2}e^{ik\\xi}\\Biggr|^2,\\end{aligned}$$ where we have assumed that the boundary term has no contribution. ",
"The neglect of the boundary term is justified if $|dz/d\\xi|$ is finite at all times. ",
"Since we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{dz}{d\\xi}\n=\\frac{\\dot z}{1-\\cos\\theta \\dot z}\\,;\n\\quad\n|\\dot z|=\\frac{|p_z|}{\\sqrt{p_z^2+m^2a^2}}<1\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\dot z=dz/d\\eta$, we see that $|dz/d\\xi|$ is bounded at all times.",
"\n\nThe integration with respect to $k$ yields $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={e^2\\over 8\\pi\\varepsilon_0}\\int_{-1}^{1}d\\cos\\theta(1-\\cos^2\\theta)\n \\int d\\xi\\Biggl({d^2z\\over d\\xi^2}\\Biggr)^2,\n\\label{energyy}\\end{aligned}$$ where the integration is extended to $-\\infty\\leq k\\leq\\infty$, and divided by the factor 2 [@Higuchi]. ",
"From the definition of $\\xi$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n {d\\xi \\over d\\eta}=(1-\\dot{z}\\cos\\theta),~~~~~~\n {d^2z\\over d\\xi^2}={\\ddot{z}\\over (1-\\dot{z}\\cos\\theta)^3}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Then, Eq.",
" (\\[energyy\\]) is rephrased as $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={e^2\\over 8\\pi\\varepsilon_0}\\int_{-1}^{1}d\\cos\\theta(1-\\cos^2\\theta)\n \\int d\\eta{\\ddot{z}^2\\over (1-\\dot{z}\\cos\\theta)^5}.\\end{aligned}$$ Finally, the integration with respect to $\\cos\\theta$ yields $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={e^2\\over 6\\pi\\varepsilon_0}\\int d\\eta{\\ddot{z}^2\\over (1-\\dot{z}^2)^3}.",
"\n\\label{fene}\\end{aligned}$$ This result is the same as the Larmor formula in the case when the particle moves along a straight line [@Jacson]. ",
"In the present case, Eq.",
" (\\[fene\\]) is rewritten as $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={e^2p_{i}^2\\over 6\\pi \\varepsilon_0m^2}\\int d\\eta{\\dot{a}^2\\over a^4}.",
"\n\\label{feneb}\\end{aligned}$$ Note that this is the energy in the conformally rescaled spacetime, which is not the physical energy. ",
"From this expression, however, we can read the physical radiation energy as ${\\cal E}=E/a$, and the physical rate of the radiation energy per unit time as $$\\begin{aligned}\n {d{\\cal{E}}\\over dt}={1\\over a^2}{dE\\over d\\eta}\n ={e^2p_{phys}^2H^2\\over 6\\pi\\varepsilon_0 m^2},\\end{aligned}$$ where $t$ is the cosmic time, $p_{phys}(=p_i/a)$ is the physical momentum and $H$ is the Hubble expansion rate. ",
"This result is consistent with that in ref.",
" [@Futamase], which is obtained from consideration of the classical electromagnetic radiation formula of a moving charge in an expanding universe.",
"\n\nFinally in this section, let us summarize the necessary condition for reproducing the radiation formula in the classical electromagnetic theory. ",
"We started with the WKB formula of the mode function, for which Eq.",
" (\\[wkbcondition\\]) is needed. ",
"In addition, we assumed Eq.",
" (\\[classicalpic\\]). ",
"Although this condition is independent of the necessary condition for the WKB approximation, Eq.",
" (\\[wkbcondition\\]), we assumed it because this additional assumption is necessary to recover the conventional picture for the classical radiation from a charged massive particle, in which the massive field should behave like a particle and the photon field should behave like a wave.",
"\n\n![",
"The scale factor of the bounced radiation dominant universe as a function $\\eta$.[]{data-label=\"fig2\"}](f2.eps){width=\"3.5in\"}\n\nQuantum radiation formula\n=========================\n\nIn this section, we calculate the radiated energy without the WKB approximation. ",
"We start with reviewing the formalism. ",
"Now we return to the S-matrix expression (\\[smatrix\\]). ",
"A characteristic feature of the quantum field theory in curved spacetime is that vacuum state may not be stable. ",
"Namely, the vacuum state may change, and the particle creation phenomenon can occur. ",
"This vacuum effect is not taken into account in the analysis based on the WKB approximation in the previous section. ",
"In this section, we adopt the formalism for evaluating the S-matrix element, taking the vacuum effect into account.",
"\n\nFor definiteness, we assume that the interaction is switched off in the asymptotic past infinity ($\\eta=-\\infty$) and future infinity ($\\eta=+\\infty$), where the different vacuum states $|0\\big>_{\\rm in}^{(2)}$ and $|0\\big>_{\\rm out}^{(2)}$, respectively, are defined for the free field. ",
"Then, similar to Eq.",
" (\\[complexscalar\\]), we may write the quantized field as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\phi(x)=\\sqrt{\\hbar}\\sum_{\\bfq} \n \\left\\{\\hat b^{\\rm in}_\\bfq \\varphi^{\\rm in}_\\bfq(\\eta) \n {e^{i\\bfq\\cdot\\bfx}\\over L^{3/2}}\n +\\hat c^{\\rm in}_\\bfq{}^\\dagger \\varphi^{\\rm in}_\\bfq{}^*(\\eta) \n {e^{-i\\bfq\\cdot\\bfx}\\over L^{3/2}}\n \\right\\},\n\\label{phiin}\\end{aligned}$$ or as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\phi(x)=\\sqrt{\\hbar}\\sum_{\\bfq} \n \\left\\{\\hat b^{\\rm out}_\\bfq \\varphi^{\\rm out}_\\bfq(\\eta) \n {e^{i\\bfq\\cdot\\bfx}\\over L^{3/2}}\n +\\hat c^{\\rm out}_\\bfq{}^\\dagger \\varphi^{\\rm out}_\\bfq{}^*(\\eta) \n {e^{-i\\bfq\\cdot\\bfx}\\over L^{3/2}}\n \\right\\},\n\\label{phiout}\\end{aligned}$$ where $b^{\\rm in}_\\bfq$, $c^{\\rm in}_\\bfq$ and $b^{\\rm in}{}^\\dagger_\\bfq$, $c^{\\rm in}{}^\\dagger_\\bfq$ are the annihilation and the creation operators, respectively, with respect to the in-vacuum at $\\eta=-\\infty$, while $b^{\\rm out}_\\bfq$, $c^{\\rm out}_\\bfq$ and $b^{\\rm out}{}^\\dagger_\\bfq$, $c^{\\rm out}{}^\\dagger_\\bfq$ are those with respect to the out-vacuum at $\\eta=+\\infty$. The in-vacuum and out-vacuum states are expressed as $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&{\\hat b^{\\rm in}_\\bfq} |0\\big>_{\\rm in}^{(2)}\n={\\hat c^{\\rm in}_\\bfq} |0\\big>_{\\rm in}^{(2)}=0,\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&{\\hat b^{\\rm out}_\\bfq}|0\\big>_{\\rm out}^{(2)}\n={\\hat c^{\\rm out}_\\bfq}|0\\big>_{\\rm out}^{(2)}=0,\\end{aligned}$$ for any $\\bfq$. These annihilation and the creation operators satisfy the same commutation relations as Eq.",
" (\\[commutationrelation\\]).",
"\n\nIn Eqs. (",
"\\[phiin\\]) and (\\[phiout\\]), $\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm in}(\\eta)$ and $\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm out}(\\eta)$ are the mode functions with respect to the vacuum states $|0\\big>_{\\rm in}^{(2)}$ and $|0\\big>_{\\rm out}^{(2)}$, respectively. ",
"They are related by the Bogoliubov transformation, $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm in}(\\eta)=\\alpha_\\bfq \\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm out}(\\eta)\n +\\beta_\\bfq \\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm out}{}^*(\\eta)\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\alpha_\\bfq$ and $\\beta_\\bfq$ satisfy the normalization condition $$\\begin{aligned}\n |\\alpha_\\bfq|^2-|\\beta_\\bfq|^2=1.\\end{aligned}$$ The creation and annihilation operators are related as $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\hat b^{\\rm in}_\\bfq=\\alpha_\\bfq^* \\hat b^{\\rm out}_\\bfq\n -\\beta_\\bfq^* \\hat c^{\\rm out}_{-\\bfq}{}^\\dagger, \n\\\\\n &&\\hat c^{\\rm in}_{-\\bfq}{}^\\dagger=\\alpha_\\bfq \\hat c^{\\rm out}_{-\\bfq}{}^\\dagger\n -\\beta_\\bfq \\hat b^{\\rm out}_{\\bfq}.\\end{aligned}$$ Using the above relations, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm out}{}^*(\\eta) \\hat b^{\\rm out}_\\bfq{}^\\dagger\n +\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm out}{} (\\eta) \\hat c^{\\rm out}_{-\\bfq}\n =\n {\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm in}{}^* (\\eta)\\over \\alpha_\\bfq^* } \n \\hat b^{\\rm out}_\\bfq{}^\\dagger\n +{\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm out} (\\eta)\\over \\alpha_\\bfq^*}\n \\hat c^{\\rm in}_{-\\bfq}\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm in}{} (\\eta) \\hat b^{\\rm in}_\\bfq{}\n +\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm in}{}^* (\\eta)\\hat c^{\\rm in}_{-\\bfq}{}^\\dagger\n =\n {\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm out}{} (\\eta) \\over \\alpha_\\bfq^* } \n \\hat b^{\\rm in}_\\bfq{}\n +{\\varphi_\\bfq^{\\rm in}{}^* (\\eta)\\over \\alpha_\\bfq^*}\n \\hat c^{\\rm out}_{-\\bfq}{}^\\dagger.\\end{aligned}$$ As for the photon field, because of its conformal invariance, the vacuum state is invariant in time, $|0\\big>^{(1)}=|0\\big>^{(1)}_{\\rm in}=|0\\big>^{(1)}_{\\rm out}$.\n\nThe transition amplitude in the lowest order of $e$ is evaluated in the similar form as Eq.",
" (\\[transitionamplitude\\]), but with $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&| {\\rm i}\\big>_{\\rm in}=\\hat b_{\\bfq_i}^{\\rm in}{}^\\dagger |0\\big>^{(1)}\n |0\\big>^{(2)}_{\\rm in},\n \\\\\n &&| {\\rm f}\\big>_{\\rm out}= \\hat b_{\\bfq_f}^{\\rm out}{}^\\dagger \\hat a_{\\bfk}^{(r)}{}^\\dagger\n |0\\big>^{(1)} |0\\big>^{(2)}_{\\rm out}.\\end{aligned}$$ In the computation of the transition amplitude, it is necessary to regularize the divergence arising from the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude. ",
"In the flat background, this can be done unambiguously by taking the normal-order product of operators. ",
"However, in a curved spacetime, there arises ambiguity because the in-state annihilation/creation operators are different from the out-state annihilation/creation operators. ",
"In fact, there will be particle creation from vacuum and the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude will not longer be unity any more.",
"\n\nTo deal with this situation properly, we consider the [*generalized normal product*]{} of operators, which is defined as the form where the operators are expressed only in terms of the in-state annihilation operator and the out-state creation operators, and all the out-state creation operator are placed to the left of all the in-state annihilation operators [@BFG]. ",
"This is adopted in ref.",
" [@BT]. ",
"The nice properties of this generalized normal ordering are that it is symmetrically defined with respect to the in-state and out-state operators, and that the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude is normalized to unity. ",
"In particular, this latter property means that it minimizes the effect of particle creation from vacuum. ",
"Since what we are interested in is not the vacuum particle creation but the transition amplitude for a massive particle to radiate under the electromagnetic interaction, we adopt the generalized normal ordering to regularize the divergence. ",
"We note that what would be actually observed will be inevitably contaminated by the effect of particle creation. ",
"However, whether there is a way to separate out this vacuum effect observationally is beyond the scope of the present paper.",
"\n\nFollowing ref.[@BT], we define $$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\rm Transition~amplitude}= {\\displaystyle{\n {}_{\\rm out}\\bigl<{\\rm f}|N[S]|{\\rm i}\\big>_{\\rm in}}\n \\over \\displaystyle{{}_{\\rm out}\\bigl<0|0\\big>_{\\rm in}}}.\\end{aligned}$$ Here $|0\\big>_{\\rm in}=|0\\big>^{(1)}|0\\big>^{(2)}_{\\rm in}$ and $|0\\big>_{\\rm out}=|0\\big>^{(1)}|0\\big>^{(2)}_{\\rm out}$, respectively, $N[S]$ denotes the generalized normal product of the S-matrix, and ${}_{\\rm out}\\bigl<0|0\\bigr>_{\\rm in}$ is the vacuum to vacuum amplitude.",
"\n\nWe then find the formula for the radiation energy as $$\\begin{aligned}\n E={2e^2{{\\bfq}_i}^2 \\over (2\\pi)^2\\varepsilon_0}\\int_{0}^{\\infty} dk k^2\n \\int_{-1}^{1}d\\cos\\theta\n {1-\\cos^2\\theta\\over |\\alpha_{{\\bfq}_i}|^2|\\alpha_{{\\bfq}_f}|^2}\n \\Biggl|\\int d\\eta e^{ik\\eta}\n \\varphi^{in*}_{{\\bfq}_f}\\varphi^{\\rm out}_{{\\bfq}_i}\\Biggr|^2.",
"\n\\label{gnoene}\\end{aligned}$$\n\n![",
"$F$ as function of $p_i/m\\epsilon$ with fixed as $\\hbar\\alphaa/m\\epsilon^2=0.01, ~0.1, ~1$, from top to bottom. ",
"The solid curve is exact, Eq.",
" (\\[functionfexact\\]), while the dotted curve is approximate, Eq.",
" (\\[besselk\\]). []{",
"data-label=\"fig3\"}](f3.eps){width=\"3.3in\"}\n\n![",
"$F$ as function of $\\hbar \\alphaa/m\\epsilon^2$ with fixed as $p_i/m\\epsilon=0.01$(dashed curve) and $1$(solid curve). []{",
"data-label=\"fig4\"}](f4.eps){width=\"3.5in\"}\n\nExample I\n---------\n\nIn this subsection, we consider a time-symmetric bounce universe which asymptotically approaches a contracting and expanding radiation-dominated universe (see Fig.",
" 2). ",
"The scale factor is given in terms of the conformal time $\\eta$ by [@AS; @ASb] $$\\begin{aligned}\n a(\\eta)=\\sqrt{\\alphaa^2\\eta^2+\\epsilon^2} \\qquad \n (-\\infty<\\eta<\\infty),\n\\label{scalefactor}\\end{aligned}$$ which recovers a radiation-dominated Friedmann universe in the asymptotic regions, $a(t)\\propto t^{1/2} ~(\\eta\\rightarrow \\pm\\infty)$. In this background spacetime, the WKB formula (\\[fene\\]) gives $$\\begin{aligned}\n E_{cl}={e^2p_i^2\\over 6\\pi \\varepsilon_0m^2}\\int\\nolimits_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\n d\\eta{\\alphaa^4\\eta^2\\over (\\alphaa^2\\eta^2+\\epsilon^2)^3}\n ={e^2p_i^2\\alphaa\\over 48\\varepsilon_0m^2\\epsilon^3}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nEquation of motion (\\[equationofmotion\\]) is reduced to the Weber’s differential equation $$\\begin{aligned}\n {d^2\\varphi\\over dz^2}+\\Bigl(\\nu+{1\\over 2}\n -{1\\over 4}z^2\\Bigr)\\varphi=0,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\nu={1\\over 2}\\Bigl({{\\bfq}^2+m^2\\epsilon^2/\\hbar^2\\over \\pm im\\alphaa/\\hbar}-1\\Bigr),\n \\qquad z=\\pm(1\\pm i)\\sqrt{m\\alphaa/\\hbar}\\eta.\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, the mode functions are constructed as [@Kluger] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\varphi^{\\rm in}_{{\\bfq}}(\\eta)\n ={1\\over (2m\\alphaa/\\hbar)^{1/4}}e^{-\\pi\\lambda/4}\n D_{i\\lambda-1/2}(-(1-i)\\sqrt{m\\alphaa/\\hbar}\\eta),\n\\label{cylindera}\n\\\\\n \\varphi^{\\rm out}_{{\\bfq}}(\\eta)\n ={1\\over (2m\\alphaa/\\hbar)^{1/4}}e^{-\\pi\\lambda/4}\n D_{-i\\lambda-1/2}((1+i)\\sqrt{m\\alphaa/\\hbar}\\eta),\n\\label{cylinderb}\\end{aligned}$$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lambda={{\\bfq}^2+m^2\\epsilon^2/\\hbar^2\\over 2m\\alphaa/\\hbar}.\\end{aligned}$$ Using the mathematical formula for the parabolic cylinder function, $$\\begin{aligned}\n D_{\\nu}(z)={\\sqrt{2\\pi}\\over \\Gamma(-\\nu)}e^{\\pm i\\pi(\\nu+1)/2}\n D_{-\\nu-1}(\\mp iz)+e^{\\pm i\\pi\\nu}D_{\\nu}(-z).\\end{aligned}$$ we easily find the Bogoliubov coefficients $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha_{\\bfq}={\\sqrt{2\\pi}\\over \\Gamma(-i\\lambda+1/2)}\n e^{\\pi(-\\lambda+i/2)/2}, \\qquad\n \\beta_{\\bfq}=e^{\\pi(-\\lambda-i/2)}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nUsing the mathematical formula for the parabolic cylinder function [@Nikishov], $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\hspace{-10mm}\\int\\nolimits_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}d\\xi e^{-i\\rho\\xi}\n D_{-i\\beta}((1+i)\\xi)D_{-i\\alpha}(-(1+i)\\xi) \\nonumber \\\\\n &&=\\sqrt{\\pi}\\exp\\Bigl[-{\\pi\\over 4}i\n +{3\\pi\\over 4}(\\alpha-\\beta)\n +{i\\over 4}\\rho^2+i(\\alpha-\\beta)\\ln{\\rho\\over \\sqrt{2}}\\Bigr]\n\\nonumber\\\\\n &&\\times U\\Bigl(i\\alpha, 1+i(\\alpha-\\beta),\n -i{\\rho^2\\over 2}\\Bigr),\\end{aligned}$$ we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\int\\nolimits_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}d\\eta e^{ik\\eta}\n \\varphi_{{\\bfp}_i}^{\\rm out}(\\eta)\\varphi_{{\\bfp}_f}^{\\rm in*}(\\eta)\n\\nonumber\\\\\n && ={\\sqrt{\\pi}\\hbar\\over \\sqrt{2}m\\alphaa}\n e^{-\\pi(\\lambda+\\bar\\lambda)/4}\n \\exp\\Bigl[-{\\pi\\over 4}i+{3\\pi\\over 4}(\\lambda-\\bar\\lambda)\n +{i\\over 4}{k^2\\over m\\alphaa/\\hbar}\n +i(\\lambda-\\bar\\lambda)\\ln{k\\over \\sqrt{2m\\alphaa/\\hbar}}\\Bigr] \n \\nonumber \\\\\n &&\\hspace{40mm}\\times U\\Bigl(i\\lambda+{1\\over 2}, 1+(\\lambda-\\bar\\lambda),\n -i{k^2\\over 2m\\alphaa/\\hbar}\\Bigr),\\end{aligned}$$ where $U(a, c, z)$ is the second order confluent hypergeometric function [@Magnus], and we used the notation $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lambda&=&{{\\bfq_i}^2+m^2\\epsilon^2/\\hbar^2\\over 2m\\alphaa/\\hbar}\n ={1\\over 2}{m \\epsilon^2\\over \\alphaa\\hbar}\\left(1+{{\\bfp}_i^2\\over m^2\\epsilon^2}\\right),\n\\\\ \\bar\\lambda&=&{{(\\bfq_i-k)}^2+m^2\\epsilon^2/\\hbar^2\\over 2m\\alphaa/\\hbar}\n ={1\\over 2}{m \\epsilon^2\\over \\alphaa\\hbar}\\left(1+{({\\bfp}_i-\\hbar{\\bfk})^2\\over m^2\\epsilon^2}\\right)\n\\nonumber\\\\\n &=&{1\\over 2}{m \\epsilon^2\\over \\alphaa\\hbar}\\left(1+\n {{\\bfp}_i^2\\over m^2\\epsilon^2}\n -2{{p}_i\\over m\\epsilon}{\\hbar \\alphaa\\over m\\epsilon^2} \\hat k \\cos\\theta\n +{\\hbar^2 \\alphaa^2\\over m^2\\epsilon^4}\\hat k^2\n\\right).\\nonumber\n\\\\\n$$\n\nThen, the radiation energy $E$ is represented by $$\\begin{aligned}\n E=E_{cl}\\times F\\Bigl({p_i\\over \\epsilon m},{\\hbar\\alphaa\\over \\epsilon^2m}\\Bigr),\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\hspace{-20mm}F\\Bigl({p_i\\over \\epsilon m},\n {\\hbar\\alphaa\\over \\epsilon^2m}\\Bigr)\n ={12\\over \\pi} \\int\\nolimits_0^{\\infty}d\\hat{k}\\hat{k}^2\n \\int\\nolimits_{-1}^1d\\cos\\theta\n {1-\\cos^2\\theta\\over (1-e^{-2\\pi\\lambda})(1-e^{-2\\pi\\bar\\lambda})}\n e^{\\pi(\\lambda-2\\bar\\lambda)}\n \\nonumber \\\\ \n &&\\hspace{50mm}\\times\\Bigl|U\\Bigl(i\\lambda+{1\\over 2}, \n 1+i(\\lambda-\\bar\\lambda)\n ,-i{\\hbar \\alphaa\\hat{k}^2\\over 2m\\epsilon^2}\\Bigr)\\Bigr|^2,\n\\label{functionfexact}\\end{aligned}$$ and we have defined $\\hat k=(\\epsilon/\\alphaa){k}$. Note that the function $F$ describes the deviation from the WKB formula.",
"\n\nNow let us consider the classical limit by taking the limit $\\hbar \\rightarrow 0$. We use the mathematical formula $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lim_{a\\to\\infty}U(a,c,z/a)\n ={2z^{(1-c)/2}K_{c-1}(2\\sqrt{z})\\over \\Gamma(a+1-c)},\\end{aligned}$$ where $K_{\\nu}(z)$ is the modified Bessel function. ",
"Then, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n F\\Bigl({p_{i}\\over m\\epsilon},\n {\\hbar\\alphaa\\over m\\epsilon^2}\\Bigr)\n &\\simeq&{24\\over \\pi^2}\\int\\nolimits_{0}^{\\infty}d\\hat{k}\\hat{k}^2\n \\int\\nolimits_{-1}^1 dx(1-x^2)e^{\\pi(\\lambda-\\bar{\\lambda})}\n\\nonumber\\\\\n &&\\times \\Biggl|K_{i(\\lambda-\\bar{\\lambda})}\n \\Biggl(\\hat{k}\\sqrt{1+{p_{i}^2\\over m^2\\epsilon^2}}\\Biggr)\\Biggr|^2\n\\label{besselk}\\end{aligned}$$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lambda-\\bar\\lambda={p_i\\over m\\epsilon}\n\\hat k x- {1\\over 2}{\\hbar \\alphaa\\over m\\epsilon^2}\\hat k^2.\\end{aligned}$$ We have evaluated the function $F$ numerically. ",
"The cases of $p_i/m\\epsilon=0.01$ and $1$ are shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig4\\]. ",
"In all cases we analyzed, we found $F$ is a decreasing function of $\\hbar\\varrho/m\\epsilon^2$.\n\nIn the limit $\\hbar \\rightarrow 0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lambda-\\bar\\lambda={p_i\\over m\\epsilon}\\hat k x=s\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Then, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\lim_{\\hbar\\rightarrow0} F\n ={24\\over \\pi^2}\\int\\nolimits_{0}^{\\infty}d\\hat{k}\\hat{k}^2\n \\int\\nolimits_{-1}^1 dx(1-x^2)e^{\\pi s}\n \\Biggl|K_{is}\n \\Biggl(\\hat{k}\\sqrt{1+{p_{i}^2\\over m^2\\epsilon^2}}\\Biggr)\\Biggr|^2.",
"\n\\label{besselkk}\\end{aligned}$$ Thus $F$ is the function of only $p_i/m\\epsilon$ in this limit. ",
"By numerical analysis of the right-hand side of Eq.",
" (\\[besselkk\\]), we find $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\lim_{\\hbar\\rightarrow0}F=1,\n\\label{besselkkd}\\end{aligned}$$ irrespectively of $p_i/m\\epsilon$. We therefore infer that the integral of Eq.",
" (\\[besselkk\\]) gives $1$. Although we have not yet succeeded to show it in general, we can show that, for the case $p_i/m\\epsilon\\ll1$, Eq.",
" (\\[besselkk\\]) yields $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lim_{\\hbar\\rightarrow0}F\\simeq{24\\over \\pi^2}\\int\\nolimits_{-1}^1 dx(1-x^2)\n \\int\\nolimits_0^{\\infty}d\\hat{k}\n\\hat{k}^2K_0(\\hat{k})^2=1,\\end{aligned}$$ by using the integral formula for the modified Bessel function [@Magnus], $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\hspace{-10mm}\\int\\nolimits_0^{\\infty}x^{-\\lambda}K_{\\mu}(ax)\n K_{\\nu}(bx)dx \\nonumber \\\\\n &&={2^{-2-\\lambda}a^{-nu+\\lambda-1}b^{\\nu}\\over \\Gamma(1-\\lambda)}\n \\Gamma\\Bigl({1-\\lambda+\\mu+\\nu\\over 2}\\Bigr)\n \\Gamma\\Bigl({1-\\lambda-\\mu+\\nu\\over 2}\\Bigr)\n\\nonumber\\\\\n &&\\hspace{30mm}\\times \\Gamma\\Bigl({1-\\lambda+\\mu-\\nu\\over 2}\\Bigr)\n \\Gamma\\Bigl({1-\\lambda-\\mu-\\nu\\over 2}\\Bigr) \\nonumber \\\\\n &&\\hspace{30mm}\\times F\\Bigl(\n {1-\\lambda+\\mu+\\nu\\over 2},{1-\\lambda-\\mu+\\nu\\over 2}\n ;1-\\lambda;1-{b^2\\over a^2}\\Bigr).\\end{aligned}$$ This demonstrates that the exact formula in the limit of ${\\hbar\\rightarrow0}$ agrees with the WKB approximate formula. ",
"Then, the decrease of $F$ from $1$ comes from the term in proportion to $\\hbar$, hence the suppression is understood as the quantum effect.",
"\n\nLet us summarize the result. ",
"The quantum radiation formula agrees with the WKB formula under the condition $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\lambda ={1\\over 2}{m \\epsilon^2\\over \\alphaa\\hbar}\\left(1+{{\\bfp}_i^2\\over m^2\\epsilon^2}\\right)\\gg1,\n\\label{wkbapp}\n\\\\\n&&{p_i\\over m\\epsilon}\\hat k \\gg {1\\over 2}{\\hbar \\alphaa\\over m\\epsilon^2}\\hat k^2.",
"\n\\label{class}\\end{aligned}$$ We can show that the former condition (\\[wkbapp\\]) is derived from the condition for the WKB approximation, Eq.(\\[wkbcondition\\]), while the latter condition (\\[class\\]) is equivalent to $p_i\\gg \\hbar k$, i.e., Eq.(\\[classicalpic\\]). ",
"The former condition is satisfied when the Compton wavelength of the charged particle is shorter than the Hubble horizon length around the bounce regime defined by $a\\sim\\epsilon\\sim\\alphaa\\eta$ (see below), where the classical radiation rate becomes maximum. ",
"Figure \\[fig3\\] plots $F$ as a function of $p_i/m\\epsilon$ with fixed as $\\hbar\\alphaa/m\\epsilon^2=1$, 0.1 and 0.01. ",
"Figure \\[fig4\\] plots $F$ as a function of $\\hbar\\alphaa/m\\epsilon^2$ with fixed as $p_i/m\\epsilon=0.01$ and $1$. These figures show $F=1$ for $p_i/m\\epsilon{\\lower.5ex\\hbox{$\\; \\buildrel < \\over \\sim \\;$}}1$ and $\\hbar\\alphaa/m\\epsilon^2\\ll 1$, and the suppression $F<1$ for the other region.",
"\n\nFinally in this section, we mention the physical meaning of these parameters. ",
"Around the bounce regime $a\\sim\\epsilon\\sim\\alphaa\\eta$, we can write $$\\begin{aligned}\n {p_i\\over m\\epsilon}\\simeq{p_{phys}\\over m}\\Big|_{\\rm bounce}, \\qquad\n {\\hbar\\alphaa\\over m\\epsilon^2}\\simeq\\lambda_{\\rm C}{H}\\Big|_{\\rm bounce},\\end{aligned}$$ where $p_{phys}=p_i/\\epsilon$ is the physical momentum, $\\lambda_{\\rm C}=\\hbar/m$ is the Compton wavelength, and $H|_{\\rm bounce}=\\alphaa/\\epsilon^2$ is the Hubble expansion rate, respectively. ",
"Thus $p_i/m\\epsilon$ is the relativistic factor, and $\\hbar\\alphaa/m\\epsilon^2$ can be regarded as the the ratio of the Hubble horizon length to the Compton wavelength of the charged particle, around the bouncing regime.",
"\n\nExample II\n----------\n\nHere we consider a Friedmann spacetime with the scale factor $$\\begin{aligned}\n a=\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{cc}\n +\\bar t+\\epsilon & (\\bart>0)\\\\\n -\\bar t+\\epsilon & (\\bart<0)\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
"\n =\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{cc}\n \\epsilon e^{+\\bareta}& (\\bareta>0)\\\\\n \\epsilon e^{-\\bareta}& (\\bareta<0)\n\\end{array}\n\\right.,",
"\n\\label{continue}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\epsilon(>0)$ is a small constant, $\\bart =t/t_0$ and $\\bareta=\\eta/\\eta_0$. This mimics a Milne-like bounce universe but with a flat spatial geometry.",
"\n\nThe solution of the Klein-Gordon equation is written with the Bessel function, and the positive frequency mode function is [@NariaiAzuma] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\varphi_{q}=N_\\barp\\times\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lc}\n H_{-i\\barp}^{(2)}(\\barm (+\\bart+\\epsilon)) \\hspace{1cm} & (t>0)\\\\\n H_{i\\barp}^{(1)}(\\barm (-\\bart+\\epsilon)) \\hspace{1cm} & (t<0)\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
",\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n N_\\barp= e^{-\\barp\\pi/2}{\\sqrt{\\eta_0\\pi}\\over 2}\\end{aligned}$$ from the normalization condition, and we have defined $\\barm=\\eta_0m/\\hbar$ and $\\barp=\\eta_0 q$.\n\nThe in- and out-vacuum mode functions are therefore given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\varphi^{\\rm in}_{q}\n&=&N_\\barp\\times\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lc}\n \\alpha_\\barp H_{-i\\barp}^{(2)}(\\barm(\\bart+\\epsilon))\n +\\beta_\\barp H_{i\\barp}^{(1)} (\\barm(\\bart+\\epsilon)) & \\hspace{1cm} (\\bart>0)\\\\\n H_{i\\barp}^{(1)}(\\barm(-\\bart+\\epsilon))) & \\hspace{1cm} (\\bart<0)\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
"\n\\\\\n\\nonumber\\\\\n\\varphi^{\\rm out}_{q}\n&=&N_\\barp\\times\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lc}\n H_{-i\\barp}^{(2)}(\\barm(\\bart+\\epsilon)))&\\hspace{1cm} (\\bart>0)\\\\\n \\bar\\alpha_\\barp H_{i\\barp}^{(1)}(\\barm(-\\bart+\\epsilon))\n +\\bar\\beta_\\barp H_{-i\\barp}^{(2)} (\\barm(-\\bart+\\epsilon))&\\hspace{1cm} \n (\\bart<0)\n\\end{array}\n\\right.,",
"\n\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ where the coefficients are $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\alpha_\\barp={\\pi \\barm \\epsilon \\over 4i} e^{-\\pi \\barp}\n(H_{i\\barp}^{(1)}(\\barm\\epsilon))^2{'},\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&& \\beta_\\barp=-{\\pi \\barm \\epsilon \\over 4i} e^{-\\pi \\barp}\n (H_{i\\barp}^{(1)}(\\barm\\epsilon)H_{-i\\barp}^{(2)}(\\barm\\epsilon))',\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&& \\bar\\alpha_\\barp=-{\\pi \\barm \\epsilon \\over 4i} e^{-\\pi \\barp}\n (H_{-i\\barp}^{(2)}(\\barm\\epsilon)){}^2{}'=\\alpha_\\barp^*,\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&& \\bar\\beta_\\barp={\\pi \\barm \\epsilon \\over 4i} e^{-\\pi \\barp}\n (H_{i\\barp}^{(1)}(\\barm\\epsilon)H_{-i\\barp}^{(2)}(\\barm\\epsilon))'\n=\\beta_{\\barp}^*,\\end{aligned}$$ and the prime means $H(z)'=dH(z)/dz$.\n\nWe may write $$\\begin{aligned}\n e^{i\\bark\\bareta}= \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lc}\n (\\barm\\epsilon)^{-i\\bark} (\\barm(\\bart+\\epsilon))^{ i\\bark} \n & \\hspace{1cm} (\\bart>0),\\\\\n (\\barm\\epsilon)^{i\\bark} (\\barm(-\\bart+\\epsilon))^{-i\\bark} \n & \\hspace{1cm} (\\bart<0),\n\\end{array}\n\\right.\\end{aligned}$$ then, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\int_{-\\infty}^\\infty d\\eta e^{ik\\eta} \\varphi_{q_f}^{\\rm in*} \n \\varphi_{q_i}^{\\rm out}\n\\nonumber\\\\\n &&= \\eta_0 N_{\\barp_f}N_{\\barp_i}(\\barm \\epsilon)^{-i\\bark}\n \\int_{\\barm\\epsilon}^\\infty dz z^{i\\bark -1} \n \\left(\\alpha_{\\barp_f}^*H_{i\\barp_f}^{(1)}(z)\n +\\beta_{\\barp_f}^*H_{-i\\barp_f}^{(2)}(z)\\right)\n H_{-i\\barp_i}^{(2)}(z) \n\\nonumber \\\\\n &&+\\eta_0 N_{\\barp_f}N_{\\barp_i}(\\barm \\epsilon)^{i\\bark}\n \\int_{\\barm\\epsilon}^\\infty dz z^{-i\\bark -1} \n H_{-i\\barp_f}^{(2)}(z) \n \\left(\\bar\\alpha_{\\barp_i}H_{i\\barp_i}^{(1)}(z)\n +\\bar\\beta_{\\barp_i}H_{-i\\barp_i}^{(2)}(z)\\right).",
"\n\\nonumber\n\\\\\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn the limit $z\\gg1$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& H_{ip}^{(1)}(z)=\\sqrt{2\\over\\pi z} e^{iz+p\\pi/2-i\\pi/4},\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&& H_{-ip}^{(2)}(z)=\\sqrt{2\\over\\pi z} e^{-iz+p\\pi/2+i\\pi/4}.",
"\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Thus in the limit, $\\barm \\epsilon=m\\eta_0\\epsilon/\\hbar \\gg1$, we may approximate $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\alpha_{\\barp_i}=\\bar\\alpha_{\\barp_f}^*\\simeq-i e^{2i\\barm\\epsilon},\n\\\\\n&&\\beta_{\\barp_i}=\\bar\\beta_{\\barp_f}^*\\simeq0.\\end{aligned}$$ and we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_{-\\infty}^\\infty d\\eta e^{ik\\eta} \\varphi_{q_f}^{\\rm in*} \n \\varphi_{q_i}^{\\rm out}\n &=& -i e^{2i\\barm\\epsilon}{\\eta_0^2\\over \\barm \\epsilon (1+\\bark^2)}.\\end{aligned}$$ After the integration with respect to $\\cos\\theta$, the total energy is $$\\begin{aligned}\n {E}={2e^2 q_i^2 \\eta_0 \\over 3\\pi^2\\varepsilon_0 \\barm^2 \\epsilon^2 }\n \\int_0^\\infty d\\bark {\\bark^2\\over (1+\\bark^2)^2}={e^2 p_i^2 \\over 6\\pi\\varepsilon_0 \\eta_0 m^2 \\epsilon^2 }.",
"\n\\label{modeEE}\\end{aligned}$$ This completely agrees with what is obtained from the integration of (\\[feneb\\]) with (\\[continue\\]). ",
"Note that this result is obtained under the condition $\\barm \\epsilon=m\\eta_0\\epsilon/\\hbar \\gg1$, which may be expressed as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\barm \\epsilon=m\\eta_0\\epsilon/\\hbar = \\lambda_{\\rm C}^{-1}{H^{-1}}\\big|_{\\rm bounce}\\gg1,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\lambda_{\\rm C}=\\hbar/m$ is the Compton wavelength and $H|_{\\rm bounce}=1/(\\epsilon\\eta_0)$ is the Hubble expansion rate at the bounce regime $a\\sim\\epsilon$, i.e, $(|\\eta|{\\lower.5ex\\hbox{$\\; \\buildrel < \\over \\sim \\;$}}\\eta_0)$. Thus the WKB formula is valid as long as the Compton wavelength is shorter than the Hubble horizon length.",
"\n\nSummary and Conclusions\n=======================\n\nIn the present paper, we investigated photon emission from a moving massive charge in an expanding universe. ",
"We considered the scalar QED model for simplicity, and focused on the energy radiated by the process. ",
"First we showed how the Larmor formula for the rate of the radiation of energy in the classical electromagnetic theory can be reproduced under the WKB approximation in the framework of the quantum field theory in curved spacetime.",
"\n\nWe also investigated the limits of the validity of the WKB formula, by deriving the radiation formula in a bouncing universe in which the mode functions are exactly solvable. ",
"The result using the exact mode function shows the suppression of the radiation energy compared with the WKB formula. ",
"The suppression depends on the ratio of the Compton wavelength $\\lambda_C$ of the charged particle to Hubble length $H^{-1}$. Namely, the larger the ratio $\\lambda_C/H^{-1}$ is, the stronger the suppression becomes. ",
"In the limit the Compton wavelength is small compared with the Hubble length, the radiation formula is found to agree with the WKB formula. ",
"Since this limit is equivalent to the limit $\\hbar\\rightarrow0$, the suppression we found is a genuine quantum effect in an expanding (or contracting) universe, which is due to the finiteness of the Hubble length. ",
"Whether the quantum effect on the radiation from a accelerated charge always leads suppression or not is an interesting question. ",
"This would be understood by analyzing higher order terms of the WKB approximation. ",
"We will return to this point in future.",
"\n\n This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid of Science research of Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Nos. ",
"18654047, 18540277, 14102004, 17340075, and 18204024). ",
"All the numerical computation presented in this paper were performed with the help of the package MATHEMATICA version 5.1. ",
"We thank Y. Kojima, T. Takahashi, K. Homma, K. Yokoya, H. Okamoto, A. Higuchi, H. Sato, J. Yokoyama, T. Morozumi, and M. Okawa for useful communications related to the topic of the present work.",
"\n\nReferences {#references .unnumbered}\n==========\n\n[99]{} N. D. Birrell and P. C. W. Davies [*Quantum fields in curved space*]{} (Cambridge University Press, 1982) ; N. D. Birrell and L. H. Ford, Ann. ",
"Phys. [**",
"122**]{}, 1 (1979) ; T. S. Bunch, P. Panangaden, and L. Parker, J. Phys. ",
"A: Math. ",
"Gen. [**13**]{}, 901 (1980) ; N. D. Birrell, P. C. W. Davies, and L. H. Ford, J. Phys. ",
"A: Math. ",
"Gen. [**13**]{}, 961 (1980) ; J. Audretsch, A. Ruger, and P. Spangehl, Class. ",
"Quantum Grav. [**",
"4**]{}, 975 (1987) I. L. Buchbinder and L. I. Tsaregorodtsev, Int. ",
"J. Mod. ",
"Phys. ",
"A [**7**]{}, 2055 (1992) K-H. Lotze, Class. ",
"Quantum Grav. [**",
"5**]{}, 595 (1988) T. Futamase, M. Hotta, H. Inoue, and M. Yamaguchi, Prog. ",
"Theor. ",
"Phys. [**",
"96**]{}, 113 (1996) M. Hotta, H. Inoue, I. Joichi, and M. Tanaka, Prog. ",
"Theor. ",
"Phys. [**",
"96**]{}, 1103 (1996) J. D. Jacson, [*Classical electrodynamics*]{} (Wiley, New York, 1975) A. Higuchi and G. D. R. Martin, Found. ",
"Phys. [**",
"35**]{}, 1149 (2005); Phys. ",
"Rev. D [**70**]{} 081701 (2004); Phys. ",
"Rev. D [**73**]{} 025019 (2006) I. L. Buchbinder, E. S. Fradkin, and D. M. Gitman, Fortschritte der Physik [**29**]{}, 187 (1981) J. Audretsch and G. Sch$\\ddot{\\rm a}$fer, Phys. ",
"Lett. [**",
"66A**]{}, 459 (1978) J. Audretsch and G. Sch$\\ddot{\\rm a}$fer, J. Phys. ",
"A: Math. ",
"Gel. [**",
"11**]{}, 1583 (1978) Y. Kluger, E. Mottola, and J. M. Eisenberg, Phys. ",
"Rev. D [**58**]{}, 125015 (1998) A. I. Nikishov, Soviet Phys. ",
"JETP [**32**]{}, 690 (1971) W. Magnus, R. Oberhettinger, and R. P. Soni [*Formulas and Theorems for the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics*]{} (Springer Verlag, New York, 1966) H. Nariai and T. Azuma, Prog. ",
"Theor. ",
"Phys. [**",
"64**]{}, 1280 (1980)\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
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[
"/*\n * jGnash, a personal finance application\n * Copyright (C) 2001-2020 Craig Cavanaugh\n *\n * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.",
"\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program. ",
" If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.",
"\n */\npackage jgnash.report.pdf;\n\nimport java.util.",
"List;\nimport java.util.prefs.",
"Preferences;\n\n/**\n * Factory methods to help with report configuration and generation\n * \n * @author Craig Cavanaugh\n */\npublic class ReportFactory {\n\n /**\n * Preferences key for mono spaced report\n */\n private final static String MONOSPACE = \"monospace\";\n\n /**\n * Preferences key for proportional spaced report\n */\n private final static String PROPORTIONAL = \"proportional\";\n\n /**\n * Preferences key for headers / footers / titles\n */\n private final static String HEADER = \"header\";\n\n private final static String[] DEFAULT_MONO_FONTS = { \"Courier New\", \"Andale Mono\", \"Noto Sans Mono Regular\",\n \"Luxi Mono\", \"Liberation Mono\", \"Comic Sans MS\" };\n\n private final static String[] DEFAULT_PROPORTIONAL_FONTS = { \"Times New Roman\", \"Noto Sans Mono Regular\", \"Luxi Serif\",\n \"Liberation Serif\" };\n\n private final static String[] DEFAULT_HEADER_FONTS = { \"Arial Bold\", \"Noto Sans Bold\", \"Luxi Serif\",\n \"Liberation Serif\" };\n\n private ReportFactory() {\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns a report name for a mono spaced, PDF embeddable report\n * \n * @return The report name for a mono spaced report\n */\n private static String getDefaultMonoFont() {\n\n final List<String> fonts = FontRegistry.getFontList();\n\n for (String knownFont : DEFAULT_MONO_FONTS) {\n if (fonts.contains(knownFont)) {\n return knownFont; // it found it!",
"\n }\n }\n return \"Monospaced\"; // fail safe\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns a report name for a proportional, PDF embeddable report\n * \n * @return The report name for a proportional spaced report\n */\n private static String getDefaultProportionalFont() {\n\n final List<String> fonts = FontRegistry.getFontList();\n\n for (String knownFont : DEFAULT_PROPORTIONAL_FONTS) {\n if (fonts.contains(knownFont)) {\n return knownFont; // it found it!",
"\n }\n }\n return \"SansSerif\"; // fail safe\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns a font name for a proportional, PDF embeddable report\n *\n * @return The font name for headers\n */\n private static String getDefaultHeaderFont() {\n\n final List<String> fonts = FontRegistry.getFontList();\n\n for (String knownFont : DEFAULT_HEADER_FONTS) {\n if (fonts.contains(knownFont)) {\n return knownFont; // it found it!",
"\n }\n }\n return \"SansSerif\"; // fail safe\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the name of the mono spaced font to use\n * \n * @return name of the mono spaced font to use\n */\n public static String getMonoFont() {\n Preferences p = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(ReportFactory.class);\n return p.get(MONOSPACE, getDefaultMonoFont());\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the name of the proportional spaced font to use\n * \n * @return name of the proportional spaced font to use\n */\n public static String getProportionalFont() {\n Preferences p = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(ReportFactory.class);\n return p.get(PROPORTIONAL, getDefaultProportionalFont());\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the name of the proportional spaced font to use\n *\n * @return name of the proportional spaced font to use\n */\n public static String getHeaderFont() {\n Preferences p = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(ReportFactory.class);\n return p.get(HEADER, getDefaultHeaderFont());\n }\n\n /**\n * Sets the name of the mono spaced font to use\n * \n * @param font report name to use\n */\n public static void setMonoFont(final String font) {\n Preferences p = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(ReportFactory.class);\n p.put(MONOSPACE, font);\n }\n\n /**\n * Sets the name of the proportional spaced font to use\n * \n * @param font font name to use\n */\n public static void setProportionalFont(final String font) {\n Preferences p = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(ReportFactory.class);\n p.put(PROPORTIONAL, font);\n }\n\n /**\n * Sets the name of the header font to use\n *\n * @param font font name to use\n */\n public static void setHeaderFont(final String font) {\n Preferences p = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(ReportFactory.class);\n p.put(HEADER, font);\n }\n}\n"
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"Q:\n\nimporting pygrib in python\n\nIn spite encountering no errors in pygrib installation, I encountered the following error when importing pygrib:\n>>> import pygrib\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nImportError: /python/python-2.7.13/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pygrib.so: undefined symbol: __svml_round2_mask\n\nAny advice on what could be causing this \"undefined symbol\" error?",
"\n\nA:\n\nUndefined symbol errors are usually caused by one of two things:\n\nincorrect linking during the build process, or\na mismatch between the environment used to build the binary or library, and the environment in which it is being run.",
"\n\nIncorrect linking\nIf you are building the pygrib module itself, make sure that the required library dependencies are being properly linked, and in the right order. ",
"Based on the missing symbol name, __svml_round2_mask, I'd guess your pygrib.so was compiled with the Intel icc C compiler and needs to be linked to the math library containing the SVML (Short Vector Math Library) functions. ",
"It's difficult to get more specific without knowing more details of your build environment, but for example, on linux, both icc and gcc (which both call GNU ld for linking) need to have that math library specified on their command line, and it needs to come after the binary or library that is calling it.",
"\nEvironment mismatch\nIf pygrib is not being built by you (either explicitly, or as part of a pip or conda install command), then you probably have an environment mismatch. ",
"This happens when the pygrib.so you downloaded was built against different libraries than the ones you have installed. ",
"Ideally, all Python binary packages would be built against a very vanilla set of libraries (e.g. the \"manylinux1\" container for linux wheels) so that they will run on most systems, but sometimes specialized and performance-critical packages need to be built with particular optimizations or against uncommon libraries. ",
"If those optimizations or libraries don't match between the build system and the system on which the resulting package is install, the undefined symbol error can be the result.",
"\nOne way to minimize the occurrence of this is to not mix-and-match package repositories where possible. ",
"That is, if you're using Anaconda, only pull packages from Anaconda. ",
"I know, not always possible, right?",
"\nIf you're on linux, it is sometimes possible to figure out where the mismatch is by using the ldd command, for example:\n\n$ ldd -r /python/python-2.7.13/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pygrib.so\n\nYou'll see a bunch of undefined symbols starting with Py or _Py--ignore those, they're supplied by Python itself. ",
"But in amongst those, you'll hopefully discover which particular library is needing __svml_round2_mask. ",
"Look at its full path carefully, and the full paths of the other libraries listed, and this might suggest where the mismatch came from.",
"\nOther suggestions\n\nIncluding more specifics in your question, such as your OS and how you installed pygrib and its dependencies, might enable us to offer more specific advice.",
"\nIf the title of your question were more specific, it could attract more attention.",
"\nHave you tried other pygrib packages? ",
"Conda-forge lists several; one of them might match your system.",
"\nHave you tried the python-eccodes module instead? ",
"It seems to be the recommended successor to pygrib.",
"\n\nGood luck, I hope something in here helps!",
"\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nDo any versions of The Avengers/Stark Tower have a flying defense robot similar to this one?",
"\n\nFor Christmas, I received this LEGO set of the Avengers Tower.",
"\n\nIt comes with some sort of flying robot defense-system that launches from the very top of the tower.",
"\n\nThe set is mostly based off Avengers: Age of Ultron and the robot is really the only part of the set that seems unrelated to that film.",
"\nHave any other versions of The Avengers/Stark Tower (from comics, cartoons, etc.) ",
"featured a robot similar to the set's?",
"\n\nA:\n\n\"Hidden drone\" in Stark Tower\nApparently, this is a \"hidden drone\" according to the Toys R Us web site:\n\nSend the Iron Man mini figure to the JARVIS control room to activate the hidden drone, which features a stud shooter that will prevent the Ultron Mark 1 mini figure from getting away.",
"\n\nAppearances in media: none\nThere do not appear to be any appearances of this specific hidden drone in Stark Tower in comic books, nor does it appear in any MCU films or television series.",
"\nThe drone seems to have been created purely for this Lego set.",
"\n\n"
] | {
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[
"09-Feb-18 The Malaysian Islamic Development Department is expected to introduce halal certification for medical devices, including manufacturers of liquids used in dialysis machines, in the third quarter of 2018. [",
"image: Bernama]\n\n09-Feb-18 The South Korean Ministry of Trade has announced that it plans to consolidate medical-data from Korean hospitals and establish a comprehensive database, as part of its goal to foster the country’s pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. [",
"image: MaRSHealthKick / Science and Technology Office Seoul]\n\n08-Feb-18 The Japanese Shichifukujin (Seven Lucky Gods) smartphone app is being used in what is dubbed the world's first large-scale study aimed at showing that digital health devices improve the condition of diabetes patients. [",
"image: Satoko Kawasaki / The Japan Times]\n\n07-Feb-18 The venture capital arm of China’s largest insurer, Ping An, is targeting raising up to USD1.3 bn in two healthcare- and healthtech-focused funds that will seek growth stage and pre-IPO investments at home and overseas. [",
"image: Ping An / Reuters]\n\nShare\n\nLatest\n\nAbout us\n\nGGM is a research and advisory firm helping clients grow profitably in international markets.",
"\n\nWe believe the only way to understand a market properly is on the ground. ",
"Intelligence from our in-country consultants gives you a competitive advantage in China, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa and other opportunity areas.",
"\n\nOur clients benefit from accurate data, reliable insights and strategic advice, giving them the confidence to make better business decisions and succeed in their global growth markets.",
"\n\nStay informed\n\nEnter your work email to receive our free GROW newsletter on international market intelligence and strategy."
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[
"List of Zhejiang University faculty\n\n\n\nUniversity Presidents\n\nPlease see the entity: Presidents of Zhejiang University\n\nScience & Technology\n\nMathematical sciences\n\n Shing-Tung Yau: Main founder and academic director of the CMS (Aug 2002–present)\n Shiing-Shen Chern: a director of CMS (2002–2004)\n Chen Jiangong: professor 1929-1952; vice-president of Hangzhou University 1958\n Su Buqing: associate professor 1931; professor and head of the Department of Mathematics 1933-; university provost 1948-; dean Sep 1950-52\n M. T. Cheng: lecturer 1943-1946\n Xu-Jia Wang: lecturer, associate professor 1990-1995\n Kefeng Liu: professor, department chair and executive director of CMS 2003–present\n\nMeteorology, geology, geography\n\n Ren Mei'e: lecturer 1939; professor 1940-52\n Chang Chi-yun: head of the School of Arts 1947; professor of history & geography for 14 years\n\nPhysics, material sciences\n\n Chien-Shiung Wu: assistant 1935-1936\n Tsung-Dao Lee: founder of ZJIMP\n Kan-Chang Wang: professor 1936-1952\n Jin Au Kong: dean 2003-2008\n Liu Chen - professor (2004-) and director (2006-)\n\nChemical, biological & medical sciences\n\n Li Shouheng: lecturer, professor, dean, provost\n Tan Jiazhen: professor 1937; head of the School of Sciences 1951\n Bei Shizhang: associate professor & head of the Department of Biology Aug 1930; head of the School of Sciences May 1950\n Tao-Chiuh Hsu: assistant & lecturer 1941-1947\n Yao Zhen: assistant & lecturer 1937-1946\n Lo Tsung-lo: professor 1940-1944\n Ba Denian: head of the School of Medicine 2003–present\n Jiang Ximing: assistant 1936\n Chen Hang: adjacent professor\n\nEngineering\n\n Li Hsi-mou - Provost, Dean of engineering faculty\n Li Enliang - Vice-president, Chair of civil engineering\n\nEconomic & social sciences\n\n Wu Dingliang: professor 1945-1952\n He Weifang: dean of law school 2008–present\n\nHumanities & culture\n Jin Yong: professor 1996-1997; Dean of School of Arts 1999-2005; honorary 2007–present\n Liu Yizheng: lecturer 1937-1938\n Sha Menghai: professor\n\nBusiness & industry\n Zong Qinghou: professor of EMBA\n Lu Guanqiu: professor of EMBA\n\nFaculty, Zhejiang University\nCategory:Zhejiang University faculty"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.018173345759552657
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[
"package android.hardware.camera2.params;\n\nimport android.hardware.camera2.utils.",
"HashCodeHelpers;\nimport android.util.",
"Size;\nimport com.android.internal.util.",
"Preconditions;\n\npublic final class StreamConfigurationDuration {\n private final long mDurationNs;\n private final int mFormat;\n private final int mHeight;\n private final int mWidth;\n\n public StreamConfigurationDuration(int format, int width, int height, long durationNs) {\n this.mFormat = StreamConfigurationMap.checkArgumentFormatInternal(format);\n this.mWidth = Preconditions.checkArgumentPositive(width, \"width must be positive\");\n this.mHeight = Preconditions.checkArgumentPositive(height, \"height must be positive\");\n this.mDurationNs = Preconditions.checkArgumentNonnegative(durationNs, \"durationNs must be non-negative\");\n }\n\n public final int getFormat() {\n return this.mFormat;\n }\n\n public int getWidth() {\n return this.mWidth;\n }\n\n public int getHeight() {\n return this.mHeight;\n }\n\n public Size getSize() {\n return new Size(this.mWidth, this.mHeight);\n }\n\n public long getDuration() {\n return this.mDurationNs;\n }\n\n public boolean equals(Object obj) {\n if (obj == null) {\n return false;\n }\n if (this == obj) {\n return true;\n }\n if (!(",
"obj instanceof StreamConfigurationDuration)) {\n return false;\n }\n StreamConfigurationDuration other = (StreamConfigurationDuration) obj;\n if (this.mFormat == other.mFormat && this.mWidth == other.mWidth && this.mHeight == other.mHeight && this.mDurationNs == other.mDurationNs) {\n return true;\n }\n return false;\n }\n\n public int hashCode() {\n long j = this.mDurationNs;\n return HashCodeHelpers.hashCode(this.mFormat, this.mWidth, this.mHeight, (int) j, (int) (j >>> 32));\n }\n}\n"
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0.02564102564102564,
0.00823045267489712,
0.008992805755395683
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[
"Archive for January, 2010\n\nSteve \"Lips\" Kudlow, guitarist and singer for the Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, jumps into the audience during a show at Emo's on Monday Jan. 25, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nSteve “Lips” Kudlow and Robb Reiner, founding members of the Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, made a pact when they were 14 to rock together forever.",
"They nearly made it big in the early 80s when they invented a new sound called speed metal.",
"But due to bad luck they missed their chance at fame.",
"They kept rocking in obscurity for 30 years, but never gave up hope.",
"Now in their 50s, Lips and Robb are getting a second chance at fame thanks to the documentary Anvil! ",
"The Story of Anvil.",
"\n\nIn covering the Texas Rally for Life Saturday I went around behind the speakers on the south steps of the Capitol to make an overall scene when I saw this person riding his bicycle down the middle of Congress Avenue. ",
"I thought it was a peculiar scene considering the thousands rallying on the grounds and this lone rider cruising aimlessly down the avenue. ",
"Funny juxtaposition.",
"\n\nMore than a thousand Texas Rally for Life supporters gathered Saturday at the State Capitol with a march up Congress Ave. ",
"from Republic Square Park and a host of speakers, including Governor Rick Perry, on the south steps to commemorate the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision that legalized abortions. ",
"Three generations of family women gather on the front row to listen to speakers and they are Shelley Davis, right center, with her mother Paulette Dellert, left center, and they are joined by Davis’ daughter Madeline, Davis, 11, left, and Helen Davis, 6, right on ground, all from San Antonio, TX. ",
"The girls would be the grandchildren of Dellert.",
"\n\nRaul Rodriguez carries the cross of Jesus Christ as he marches with representatives from St. Johns Catholic Church in San Marcos, TX.",
"\n\nMichele Nelson, from Bastrop, TX. ",
"shouts at Pro-Choice protestors at right, who tried to voice their opinions on their march. ",
"Texas DPS Troopers were out in force to protect both sides from any violence.",
"\n\nSeveral Pro-Choice protestors were on hand to voice their opinion.",
"\n\nA pro-life supporter gives the thumb down sign to several Pro-Choice protestors who were on hand to voice their opinion as Texas DPS Troopers were out in full force to protect both sides from any violence.",
"\n\nAnne Johnson, 8, sits on the shoulders of her father Glenn Johnson from Pflugerville during the invocation by the Most Rev. W. Michael Mulvey.",
"\n\nTexas Governor Rick Perry gives the keynote address at the event.",
"\n\nGovernor Rick Perry was a popular choice to give the keynote address drawing loud cheers from the many in attendence. ",
"Perry strongly supports proposed legislation to creat a new speciality license plate for the state of Texas with the message \"Choose Life\".",
"\n\nA living estate sale is being held this weekend at the home of Liz Carpenter, a writer, feminist, political humorist and press spokeswoman for President LBJ, at her Westlake home at 116 Skyline Drive overlooking downtown Austin. ",
"Most of her home interior possessions are being sold by Partner Estate Mates and on Sunday everything will be half off. ",
"Liz Walker touches a bedspread in one of the bedrooms with Liz Carpenter’s name on it. ",
"It was for sale for $25.00.",
"\n\nPeople packed the library scouring the shelves for anything interesting.",
"\n\nJohn Mackno was lucky enough to purchase Carpenter's back-up briefcase for a mere $4.00.",
"\n\nEvelyn Jones was lucky enough to purchase Carpenter's Tiara, which she would wear at the piano performing sing-a-longs.",
"\n\nCarpenter's motorized scooter sits on the walkway up to her house as buyers continue to come and go throughout the day.",
"\n\nI’ve had the privilege of photographing Liz Carpenter many times throughout my career and she was always one of my favorite people. ",
"I wish her the best in her convalescence and in talking with the estate partners the sale has been a huge success.",
"\n\nState Trooper Jason Melson guards the south entrance to the Capitol after a shooting on Thursday Jan. 21, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nState Troopers investigate a shooting at the Capitol on Thursday Jan. 21, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nShots rang out on the south steps of the Capitol on Thursday. ",
"No one was injured, and a suspect is in custody.",
"The incident was quickly under control.",
"It was all over by the time I got there.",
"However, Vida Burtis, a photographer with a studio across the street from the Capitol, got an amazing series of photos of the suspect being arrested.",
"Check them out here.",
"\n\nJan 21, 2010 | Uncategorized | Comments Off on Shooting at the Capitol\n\nDave Johnson finds time Wednesday afternoon to give band mate Austin Simmons a haircut outside the Franken Bike Pedi Cab headquarters in east Austin on Attayac and E. 4th St. The two help to make up the band Ugly Elephant, a funk, jazz, fusion band that plays around town. ",
"You can read more about the band on Facebook-Ugly Elephant, and MySpace-Ugly Elephant Band. ",
"Franken Bike is a for-hire pedicab for rides around downtown and for special events.",
"\n\nPeople gathered at the Martin Luther King Jr. statue on the University of Texas at Austin campus on January 18, 2010 to celebrate him and proceed to march to the Capitol and Huston-Tillotson College. ",
"Jenni Jones AMERICAN-STATESMAN\n\nA State’s Rights Rally was held Saturday afternoon on the south steps of the Texas State Capitol for Texans wanting to demand that Governor Perry and the Texas Legislature pledge to nullify the unconstitutional effort to take control of America’s healthcare. ",
"Jocelyn and Billy Brown, from Houston, listen to speakers during the rally. ",
"The event was sponsored by the New Revolution Now Institute and brought out hundreds of Texan dissatisfied with United States government policy.",
"\n\nQuarterback Colt McCoy led Texas to four straight bowl games culminating in the BCS National Championship game where he was injured on the fifth offensive play and never returned. ",
"It was the only blemish on an otherwise brilliant career that saw him become the NCAA’s Division I-A all-time winningest quarterback in college history.",
"\n\nDeborah Cannon/AMERICAN-STATESMAN Nick Arden, of Trees R Us, retrieves a cat from on top of an unused utility pole in the 2800 block of Oak Springs Drive on Friday, January 8, 2010. ",
"A woman living next to the lot where the cat was stuck, Charlene Dlabaj (cq), enlisted the help of Arden to retrieve the cat who she said had been stuck on the pole top for three days. ",
"According to Dlabaj numerous calls to 311 and other city agencies, APD and AFD, had not yielded any help. ",
"After being brought back to ground level the cat ran off into a nearby treed area.",
"\n\nDave Weaver and a friend decided to retrofit an old school bus and converted VW Van into their personal traveling RV as they criss-crossed America from their home in Washington state to their final destination of Austin, TX. ",
"after college graduation. ",
"Weaver converted the engine to run on vegetable oil and talked a friend into parking the bus in his backyard so he could reduce his carbon footprint and live in the vehicle. ",
"The bus comes complete with a sun deck and privacy fence.",
"\n\nThe 1979 Bluebird International can rumble up to 55 mph on recycled vegetable oil, sleeps six; contains a hot-water shower, kitchen, fridge and freezer; sports floor-to-ceiling wood paneling; and features a music studio with stand-up piano.",
"\n\nFor the entire story read Asher Price’s interesting piece here school bus.",
"\n\nHarry Cabluck, a longtime Associated Press photojournalist and friend of the Statesman photo department, was laid off from the AP in December after four decades on the job. ",
"He’s not going to let that stop him from doing what he loves. ",
"Cabluck, 71, is starting his freelance photography career.",
"\n\nTexas' Dexter Pittman, left, and Jordan Hamilton, center, shake hands with fans int he stands as the Horns walk off the court following their victory against Colorado 103-86 in their Big 12 season opener at the Erwin Center Saturday afternoon.",
"\n\nAlabama running back Mark Ingram celebrates a fourth quarter touchdown over Texas at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nAlabama's Eryk Anders sacks Texas quarterback Garrett Gilbert fourth quarter at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Alabama recovered the fumble to seal the win. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nAlabama running back Mark Ingram gets past UT defenders Aaron Williams, left, and Emmanuel Acho for a fourth quarter touchdown at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nTexas quarterback Colt McCoy is injured on this play in the first quarter against Alabama at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nTexas quarterback Colt McCoy stands on the sidelines in the third quarter against Alabama at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"McCoy was knocked out of the game early in the first quarter. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin Amrican-Statesman\n\nUT wide receiver Jordan Shipley catches a touchdown pass from quarterback Garrett Gilbert in the fourth quarter against Alabama at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nUT safety Earl Thomas knocks out of bounds Alabama running back Mark Ingram in the first quarter at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nTexas quarterback Colt McCoy walks off the field after losing to Alabama at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"It was McCoy's last game as a Longhorn. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nUT’s Tray Allen walks off the field after losing to Alabama at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nAlabama student Robbie Meintzer, left, and UT student, Robert Dupriest, get in a shouting match about whose team is better at the National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Thursday Jan. 7, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nIce coats shrubbery at the intersection of Metric and Research in north Austin Friday, January 8, 2010. ",
"Temperatures were not expected to get above freezing today and will go down into the teens tonight....photo by Larry Kolvoord/AUSTIN AMERICAN-STATESMAN\n\nCrossing guard Dolores Sanchez is bundled up against the brisk temperatures as she helps school children across Exposition Blvd. ",
"in front of Casis Elementary School Friday, January 8, 2010. ",
"Sanchez has been a crossing guard for the past four years...photo by Larry Kolvoord/AUSTIN AMERICAN-STATESMAN\n\nTexas’ Colt McCoy was injured early in their National Championship game against Alabama and fought an uphill battle all night long to stay in the game. ",
"In the end Alabama seized control on numerous Texas mistakes to win the Citi BCS National Championship at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.",
"\n\nAlabama's Trent Richardson rambles for a lopng touchdown during second quarter action outrunning the entire Texas defesne untouched to the endzone.",
"\n\nTexas' backup QB Garrett Gilbert is brought down for no gain during second quarter action by the Alabama defense led by Javier Arenas, left, and Rolando MCCain, right.",
"\n\nTexas injured QB Colt McCoy tries to clear his head before he talks with ESPN following their loss against Alabama 37-21.",
"\n\nTexas Jordan Shipley strains for extra yardage in the Horns last TD drive where he caught the score late in the fourth quarter action.",
"\n\nTexas coach Mack Brown loses his coll with a call that goes against the Horns late in the game of their loss to Alabama 37-21.",
"\n\nTexas' Eddie Jones feels the heat of the National Champioship title hopes evaporate int he cool air late in the game.",
"\n\nTexas QB Colt McCoy holds up the Hook \"Em Horns sign as he walks dejectedly off the field after the final gun in their loss 37-21 to Alabama.",
"\n\nBeverly Brewer of Luling, and her son J.R. Nelson, 19, keep their horns up while riding a roller coaster at Pacific Park on the Santa Monica Pier in Santa Monica, California, on Wednesday Jan. 6, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nThe University of Texas Marching Band marches through Universal Studios Hollywood on Wednesday Jan. 6, 2010. ",
"Photo by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman\n\nJan 07, 2010 | Uncategorized | Comments Off on Having some fun before the National Championship Game\n\nIt was very cold on the streets of Austin this morning Thursday, January 7, 2010. ",
"There was no way to escape the bitter cold wind, especially if you are a bicycle commuter like Ann Fuenning who was traveling south on Red River near 15th Street. ",
"She was riding from her home in northeast Austin to her job at a restaurant on South Congress Avenue...photo by Larry Kolvoord/AUSTIN AMERICAN-STATESMAN\n\nDeborah Cannon/AMERICAN-STATESMAN T-Bird and the Breaks at the Continental Club on Thursday, December 17, 2009.",
"\n\nIt was pretty early when we started this shoot but that didn’t stop this band from being one of the easiest, most pleasant I’ve worked with yet. ",
"I hear they put on a great show and if their on-camera antics are even close I’m betting they are tons of fun to watch. ",
"The lead singer, Tim Crane (aka T-Bird), even helped me carry all my equipment back to my car. ",
"You can’t get much nicer then that!",
"\n\nSarah Teveldal, left, uses an underwater camera to photograph, her sister, Alissa Teveldal and her boyfriend, Phil Muth, during a photo session at Stacy Pool Tuesday, January 5, 2010. ",
"Sarah is starting an underwater portrait photography business called Flashpool Productions and she was practicing her techniques and learning the technical aspects of the underwater camera rig. ",
"Photo by Larry Kolvoord/AUSTIN AMERICAN-STATESMAN\n\nAustin police investigate the first homicide of 2010 that occurred overnight in the 4600 block of Bandera St. in east Austin near the intersection of MLK and Springdale Road Wednesday, January 6, 2010. ",
"photo Larry Kolvoord/AUSTIN AMERICAN-STATESMAN\n\nAfter a four-day 1400-mile road trip, Bevo and four of his Silver Spurs handlers arrived in the Los Angeles area for the Texas vs. Alabama National Championship Game Tuesday night. ",
"Photos by Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman"
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"Kristine Lytton\n\nKristine Lytton is an American politician of the Democratic Party. ",
"She is a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 40th district.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Members of the Washington House of Representatives\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Washington (state) Democrats\nCategory:Women state legislators in Washington (state)\nCategory:21st-century American politicians\nCategory:21st-century American women politicians\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"
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"News 2014\n\nStage 2 of the Rally of Morocco saw crews traverse 211 km of rough terrain, including a short dune crossing. ",
"As with yesterday's opening stage, Toyota Imperial Hilux driver Giniel de Villiers ended second, just 1:22 behind the stage winner. ",
"But while the opening stage was won by Orlando Terranova of Argentina (MINI All4Racing), it was Qatar's Nasser Al-Attyah (MINI X-Raid) who triumphed today.",
"\n\nDe Villiers, with German navigator Dirk von Zitzewitz reading the notes, posted a time of 02:25:53 - just 1:22 behind Al-Attyah. ",
"More importantly it was 2:19 faster than the time posted by Terranova, who ended the stage in 4th position. ",
"This performance sees De Villiers / Von Zitzewitz maintain their second position overall, with the gap to Al-Attyah, who now leads, just 39 seconds.",
"\n\nAccording to De Villiers, today saw some close racing between themselves and early leader Terranova: \"We caught him fairly quickly this morning, and managed to pass easily. ",
"But Orlando is a tough competitor, and he overtook us again some time later. ",
"We were stuck in his dust for quite a long time, but when we reached the dunes he made a mistake and we went past again.\"",
"\n\nThis left De Villiers and Von Zitzewitz to pick their own way through the dunes, which they did without mishap, arriving at the bivouac first today, despite losing time to Al-Attiyah.",
"\n\n\"We had a small issue with the front brake pads this morning,\" added Team Principal Glyn Hall. \"",
"The brakes were snatching rather than biting progressively, but despite this snag, the crew did us proud.\"",
"\n\nIn the overall standings it is Al-Attiyah who now sets the pace, with De Villiers / Von Zitzewitz in second. ",
"Stage 1 winner, Terranova, has slipped down into third place, with Erik van Loon of the Netherlands (MINI X-Raid) in 4th. ",
"Bernhard ten Brinke, also of the Netherlands, rounds out the Top 5 in his Overdrive Racing Toyota Hilux.",
"\n\nTomorrow’s stage starts in the town of Erfoud for the final time, and sees crews heading towards Zagora, in the Southwest of the country. ",
"At 314 km stage 3 is also the longest of the event, and promises to be a turning point for many of the crews. ",
"The Rally of Morocco finishes on Thursday October 9th, with a finale in Marrakech.",
"\n\nFans can follow the action via Toyota’s social media: www.twitter.com/toyotasa (#hiluxvsmorocco); and www.facebook.com/toyotasouthafrica."
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"Emamzadeh Esmail, Hamadan\n\nEmamzadeh Esmail (, also Romanized as Emāmzādeh Esmā‘īl) is a village in Sardrud-e Olya Rural District, Sardrud District, Razan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. ",
"At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Razan County"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to do long division of 5555 / 55\n\nI know this might seem silly, but I am having trouble performing step-by-step long division on $5555 \\div 55$.\nMy main problem is that I don't know when or what the rule is about putting the zeroes. ",
"I end up with eleven the way I was taught to calculate it.",
"\n\nA:\n\nPerhaps seeing it this way would give you an idea:\n$$5555 = 5500 + 55 = 55*???$$\nFurther hint\n$$5555 = 5500 + 55 = 55 \\cdot 100 + 55 \\cdot 1 = 55 \\cdot ???",
"$$\n\nA:\n\nThe traditional grade-school algorithm:\n 101 \n ---- \n 55)5555 \n 55 \n --- \n 5 \n 0 \n -- \n 55 \n 55 \n --\n\n"
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[
"\"( camera beeps )\" \"( European accent ) \"Foreign Affairs,\" slate one, take one.\" \"",
"Man:\" \"Oh, great, we're gonna need a translator for the slates.\" \"",
"Woman:\" \"Hold it a moment, everybody.\" \"",
"Keep rolling.\" \"",
"Man:\" \"What are we holding for?\" \" ",
"Woman:\" \"Birds.\" \" ",
"Man:\" \"What birds?\" \"",
"Woman:\" \"A flock flew by a moment ago.\" \"",
"It looked great.\" \"",
"Man:\" \"What makes you think these birds are coming back, Zacherly?\" \"",
"Zacherly:\" \"I can feel it in my gut, Logan.\" \"",
"Logan:\" \"Cut!\" \"",
"Cut the damn camera!\" \"",
"I've got a feeling in my gut too, a sinking feeling that we're going to be over budget on the very first setup.\" \"",
"On the last picture, they were... like wild dogs.\" \"",
"We didn't come to Greece to go birdwatching, Zacherly.\" \"",
"So if you please, madam director, would you get your ass in gear and get the camera rolling, birds or no birds?\" \"( ",
"birds squawking )\" \"( pop music playing )\" \"( laughing )\" \"( man vocalizing )\" \"# Yeah, yeah!\" \"#\" \"# ",
"Wake up with the sun upon our face #\" \"# Breeze is blowing clouds across the sky #\" \"# Troubles disappear without a trace #\" \"# Living on an island #\" \"# Just you and I #\" \"# We don't need a ticket #\" \"# Just take me by the hand #\" \"# Love is gonna lead us #\" \"# To our promised land #\" \"# Adventures in paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes #\" \"# You got me walking #\" \"# On fire and ice #\" \"# And it sure feels nice #\" \"# We can catch a ride #\" \"# Upon a star #\" \"# Dance away our blues in outer space #\" \"# In your arms, I've found my Shangri-La #\" \"# Heaven's waiting for me in your embrace #\" \"# We don't need directions #\" \"# To tell us where to go #\" \"# Love is gonna lead us #\" \"# To a place we know #\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes #\" \"# You got me walking on fire and ice #\" \"# And it sure feels nice #\" \"# Adventures and imagination... #\" \"What the hell?\" \"# ",
"Exotic places we can play #\" \"# We're making movies on location #\" \"# The pictures that we dream #\" \"# Carry us away #\" \"# Yeah yeah yeah yeah #\" \"# Yeah yeah!\" \"#\" \"# ",
"We're making movies on location #\" \"# Pictures that we dream #\" \"# Carry us away #\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes #\" \"# You got me walking on fire and ice #\" \"# And it sure feels nice #\" \"( vocalizes )\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes #\" \"# You got me walking on fire and ice #\" \"# And it sure feels nice #\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes-- #\" \" Logan:\" \"Not bad.\" \" ",
"It's ca-ca.\" \" ",
"Well, for ca-ca, it's good ca-ca.\" \"",
"Logan, I can see the strings on the tray.\" \"",
"Oh, Zach, you can see them.\" \"",
"No one else can.\" \"",
"Lights.\" \"",
"It's embarrassing, Logan.\" \"",
"Oh, for Pete's sake, Zach, will you calm down?\" \"",
"No one of average intelligence can see anything.\" \"",
"You didn't notice any strings, did you, snookums?\" \"",
"No, I didn't see anything, Bobo.\" \"",
"Telex from gay Paree.\" \"",
"Brucie, my little creampuff, about the bathroom set-- a real airplane bathroom is just too tight.\" \"",
"Could you build me a bigger one?\" \"",
"Perhaps with some windows?\" \"",
"Whatever you want, chief.\" \"",
"One loo with a view coming up.\" \"( ",
"groans )\" \" Cheese and crackers!\" \" ",
"What's the matter?\" \"",
"Logan, don't tell me the money fell through.\" \"",
"No, those idiot actors, they missed the plane.\" \"",
"And the airline refused to permit Scotty's fiancée to bring her pussy aboard.\" \"",
"How rude.\" \" ( ",
"meows )\" \" Dinner time.\" \"",
"Here you go, Baby Rambo.\" \"",
"Rags, you're not gonna believe this.\" \" ",
"Listen to this stuff.\" \" ",
"All right, man, what's next?\" \"",
"Hit me.\" \"\"",
"As Scotty opens the bathroom door, a gust of wind whips his hair to and fro.\"\" \"( ",
"imitates wind whipping )\" \"Dude, don't keep me in suspense.\" \"",
"What happens next?\" \"",
"Check this out.\" \"\"",
"The plane shudders, starts doing barrel rolls\" \" in a fantastic aerial orgasm.\"\" \" ",
"All right!\" \"",
"That is sick.\" \"",
"The women in this script are just tits and ass with nothing but sex on their minds.\" \"",
"Is that really what you want?\" \"",
"Yes, please.\" \"",
"Well, then you can have it, both of you.\" \"",
"Morgan.\" \"( ",
"sighs ) Great.\" \"",
"Thanks, pal.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, man.\" \"",
"I didn't know she was so sensitive.\" \"",
"She isn't exactly thrilled that our co-stars are gonna be topless half the time.\" \"",
"Not that I intend to use this movie to entice gorgeous young females to abuse my overdeveloped body.\" \" ",
"Right.\" \" ",
"Where are you going?\" \"",
"To apologize to a gorgeous young female, who I happen to be engaged to.\" \"",
"Scott, what are you doing?\" \"",
"Morgan, we have to talk.\" \" ",
"About what?\" \" ",
"The movie.\" \"",
"Look, I think you're confusing me with the character I play in the film.\" \"",
"I'm not a dumb surfer kid who walked off the beach with a surfboard and a hard-on.\" \"",
"I know that.\" \"",
"It's just that for the past few months we've been alone and now I have to share you.\" \" ",
"Share me?\" \" ( ",
"blows nose )\" \"Morgan love, would I have given you this if I didn't intend on staying true?\" \"",
"You're the only woman I want.\" \"",
"Oh, Scotty, you make me just wanna throw you down and jump on your bones.\" \"( ",
"moaning ) Oh, honey.\" \" ",
"Oh, baby pie.\" \" ",
"Scotty:\" \"Oh, sweetheart.\" \"",
"Oh yes, Morgan.\" \"( ",
"screaming )\" \"Oh my God!\" \"",
"Morgan!\" \"",
"Morgan, pull-- pull the shirt!\" \"",
"Let go of the shirt, Morgan.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"Come on, just pull.\" \"",
"Pull, come on.\" \"",
"Morgan.\" \"",
"Coming through.\" \"",
"Look out.\" \"",
"Where's the beach?\" \"",
"Hey, my things are on your board.\" \" ",
"Is this yours?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"Can you prove it?\" \" ",
"Creep.\" \"",
"Hey, dude, she wants my body.\" \"",
"I can tell.\" \" ( ",
"barking )\" \" Hey!\" \"",
"Rin Tin Tin, off my board.\" \"",
"Sure, look, just pretend it's a big bone, okay?\" \"( ",
"speaking Greek )\" \"Drugs?\" \"",
"Me?\" \"",
"Come on, jump back.\" \"",
"That dog of yours is a little high-strung.\" \"",
"I think he's a doper.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Hey, where are those guys going with that surfboard?\" \"",
"Rags:\" \"Hey, back off.\" \"( ",
"chainsaw buzzing )\" \"No no, not my surfboard!\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"No!\" \"( ",
"screams )\" \"Look, man, there's no drugs in here.\" \"",
"I'm sorry about that, boy.\" \"",
"Enjoy.\" \"",
"What's the matter, bud?\" \"",
"You can't be done hassling me.\" \"",
"My suitcase is still in one piece.\" \"",
"Come on, man, cool out.\" \"",
"Open it.\" \" ",
"What for?\" \" ",
"Come on, open it.\" \"",
"It's obviously unnecessary.\" \"",
"Hold on.\" \"",
"You're on a power trip, right?\" \"",
"I get it.\" \"",
"Don't mess up my shirts.\" \"",
"What is this?\" \"",
"This is obviously not my suitcase.\" \"( ",
"snaps fingers )\" \"Can you believe that?\" \"",
"Drugs in my surfboard?\" \"",
"Yeah, I know.\" \"",
"Like you'd have put them in such an obvious place.\" \"",
"Really.\" \"",
"Cut.\" \"",
"Print it.\" \"",
"Both:\" \"Wrapola.\" \"",
"Need a pickup of the chainsaw, cutie.\" \"",
"Okay, everybody, that's a wrap.\" \"",
"Crew bus leaves in half an hour.\" \" ",
"Cast and Cookie comes with me.\" \" ",
"Girls:\" \"Scotty!\" \"",
"Sign your name here, please.\" \"",
"What has he got that we haven't got?\" \"",
"Looks, charm, hit TV series.\" \"",
"Holy shit!\" \"",
"This is real.\" \" ",
"Are you ready to go?\" \" ",
"Ready?\" \"",
"Sure, I've got a headache, my shoulder feels separated\" \" and I'm bored out of my mind.\" \" ",
"I guess you're ready to go.\" \"",
"Excuse me, Officers, but that's not real.\" \"",
"It's just a prop for the movie.\" \"",
"You understand?\" \"",
"Movie.\" \"",
"You understand?\" \"",
"Movie movie.\" \"",
"It's just parsley.\" \"",
"Cookie.\" \"",
"Look at those silly cops.\" \"",
"They think the kids are smoking real pot.\" \"",
"They are.\" \"",
"I told Bruce to get the real stuff.\" \"",
"You what?\" \"",
"Doesn't smell anything like grass.\" \"",
"Here, take this back to the prop truck, please.\" \"( ",
"blowing whistle )\" \" Brucie:\" \"Cookie!\" \" ",
"Huh?\" \"",
"Scott, is that a joint in your hand?\" \"",
"Eww, disgusting!\" \"",
"And you promised me you'd given it up.\" \" ",
"Eat it.\" \" ",
"Are you out of your mind?\" \" ",
"I don't take drugs.\" \" ",
"Morgan, eat it.\" \"( ",
"gulps )\" \"Logan:\" \"What do you want, lamebrain?\" \"",
"Did you want to get us thrown in the slammer?\" \"",
"What I want is reality on the screen.\" \"",
"Oh, you want reality?\" \"",
"You got it, lady.\" \"",
"You're fired!\" \"",
"Before you fire me, Logan, I walk.\" \"",
"No no no no, I fired you before you walked.\" \"",
"Bad news.\" \"",
"Trouble in paradise.\" \"",
"Nothing a quick poke won't cure.\" \"",
"Next time your phone rings, it'll be my attorney.\" \"",
"And you'll be hearing from my agent.\" \"",
"Agh!\" \"",
"Cookie, come along.\" \"",
"We have script changes.\" \"",
"Montito, I need you presto.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, sir, but there's nothing else I can do.\" \"",
"Look, you can't put all three of us in one room.\" \"",
"That's what your reservation called for.\" \"",
"Take it or leave it.\" \"",
"I feel sick.\" \"( ",
"Morgan groaning )\" \"( groans )\" \"Hey, Sean, you sharing your room with anybody?\" \"",
"Not permanently.\" \"",
"How about taking on Rags as a roommate and helping me out?\" \"",
"I wanna get girls in my room, man, not scare 'em away.\" \"( ",
"Morgan vomiting )\" \"Well, I think I'll leave you two lovebirds alone for a while.\" \" ",
"Thanks, buddy.\" \" ",
"Yep.\" \"",
"Hey, Carlton Ashby.\" \"",
"When did you get in?\" \"",
"Hey, son, just flew in after 14 and a half hours in a seat designed for a chimpanzee.\" \"",
"Well, then come on downstairs and we can toss down a couple of ice cold beers.\" \"",
"I'm not quite feeling human yet, and tomorrow's my first day of shooting.\" \"",
"I better get a little sleep.\" \" ",
"Good night.\" \" ",
"Good night.\" \" ",
"Rags.\" \" ",
"Hi, Mrs. Logan.\" \"",
"Welcome to Greece.\" \"",
"Thank you.\" \"",
"Tell me, have you seen my husband around?\" \"",
"Not recently.\" \"",
"Logan:\" \"Who's banging at my door?\" \"",
"Oh, cheese and crackers.\" \"",
"Who's banging at-- oh, what a surprise.\" \"",
"If it isn't my little wifey.\" \"",
"Kiss kiss.\" \"",
"Darling, just let me straighten up a bit.\" \"",
"Make some room for you, huh?\" \"",
"Cookie:\" \"Your wife is here?\" \"!\" \"",
"Cookie, you'll get those sheets changed\" \"I mean, the script sheets changed, right?\" \"",
"Oh, yes, right away.\" \"",
"Oh, I'm sorry.\" \"",
"No, that's okay.\" \"",
"You need some help?\" \"",
"No, I'm okay.\" \" ",
"Thank you.\" \" ",
"Sure.\" \"",
"Oh, work work work work work work work.\" \"",
"Oh, are we a little cranky?\" \"",
"Well, it's been a long trip.\" \"",
"I know.\" \"",
"I know.\" \"",
"I know.\" \" ",
"I love you.\" \" ",
"I love you.\" \"( ",
"screams )\" \"( Morgan groans )\" \"This place isn't so bad.\" \"",
"I mean, it may not be the Ritz, but at least it's clean.\" \" ( ",
"meows )\" \" What's wrong with Baby Rambo?\" \"",
"Nothing.\" \"",
"Just jet lag.\" \"",
"Oh, God, I feel like refried shit.\" \"",
"Probably that joint you ate.\" \"",
"Getting a buzz yet?\" \" ",
"Oh my God!\" \" ",
"Morgan, what is it?\" \"",
"My period is two days late.\" \"",
"Big deal.\" \"",
"I missed a few pills last month.\" \"",
"So?\" \"",
"I'm \"PG.\" ",
"I'm prego.\" \"",
"My God, I've been knocked up.\" \"",
"Are you sure this isn't a hysterical reaction from the grass?\" \"",
"Hysterical reaction?\" \"",
"I'm pregnant and you're calling me hysterical?\" \"",
"Our baby is growing inside my womb, and you accuse me of being an emotional basket case.\" \"",
"I didn't say that.\" \"",
"But you implied it.\" \"",
"Like horseshit.\" \"",
"Like horseshit?\" \" ",
"Come on, baby doll.\" \" ",
"No, don't.\" \"",
"I don't deserve this kind of abuse.\" \"",
"What do I have to do, get on my hands and knees?\" \"",
"Maybe.\" \"",
"It feels so good to hold you.\" \"",
"Just the three of us together.\" \" ",
"Do you know what, honey?\" \" ",
"What's that?\" \"",
"I think maybe we shouldn't make nooky-nooky for a while.\" \"",
"Why not?\" \"",
"Just to be safe.\" \"",
"You know, we're in the family way.\" \"",
"Darling, isn't it wonderful?\" \"( ",
"cat meows )\" \"Another hour in this sun, and my nose will be fried.\" \"",
"Did you bring any nose coat?\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Hey, buddy, we gotta face reality here.\" \"",
"If pennies don't start dropping from heaven, we're gonna have to get jobs.\" \"",
"Please, God, anything but that.\" \"",
"Scotty:\" \"Whose is this?\" \"",
"Thank you, Jesus.\" \"",
"Saved from the minimum wage.\" \"",
"Put it back, man.\" \"",
"This isn't ours.\" \"",
"Scotty dude, we're in Europe.\" \"",
"Miracles happen all the time over here.\" \"",
"That's pretty lame, dude.\" \"",
"Look, we'll find the rightful owner and maybe we'll get a cash reward.\" \"",
"Ask and ye shall receive!\" \"( ",
"horn blowing )\" \"Everyone on board, please.\" \"",
"Setting sail for another island paradise.\" \"",
"Come on, let's go.\" \"",
"This is school?\" \"",
"Things have sure changed since I dropped out.\" \"",
"Gentlemen, I'm Miss Rollins, the chief administrator.\" \" ",
"May I help you?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Sean Kingsley.\" \"",
"Oh, Mr. Kingsley, thank God you've arrived.\" \"",
"We've been holding the boat for you.\" \"",
"And this must be your private tutor.\" \"",
"That's me.\" \"",
"Professor DW Rags\" \"PhD, MBA, DDS, DDT, LSD and ABC.\" \"",
"Look, Miss Rollins, my name is not Sean.\" \"",
"It's Scotty.\" \" ",
"Scotty?\" \" ",
"It's his middle name.\" \"",
"Sean Scott Kingsley.\" \"",
"He uses it when he travels incognito.\" \" ",
"You understand?\" \" ",
"Of course.\" \"",
"The son of a billionaire can't be too careful.\" \" ",
"Son of a-- - ( ship's horn blows )\" \"Now if you'll excuse me, I'll tell the captain we're ready to cast off.\" \"",
"Rags, we can't do this.\" \"",
"This is crazy.\" \"",
"Don't be such a squid, dude.\" \"",
"Besides, it's educational.\" \"",
"Hey hey, where you going?\" \"",
"Wait a sec.\" \"",
"Hold on!\" \"",
"Hold the boat.\" \"",
"Hold on!\" \"",
"You can't leave without me.\" \"",
"Come on, dude, you can make it.\" \"",
"Come on!\" \"",
"I'm with the Semester at Sea.\" \" ",
"Come on, man, run.\" \" ",
"Hold on.\" \" ",
"Come on, dude, jump.\" \" ",
"Hold on.\" \" ",
"Jump!\" \" ",
"I'm com-- oh!\" \" ",
"I lied.\" \" ",
"Come back here, you!\" \"",
"Hey, put that in reverse.\" \"",
"Are you the rich handsome American we were waiting for?\" \"",
"Bingo.\" \"",
"Now didn't we meet somewhere before, like maybe in a past life?\" \"",
"Wow, look what the cat dragged in.\" \"",
"Ashby, Lana?\" \"",
"Hi, Scotty.\" \"",
"What the hell are you guys doing here?\" \"",
"I'm the captain of this crate.\" \"",
"We bought it as an investment.\" \"",
"This son of a bitch is a floating tax write-off.\" \"",
"Well, it's sure good to see you, son.\" \"",
"I get hung-over just thinking about old times.\" \"",
"We sure did raise a lot of hell, didn't we?\" \"",
"We don't mind you and Rags being on board, so long as we come to a little understanding.\" \"",
"Anything you say, chief.\" \"",
"Both:\" \"Be on time for class and do your homework.\" \"( ",
"laughs )\" \"I don't know how to swim.\" \"",
"And this is the temple where they worshipped Rhodus, the lovely nymph and daughter of Poseidon, built in the third century BC.\" \"",
"According to Pindar, Helios, the god of the sun, fell in love with the nymph Rhodus on sight and decided to marry her.\" \"( ",
"camera shutter clicks )\" \"Okay, sucker, this time wait for papa.\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Oh...\" \"( camera shutter clicks )\" \"( whistling )\" \"And over here is the recently restored statue of Rhodus, the lovely nymph.\" \"",
"Even today, centuries after she was chiseled out of rock, we're still struck by her incredible beauty.\" \" ",
"Cut.\" \" ",
"Zacherly:\" \"Cut it.\" \"",
"I can't get it up for this scene.\" \"",
"What's the matter, cupcakes?\" \"",
"The script calls for me to gaze lovingly into her eyes.\" \"",
"How can I?\" \"",
"She's headless.\" \"",
"He seems to want a little head, madam director.\" \"",
"Sorry, look, I'm an actor.\" \"",
"I need something to help me fulfill this moment.\" \"",
"How's about 5,000 bucks a week, butt face?\" \"",
"Listen, honeybuns, until we cast the part of Rhodus the nymph, we can't cast the head.\" \"",
"Hey, Scotty, is this what you need?\" \"",
"Ragos, the nympho.\" \" ",
"Nympho.\" \" ",
"Ooh!\" \"",
"Oh, the statue!\" \"",
"Rags.\" \"",
"Oh, no!\" \"( ",
"statue shatters )\" \"Well, hello, everybody.\" \"",
"Great Scott, Scott, you're a half an hour late.\" \"",
"Get your keister in here.\" \"",
"It's pretty hard to wake up quickly on your only day off.\" \"",
"I'd think you'd be well rested, sugar buns, after sleepwalking through all your scenes.\" \"",
"Just following your inspiring direction.\" \"",
"Come on, let's get cracking.\" \"",
"If we don't find our nymph today, tomorrow we are screwed.\" \"",
"Who are those guys?\" \"",
"Those are our investors.\" \"",
"And they're very good people, Scott.\" \"",
"Doctors, lawyers, dentists.\" \"",
"Leches.\" \" ",
"I just love investors.\" \" ",
"Yes, I know you do, dear.\" \"",
"Cookie, perhaps you could trot out the first young lady?\" \"",
"Coming right up, Bobo.\" \"",
"Janay Pilates, this is our director and producer and his wife.\" \"",
"Janay is wearing a bathing suit underneath her dress, and she wanted to know whether or not you wanted to see her body before or after the reading.\" \"",
"I think before.\" \" ",
"Sounds professional to me.\" \" ",
"Definitely.\" \"",
"Dude, what's wrong?\" \"",
"Morgan's punishing me.\" \" ",
"No nooky.\" \" ",
"Why?\" \"",
"When she told me she wasn't pregnant I was so happy\" \"I French kissed the maid.\" \"",
"Thank you, Janay, A+.\" \"",
"Now let's hear your reading.\" \"\"",
"Am I really awake?\" \"",
"Let me pinch myself.\" \"",
"If you love me, open those lovely lips and tell me in your own sweet voice.\"\" \"( ",
"nasally ) \"Words of love are only words, therefore, think carefully before you answer me.\" \"",
"Are you really in love with me or is it just with my body?\"\" \"",
"Your body.\" \"",
"Next!\" \"\"",
"Words of love...\"\" \"\"...are only words, therefore...\"\" \"\"...think carefully before you answer me.\"\" \"( ",
"laughs ) Shit.\" \"\"",
"Are you really in love with me...\"\" \"\"...or just with my body?\"\" \" \"",
"My body.\" - \"",
"My body.\"\" \" \"",
"My body.\" - \"",
"Body.\"\" \" \"",
"Body.\" - \"",
"Body.\"\" \"",
"Logan:\" \"How about Monique Monet?\" \"",
"She wasn't so bad.\" \"",
"Zacherly:\" \"Wasn't so bad?\" \"",
"She can't even say her name and make it sound real.\" \"",
"That's because it's not.\" \"",
"Can I get you anything else?\" \"",
"Just coffee, my dear.\" \" ",
"Coffee.\" \" ",
"Make it three.\" \"",
"Nothing.\" \"",
"Just some water.\" \"",
"Please.\" \"",
"Three coffees and one water.\" \"",
"Thank you.\" \"",
"Parakalo, my dear.\" \"",
"Oh, I got it.\" \"",
"I got it.\" \"",
"We make her a poor little mute girl.\" \"",
"That way she can look great but she doesn't have to say a bloody word.\" \"",
"I suppose the love scenes will be done in sign language.\" \"",
"Yeah, it's just like ordering dinner in a sushi bar.\" \"",
"I mean, he points at everything he wants.\" \"",
"Excuse me.\" \"",
"Excuse me.\" \"",
"Are you an actress?\" \"",
"No, I'm the waitress.\" \"",
"So are most the actresses I know.\" \"",
"Would you mind reading these lines of dialogue with me?\" \"",
"I told you, I'm not an actress.\" \" ",
"Please.\" \"",
"I'll leave you a big tip.\" \" ",
"On a glass of water?\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"Okay, but only if you promise to quit bothering me.\" \"",
"All right, look, I'll read this and then I'll cue you.\" \"\"",
"If you love me, let me know by opening those lovely lips and tell me in your own sweet voice.\"\" \"\"",
"Words of love are just words, therefore, think carefully before you answer me.\" \"",
"Are you really in love with me or just with my body?\" ",
"Okay?\" \"",
"Okay?\" \"",
"That was more than okay.\" \"",
"That was really good.\" \"",
"You didn't even tell me your name.\" \"",
"Cleopatra, but I go by Cleo.\" \"",
"So, Cleo, how would you like to be in a movie?\" \"",
"How does it end?\" \"",
"Very happily.\" \"",
"I mean, do I end up taking off my clothes and jumping into bed with you?\" \"",
"That's right.\" \"",
"How'd you know?\" \"",
"I've been in that movie.\" \"",
"It doesn't end happily.\" \"",
"Hey, I'm serious.\" \"",
"We're trying to cast the lead in a film.\" \"",
"You'd be perfect.\" \"",
"You guys, I just read her and she's great.\" \"",
"Try telling that to my stepfather.\" \"",
"Oh, what a fine looking citizen.\" \"",
"Well, my dear, perhaps you'll take off your-- read for us?\" \"",
"Please, try to understand.\" \"",
"I don't even go to the movies and I have no desire to be in one.\" \"",
"I'm just a student working to save some money for college.\" \"",
"Now I'm flattered that you asked, but there's really nothing you can say to change my mind.\" \"",
"How about 150,000 drachmas a week?\" \"( ",
"horn blowing )\" \"Perhaps the most outstanding example of the Ionic border is the Erechtheum located in the Acropolis.\" \"",
"At the southern portico of the Erechtheum is the famed Porch of the Maidens, known for its six sculpted caryatids.\" \"",
"These female figures dating from the fifth century BC act as columns supporting an entablature on their heads.\" \"",
"Oh, man, we have a porch of maidens here and I am erect-ium.\" \"( ",
"horn blowing )\" \"Check out that boat.\" \"",
"It's not the boat I'm checking out.\" \"",
"Speaking of checking out..\" \"Hello, up there.\" \"",
"You're the most beautiful girl I've ever seen.\" \"",
"What's your name?\" \"",
"I have to talk to you.\" \"",
"I'm coming aboard.\" \"",
"Come on now, keep away from the boat.\" \" ",
"I'm gonna shoot!\" \" ",
"Stop!\" \" ",
"Get away from the boat!\" \" ( ",
"gunshots )\" \"Get away from the boat!\" \" ",
"Get him!\" \"",
"Get him!\" \" ",
"Bring her over here.\" \"",
"Shoot him again.\" \"",
"Shoot him again!\" \"",
"Get back!\" \"( ",
"folk music playing )\" \"# Playing the demons way down deep inside me #\" \"# Stirring and compromise surrender #\" \"# And I lost another battle #\" \"# Weakness of the flesh has won again... #\" \"Very good.\" \"",
"Hey, Cleo, wait up.\" \"",
"You were really good today.\" \" ",
"Me?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"How do you like making movies?\" \"",
"Honestly, it was the most boring day of my life.\" \"",
"All that waiting around with nobody to talk to but actors.\" \"",
"Sorry, princess.\" \"",
"I guess actors are beneath someone of your noble birth.\" \"",
"Cookie:\" \"Bobo, you don't understand.\" \"",
"Scram.\" \"",
"Will you scram?\" \"",
"That's all.\" \"",
"And you, Mr. Popapipoles, out out.\" \"",
"I want you out.\" \"",
"I will not tolerate this trashy, sexist behavior on my set.\" \"",
"You are finished.\" \"",
"I have a contract, sir.\" \"",
"You can't do this.\" \"",
"You have a contract, do you?\" \"",
"Well, I invoke the morals clause on your contract.\" \"",
"Oh, shit!\" \"",
"The morals clause?\" \"",
"What's going on?\" \"",
"Logan caught Mr. Popapipoles with his hand in the Cookie jar.\" \"",
"Pervert!\" \"",
"You're through.\" \"",
"Shoo!\" \"",
"Shoo!\" \"",
"Shoo!\" \"",
"You're history.\" \"",
"Shoo!\" \"",
"Logan, you just fired one of my supporting leads and he has to work again tomorrow.\" \"",
"Replace the degenerate.\" \"",
"One one day's notice?\" \"",
"How?\" \"",
"Throw a souvlaki sandwich into any crowd.\" \"",
"Anyone you hit will be a better actor than that turkey.\" \"",
"Logan!\" \"",
"I'll be seeing you later, princess.\" \"",
"Look, Scott, I didn't mean to be a snob.\" \"",
"I'm just feeling uneasy about what we're doing.\" \"",
"If my stepfather hears that we have a nude scene together, he'll lock me up and come after you with a knife.\" \"",
"Scotty:\" \"Why is it every time I see that man he has a weapon in his hand?\" \"",
"Maybe it's a sign.\" \"",
"Thanks for a happy night.\" \"",
"Ciao.\" \"( ",
"water running )\" \"( cat meowing )\" \"( shrieks ) Scott, what are you trying to do, give me a heart attack?\" \"",
"I know you've been mad at me, but I did not expect to find you in war paint.\" \"",
"Are you making fun of my avocado mask?\" \"",
"Me?\" \"",
"Make fun of that?\" \"",
"Looks pretty stupid.\" \"",
"Morgie, I was only kidding.\" \"",
"Look, if you wanna know the truth, that guacamole on your face really turns me on.\" \"",
"Oh, yeah, sure.\" \"",
"Hey, little girl.\" \"",
"I'm Dr. Dan and I make house calls.\" \"",
"Naughty girl, have you been cleaning your ears?\" \"",
"Scotty, don't.\" \"",
"You know what that does to me.\" \"",
"That's why Dr. Dan is doing it.\" \"( ",
"moaning )\" \"Guess what.\" \"",
"I ran out of birth control pills.\" \"",
"Are we safe without 'em?\" \"",
"Honey, do we care?\" \"( ",
"sighs )\" \"Well, I guess that's your answer, huh?\" \"",
"And I thought you loved me.\" \"",
"Morgan, let's not fight.\" \"",
"We can hold off making love until you get some more pills.\" \"",
"In the meantime, Dr. Dan could use a little physical therapy, if you know what I mean.\" \"",
"God!\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Morgan, you don't know what it's like on the set all day surrounded by these beautiful girls with beautiful bodies.\" \"",
"Come on, reach out and touch someone.\" \"",
"Me.\" \"",
"Oh, I got you.\" \"",
"So while you lie back and daydream about all those great-looking bodies,\" \"Morgie here does all the dirty work, right?\" \"",
"Come on, Dr. Dan just needs a little relief.\" \"",
"You need relief, honey?\" \"",
"Take two of these and call me in the morning.\" \"",
"I'm taking a bath.\" \"",
"Morgan!\" \"( ",
"sighs )\" \"( humming )\" \"Okay, who wants the next rubdown?\" \"",
"Me, Rags, please.\" \"",
"No, me.\" \"",
"Me, Rags.\" \"",
"My skin is so dry.\" \"",
"Please, Rags, please do me next.\" \"",
"But, Rags, I was before her.\" \"",
"Babette, honey, I just did you.\" \"",
"You did my back, not my front.\" \"",
"Thank you, Lord.\" \"( ",
"instrumental music playing )\" \"Ahh!\" \"",
"Ahh!\" \"( ",
"snickers )\" \"Ooh!\" \"( ",
"screaming )\" \"I'm sorry about the mess, but I had to see you again.\" \"",
"Come away with me.\" \"",
"Come to the disco tonight.\" \"",
"Tonight, okay?\" \"",
"The disco tonight!\" \"",
"Murderer!\" \"",
"Drown him!\" \"",
"Hey, guys, it's been a long time since I've done any cliffdiving.\" \"",
"Seriously.\" \"",
"I guess practice makes perfect.\" \"( ",
"screams )\" \"( cheering, applause )\" \"That was a good rehearsal, my soggy little macaroon.\" \"",
"Now let's shoot it.\" \"",
"Just kidding.\" \"",
"Next setup-- the desert insert.\" \"",
"Where the hell is Sean?\" \"",
"Somebody find me Sean!\" \"",
"I think he's off learning his lines.\" \"",
"He doesn't have any lines.\" \"",
"Dig it, babe.\" \" ",
"Ooh!\" \" ",
"Whoopsie-doodle.\" \"",
"Hey, princess, what's with the long face?\" \"",
"Nothing.\" \"",
"Just that in spite of my better judgment,\" \"I'm beginning to like you.\" \"",
"Well, it's a good thing you don't love me.\" \"",
"You'd probably commit suicide.\" \"",
"I've never had a crush on a playboy before.\" \"",
"Playboy?\" \"",
"What makes you think I'm a playboy?\" \"",
"Hey, Scotty, maybe it's 'cause she's heard all the banging and screaming coming from your dressing room.\" \"",
"I mean, everybody else sure has.\" \" ",
"Set's in travel.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Gotta roll.\" \"",
"You don't believe him, do you?\" \"",
"Cut me some slack, will you?\" \"",
"I don't believe everything I hear.\" \"",
"I'm here.\" \"",
"Let's shoot this puppy.\" \"",
"Where have you been, Sean?\" \"",
"Get out there.\" \" ",
"Hello, Mrs. Logan.\" \" ",
"Hello, how are you today?\" \" ",
"Wonderful.\" \" ",
"Tell me something.\" \"",
"Has there ever been a time in your life when you haven't been wonderful?\" \"",
"Not so far.\" \"",
"Everybody ready?\" \"",
"Roll, fan.\" \"",
"Camera, action!\" \"( ",
"groaning )\" \"Water!\" \"",
"Water!\" \"",
"Water!\" \"",
"Real cute, Scott.\" \"",
"Hey hey hey, knock it off, you uncured hams.\" \" ",
"Get your poker out there, Sean.\" \" ",
"You want to fight?\" \"",
"Take two coming up.\" \"( ",
"laughing )\" \"Sean doesn't have much of a sense of humor.\" \"",
"That's because what you did was not funny.\" \"",
"And I suppose what he did was?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Actually you're both behaving like children.\" \"",
"If you think it's impressing me, you couldn't be more wrong.\" \"( ",
"screaming )\" \"No!\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"Oh, no!\" \"",
"Cleopatra.\" \"( ",
"speaking Greek )\" \"Hey, don't forget you're spoken for, son.\" \"",
"Have you ever been in love with two women at once?\" \"",
"Not in this incarnation.\" \"",
"Hell yes, several times.\" \"",
"I just never let my left ball know what my right ball's doing.\" \"",
"So we're juggling lovelies, are we, Scotty?\" \"",
"I don't know what to do.\" \"",
"Move to Saudi Arabia.\" \"",
"It's legal there.\" \"",
"But liquid libations are not.\" \"",
"Well, that would be hell, wouldn't it?\" \"",
"Stuck in a desert with two women and no liquor.\" \"( ",
"laughs )\" \"Okay, so the casting dude says,\" \"\"I'm sorry, but we're looking for the Robert Redford type.\"\" \"",
"And I say, \"Dude, that's incredible.\" \"",
"He's my father.\" \"",
"In fact, that's where I got my blond hair.\"\" \"",
"I love your hair.\" \"",
"It's so spiky.\" \"",
"Do American girls like spiky hair?\" \"",
"Hell yeah.\" \"",
"I mean, spiky hair and earrings-- serious turn-ons.\" \" ",
"I'll drink to that.\" \" ",
"All right!\" \"",
"Hey, baby, two bottles of Dom Perignon and a funnel right away, huh?\" \"",
"And why don't we plan on getting together later on?\" \"",
"We close at midnight, and I do the dishes.\" \"",
"Would you rather do the dishes or do me?\" \"",
"The dishes.\" \"",
"Less grease.\" \"",
"Where the hell do you find these guys, Logan?\" \"",
"They look like a gaggle of pussycats.\" \"",
"I mean, would you really be frightened if this guy kidnapped your wife?\" \"",
"Oh yeah, I'd be frightened for him, poor bastard.\" \"",
"Couple of nights with Lana would drive a guy bananas or turn him into some other kind of fruit.\" \"",
"I'm serious, dickbrain.\" \"",
"The role of the kidnapper is critical.\" \"",
"We've gotta find someone who looks real.\" \"",
"Real?\" \"",
"Oh, you want real?\" \"",
"Well, you're gonna get real.\" \"",
"Could you come over here, please, Dmitri?\" \"( ",
"speaks Greek )\" \"Both:\" \"Ooh!\" \"",
"Darling, you're not going to believe the bargains I got.\" \"",
"Everything in the whole marketplace was on sale.\" \"",
"And you bought it all.\" \"",
"You know, the thing I just love about shopping here is the money just doesn't look real.\" \"",
"You can just spend and spend and spend and it's like confetti.\" \"",
"Oh, somewhere here I've got something for you.\" \"",
"The bill.\" \"",
"Here it is, darling.\" \"",
"I ran into Sean and he helped me pick it out.\" \"",
"Hi, Sean.\" \"",
"It's one of a kind.\" \"",
"What do you think?\" \"",
"Certainly is one of a kind.\" \"",
"Yeah, not many people know how to make them babies.\" \" ",
"Sean helped pick that out?\" \" ",
"Mm-hmm.\" \"",
"I'll have to find a unique way of thanking him.\" \"",
"You don't like it, do you?\" \"",
"You hate it.\" \"",
"I can tell.\" \"",
"It's beautiful.\" \" ",
"I love it to death.\" \" ",
"Let me tell you something, bucko.\" \"",
"You know, it's not easy being stuck over here with nothing to do all day.\" \"",
"I'd go crazy if I couldn't go out and do a little shopping now and then.\" \"",
"Morgan, it's just that you're going through our money faster than I can make it.\" \"",
"And I suppose my sanity is only worth $50 a week.\" \"",
"Or maybe $75.\" \" ( ",
"men laughing )\" \" Good old Morgan, just-- just lock her up in the hotel room and throw away her credit cards.\" \"",
"Is that it?\" \"",
"Well, I don't have to take that kind of abuse from anybody.\" \"",
"You know, I\" \" I'll wire Daddy for money if I have to.\" \"",
"He knows how delicate and sensitive I am.\" \"",
"Here, take your gold card and shove it up your wallet.\" \" ",
"I'll survive somehow.\" \" ",
"Morgan.\" \"",
"Son, I got a feeling she's blown the tires off your credit card.\" \"",
"Next time, better leave home without it.\" \"( ",
"dance music playing )\" \"# Music playing in my head #\" \"# And it just won't let me be #\" \"# I got things I want to do instead #\" \"# I got the moves, set them free #\" \"# Flashing in the dark... #\" \" Hey, wait a minute.\" \" ",
"Hold it, blondie.\" \"",
"Hold it.\" \"",
"Hey, blondie, you want blood all over that white suit?\" \"",
"Be a good doggie, huh?\" \"# ",
"Lighten up our world, so let it shine, let it shine #\" \"# For we are #\" \"# Children of the night #\" \"# Dancing to the beat of a different drum #\" \"# Children of the night... #\" \"Excuse me, sir.\" \"",
"This is $380 American.\" \"",
"No problem.\" \"",
"Just put it on my tab and keep it flowing to those guys, okay?\" \"",
"Yes sir, Mr. Kingsley.\" \"( ",
"pop music playing )\" \"# Oh, I'm waiting for you #\" \"# I want your love #\" \"# I'm want to hold on tonight... #\" \"( screaming )\" \"Oh God!\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"You know what happened to me last night?\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"I dreamed we were dancing together just like this.\" \"",
"So in this dream of yours, what happens next?\" \"",
"Next I say, \"Hey, let's blow this joint and watch the sun rise.\"\" \"",
"I'd love to, but my father would never allow it.\" \"",
"Funny, that's what you said in the dream.\" \"",
"And I said, \"Hey, let's just sneak out the back door.\"\" \"",
"I wish we could.\" \"",
"But my bodyguards watch every move I make.\" \"",
"Well, in my dream, this is where I point out to you that your two gorillas are blotto over there in the corner.\" \"( ",
"laughing )\" \"( giggles )\" \"# I don't care about boy lovers... #\" \"I've never done anything like this before.\" \"",
"I have in my dreams.\" \"",
"And believe me, it's worth it.\" \"( ",
"giggles )\" \"Hey, you don't happen to know where the Semester at Sea group is, do you?\" \"",
"I\" \" I heard a couple of the guys are in here.\" \"",
"The only guy I want is Sean Kingsley.\" \"",
"That's me, I'm\" \" I'm Sean Kingsley.\" \"( ",
"snaps )\" \"Listen, gay boy, 24 bottles of champagne is 280,000 drachmas without tip.\" \"",
"That's ridiculous.\" \"",
"I don't have that kind of money.\" \"( ",
"groans )\" \"Hold it a beat longer... and cut.\" \" ( ",
"beeps )\" \" Very nice.\" \"",
"Next setup!\" \"",
"Was that good for you?\" \" ",
"That was fine.\" \" ",
"Okay, let's get that camera.\" \"",
"Yoo-hoo, Scotty!\" \"",
"Oh, Scotty!\" \"",
"Scotty!\" \"",
"Morgan, didn't expect to see you up so early this morning.\" \"",
"I woke up feeling cheap as hell.\" \"",
"You snuck out of bed like a one-night stand.\" \"",
"You didn't even leave me any breakfast money.\" \"",
"Cafe au lait, mademoiselle?\" \"",
"Thanks.\" \"",
"Whoop!\" \"",
"What are you doing?\" \"",
"Oh, just practicing.\" \"",
"Someday I want to be a director.\" \"",
"Stranger things have happened.\" \"",
"Really?\" \"",
"You think so?\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"One or two.\" \"",
"Don't I get any lunch money, Daddy?\" \"",
"Thank you, darling.\" \"",
"A good boy deserves a good kiss.\" \"",
"Morgan, not here, okay?\" \"",
"Who is that girl over there?\" \"",
"You mean you don't know?\" \"",
"That's Scott's fiancée.\" \"",
"First team, let's go!\" \"",
"On the double before we lose this light.\" \"",
"Let's man the oars, slaves.\" \"",
"You're still angry at me from last night, aren't you?\" \" ",
"No.\" \" ",
"Then prove it and give Morgie back the gold card.\" \"",
"Here, you have it all.\" \"",
"Are you satisfied?\" \"",
"I will be as soon as the stores open!\" \"( ",
"cackling ) Get it?\" \"",
"All right, kiddy-pie, this is where you're kissing and the two gorillas come after you.\" \"",
"This'll be a master.\" \"",
"Ready?\" \"",
"Okay, picking up where we left off.\" \"",
"Just wait until she calls action, okay?\" \"",
"Zacherly:\" \"Roll sound!\" \" ",
"Camera!\" \" ( ",
"beeps )\" \"\"Foreign Affairs\" shot 150, take one.\" \"",
"Action!\" \"",
"What the?\" \"( ",
"grunting )\" \"( pop music playing )\" \"# So here I am #\" \"# Falling in love with love again #\" \"# Woman in red #\" \"# Under the stars above again #\" \"# Magic in the air #\" \"# Hearts run free #\" \"# 'Cause he's with her and she's with me #\" \"# We're just going through the motions #\" \"# But it doesn't even feel right to me #\" \"# We're not showing our emotions #\" \"# And I'm not where I'm supposed to be #\" \"# I tried finding somebody to take your place #\" \"# I can't hide, I close my eyes #\" \"# And see your face #\" \"# Magic in the air #\" \"# Hearts run free #\" \"# 'Cause he's with her and she's with me... #\" \"( camera rattling )\" \"# We're just going through the motions #\" \"# And it doesn't really feel right to me #\" \"# We're not showing our emotions #\" \"# And I'm not where I'm supposed to be #\" \"# I'm in the right place #\" \"# With the wrong love #\" \"# I've got a bad case #\" \"# And you're the only woman #\" \"# I've been dreaming of #\" \"# We're just going through the motions #\" \"# But it doesn't really feel right to me #\" \"# We're not showing our emotions #\" \"# And I'm not where I'm supposed to be. #\" \"",
"Come on, more mud, Brucie!\" \"",
"More mud!\" \"",
"Zacherly, what is your preoccupation with mud?\" \"",
"May I remind you we are making a motion picture, not a mud pie?\" \"",
"Listen, Logan, this is the big fight scene where Sean finally catches up with Scotty.\" \"",
"Can't you see the mud is very symbolic?\" \"",
"Oh, of course it's symbolic.\" \"",
"It's symbolic of how much money can be wasted shooting all this Boob McNutt intellectual crap!\" \"",
"Now you get that camera of yours rolling in five minutes or I'm going to start tearing pages out of your script!\" \"",
"Scooter-pie, find me some inserts to shoot.\" \"",
"Yes, sir-- ma'am.\" \"( ",
"growls )\" \" Thank you.\" \" ",
"Oh, you're welcome, Mrs. Logan.\" \"",
"What are you thanking me for?\" \"",
"Oh, for blocking my sun.\" \"",
"I love sun bathing with no sun.\" \"",
"Oh, glad to be of help.\" \"",
"I should have stayed in pork bellies.\" \"",
"Mr. Logan!\" \"",
"Mr. Logan!\" \"",
"Psst psst.\" \"",
"Yes, Dmitri?\" \"",
"For kidnap!\" \"",
"Bang bang!\" \"",
"Oh, yes yes, the kidnapper.\" \"",
"And we need him for the first scene tomorrow.\" \"",
"What have you brought me?\" \"",
"Ah, yeah.\" \"",
"Na na na na.\" \"",
"Very good.\" \"",
"Very good-- oh!\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"You can do this?\" \"( ",
"growls )\" \" ( grunts ) - ( yells, laughs )\" \"Very good.\" \"",
"Very good.\" \"",
"As long as the price is right.\" \"",
"Find something for me, sugar cookie?\" \"",
"I think so.\" \"",
"We still need an insert of the chainsaw cutting the surfboard in half.\" \"",
"Pull the chainsaw and surfboard from props.\" \" ",
"Man:\" \"Right away, chief.\" \" ",
"You wait here.\" \"",
"I'll be right back, you little gingersnapper you.\" \" ",
"Hello.\" \" ",
"Hi.\" \"",
"You know, I\" \" I know it's none of my business, but I think that I should warn you about Sean.\" \"",
"I suppose you're going to tell me that he's a liar and a cheat,\" \" is that it?\" \" ",
"Yeah, how'd you know?\" \"",
"I guess it takes a liar to know a liar.\" \"",
"Hey, Cleo, what are you talking about?\" \"",
"I'm talking about the lies you've been spreading about us, telling everybody that we slept together.\" \"",
"I never said that.\" \"",
"There are a lot of things you never said.\" \"",
"By the way, congratulations on your engagement.\" \"",
"You two deserve each other.\" \"",
"Cleo.\" \"",
"Cleo!\" \"",
"All you have to do is take your gun-- you know gun?\" \"",
"Gun-- and aim at that boy over there and abduct him.\" \"",
"Think you can handle that?\" \"( ",
"speaking Greek )\" \"Money money.\" \"",
"He'll do whatever you want if money good enough.\" \"",
"Oh, a tough negotiator, huh?\" \"( ",
"chuckles )\" \"( laughing )\" \"Which side of the board did they cut up, love, the right or the left?\" \"",
"The right.\" \"",
"Or was it the left?\" \"",
"Come on, a little better, all right?\" \"",
"Smooth and hard.\" \"",
"Good, that's it.\" \"",
"Someone told Cleo I was bragging about sleeping with her.\" \"",
"Now who'd do a thing like that?\" \"",
"Good, perfect.\" \"",
"Now wait a moment.\" \"",
"You start.\" \"",
"When you bring the left-- bam, inside completely.\" \"",
"From the beginning, come on.\" \"",
"Good?\" \"",
"More more.\" \"",
"What?\" \"!\" \"",
"10% of the gross!\" \"",
"Oh, come on!\" \"",
"For the measly little part of the kidnapper?\" \"",
"Outrageous!\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"Deca.\" \"",
"10. ",
"10.\" \"",
"He wants 10% of what you make off him.\" \"",
"Is only fair.\" \"",
"Oh, I see what you mean.\" \"",
"What I make off him.\" \"",
"Like merchandising.\" \"",
"Like kidnapper dolls and posters and all that crap.\" \"",
"Oh well, no problem.\" \"",
"Why didn't you say so in the first place?\" \"( ",
"speaking Greek )\" \"He wants to know why you want the boy kidnapped.\" \"",
"Why?\" \"",
"Oh he's a method actor.\" \"",
"Of course.\" \"",
"Because the boy's father is a billionaire.\" \"",
"Billionaire.\" \"",
"He's worth 150 billion drachmas.\" \"",
"So you want to be a director, my little Twinkie?\" \"",
"Make this shot while I go see how the fight scene's coming.\" \"",
"Really?\" \"",
"You want me to direct this shot?\" \"",
"Gee, I don't know what to say.\" \"",
"Try saying action.\" \"",
"Just because you couldn't get in her pants doesn't mean that I won't.\" \" ",
"Cleo's not that stupid.\" \" ",
"Yeah?\" \"",
"Just leave your window open tomorrow night, you'll hear us.\" \"( ",
"grunting )\" \"I'll hear her slap your ugly face.\" \"( ",
"chuckles ) Yeah, with the inside of her thighs.\" \"( ",
"grunts )\" \"Hey, I told you-- distance.\" \"",
"Are you okay?\" \"",
"You son of a bitch!\" \"( ",
"screaming )\" \"Hey, what are you doing?\" \"",
"Stop it.\" \"",
"Sorry, honeybuns.\" \"",
"It just doesn't look real.\" \"( ",
"motor sputtering )\" \"( buzzing loudly )\" \"( Cookie screams )\" \"( screaming )\" \"( laughing )\" \"( screaming )\" \"( rock music playing )\" \"( screaming )\" \"Oh, my Cookie!\" \"",
"My Cookie!\" \"",
"Cookie!\" \"( ",
"shrieks )\" \"( screams )\" \"Cookie!\" \"",
"Cookie!\" \"",
"No!\" \"( ",
"screaming )\" \"( gasping )\" \"( chuckling )\" \"Whoa!\" \" ",
"Cookie, you okay?\" \" ",
"Cut.\" \"",
"Print.\" \"( ",
"ballad playing )\" \"Ah!\" \"",
"Hey hey, princess.\" \"",
"You look even prettier than I remember you from last summer.\" \"",
"And you look even taller.\" \"",
"Daddy says my pituitary must be wired to the stock market.\" \"",
"Each day we're both hitting new highs.\" \"( ",
"laughs )\" \"Carlton Ashby, my wife and two young sons.\" \"",
"Howdy.\" \"",
"Please.\" \"",
"Logan:\" \"Beautiful!\" \"",
"Cut!\" \"( ",
"groans ) More drivel.\" \"",
"Mr. Logan!\" \"",
"Mr. Logan!\" \"",
"Mr. Logan, you're wanted on the set.\" \"",
"Ooh, well, you're wanted on my lap.\" \"",
"Oh-ho, how I've missed my milk and cookies.\" \" ( ",
"coos )\" \" Cut it out, Mr. Logan.\" \"",
"It's not right.\" \"",
"Oh, but it feels so good.\" \"",
"Face it, Mr. Logan, it's reality.\" \"",
"God, how I hate reality.\" \" ",
"Boss?\" \" ",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Come out.\" \"",
"Come out into the light where I can see you.\" \"",
"Yes, not bad, not bad.\" \"",
"A Don Corleone you will never be, but for a moutro, you'll do.\" \"( ",
"both chuckle )\" \"Brucie.\" \"",
"I got the kidnapper here.\" \"",
"Get his gun and ammo right away, will ya?\" \" ",
"And make it snappy.\" \" ",
"Right away, chief.\" \"",
"Now... the kids are going to come down the gangplank and you're going to abduct them right here.\" \"",
"Good good.\" \"",
"Now you see the boat over there?\" \"",
"Varka.\" \"",
"Yes, that's the getaway boat.\" \"",
"First time it's ever been done.\" \"",
"Fresh idea, no?\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Hey, Logan, you're holding up the whole damn company!\" \"",
"Bitch.\" \"",
"Piece of cake for a moutro like you.\" \"",
"Break a leg!\" \"( ",
"chuckles )\" \"Ooh-ooh!\" \"",
"Here we are.\" \"",
"A regular .38, quarter loads.\" \"",
"Personally, half loads hurt my ears.\" \"",
"Why didn't you tell me you're already equipped?\" \"",
"And a .45.\" \"",
"I see you're a man who likes big pistols.\" \"",
"I know I do.\" \"",
"Ashby:\" \"Ain't it great living on a boat?\" \"",
"I find it convenient as hell.\" \"",
"No matter how much beer you drink, you only gotta go 10 steps in any direction to pee.\" \"( ",
"laughs )\" \"You're always hitting the water.\" \"",
"Hell, you can't miss.\" \"",
"It's sort of like living in a giant toilet bowl, ain't it?\" \"",
"I'd like to propose a merger, princess, between two of the richest multinationals on earth-- toi and moi.\" \"",
"Oh, Sean, this is so unexpected.\" \"",
"I don't know what to say.\" \"",
"In the language of love, words are obsolete.\" \"",
"Sean!\" \"( ",
"whistle blaring )\" \"Hey, hillbilly Joe, walk the plank, man.\" \" ( ",
"whistle continues )\" \" Hey, out of here, dude.\" \"",
"You two are in violation of the international seamen's code.\" \"",
"International seamen's code?\" \"",
"Get real!\" \"",
"Hey, cut it out.\" \"",
"Hey, what's this?\" \"",
"It's the proper flotation device.\" \"",
"Float on this!\" \"( ",
"grunting )\" \"It's for your own safety.\" \"",
"What's that?\" \"",
"Kiddie pool?\" \"( ",
"muttering ) No!\" \"",
"No kiddie pool!\" \"",
"If you're gonna visit the kiddie pool, you have to be wearing these.\" \"( ",
"grunting )\" \" A nap?\" \" ",
"No!\" \"",
"A nap is no problem.\" \"",
"Hey, Papa, Snagglefarb's sick.\" \"",
"He's had too much to drink.\" \"",
"What is it, son?\" \"",
"Feeling a might puny?\" \"",
"Hell's bells, boy.\" \"",
"Don't hold back, boy.\" \"",
"Go ahead and vomit.\" \"",
"Much obliged.\" \"",
"Now, Snagglefarb, you take your brother right back to the boat, you hear?\" \"",
"Well, that's a young pup for ya.\" \"",
"Can't hardly hold their pecker much less their liquor.\" \"( ",
"chuckles )\" \"Hey!\" \"",
"Stamata.\" \"",
"Hey, not so fast there, sport.\" \"",
"Ah!\" \"",
"Go to varka.\" \"",
"Stop or I'll shoot!\" \"( ",
"guests screaming )\" \"No no!\" \"",
"No-- no, cut!\" \"",
"No no no, cut!\" \"",
"Cut the camera.\" \"",
"Cut!\" \"( ",
"screaming )\" \" They're shooting real bullets!\" \" ",
"Bullets?\" \"",
"Come on, buddy, they called cut.\" \" ",
"Turn this tug around.\" \" ( ",
"speaking Greek )\" \"Hey, buddy, come on, they called cut.\" \"( ",
"speaks Greek )\" \"He said to shut up or he'll blow your head off.\" \"",
"With blanks?\" \"",
"Ha ha, okay, we laughed, the joke's over.\" \" ( ",
"screams ) - ( water gurgling )\" \"Oh, where's my poor Scotty?\" \"",
"What are they doing to him?\" \"",
"You don't think they're pulling out his fingernails one by one or-- or burning his feet with cigarettes, do you?\" \"",
"Oh, what if they chop off his ears?\" \"",
"Oh, he'll look so ugly.\" \"",
"How will he keep his sunglasses on?\" \"",
"You seem very very upset.\" \"",
"Why don't I take you up to bed?\" \"",
"I can still see it so clearly-- the flash of the gun, the hurtling of the bullets towards me.\" \"",
"Snap out of it, will you, Zacherly?\" \"",
"You know, sometimes reality is so phony.\" \"",
"The reality is we have one more day to shoot this turkey and our stars have been shanghaied.\" \"",
"The ransom note just came.\" \"",
"They're demanding 50 big ones.\" \"",
"$50,000!\" \"",
"No no no no no no no, not $50,000, Mr. Logan.\" \"",
"$50 million.\" \"",
"It says here\" \"$50 million in cash tonight or we cut off his peepee.\" \"( ",
"all groan )\" \"( shouting in Greek )\" \"( whispering ) What'd she say?\" \"",
"She's mad at him for bringing home guests without telling her first.\" \"( ",
"speaking Greek )\" \"Rich.\" \"",
"You, me-- rich.\" \"",
"Ha!\" \"",
"Rich.\" \"",
"I know you.\" \"",
"TV.\" \"",
"Scott Alan Palmer.\" \"",
"That's me here, right.\" \"",
"Right here in the flesh.\" \"",
"Well, Scotty... how do you like Greece?\" \"",
"It's great.\" \"",
"I hope I can come back and visit sometime if-- if I make it out of here alive.\" \"",
"I too am actress.\" \"",
"You're an actress?\" \"",
"Of course, I should have known.\" \"",
"Have I seen your work?\" \"",
"You want to see my work?\" \"",
"Yeah-- yeah, sure.\" \"",
"Sure.\" \"",
"We'd love to see your work, wouldn't we, Cleo?\" \"",
"Cleo:\" \"Yeah, sure.\" \"( ",
"speaking Greek )\" \"( sobbing )\" \"( applauding, whistling )\" \"What in the hell was that?\" \"",
"That's \"Medea\" from Euripides.\" \"",
"Oh.\" \"",
"A woman like me can only take so much.\" \"( ",
"man snoring )\" \"I need to be held.\" \"",
"I need to be touched like a woman, not like a cow.\" \"",
"Make love to me now here on the floor by the fire or else-- or else I'll kill myself with this little dagger.\" \"",
"Yeah!\" \"",
"Yeah, very nice.\" \"",
"Was that more \"Medea\"?\" \"",
"I think it was Sue Ellen from \"Dallas.\"\" \"",
"Now that I have bared my naked soul to you, you must give me something I want very badly.\" \"",
"Your autograph.\" \"( ",
"sighs )\" \"Getting pretty quiet over there, princess.\" \"",
"Don't call me that, okay?\" \"",
"This whole thing has been nothing but drags.\" \"",
"These shoes are killing me.\" \"",
"Ay-- ah!\" \"",
"Oh God.\" \"",
"I can't go on.\" \" ",
"Come on, up and at 'em.\" \" ",
"Oh Scott, I can't.\" \"",
"I can't walk with shoes, I can't walk without them.\" \"",
"I don't know what to do.\" \" ",
"Can you sing?\" \" ",
"Sing?\" \"",
"Sure, a little bit.\" \"",
"Why?\" \"",
"Just to pass the time.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"One, two, three.\" \"( ",
"singing in Spanish )\" \"( squeals, laughs )\" \"( continues singing )\" \" ( cat howling ) - ( mice squeaking )\" \"Morgan?\" \"",
"Morgie?\" \"",
"Scotty.\" \"",
"Dude, you're back.\" \"",
"God, man, it's been a killer night.\" \"",
"We didn't know if we would ever see you again.\" \"",
"It's been quite an evening.\" \"",
"Look, I'll tell you about it later.\" \"",
"I'm looking for Morgan.\" \"",
"Have you seen her?\" \" ",
"No, man, not since last night.\" \" ( ",
"giggling )\" \"Who's that hiding in your bed?\" \"",
"Olly olly oxen free!\" \" ",
"All right, guy.\" \" ",
"Later.\" \"",
"Well, as I live and breathe.\" \"",
"Hey, Carlton, have you seen Morgan around?\" \"",
"No, son, I can't say that I have.\" \"",
"Mrs. Logan, hi.\" \"",
"So you made it back in one piece.\" \"",
"Well, I guess I could go and try to rouse the old goat\" \" and tell him the good news.\" \" ",
"The old goat?\" \"",
"Logan.\" \"",
"Put the lights out last night with a couple of reds and nature just sort of took its own course.\" \"",
"Just like in the movies.\" \"( ",
"Morgan squealing, laughing )\" \"Son, there's a familiar tinkle to that laugh.\" \"( ",
"man blowing raspberries )\" \"( gasps )\" \"So, darling, did you miss me while I was gone?\" \"",
"Where am I?\" \"",
"Who are you?\" \"",
"How did I get in here?\" \"",
"Scott, I think I must have amnesia.\" \"",
"Somebody must have drugged me or something.\" \"",
"Morgie love, you're in bed with another man.\" \"",
"This is a little awkward.\" \"",
"I don't know what to say... except thank you both.\" \"",
"Scott, what are you doing?\" \"",
"Repossessing my little piece of the rock.\" \" ",
"Scott, no!\" \" ",
"By the way, you guys look great together.\" \"",
"Scotty, wait!\" \"",
"Come back, Scotty!\" \"",
"One last thing-- I'm calling the police and reporting the gold card stolen.\" \"",
"Nighty night.\" \"",
"The gold card?\" \" ( ",
"growling )\" \" Stop it!\" \"",
"Beautiful!\" \"",
"Cut!\" \"",
"Camera inside for the love scene on the double.\" \"",
"Okay, everybody, that's it.\" \"",
"We got a half an hour till the kiss-kiss push-push scene, then on to the airport and the great silver bird.\" \"( ",
"crew chattering )\" \"You ready for this?\" \"",
"Hardly.\" \"",
"I've never taken off my clothes in public before much less in front of a camera.\" \" ",
"Now who are those guys?\" \" ( ",
"cameras clicking )\" \"Hey, Logan.\" \"",
"Come here.\" \"",
"Yeah, Scott, what is it?\" \"",
"What are those clowns doing over there?\" \"",
"Clowns?\" \"",
"Oh.\" \"",
"No no no.\" \"",
"Those are not clowns, Scott.\" \"",
"Those are our dear dear investors.\" \"",
"They just dropped by to watch a little filming, see their money at work, so to speak.\" \"( ",
"chuckles )\" \"Well, kindly give them this message from the actors.\" \"",
"Oh certainly, Scott.\" \"",
"Get the fuck out of here or we're not doing the scene.\" \"",
"Come on, boys.\" \"",
"Time for a drink.\" \"",
"But, Mr. Logan, I'm an actor.\" \"",
"I belong on the set.\" \"",
"I got something for you.\" \" ",
"Scott, I can't take this.\" \" ",
"I can't take it back.\" \"",
"Okay, honeypies,\" \"I know you're both a little nervous, but so am I.\" \"Listen, in this scene, you finally admit to yourself that you're in love with Scotty the man, no matter what your father or anybody else has to say about it.\" \"",
"I think I can relate to that.\" \"",
"Good good.\" \"",
"Let's go for a take.\" \"\"",
"Foreign Affairs,\" shot 100-- eh-- doo-doo.\" \"",
"Uh, take one!\" \"( ",
"camera clanking )\" \"( groaning )\" \"( shouting, cheering )\" \"Dmitri, more ouzo.\" \"",
"So how's my baby doing?\" \"",
"She's doing great.\" \"",
"She's doing her big love scene right now.\" \"",
"What love scene?\" \"",
"The one with Scott.\" \"",
"The one where they... bang like bunnies.\" \"",
"As long as she didn't have to take off her clothes.\" \"",
"Oh, but she did.\" \"",
"The producer had her stripped in front of all those animals on the crew.\" \"",
"I mean, it was very humiliating.\" \" ",
"Oom-pah!\" \" ",
"She was crying.\" \" ",
"Pa pa pa pa!\" \" ",
"That's show biz.\" \"( ",
"shouting in Greek )\" \"Stamata!\" \"",
"Stop them!\" \"",
"Stop!\" \"",
"Stop!\" \"",
"Stop!\" \"",
"Stamata!\" \"",
"Shoot!\" \"",
"Stamata!\" \"",
"Shoot that man in the leg!\" \"",
"He's after my daughter!\" \"",
"Stamata!\" \"",
"Shoot!\" \"",
"Cut.\" \"",
"Print.\" \"",
"Last setup outside.\" \"",
"Hurry up.\" \"",
"Hurry up.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"We've only got 10 minutes to get this shot.\" \"",
"Zacherly.\" \"",
"Zacherly, do you realize the actors have got to catch the plane?\" \" ",
"I know, I know.\" \" ",
"I know, I know.\" \"",
"But if Scott misses that plane, he goes into triple golden time.\" \"",
"Oh my God, that's $400 an hour!\" \"",
"Logan, let go of my arm!\" \"( ",
"groaning )\" \" Hey, bud.\" \" ",
"Hey, how you doing?\" \"",
"Want me to save you a seat on the plane?\" \"",
"I'm not gonna make it.\" \"",
"I got another scene to shoot.\" \"",
"Well, if you don't, I guess I'll catch you back in La-La land.\" \"",
"Cleo, it was great meeting you.\" \"",
"I hope you come to LA sometime.\" \" ",
"Maybe I will sometime.\" \" ",
"The sooner the better.\" \"",
"Ooh!\" \" ",
"See ya.\" \" ",
"Later.\" \" ",
"Ciao.\" \" ",
"And a ciao ciao ciao to you.\" \" ",
"You got it, dude.\" \" ",
"All right!\" \"( ",
"all laugh )\" \"Ah!\" \"",
"What is this, 12,000 drachmas to the government?\" \"",
"Cleo's passport and visa.\" \"",
"What the hell did you do, buy a real passport and real visa?\" \"",
"Don't look at me.\" \"",
"Zacherly insisted.\" \"",
"Oh, you stupid swisher.\" \"",
"Do you do everything people tell you?\" \"",
"If I told you to punch me in the nose, would you do it?\" \"",
"Hold please.\" \"",
"Your swish is my command.\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Scott.\" \"",
"Scott.\" \"",
"Scott.\" \"",
"Oh, Scott.\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"I thought you were going to leave without me.\" \"",
"That's the plan.\" \"",
"Oh-- oh I know Morgie's been bad.\" \"",
"But life just swept me off my feet and galloped away with me.\" \"",
"Oh, but you don't know what happened.\" \"",
"You see, I've been dumped in the dirt.\" \"",
"Oh, Scott, Morgie needs you, honey.\" \"",
"It's too late for that.\" \"",
"Is it too late for Dr. Dan?\" \"",
"Wouldn't Dr. Dan like to make a house call?\" \"( ",
"knocking )\" \"Scott and Cleo, get your butts out here!\" \"",
"We're ready to shoot.\" \"",
"Scott, no no no!\" \"",
"Please forgive me!\" \"",
"Please, Scott!\" \"",
"At least give me my plane ticket home.\" \"( ",
"groaning )\" \"( groans )\" \"( snarling )\" \"Caught in the act, you oversexed spikey-haired little punk rocker.\" \"",
"What's your problem, Logan?\" \"",
"We were just saying goodbye.\" \"",
"Goodbye?\" \"",
"Goodbye?\" \"",
"You're massaging her tonsils with your tongue.\" \"",
"You call that goodbye?\" \"",
"Oh no, you're fired!\" \"",
"Off!\" \"",
"Off my set!\" \"",
"You can't fire me, I'm done working.\" \"",
"Besides, this is not your set.\" \" ",
"This is the airport.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Oh, perfidious slut.\" \"",
"You're history too.\" \"",
"Off my set.\" \"",
"You're fired.\" \"",
"Myopic little ditsoid.\" \"",
"What did you call her?\" \"",
"I called her a myopic little ditsoid.\" \"",
"You want to make something of it?\" \"",
"Let's just discuss it, Logan, okay?\" \"",
"Okay-- oh!\" \"",
"Go, stop her!\" \"( ",
"tires screech )\" \"Announcer:\" \"All passengers on Olympic flight 300 for New York City should now be aboard.\" \"",
"Okay, cutiepies, this is your dash to freedom.\" \"",
"On action, I want you to start running toward that plane.\" \"",
"Now the gorillas are going to be coming from right behind, so you're going to have to haul ass.\" \"( ",
"shouting in Greek, panting )\" \"( Cookie whistles )\" \"Wait for me!\" \"",
"You can't leave without me!\" \"",
"Stop the plane!\" \"",
"Stop!\" \" ",
"Roll sound.\" \" ",
"Rolling.\" \" ",
"Camera... action!\" \" ( ",
"beeps )\" \"( shouting in Greek )\" \"You idiots!\" \"",
"Get back here!\" \"",
"You're going to the wrong plane!\" \"( ",
"all shouting )\" \"Get back here!\" \"",
"We don't have enough time to shoot another\" \" Come on.\" \" ",
"You made it.\" \"",
"Scott, this is crazy.\" \" ",
"What are we doing?\" \" ",
"Eloping.\" \"",
"Excuse me.\" \"",
"There seems to be a problem here.\" \"( ",
"shouting )\" \"May I see your ticket, please?\" \"",
"Two tickets.\" \"",
"And our two passports.\" \"",
"Everything seems to be in order.\" \" ",
"Logan:\" \"Stop them!\" \" ( ",
"all shouting )\" \"Oh, you're history!\" \"",
"You'll never work in this town again!\" \"",
"You lice!\" \"",
"You bums!\" \"",
"You rummies!\" \"",
"You bunghole zippers!\" \"",
"Quit whining, Logan.\" \"",
"It's just a dumb movie.\" \" ",
"Dumb movie?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Come here.\" \"",
"Come here.\" \" ",
"Come here.\" \" ( ",
"dull thud )\" \"Dumb movie.\" \"( ",
"pop music playing )\" \"( whistles )\" \"# Ooh yeah yeah #\" \"# Wake up with the sun upon my face #\" \"# Breezes blowing clouds across the sky #\" \"# Troubles disappear without a trace #\" \"# Living on an island, just you and I #\" \"# We don't need a ticket #\" \"# Just take me by the hand #\" \"# Love is gonna lead us #\" \"# To our promised land #\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes #\" \"# You got me walking on fire and ice #\" \"# And it sure feels nice #\" \"# We can catch a ride upon a star #\" \"# Dance away our blues in outer space #\" \"# In your arms I found my Shangri-La #\" \"# Heaven's waiting for me in your embrace #\" \"# We don't need directions #\" \"# To tell us where to go #\" \"# Love is gonna lead us #\" \"# To a place we know #\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes #\" \"# You got me walking #\" \"# On fire and ice #\" \"# And it sure feels nice #\" \"# Whoa-oh whoa-oh-oh #\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise #\" \"# You take me around the world #\" \"# When I close my eyes #\" \"# You got me walking on fire and ice #\" \"# And it sure feels nice #\" \"# Adventures #\" \"# In paradise. #\""
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"/**\n * This function is like `arrayIncludes` except that it accepts a comparator.",
"\n *\n * @private\n * @param {Array} [array] The array to inspect.",
"\n * @param {*} target The value to search for.",
"\n * @param {Function} comparator The comparator invoked per element.",
"\n * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `target` is found, else `false`.",
"\n */\nfunction arrayIncludesWith(array, value, comparator) {\n var index = -1,\n length = array == null ? ",
"0 : array.length;\n\n while (++index < length) {\n if (comparator(value, array[index])) {\n return true;\n }\n }\n return false;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = arrayIncludesWith;\n"
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"Zach Galifianakis Announces ‘Between Two Ferns: The Movie’\n\nZach Galifianakis just announced that he is working on Between Two Ferns: The Movie for Netflix!",
"\n\nThe film will be released globally on Netflix on September 20, 2019.",
"\n\nBetween Two Ferns started as a Funny or Die sketch series and turned into an internet phenomenon with Zach interviewing huge stars like Brad Pitt, Jennifer Aniston, and even former President Barack Obama.",
"\n\nHere is the synopsis for the movie: “Zach Galifianakis dreamed of becoming a star. ",
"But when Will Ferrell discovered his public access TV show Between Two Ferns and uploaded it to Funny Or Die, Zach became a viral laughing stock. ",
"Now Zach and his crew are taking a road trip to complete a series of high-profile celebrity interviews and restore his reputation.”",
"\n\nDirected by Scott Aukerman, Between Two Ferns: The Movie is a laugh-out-loud comedy that gives new insight into the curmudgeonly, beloved outsider Zach Galifianakis has created over the years."
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"»Perkerne konkurrerer nærmest om, hvem der kan begå mest socialt bedrageri.«",
"\n\nDet er udtalelser som denne til Jyllands-Posten, der nu bringer den unge digter Yahya Hassan en politianmeldelse på halsen. ",
"Bag anmeldelsen står den aarhusianske socialrådgiver og debattør Mohamed Suleban, der mener, at digteren gentagne gange har gjort sig skyldig i at overtræde straffelovens paragraf 266b, den såkaldte racismeparagraf.",
"\n\n»Yahya Hassan har fremsat en række kommentarer, der meget ekstreme og forhånende og nedværdigende over for bestemte gruppe af borgere i samfundet,« siger Mohamed Suleban, der mener, at det er udtryk for hykleri, når »kultureliten og politikerne« hylder Hassan for hans digte, der udstiller en hård barndom i Gellerupparkens indvandrermiljø.",
"\n\n»Han bruger racistiske skældsord som »dumme perker« og siger, at alle borgere med muslimsk baggrund i Gellerup og Vollsmose arbejder sort, snyder og stjæler. ",
"Hvis Pia Kjærsgaard eller Lars Hedegaard sagde det samme, ville det hurtigt blive stemplet som racisme og meldt til politiet,« siger debattøren.",
"\n\nMohamed Suleban siger til Berlingske Nyhedsbureau siger, at han betragter det som en meget principiel sag. ",
"Han vil have domstolene til at »trække en streg i sandet« og afgøre én gang for alle, om Yahya Hassans udtalelser er racistiske.",
"\n\n»Det er kun fordi, han selv har muslimsk baggrund, at han er sluppet af sted med det. ",
"Men hans baggrund er helt underordnet. ",
"Det handler om, hvordan de personer, han omtaler, opfatter det, og det er ingen hemmelighed, at mange muslimer i Danmark er blevet kede af hans generaliserende udtalelser,« siger Mohamed Suleban, der understreger, at digteren er uskyldig, indtil det modsatte er bevist.",
"\n\n»Men jeg håber, at der er lighed for loven, så racismeparagraffen gælder for både Pia Kjærsgaard og Yahya Hassan,« siger debattøren, der har en fortid som socialdemokratisk byrådskandidat i Aarhus.",
"\n\nDEBAT | Er der logik i anmeldelsen? ",
"Giv dit besyv med her!"
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"The Dire Consequence of the Republicans Losing Congress\n\nSammy, our greyhound, is around 100 years old in dog years. ",
"His health is failing. ",
"Mary and I hate leaving Sammy with our pet-sitter, but we must fly to Arizona to help propel Debbie Lesko to victory in the Congressional 8th district race. ",
"Shockingly, polling shows Lesko and her Democrat opponent are neck and neck. ",
"Folks, we cannot allow Democrats to regain control of the House and Senate. ",
"Folks, I get it. ",
"You're busy earning a living, raising a family and taking the kids to soccer. ",
"House and Senate races appear pretty boring and unimportant. ",
"However, they are extremely important. ",
"Our booming economy, reversals of Obama's destructive executive orders, and Trump restoring power to We the People confirm that Trump is well on his way to making America great again. ",
"If the Democrats win back the House and Senate, all Trump's progress for us will stop."
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"Q:\n\nMinimals in partially ordered sets\n\nIn a subset $Y$ of a partially ordered set $(X, \\leq)$ a minimal element is an element $a \\in Y$ such that $(\\forall y \\in Y)\\ y \\leq a \\Leftrightarrow y = a$\nHowever in this diagram (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hasse_diagram_of_powerset_of_3_no_greatest_or_least.svg/435px-Hasse_diagram_of_powerset_of_3_no_greatest_or_least.svg.png) the elements $\\{x\\}, \\{y\\}$ and $\\{z\\}$ are all minimals. ",
"Shouldn't this mean that $\\{x\\} = \\{y\\} = \\{z\\}$, according to the above definition?",
"\n\nA:\n\nNo, because $(x,y),(x,z),(y,z)$ are not in the relation. ",
"In other words, you dont have $x\\leq y$ so you don't have $x=y$.\n\n"
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"3 comments:\n\nYes, this provides a strong counter-narrative to the one promoted by our government through the personal stories of Paula Bennett and John Key. ",
"Key and Bennett use their life stories to promote an NZ version of the log cabin to White House myth, then pull up the ladder behind them. ",
"I watched the videos of Turei's speech:http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=chbNMCWv_30\n\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=QYbbRIdWG9E\n\nI particularly found the last section of the 2nd video most moving.",
"\n\nI have voted Green in the past, and Metiria is a very good reason to do so again. ",
"She produces some very smart and well-researched pieces of analysis and critiques of the government (and other parties like Labour when appropriate). ",
"I've seen some very good speeches and questions from her on the TV broadcasts of parliament.",
"\n\nIn the above videos, Metiria weaves the story of her father well into a narrative about the changes in government policies since the 1980s, and humanises the impact of the changes on the least well-off and least powerful sections of society. ",
"She also humanises the impact of neoliberal policies on women, especially young single women with children.",
"\n\nIn the process, Metiria produces a very powerful critique of the impact of neoliberal policies and the unfair, socially unjust and unequal impacts they have on low income people, especially on Maori and women."
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"Malspam With JavaScript Attachment Leads To Locky Ransomware\n\nWe are currently seeing huge volumes of malicious JavaScript attachments being spammed at users through email. ",
"This particular spam campaign uses the typical social engineering lures like invoice notifications, payment slips, payment confirmations, tax related notifications, billing statements, purchase orders and the like.",
"\n\nThe spammed mail contains a .zip file that when the user opens the zip, a JavaScript attachments surreptitiously triggers the embedded Locky ransomware. ",
"Once installed on a target computer, Locky reports back the infected systems information, then starts to encrypt files that have certain extensions,including those on unmapped network shares. ",
"It also renames the encrypted files to a random name and uses .locky as the file extension. ",
"This malware sets the system's desktop wallpaper to the following image. ",
"There is also a notepad file left on the desktop, which when opened, displays a typewritten version of the ransom note.",
"\n\nEach Locky victim is directed to a unique webpage that can only be accessed through the Tor anonymous browser. ",
"On that page,\nthe victim may find bitcoin payment information, along with details on how they can get the decrypter tool for their files.",
"\n\nUsers are once more advised not to open links from suspicious or unfamiliar senders, especially when they come with attachments."
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"Thursday, October 29, 2009\n\nI'm going to do something very brave, go where I've not gone before... I'm going to post a Chinese composition!",
"\n\nI thought it was time, considering I've posted so many English compos and zero Chinese ones. ",
"The reason I've neglected doing so for so long is that Chinese doesn't come naturally in our household, even to Kenneth, who studied in a SAP school for 10 years. ",
"The best analogy I can give is that for us, using the Chinese language is like a very right-handed person attempting to write with his left hand. (",
"For me, it's like using my left foot). ",
"My kids are definitely more adept at it than I am (which isn't saying much) but still, it requires lots of painstaking work and effort even to maintain a basic standard of efficacy.",
"\n\nIt's a pity - the Chinese language is so rich in culture, I think we're losing a big chunk of our heritage due to our ineptness. ",
"So we try to encourage our kids to take an interest and hope that in time, they can see beyond the challenges of learning the language to appreciate its beauty.",
"\n\nUnfortunately, while I am adamant against memorising good phrases as a technique to teach English composition, both my kids do this for Chinese composition. ",
"The schools teach it this way and the Chinese language is such that so many of the nuances are so complex that they need to be learnt straight off. ",
"I suppose it's possible to develop your own style but my kids don't have strong enough a command of the language to do so effectively.",
"\n\nIn p6, Lesley-Anne usually scored between 26/40 and 29/40, which is in the moderate range. ",
"For the composition below, she scored 32/40 which was her highest this year. ",
"The Chinese standard in her school isn't too hot, so probably pales in comparison with other schools, especially the SAP schools. ",
"Anyway, I'm just posting it here as a record of her work.",
"\n\nThis is the picture:\n\nHere's what she wrote (sorry, unable to type out - would take me a year):\n\nyou're right Mon. ",
"I spent 10 years in a SAP school and I am still a \"chiak Kantang\". ",
"It took me a while to read through LA's essay. ",
"I'm impressed. ",
"She did write very well, but then who am I to judge a Chinese essay.",
"It's true about the stock phrases though, I recognise them - they're the same ones by son's teachers teach them to use. ",
"I suppose that's the way Chinese teachers mark essays so we all just have to go along with it. ",
"My sons read so few Chinese books they could not come up with any good phrases on their own anyway, so its good for them that they have some stock phrases to help them write in Chinese.",
"I totally agree with you about the Chinese language. ",
"It is such a rich language, with so much history in every phrase. ",
"When I struggle to read an article in the Chinese papers, or when I have to look at the subtitles when watching a Chinese show, I feel deeply remorseful that I didn't try harder at Chinese in school.",
"I was one of those that hated Chinese in school and took pride in always being bottom of Chinese class! ( ",
"I got away with it because I was top in the other subjects, lah) I felt frustrated that it took me 90% of my study time to study for that 1 subject out of my 10 subjects, which I could just breeze through and just gave up. ",
"That's why I am bringing my kids to Beijing and Xian at the end of the year. ",
"I want them to be exposed to, and be awed by the grandeur and wealth of Chinese history, to be awed by what China was, and has become and so encourage them that learning the language is not a waste of time.",
"Did your China trip help your kids like Chinese better?elan\n\nElan: It's uncanny how much we have in common. ",
"I came from a convent school and while I didn't take pride in doing badly in Chinese like some of my classmates, it was definitely my least favourite subject. ",
"Like you, I found it easier to learn all the other subjects put together than this one!",
"\n\nDefinitely I think the trip to Beijing opened my kids' eyes to the richness of Chinese culture. ",
"Even though they may not appreciate every facet of it, seeing the country itself just made the language more relevant. ",
"L-A is quite open to learning Chinese, it's Andre that we have to coax. ",
"Hopefully it'll be better with time!",
"\n\nhi, i'm still a student fromm sec school.. my chinese very very very bad.. but my dad really2 want me to take up chinese for my mother tounge language.. can i get advices from u?? ",
"i really want to make my dad proud of me as my older siblings are taking up malay instead of chinese.. we can't cooperate with the class. ",
"i was thinking of dropping to malay... should i drop to malay or should i stay in chinese? ",
"and if i stay in chinese, how should i improve it?i really2 need advices.. i hope i'll be getting from u.. thanks a lot!! :)",
"\n\nJackie: I hesitate to give you advice cos I don't know your situation at all. ",
"But if you want my 2cts, I feel MT should really be about heritage, ie you want to get closer to your roots by learning the language. ",
"Since you have the option of taking Malay, I'm assuming that you are both Chinese and Malay (or neither??)",
"\n\nIt's admirable that you want to please your dad but do ask yourself whether you have the interest first in Chinese, and what you hope to gain from learning Chinese. ",
"If there is no interest, it's gonna be very hard to learn, esp if you don't have the family background or mix with pple who converse in Mandarin.",
"\n\nI don't think there's any clear-cut answer here, if you have a school counsellor, it might help to speak to him/her. ",
"Hope you'll be able to come to a decision that you're comfortable with!",
"\n\nThis Chinese composition is good! ",
"But my chinese is very bad so can you recommend me any websites in which I can find any good phrases to use on Chinese Composition?Well, I happened to find your blog by accident and I'm just a P5 girl.",
"Thanks and regards - Emily\n\nEmily: Sorry, when it comes to Chinese resources, I'm really at a loss! ",
"Great to hear that you're so conscientious. ",
"Wouldn't your school teacher give you some of these good phrases? ",
"If not, I'm pretty sure you can find some model phrase books from Popular. ",
"All the best!",
"\n\nHi Mon! ",
"Great piece of compo you have there. ",
"The vocabulary used is very good. ",
"I am only a Primary 6 Student and I will be having my PSLE Chinese compo soon. ",
"I wish I can get some advice from you for the compo! ",
"Hope to hear from you soon!",
"\n\nHi Mon! ",
"That's a lovely story you have there! ",
"I will be having my PSLE Chinese compo tmr. ",
"I really wish I can get some advise on vocabulary words and phrases to use . ",
"I hope you reply as soon as possible! ",
"Wish to hear from you soon!",
"\n\nMy PSLE is on next monday and I hope you can post more of such compositions in the future. ",
"However, your composition can be improved further for better marks!My suggestion is to make your introduction better by saying 这时，全班静得连一个钉子掉在地上都能听的一清二楚，课室里弥漫一股紧张不安的气氛，我的心打起小鼓，战战兢兢地走上前...Some of my other suggestions may be 我的心一下子提到了嗓子眼，一口大气也不敢喘...I hope that you find these useful for your future compositions. ",
"Good luck!",
"\n\nAbout Me\n\nWriting is my profession and my passion. ",
"I own and run a professional writing agency, where I do all my corporate writing. ",
"Blogging takes care of the miscellaneous excess thoughts.",
"\nI'm a mother of two completely polar opposite children. ",
"Maybe God figures the challenge would do me good. ",
"Or perhaps He just likes to have a good laugh. ",
"Whatever it is, I'm enjoying the roller coaster ride."
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"Czechoslovakia women's national ice hockey team\n\nThe Czechoslovakia women's national ice hockey team was the women's national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia. ",
"The team was succeeded by the national women's teams of the Czech Republic and Slovakia following the split of Czechoslovakia in 1992.",
"\n\nHistory\nCzechoslovakia played its first game in 1988 in an exhibition game against Switzerland, held in Beroun, Czechoslovakia, which they lost 8–1. ",
"The following year Czechoslovakia competed in a two-game qualification event against France in order to participate in the 1989 Women's European Ice Hockey Championships. ",
"Czechoslovakia defeated France 5–2 on aggregate, winning a spot in Group B for the 1989 tournament. ",
"During the group stage of the European Championships lost all three of their games, including a loss of 31–0 to Finland, which was recorded as Czechoslovakia's worst ever defeat. ",
"After finishing last in their group the team was drawn against Switzerland in a placement game for positions five to eight, with the other game being played between Denmark and the Netherlands. ",
"After losing to Switzerland, Czechoslovakia played the Netherlands for seventh place who had lost their game against Denmark. ",
"Czechoslovakia won the game 7–1 taking seventh in the rankings.",
"\n\nIn 1991 Czechoslovakia fielded a team at the 1991 Women's European Ice Hockey Championships where they were placed in Group B. After losing three of their group stage games and tying in the fourth against Great Britain, Czechoslovakia was drawn in a placement game against France for seventh place. ",
"France won the game 2–1, taking seventh place in the rankings.",
"\n\nIn 1992 the country of Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia and so the Czechoslovakian women's national team was disbanded and succeeded by the Czech and Slovak women's national ice hockey teams.",
"\n\nInternational competitions\n1989 Women's European Ice Hockey Championships. ",
"Finish: 7th\n1991 Women's European Ice Hockey Championships. ",
"Finish: 8th\n\nSee also\nCzechoslovakia men's national ice hockey team\n\nReferences\n\n \nCategory:Former national ice hockey teams\nIce hockey\nCategory:Women's national ice hockey teams in Europe"
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"Portrait & Boudoir Photographer\n\nSimple & Stylish Boudoir Photo Shoot\n\nYasmin came along for her first Boudoir photo shoot in April. ",
"The natural light was so beautiful we didn’t need to crack open the studio lighting for this shoot!",
"\n\nI love what I can create with just some soft, natural window sunlight and 50mm lens. ",
"I love all my boudoir clients to bring along a simple white set of underwear so we can create a light, soft and playful set of images.",
"\n\nThis type of natural and relaxed boudoir suits all types of women of all ages and shapes. ",
"Soft light is flattering as it fills in shadows and makes the skin soft and bright."
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